1
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Cool K, Gaudreault NN, Trujillo JD, Morozov I, McDowell CD, Bold D, Kwon T, Balaraman V, Assato P, Madden DW, Mantlo E, Souza-Neto J, Matias-Ferreyra F, Retallick J, Singh G, Schotsaert M, Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Wilson WC, Pogranichniy RM, García-Sastre A, Richt JA. Experimental co-infection of calves with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants of concern. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2281356. [PMID: 37938158 PMCID: PMC10763854 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2281356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Since emerging in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has repeatedly crossed the species barrier with natural infections reported in various domestic and wild animal species. The emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) has expanded the range of susceptible host species. Previous experimental infection studies in cattle using Wuhan-like SARS-CoV-2 isolates suggested that cattle were not likely amplifying hosts for SARS-CoV-2. However, SARS-CoV-2 sero- and RNA-positive cattle have since been identified in Europe, India, and Africa. Here, we investigated the susceptibility and transmission of the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in cattle. Eight Holstein calves were co-infected orally and intranasally with a mixed inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs Delta and Omicron BA.2. Twenty-four hours post-challenge, two sentinel calves were introduced to evaluate virus transmission. The co-infection resulted in a high proportion of calves shedding SARS-CoV-2 RNA at 1- and 2-days post-challenge (DPC). Extensive tissue distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed at 3 and 7 DPC and infectious virus was recovered from two calves at 3 DPC. Next-generation sequencing revealed that only the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was detected in clinical samples and tissues. Similar to previous experimental infection studies in cattle, we observed only limited seroconversion and no clear evidence of transmission to sentinel calves. Together, our findings suggest that cattle are more permissive to infection with SARS-CoV-2 Delta than Omicron BA.2 and Wuhan-like isolates but, in the absence of horizontal transmission, are not likely to be reservoir hosts for currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Patricia Assato
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily Mantlo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jayme Souza-Neto
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jaime Retallick
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Roman M. Pogranichniy
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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2
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Agusi ER, Schön J, Allendorf V, Eze EA, Asala O, Shittu I, Balkema-Buschmann A, Wernike K, Tekki I, Ofua M, Adefegha O, Olubade O, Ogunmolawa O, Dietze K, Globig A, Hoffmann D, Meseko CA. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV -2 cross-reactive antibodies in domestic animals and wildlife in Nigeria suggest circulation of sarbecoviruses. One Health 2024; 18:100709. [PMID: 38533194 PMCID: PMC10963646 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic exposure of domestic animals, as well as wildlife, can result in zoonotic transmission events with known and unknown pathogens including sarbecoviruses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals, most likely resulting from spill-over from humans, have been documented worldwide. However, only limited information is available for Africa. The anthropozoonotic transmission from humans to animals, followed by further inter- and intraspecies propagation may contribute to viral evolution, and thereby subsequently alter the epidemiological patterns of transmission. To shed light on the possible role of domestic animals and wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of sarbecoviruses in Nigeria, and to analyze the possible circulation of other, undiscovered, but potentially zoonotic sarbecoviruses in animals, we tested 504 serum samples from dogs, rabbits, bats, and pangolins collected between December 2020 and April 2022. The samples were analyzed using an indirect multi-species enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV -2, respectively. ELISA reactive sera were further analyzed by highly specific virus neutralization test and indirect immunofluorescence assay for confirmation of the presence of antibodies. In this study, we found SARS-CoV reactive antibodies in 16 (11.5%) dogs, 7 (2.97%) rabbits, 2 (7.7%) pangolins and SARS-CoV-2 reactive antibodies in 20 (13.4%) dogs, 6 (2.5%) rabbits and 2 (7.7%) pangolins, respectively. Interestingly, 2 (2.3%) bat samples were positive only for SARS-CoV RBD reactive antibodies. These serological findings of SARS-CoV and/or SARS-CoV-2 infections in both domestic animals and wildlife indicates exposure to sarbecoviruses and requires further One Health-oriented research on the potential reservoir role that different species might play in the ecology and epidemiology of coronaviruses at the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebere R Agusi
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
- University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Jacob Schön
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Valerie Allendorf
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Ishaya Tekki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Mark Ofua
- SaintMarks-Lagos Urban Forest Sanctuary Initiative (LUFASI), Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
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3
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Hu Y, Villalan AK, Fan X, Zhang S, Joka FR, Wu X, Wang H, Wang X. Analysis the molecular similarity of least common amino acid sites in ACE2 receptor to predict the potential susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293441. [PMID: 38696505 PMCID: PMC11065212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals have been reported globally. However, the understanding of the complete spectrum of animals susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 remains limited. The virus's dynamic nature and its potential to infect a wide range of animals are crucial considerations for a One Health approach that integrates both human and animal health. This study introduces a bioinformatic approach to predict potential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in both domestic and wild animals. By examining genomic sequencing, we establish phylogenetic relationships between the virus and its potential hosts. We focus on the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence and specific regions of the host species' ACE2 receptor. We analyzed and compared ACE2 receptor sequences from 29 species known to be infected, selecting 10 least common amino acid sites (LCAS) from key binding domains based on similarity patterns. Our analysis included 49 species across primates, carnivores, rodents, and artiodactyls, revealing complete consistency in the LCAS and identifying them as potentially susceptible. We employed the LCAS similarity pattern to predict the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection in unexamined species. This method serves as a valuable screening tool for assessing infection risks in domestic and wild animals, aiding in the prevention of disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeZhi Hu
- Key Laboratory for Wildlife Diseases and Bio-security Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Arivizhivendhan Kannan Villalan
- Key Laboratory for Wildlife Diseases and Bio-security Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory for Wildlife Diseases and Bio-security Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Wildlife Diseases and Bio-security Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | | | - XiaoDong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - HaoNing Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - XiaoLong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Wildlife Diseases and Bio-security Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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4
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Islam MA, Zayed H, Ohimain EI, Lee SS, Bhattacharya P, Dhama K. Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review. J Microbiol 2024; 62:337-354. [PMID: 38777985 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we methodically demonstrate various aspects of reverse zoonosis, with a comprehensive discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV reverse zoonosis. First, different components of reverse zoonosis, such as humans, different pathogens, and numerous animals (poultry, livestock, pets, wild animals, and zoo animals), have been demonstrated. Second, it explains the present status of reverse zoonosis with different pathogens during previous occurrences of various outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Here, we present 25 examples from literature. Third, using several examples, we comprehensively illustrate the present status of the reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Here, we have provided 17 examples of SARS-CoV-2 reverse zoonosis and two examples of MPXV reverse zoonosis. Fourth, we have described two significant aspects of reverse zoonosis: understanding the fundamental aspects of spillback and awareness. These two aspects are required to prevent reverse zoonosis from the current infection with two significant viruses. Finally, the One Health approach was discussed vividly, where we urge scientists from different areas to work collaboratively to solve the issue of reverse zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, VyasaVihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
- Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, Qatar University, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elijah Ige Ohimain
- Microbiology Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Nederlof RA, de la Garza MA, Bakker J. Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38393096 PMCID: PMC10893009 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. de la Garza
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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6
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Carossino M, Izadmehr S, Trujillo JD, Gaudreault NN, Dittmar W, Morozov I, Balasuriya UBR, Cordon-Cardo C, García-Sastre A, Richt JA. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 distribution in the respiratory tract of different animal species and its correlation with SARS-CoV-2 tissue tropism. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0327023. [PMID: 38230954 PMCID: PMC10846196 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03270-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A wide range of animal species show variable susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2; however, host factors associated with varied susceptibility remain to be defined. Here, we examined whether susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and virus tropism in different animal species are dependent on the expression and distribution of the virus receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the host cell factor transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). We cataloged the upper and lower respiratory tract of multiple animal species and humans in a tissue-specific manner and quantitatively evaluated the distribution and abundance of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA in situ. Our results show that: (i) ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA are abundant in the conduction portion of the respiratory tract, (ii) ACE2 mRNA occurs at a lower abundance compared to TMPRSS2 mRNA, (iii) co-expression of ACE2-TMPRSS2 mRNAs is highest in those species with the highest susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection (i.e., cats, Syrian hamsters, and white-tailed deer), and (iv) expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA was not altered following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results demonstrate that while specific regions of the respiratory tract are enriched in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNAs in different animal species, this is only a partial determinant of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 infects a wide array of domestic and wild animals, raising concerns regarding its evolutionary dynamics in animals and potential for spillback transmission of emerging variants to humans. Hence, SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals has significant public health relevance. Host factors determining animal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 are vastly unknown, and their characterization is critical to further understand susceptibility and viral dynamics in animal populations and anticipate potential spillback transmission. Here, we quantitatively assessed the distribution and abundance of the two most important host factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2, in the respiratory tract of various animal species and humans. Our results demonstrate that while specific regions of the respiratory tract are enriched in these two host factors, they are only partial determinants of susceptibility. Detailed analysis of additional host factors is critical for our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing viral susceptibility and reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Wellesley Dittmar
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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7
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Hüttl J, Reitt K, Meli ML, Meili T, Bönzli E, Pineroli B, Ginders J, Schoster A, Jones S, Tyson GB, Hosie MJ, Pusterla N, Wernike K, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Serological and Molecular Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in Horses and Cattle in Switzerland from 2020 to 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:224. [PMID: 38400000 PMCID: PMC10892882 DOI: 10.3390/v16020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Horses and cattle have shown low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, and there is no evidence of experimental intraspecies transmission. Nonetheless, seropositive horses in the US and seropositive cattle in Germany and Italy have been reported. The current study investigated the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in horses and cattle in Switzerland. In total, 1940 serum and plasma samples from 1110 horses and 830 cattle were screened with a species-specific ELISA based on the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and, in the case of suspect positive results, a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) was used to demonstrate the neutralizing activity of the antibodies. Further confirmation of suspect positive samples was performed using either a pseudotype-based virus neutralization assay (PVNA; horses) or an indirect immunofluorescence test (IFA; cattle). The animals were sampled between February 2020 and December 2022. Additionally, in total, 486 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), oropharyngeal, nasal and rectal swab samples from horses and cattle were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Six horses (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.2-1.2%) were suspect positive via RBD-ELISA, and neutralizing antibodies were detected in two of them via confirmatory sVNT and PVNA tests. In the PVNA, the highest titers were measured against the Alpha and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants. Fifteen cattle (1.8%; 95% CI: 1.0-3.0%) were suspect positive in RBD-ELISA; 3 of them had SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in sVNT and 4 of the 15 were confirmed to be positive via IFA. All tested samples were RT-qPCR-negative. The results support the hypotheses that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in horses and cattle in Switzerland was low up to the end of 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hüttl
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (T.M.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (J.G.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Katja Reitt
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (T.M.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (J.G.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (T.M.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (J.G.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Eva Bönzli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (T.M.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (J.G.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Benita Pineroli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (T.M.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (J.G.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Julia Ginders
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (T.M.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (J.G.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Department, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Sarah Jones
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (S.J.)
| | - Grace B. Tyson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (S.J.)
- MRC-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (T.M.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (J.G.); (R.H.-L.)
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8
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Zhuang J, Yan Z, Zhou T, Li Y, Wang H. The role of receptors in the cross-species spread of coronaviruses infecting humans and pigs. Arch Virol 2024; 169:35. [PMID: 38265497 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has proven capable of infecting over 30 animal species, highlights the critical need for understanding the mechanisms of cross-species transmission and the emergence of novel coronavirus strains. The recent discovery of CCoV-HuPn-2018, a recombinant alphacoronavirus from canines and felines that can infect humans, along with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pig cells, underscores the potential for coronaviruses to overcome species barriers. This review investigates the origins and cross-species transmission of both human and porcine coronaviruses, with a specific emphasis on the instrumental role receptors play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhuang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Huinuan Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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9
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Jahid MJ, Bowman AS, Nolting JM. SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks on Mink Farms-A Review of Current Knowledge on Virus Infection, Spread, Spillover, and Containment. Viruses 2024; 16:81. [PMID: 38257781 PMCID: PMC10819236 DOI: 10.3390/v16010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted to explore outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed mink and their intra-/inter-species spread and spillover to provide data to the scientific community, protecting human and animal health. Studies report anthropozoonotic introduction, which was initially documented in April 2020 in the Netherlands, and subsequent inter-/intra-species spread of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed mink, likely due to SARS-CoV-2 host tropism capable of establishing efficient interactions with host ACE2 and the mink hosts' ability to enhance swift viral transmission due to their density, housing status, and occupational contacts. Despite the rigorous prevention and control measures adopted, transmission of the virus within and between animal species was efficient, resulting in the development of mink-associated strains able to jump back and forth among the mink hosts and other animal/human contacts. Current knowledge recognizes the mink as a highly susceptible animal host harboring the virus with or without clinical manifestations, furthering infection transmission as a hidden animal reservoir. A One Health approach is, thus, recommended in SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and monitoring on mink farms and of their susceptible contact animals to identify and better understand these potential animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.J.J.); (A.S.B.)
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10
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Yao W, Li Y, Ma D, Hou X, Wang H, Tang X, Cheng D, Zhang H, Du C, Pan H, Li C, Lin H, Sun M, Ding Q, Wang Y, Gao J, Zhong G. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spikes shapes their binding affinities to animal ACE2 orthologs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0267623. [PMID: 37943512 PMCID: PMC10715038 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02676-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Spike-receptor interaction is a critical determinant for the host range of coronaviruses. In this study, we investigated the SARS-CoV-2 WHU01 strain and five WHO-designated SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and the early Omicron variant, for their Spike interactions with ACE2 proteins of 18 animal species. First, the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Omicron were found to display progressive gain of affinity to mouse ACE2. More interestingly, these RBDs were also found with progressive loss of affinities to multiple ACE2 orthologs. The Omicron RBD showed decreased or complete loss of affinity to eight tested animal ACE2 orthologs, including that of some livestock animals (horse, donkey, and pig), pet animals (dog and cat), and wild animals (pangolin, American pika, and Rhinolophus sinicus bat). These findings shed light on potential host range shift of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, especially that of the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Yao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Hubei JiangXia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yujun Li
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danting Ma
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Hou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haimin Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Tang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dechun Cheng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengzhi Du
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Pan
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Li
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengsi Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiali Gao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guocai Zhong
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Fernández-Bastit L, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from humans to animals: is there a risk of novel reservoirs? Curr Opin Virol 2023; 63:101365. [PMID: 37793299 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a zoonotic virus able to infect humans and multiple nonhuman animal species. Most natural infections in companion, captive zoo, livestock, and wildlife species have been related to a reverse transmission, raising concern about potential generation of animal reservoirs due to human-animal interactions. To date, American mink and white-tailed deer are the only species that led to extensive intraspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 after reverse zoonosis, leading to an efficient spread of the virus and subsequent animal-to-human transmission. Viral host adaptations increase the probability of new SARS-CoV-2 variants' emergence that could cause a major global health impact. Therefore, applying the One Health approach is crucial to prevent and overcome future threats for human, animal, and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leira Fernández-Bastit
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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12
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Ma Y, Lei M, Chen H, Huang P, Sun J, Sun Q, Hu Y, Shi J. Susceptibility of bovine to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: insights from ACE2, AXL, and NRP1 receptors. Virol J 2023; 20:276. [PMID: 38012648 PMCID: PMC10680262 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibilities of cross-species transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) between humans and important livestock species are not yet known. Herein, we used the structural and genetic alignment and surface potential analysis of the amino acid (aa) in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), tyrosine kinase receptor UFO (AXL), and neuropilin 1 (NRP1) in different species with substantial public health importance. The residues interfacing with the N-terminal domain (NTD) or receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S were aligned to screen the critical aa sites that determined the susceptibility of the SARS-CoV-2 to the host. We found that AXL and NRP1 proteins might be used as the receptors of SARS-CoV-2 in bovines. However, ACE2 protein may not be considered to be involved in the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in cattle because the key residues of the ACE2-S-binding interface were different from those in known susceptible species. This study indicated that emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants potentially expand species tropism to bovines through AXL and NRP1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Mengyue Lei
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Pu Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Qiangming Sun
- National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yunzhang Hu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Jiandong Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China.
- National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, China.
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13
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Gomez-Romero N, Basurto-Alcantara FJ, Velazquez-Salinas L. Assessing the Potential Role of Cats ( Felis catus) as Generators of Relevant SARS-CoV-2 Lineages during the Pandemic. Pathogens 2023; 12:1361. [PMID: 38003825 PMCID: PMC10675002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several questions regarding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly elucidated. One of these questions is the possible evolutionary impact of SARS-CoV-2 after the infection in domestic animals. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential role of cats as generators of relevant SARS-CoV-2 lineages during the pandemic. A total of 105 full-length genome viral sequences obtained from naturally infected cats during the pandemic were evaluated by distinct evolutionary algorithms. Analyses were enhanced, including a set of highly related SARS-CoV-2 sequences recovered from human populations. Our results showed the apparent high susceptibility of cats to the infection SARS-CoV-2 compared with other animal species. Evolutionary analyses indicated that the phylogenomic characteristics displayed by cat populations were influenced by the dominance of specific SARS-CoV-2 genetic groups affecting human populations. However, disparate dN/dS rates at some genes between populations recovered from cats and humans suggested that infection in these two species may suggest a different evolutionary constraint for SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, the branch selection analysis showed evidence of the potential role of natural selection in the emergence of five distinct cat lineages during the pandemic. Although these lineages were apparently irrelevant to public health during the pandemic, our results suggested that additional studies are needed to understand the role of other animal species in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninnet Gomez-Romero
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de Fiebre Aftosa y Otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales, Carretera Mexico-Toluca Km 15.5 Piso 4 Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Mexico City 05110, Mexico;
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000 Col Copilco Universidad, Mexico City 14510, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Javier Basurto-Alcantara
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000 Col Copilco Universidad, Mexico City 14510, Mexico;
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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14
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Bae DY, Yang JH, Moon SH, Kim WH, Yoo DS, Park CK, Shin YK, Kang HE, Tark D, Oh Y, Cho HS. Demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Korean Native Cattle and Korean Native Black Goats in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3498. [PMID: 38003116 PMCID: PMC10668742 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 virus. A wide range of animals that interact with humans have been investigated to identify potential infections. As the extent of infection became more apparent, extensive animal monitoring became necessary to assess their susceptibility. This study analyzed nasal swabs and blood samples collected from randomly selected Korean native cattle and Korean native black goats. The tests conducted included real-time qPCR to detect SARS-CoV-2 antigens, an ELISA to detect antibodies, and a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) to determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Among the 1798 animals tested (consisting of 1174 Korean native cattle and 624 Korean native black goats), SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected in one Korean native cattle and one Korean native black goat. ELISA testing revealed positive results for antibodies in 54 Korean native cattle (4.60%) and 16 Korean native black goats (2.56%), while PRNTs yielded positive results in 51 Korean native cattle (4.34%) and 14 Korean native black goats (2.24%). The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and/or antibodies was identified in animals on farms where farmworkers were already infected. It is challenging to completely rule out the possibility of reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to livestock in Korea, although the transmission is not to the same extent as it is in highly susceptible animal species like minks, cats, and dogs. This is due to the limited geographical area and the dense, intensive farming practices implemented in these regions. In conclusion, continuous viral circulation between humans and animals is inevitable, necessitating ongoing animal monitoring to ensure public health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yun Bae
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (D.-Y.B.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Ju-Hee Yang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.Y.); (D.T.)
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (D.-Y.B.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungbuk National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.Y.); (D.T.)
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (D.-Y.B.); (S.-H.M.)
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15
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Muylaert RL, Wilkinson DA, Kingston T, D'Odorico P, Rulli MC, Galli N, John RS, Alviola P, Hayman DTS. Using drivers and transmission pathways to identify SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk hotspots. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6854. [PMID: 37891177 PMCID: PMC10611769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-like coronaviruses is a multi-stage process from wildlife reservoirs to people. Here we characterize multiple drivers-landscape change, host distribution, and human exposure-associated with the risk of spillover of zoonotic SARS-like coronaviruses to help inform surveillance and mitigation activities. We consider direct and indirect transmission pathways by modeling four scenarios with livestock and mammalian wildlife as potential and known reservoirs before examining how access to healthcare varies within clusters and scenarios. We found 19 clusters with differing risk factor contributions within a single country (N = 9) or transboundary (N = 10). High-risk areas were mainly closer (11-20%) rather than far ( < 1%) from healthcare. Areas far from healthcare reveal healthcare access inequalities, especially Scenario 3, which includes wild mammals and not livestock as secondary hosts. China (N = 2) and Indonesia (N = 1) had clusters with the highest risk. Our findings can help stakeholders in land use planning, integrating healthcare implementation and One Health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L Muylaert
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - David A Wilkinson
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paolo D'Odorico
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Rulli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolas Galli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Reju Sam John
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Alviola
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines- Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - David T S Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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16
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Wallukat G, Wernike K, Bachamanda Somesh D, Mettenleiter TC, Müller J. Animals Experimentally Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Generate Functional Autoantibodies against G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2668. [PMID: 37893042 PMCID: PMC10604621 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection has been linked to diverse clinical manifestations in humans, including cardiovascular complications. Functional autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors have emerged as potential contributors to these effects. This study sought to investigate the production and activity of functional autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors after SARS-CoV-2 infection of selected animal species. (2) Methods: The presence of functional autoantibodies such as 2-adrenoceptor, angiotensin II AT1 receptor, muscarinic M2 receptor, and angiotensin 1-7 MAS receptor was assessed in cattle and ferrets experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2. Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the positive or negative chronotropic responses induced by these autoantibodies. Further experiments identified the extracellular domains to which the functional autoantibodies bind, and receptor antagonists were employed to block the induced responses. (3) Results: Only two out of six cattle that were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 displayed viral replication and tested positive for functional autoantibodies against G-protein-coupled receptors. These functional autoantibodies specifically recognized β2-adrenoceptor, angiotensin II AT1 receptor, muscarinic M2 receptor, and angiotensin 1-7 MAS receptor and induced distinct positive and negative chronotropic effects in the bioassay. Infected ferrets generated functional autoantibodies against β2-adrenoceptor and muscarinic M2 receptor and presented bioactivity similar to that in cattle. (4) Conclusions: This study uncovers functional autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors in cattle and ferrets post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, with implications for cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Müller
- Berlin Cures GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Heals, 10719 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Fusco G, Cardillo L, Levante M, Brandi S, Picazio G, Napoletano M, Martucciello A, Fiorito F, De Carlo E, de Martinis C. First serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in small ruminants : Brief report. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1741-1748. [PMID: 36624357 PMCID: PMC9829525 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late December 2019 and spread worldwide, quickly becoming a pandemic. This zoonotic coronavirus shows a broad host range, including wildlife and domestic animals. Small ruminants are shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 but, to date, no natural infection has been reported. Herein, we performed a survey for SARS-CoV-2 among sheep and goats in the Campania region of Italy using an indirect multispecies ELISA. Next, positive sera were submitted to virus serum neutralization for the quantification of specific neutralizing antibodies. Out of 612 sheep and goats, 23 were found ELISA positive (3.75%) and 1 of them showed 1:20 neutralizing antibodies titer. No significant difference was found between the two species, as well as between male and female, geographical location and age. Our findings demonstrate that natural infection can occur in flocks in a field situation. Moreover, low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is reported for sheep and goats, nevertheless, the continuous mutations of this virus open new scenarios on viral host range and tropism, highlighting the importance of investigating animal species that could represent ongoing or future possible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Cardillo
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Martina Levante
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Brandi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Picazio
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Via G. Salvatore, 486, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Michele Napoletano
- Caserta Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandra Martucciello
- Salerno Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131, Fuorni, Salerno, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio de Martinis
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
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18
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Petrone-García VM, Castellanos-Huerta I, Tellez-Isaias G. Editorial: High-impact respiratory RNA virus diseases. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273650. [PMID: 37675076 PMCID: PMC10478262 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
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19
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Ehrlich M, Madden C, McBride DS, Nolting JM, Huey D, Kenney S, Wang Q, Saif LJ, Vlasova A, Dennis P, Lombardi D, Gibson S, McLaine A, Lauterbach S, Yaxley P, Winston JA, Diaz-Campos D, Pesapane R, Flint M, Flint J, Junge R, Faith SA, Bowman AS, Hale VL. Lack of SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA Detection among a Convenience Sampling of Ohio Wildlife, Companion, and Agricultural Animals, 2020-2021. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2554. [PMID: 37627345 PMCID: PMC10451347 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in humans in late 2019 and spread rapidly, becoming a global pandemic. A zoonotic spillover event from animal to human was identified as the presumed origin. Subsequently, reports began emerging regarding spillback events resulting in SARS-CoV-2 infections in multiple animal species. These events highlighted critical links between animal and human health while also raising concerns about the development of new reservoir hosts and potential viral mutations that could alter the virulence and transmission or evade immune responses. Characterizing susceptibility, prevalence, and transmission between animal species became a priority to help protect animal and human health. In this study, we coalesced a large team of investigators and community partners to surveil for SARS-CoV-2 in domestic and free-ranging animals around Ohio between May 2020 and August 2021. We focused on species with known or predicted susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highly congregated or medically compromised animals (e.g., shelters, barns, veterinary hospitals), and animals that had frequent contact with humans (e.g., pets, agricultural animals, zoo animals, or animals in wildlife hospitals). This included free-ranging deer (n = 76 individuals), free-ranging mink (n = 57), multiple species of bats (n = 59), and other wildlife in addition to domestic cats (n = 275) and pigs (n = 184). In total, we tested 792 individual animals (34 species) via rRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was not detected in any of the tested animals despite a major peak in human SARS-CoV-2 cases that occurred in Ohio subsequent to the peak of animal samplings. Importantly, we did not test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in this study, which limited our ability to assess exposure. While the results of this study were negative, the surveillance effort was critical and remains key to understanding, predicting, and preventing the re-emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Ehrlich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher Madden
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Dillon S. McBride
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Devra Huey
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Scott Kenney
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Anastasia Vlasova
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Patricia Dennis
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
- Cleveland Metroparks, Cleveland, OH 44144, USA
| | | | | | - Alexis McLaine
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah Lauterbach
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Page Yaxley
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jenessa A. Winston
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dubraska Diaz-Campos
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Risa Pesapane
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Flint
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Jaylene Flint
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Randy Junge
- Columbus Zoo & Aquarium, Powell, OH 43065, USA
| | - Seth A. Faith
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
| | - Vanessa L. Hale
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (A.V.)
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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20
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Hamdy ME, El Deeb AH, Hagag NM, Shahein MA, Alaidi O, Hussein HA. Interspecies transmission of SARS CoV-2 with special emphasis on viral mutations and ACE-2 receptor homology roles. Int J Vet Sci Med 2023; 11:55-86. [PMID: 37441062 PMCID: PMC10334861 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2023.2222981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreak was first reported in 2019, Wuhan, China. The spillover of the disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), to a wide range of pet, zoo, wild, and farm animals has emphasized potential zoonotic and reverse zoonotic viral transmission. Furthermore, it has evoked inquiries about susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 infection and role of these animals as viral reservoirs. Therefore, studying susceptible and non-susceptible hosts for SARS-CoV-2 infection could give a better understanding for the virus and will help in preventing further outbreaks. Here, we review structural aspects of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the effect of the different mutations observed in the spike protein, and the impact of ACE2 receptor variations in different animal hosts on inter-species transmission. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 spillover chain was reviewed. Combination of SARS-CoV-2 high mutation rate and homology of cellular ACE2 receptors enable the virus to transcend species barriers and facilitate its transmission between humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat E. Hamdy
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman H. El Deeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M. Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A. Shahein
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Alaidi
- Biocomplexity for Research and Consulting Co., Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hussein A. Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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21
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Joffrin L, Cooreman T, Verheyen E, Vercammen F, Mariën J, Leirs H, Gryseels S. SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance between 2020 and 2021 of All Mammalian Species in Two Flemish Zoos (Antwerp Zoo and Planckendael Zoo). Vet Sci 2023; 10:382. [PMID: 37368768 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to millions of human infections and deaths worldwide. Several other mammal species are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and multiple instances of transmission from humans to pets, farmed mink, wildlife and zoo animals have been recorded. We conducted a systematic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in all mammal species in two zoos in Belgium between September and December 2020 and July 2021, in four sessions, and a targeted surveillance of selected mammal enclosures following SARS-CoV-2 infection in hippopotamuses in December 2021. A total of 1523 faecal samples from 103 mammal species were tested for SARS-CoV-2 via real-time PCR. None of the samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Additional surrogate virus neutralisation tests conducted on 50 routinely collected serum samples from 26 mammal species were all negative. This study is the first to our knowledge to conduct active SARS-CoV-2 surveillance for several months in all mammal species of a zoo. We conclude that at the time of our investigation, none of the screened animals were excreting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Joffrin
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Cooreman
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Verheyen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francis Vercammen
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Happi AN, Ayinla AO, Ogunsanya OA, Sijuwola AE, Saibu FM, Akano K, George UE, Sopeju AE, Rabinowitz PM, Ojo KK, Barrett LK, Van Voorhis WC, Happi CT. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Terrestrial Animals in Southern Nigeria: Potential Cases of Reverse Zoonosis. Viruses 2023; 15:1187. [PMID: 37243273 PMCID: PMC10222409 DOI: 10.3390/v15051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 caused the COVID-19 pandemic, records have suggested the occurrence of reverse zoonosis of pets and farm animals in contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive humans in the Occident. However, there is little information on the spread of the virus among animals in contact with humans in Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in various animals in Nigeria. Overall, 791 animals from Ebonyi, Ogun, Ondo, and Oyo States, Nigeria were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-qPCR (n = 364) and IgG ELISA (n = 654). SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were 45.9% (RT-qPCR) and 1.4% (ELISA). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in almost all animal taxa and sampling locations except Oyo State. SARS-CoV-2 IgGs were detected only in goats from Ebonyi and pigs from Ogun States. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 infectivity rates were higher in 2021 than in 2022. Our study highlights the ability of the virus to infect various animals. It presents the first report of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in poultry, pigs, domestic ruminants, and lizards. The close human-animal interactions in these settings suggest ongoing reverse zoonosis, highlighting the role of behavioral factors of transmission and the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to spread among animals. These underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to detect and intervene in any eventual upsurge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise N. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Akeemat O. Ayinla
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Olusola A. Ogunsanya
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Ayotunde E. Sijuwola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Femi M. Saibu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Kazeem Akano
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Uwem E. George
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo E. Sopeju
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Peter M. Rabinowitz
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (L.K.B.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (L.K.B.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (L.K.B.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Christian T. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria
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23
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Kristianingrum YP, Untari T, Kusumawati A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 detection in domestic animals as a reservoir for the virus transmission to humans in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:341-346. [PMID: 37042007 PMCID: PMC10082720 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.341-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attacks the respiratory and digestive tract. The SARS-CoV-2 showed systemic characteristics with various clinical symptoms from subclinical to fatal (causing death). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to occur from humans to pets (cats, dogs, tigers, ferrets, and poultry). Knowledge about the role of domestic animals in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans, and as reservoirs of this virus needs to be investigated further. This study aimed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals such as dogs, cats, pigs, cows, birds, and bats that are often in contact with humans.
Materials and Methods: A total of 157 samples, which included nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, along with sera samples from domestic animals such as cats, pigs, cows, birds, and bats, were taken from Veterinary Hospitals, Veterinary Clinics, and farms around the Yogyakarta region. Detection of the virus was done using rapid detection of viral antigens, antibodies, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique.
Results: The results showed that 5/157 (3.1%) samples found positive against the COVID-19 virus using a rapid antibody test; however, the results were negative on the rapid antigen and RT-PCR tests. Antibody-positive samples came from animals that had a history of household COVID-19 human infection.
Conclusion: Thus, findings of the present study conclude that there is a potential for transmission of the COVID-19 virus between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tri Untari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Asmarani Kusumawati
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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24
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Santaniello A, Perruolo G, Cristiano S, Agognon AL, Cabaro S, Amato A, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Formisano P, Fioretti A, Oriente F. SARS-CoV-2 Affects Both Humans and Animals: What Is the Potential Transmission Risk? A Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020514. [PMID: 36838479 PMCID: PMC9959838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization Department declared the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic, as a consequence of its rapid spread on all continents. The COVID-19 pandemic has been not only a health emergency but also a serious general problem as fear of contagion and severe restrictions put economic and social activity on hold in many countries. Considering the close link between human and animal health, COVID-19 might infect wild and companion animals, and spawn dangerous viral mutants that could jump back and pose an ulterior threat to us. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the pandemic, with a particular focus on the clinical manifestations in humans and animals, the different diagnosis methods, the potential transmission risks, and their potential direct impact on the human-animal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cristiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Ayewa Lawoe Agognon
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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25
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Adlhoch C, Aznar I, Baldinelli F, Boklund A, Broglia A, Gerhards N, Mur L, Nannapaneni P, Ståhl K. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07822. [PMID: 36860662 PMCID: PMC9968901 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit SARS-CoV-2 are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse and white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, American mink have the highest likelihood to become infected from humans or animals and further transmit SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, 44 outbreaks were reported in 2021 in mink farms in seven MSs, while only six in 2022 in two MSs, thus representing a decreasing trend. The introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into mink farms is usually via infected humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering farms and adequate biosecurity. The current most appropriate monitoring approach for mink is the outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, testing dead or clinically sick animals in case of increased mortality or positive farm personnel and the genomic surveillance of virus variants. The genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed mink-specific clusters with a potential to spill back into the human population. Among companion animals, cats, ferrets and hamsters are those at highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which most likely originates from an infected human, and which has no or very low impact on virus circulation in the human population. Among wild animals (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes and white-tailed deer have been reported to be naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, no cases of infected wildlife have been reported so far. Proper disposal of human waste is advised to reduce the risks of spill-over of SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife. Furthermore, contact with wildlife, especially if sick or dead, should be minimised. No specific monitoring for wildlife is recommended apart from testing hunter-harvested animals with clinical signs or found-dead. Bats should be monitored as a natural host of many coronaviruses.
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26
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Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Mohammadi G, Ghazavi H, Forouzanfar F. Susceptibility of domestic and companion animals to SARS-CoV-2: a comprehensive review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:60. [PMID: 36725815 PMCID: PMC9891761 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a large global outbreak. The reports of domestic animals' infection with SARS-CoV-2 raise concerns about the virus's longer-lasting spread, the establishment of a new host reservoir, or even the evolution of a new virus, as seen with COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the susceptibility of domestic animals, especially companion animals, towards SARS-CoV-2 in light of existing studies of natural infection, experimental infection, and serological surveys. Susceptibility of domestic and companion animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghazavi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Bahoussi AN, Shah PT, Guo YY, Liu Y, Wu C, Xing L. Evolutionary adaptation of bovine coronavirus (BCoV): Screening of natural recombinations across the complete genomes. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 63:519-529. [PMID: 36538736 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a member of pathogenic Betacoronaviruses that has been circulating for several decades in multiple host species. Given the similarity between BCoV and human coronaviruses, the current study aimed to review the complete genomes of 107 BCoV strains available on the GenBank database, collected between 1983 and 2017 from different countries. The maximum-likelihood based phylogenetic analysis revealed three main BCoV genogroups: GI, GII, and GIII. GI is further divided into nine subgenogroups: GI-a to GI-i. The GI-a to GI-d are restricted to Japan, and GI-e to GI-i to the USA. The evolutionary relationships were also inferred using phylogenetic network analysis, revealing two major distinct networks dominated by viruses identified in the USA and Japan, respectively. The USA strains-dominated Network Cluster includes two sub-branches: France/Germany and Japan/China in addition to the United States, while Japan strains-dominated Network Cluster is limited to Japan. Twelve recombination events were determined, including 11 intragenogroup (GI) and one intergenogroup (GII vs. GI-g). The breakpoints of the recombination events were mainly located in ORF1ab and the spike glycoprotein ORF. Interestingly, 10 of 12 recombination events occurred between Japan strains, one between the USA strains, and one from intercontinental recombination (Japan vs. USA). These findings suggest that geographical characteristics, and population density with closer contact, might significantly impact the BCoV infection and co-infection and boost the emergence of more complex virus lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina N Bahoussi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pir T Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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28
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Phillips CJC. Zoonotic Disease Risks of Live Export of Cattle and Sheep, with a Focus on Australian Shipments to Asia and the Middle East. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233425. [PMID: 36496946 PMCID: PMC9738783 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing human and livestock populations in the world today and increased international transport of livestock is increasing the risk of both emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases. This review focuses on the potential for the live export trade to transmit zoonotic diseases. Both cattle and sheep are exposed to major stresses during the transport process, which are described, together with the impact of these stresses on the immune function of transported animals. Heat stress, overcrowding, inanition, ship and vehicle motion and accumulation of noxious gases are analysed for their ability to potentiate infectious diseases. The major zoonoses are described: pustular dermatitis, pneumonia, salmonellosis, as well as some common conditions, such as conjunctivitis, with specific reference to stressors associated with each disorder. Historical precedents exist for restriction of the trade based on disease risks. Finally, the economic and regulatory frameworks are considered to evaluate ways in which the spread of zoonotic diseases can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive J. C. Phillips
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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29
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Cool K, Gaudreault NN, Morozov I, Trujillo JD, Meekins DA, McDowell C, Carossino M, Bold D, Mitzel D, Kwon T, Balaraman V, Madden DW, Artiaga BL, Pogranichniy RM, Roman-Sosa G, Henningson J, Wilson WC, Balasuriya UBR, García-Sastre A, Richt JA. Infection and transmission of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant in pregnant white-tailed deer. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:95-112. [PMID: 34842046 PMCID: PMC8725908 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2012528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSARS-CoV-2 was first reported circulating in human populations in December 2019 and has since become a global pandemic. Recent history involving SARS-like coronavirus outbreaks have demonstrated the significant role of intermediate hosts in viral maintenance and transmission. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and experimental infections of a wide variety of animal species has been demonstrated, and in silico and in vitro studies have indicated that deer are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. White-tailed deer (WTD) are amongst the most abundant and geographically widespread wild ruminant species in the US. Recently, WTD fawns were shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated the susceptibility and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in adult WTD. In addition, we examined the competition of two SARS-CoV-2 isolates, representatives of the ancestral lineage A and the alpha variant of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 through co-infection of WTD. Next-generation sequencing was used to determine the presence and transmission of each strain in the co-infected and contact sentinel animals. Our results demonstrate that adult WTD are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and can transmit the virus through direct contact as well as vertically from doe to fetus. Additionally, we determined that the alpha VOC B.1.1.7 isolate of SARS-CoV-2 outcompetes the ancestral lineage A isolate in WTD, as demonstrated by the genome of the virus shed from nasal and oral cavities from principal infected and contact animals, and from the genome of virus present in tissues of principal infected deer, fetuses and contact animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dana Mitzel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bianca Libanori Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Roman M. Pogranichniy
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William C. Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Featherstone AB, Brown AC, Chitlapilly Dass S. Murine Hepatitis Virus, a Biosafety Level 2 Model for SARS-CoV-2, Can Remain Viable on Meat and Meat Packaging Materials for at Least 48 Hours. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0186222. [PMID: 36069589 PMCID: PMC9603800 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01862-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020 and 2021, many meat processing plants faced temporary closures due to outbreaks of COVID-19 cases among the workers. There are several factors that could potentially contribute to the increased numbers of COVID-19 cases in meat processing plants: the survival of viable SARS-CoV-2 on meat and meat packaging materials, difficulties in maintaining workplace physical distancing, personal hygiene, and crowded living and transportation conditions. In this study, we used murine hepatitis virus (MHV) as a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 to determine viral survival on the surface of meat, namely, stew-cut beef and ground beef, and commonly used meat packaging materials, such as plastic wrap, meat-absorbent material, and Styrofoam. From our studies, we observed the infectivity of MHV inoculated on ground beef and stew-cut beef for 48 h and saw no significant loss in infectivity for MHV from 0 to 6 h postinoculation (hpi) (unpaired t test). However, beginning at 9 hpi, viral infectivity steadily decreased, resulting in a 1.12-log reduction for ground beef and a 0.46-log reduction for stew-cut beef by 48 hpi. We also observed a significant persistence of MHV on meat packaging materials, with Styrofoam supporting the highest viability (3.25 × 103 ± 9.57 × 102 PFU/mL, a 0.91-log reduction after 48 hpi), followed by meat-absorbent material (75 ± 50 PFU/mL, a 1.10-log reduction after 48 hpi), and lastly, plastic wrap (no detectable PFU after 3 hpi, a 3.12-log reduction). Despite a notable reduction in infectivity, the virus was able to survive and remain infectious for up to 48 h at 7°C on four of the five test surfaces. Our results provide evidence that coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, could potentially survive on meat, meat-absorbent materials. and Styrofoam for up to 2 days, and potentially longer. IMPORTANCE The meat industry has been faced with astronomical challenges with the rampant spread of COVID-19 among meat processing plant workers. This has resulted in meat processing and packaging plant closures, creating bottlenecks everywhere in the chain, from farms to consumers, subsequently leading to much smaller production outputs and higher prices for all parties involved. This study tested the viability of meat and meat packaging materials as potential reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2, allowing the virus to survive and potentially spread among the workers. We used murine hepatitis virus (MHV) as a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that ground beef, stew-cut beef, meat-absorbent material, and Styrofoam can harbor coronavirus particles, which can remain viable for at least 48 h. Furthermore, our study provides evidence that the environmental and physical conditions within meat processing facilities can facilitate the survival of viable virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Claire Brown
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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31
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Potential SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility of Cetaceans Stranded along the Italian Coastline. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101096. [PMID: 36297153 PMCID: PMC9607105 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to marine mammals' demonstrated susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, based upon the homology level of their angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) viral receptor with the human one, alongside the global SARS-CoV-2 occurrence and fecal contamination of the river and marine ecosystems, SARS-CoV-2 infection may be plausibly expected to occur also in cetaceans, with special emphasis on inshore species like bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Moreover, based on immune and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, macrophages could also play an important role in antiviral defense mechanisms. In order to provide a more in-depth insight into SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in marine mammals, we evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and the expression of ACE2 and the pan-macrophage marker CD68. Aliquots of tissue samples, belonging to cetaceans stranded along the Italian coastline during 2020-2021, were collected for SARS-CoV-2 analysis by real-time PCR (RT-PCRT) (N = 43) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) (N = 59); thirty-two aliquots of pulmonary tissue sample (N = 17 Tursiops truncatus, N = 15 Stenella coeruleoalba) available at the Mediterranean Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (MMMTB) of the University of Padua (Legnaro, Padua, Italy) were analyzed to investigate ACE2 expression by IHC. In addition, ACE2 and CD68 were also investigated by Double-Labeling Immunofluorescence (IF) Confocal Laser Microscopy. No SARS-CoV-2 positivity was found in samples analyzed for the survey while ACE2 protein was detected in the lower respiratory tract albeit heterogeneously for age, gender/sex, and species, suggesting that ACE2 expression can vary between different lung regions and among individuals. Finally, double IF analysis showed elevated colocalization of ACE2 and CD68 in macrophages only when an evident inflammatory reaction was present, such as in human SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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32
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Neerukonda SN, Wang R, Vassell R, Baha H, Lusvarghi S, Liu S, Wang T, Weiss CD, Wang W. Characterization of Entry Pathways, Species-Specific Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Residues Determining Entry, and Antibody Neutralization Evasion of Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Variants. J Virol 2022; 96:e0114022. [PMID: 36000843 PMCID: PMC9472608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants were first detected in November 2021, and several Omicron lineages (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5) have since rapidly emerged. Studies characterizing the mechanisms of Omicron variant infection and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies induced upon vaccination are ongoing by several groups. In the present study, we used pseudoviruses to show that the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) enhances infection of BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Omicron variants to a lesser extent than ancestral D614G. We further show that Omicron variants have higher sensitivity to inhibition by soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the endosomal inhibitor chloroquine compared to D614G. The Omicron variants also more efficiently used ACE2 receptors from 9 out of 10 animal species tested, and unlike the D614G variant, used mouse ACE2 due to the Q493R and Q498R spike substitutions. Finally, neutralization of the Omicron variants by antibodies induced by three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was 7- to 8-fold less potent than the D614G. These results provide insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread. IMPORTANCE The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants with an extensive number of spike mutations poses a significant public health and zoonotic concern due to enhanced transmission fitness and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We studied three Omicron lineage variants (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3) and found that transmembrane serine protease 2 has less influence on Omicron entry into cells than on D614G, and Omicron exhibits greater sensitivity to endosomal entry inhibition compared to D614G. In addition, Omicron displays more efficient usage of diverse animal species ACE2 receptors than D614G. Furthermore, due to Q493R/Q498R substitutions in spike, Omicron, but not D614G, can use the mouse ACE2 receptor. Finally, three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination elicit high neutralization titers against Omicron variants, although the neutralization titers are still 7- to 8-fold lower those that against D614G. These results may give insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Vassell
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shufeng Liu
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Susceptibility of Domestic Goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) to Experimental Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.351/Beta Variant. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092002. [PMID: 36146808 PMCID: PMC9503527 DOI: 10.3390/v14092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of animal species are susceptible to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Natural and/or experimental infections have been reported in pet, zoo, farmed and wild animals. Interestingly, some SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as B.1.1.7/Alpha, B.1.351/Beta, and B.1.1.529/Omicron, were demonstrated to infect some animal species not susceptible to classical viral variants. The present study aimed to elucidate if goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) are susceptible to the B.1.351/Beta variant. First, an in silico approach was used to predict the affinity between the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351/Beta variant and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 from goats. Moreover, we performed an experimental inoculation with this variant in domestic goat and showed evidence of infection. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in nasal swabs and tissues by RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry, and seroneutralisation was confirmed via ELISA and live virus neutralisation assays. However, the viral amount and tissue distribution suggest a low susceptibility of goats to the B.1.351/Beta variant. Therefore, although monitoring livestock is advisable, it is unlikely that goats play a role as SARS-CoV-2 reservoir species, and they are not useful surrogates to study SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed animals.
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Wernike K, Böttcher J, Amelung S, Albrecht K, Gärtner T, Donat K, Beer M. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Suggestive of Single Events of Spillover to Cattle, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1916-1918. [PMID: 35914515 PMCID: PMC9423924 DOI: 10.3201/eid2809.220125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with SARS-CoV-2 poses a risk for transmission to animals. To characterize the risk for cattle, we serologically investigated 1,000 samples collected from cattle in Germany in late 2021. Eleven antibody-positive samples indicated that cattle may be occasionally infected by contact with SARS-CoV-2–positive keepers, but we found no indication of further spread.
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35
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Opriessnig T, Huang YW. SARS-CoV-2 does not infect pigs, but this has to be verified regularly. Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12772. [PMID: 36039616 PMCID: PMC9538518 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For successful xenotransplantation, freedom of the xenocraft donor from certain viral infections that may harm the organ recipient is important. A novel human coronavirus (CoV) with a respiratory tropism, designated as SARS-CoV-2, was first identified in January 2020 in China, but likely has been circulating unnoticed for some time before. Since then, this virus has reached most inhabited areas, resulting in a major global pandemic which is still ongoing. Due to a high number of subclinical infections, re-infections, geographic differences in diagnostic tests used, and differences in result reporting programs, the percentage of the population infected with SARS-CoV-2 at least once has been challenging to estimate. With continuous ongoing infections in people and an overall high viral load, it makes sense to look into possible viral spillover events in pets and farm animals, who are often in close contact with humans. The pig is currently the main species considered for xenotransplantation and hence there is interest to know if pigs can become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and if so what the infection dynamics may look like. This review article summarizes the latest research findings on this topic. It would appear that pigs can currently be considered a low risk species, and hence do not pose an immediate risk to the human population or xenotransplantation recipients per se. Monitoring the ever-changing SARS-CoV-2 variants appears important to recognize immediately should this change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Lean FZX, Núñez A, Spiro S, Priestnall SL, Vreman S, Bailey D, James J, Wrigglesworth E, Suarez-Bonnet A, Conceicao C, Thakur N, Byrne AMP, Ackroyd S, Delahay RJ, van der Poel WHM, Brown IH, Fooks AR, Brookes SM. Differential susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in animals: Evidence of ACE2 host receptor distribution in companion animals, livestock and wildlife by immunohistochemical characterisation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2275-2286. [PMID: 34245662 PMCID: PMC8447087 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a host cell membrane protein (receptor) that mediates the binding of coronavirus, most notably SARS coronaviruses in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is mainly confined to humans, there have been numerous incidents of spillback (reverse zoonoses) to domestic and captive animals. An absence of information on the spatial distribution of ACE2 in animal tissues limits our understanding of host species susceptibility. Here, we describe the distribution of ACE2 using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on histological sections derived from carnivores, ungulates, primates and chiroptera. Comparison of mink (Neovison vison) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) respiratory tracts showed substantial differences, demonstrating that ACE2 is present in the lower respiratory tract of mink but not ferrets. The presence of ACE2 in the respiratory tract in some species was much more restricted as indicated by limited immunolabelling in the nasal turbinate, trachea and lungs of cats (Felis catus) and only the nasal turbinate in the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). In the lungs of other species, ACE2 could be detected on the bronchiolar epithelium of the sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), European badger (Meles meles), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), tiger and lion (Panthera spp.). In addition, ACE2 was present in the nasal mucosa epithelium of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) but not in pig (Sus scrofa domestica), cattle or sheep. In the intestine, ACE2 immunolabelling was seen on the microvillus of enterocytes (surface of intestine) across various taxa. These results provide anatomical evidence of ACE2 expression in a number of species which will enable further understanding of host susceptibility and tissue tropism of ACE2 receptor-mediated viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Spiro
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, APHA, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Ackroyd
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, APHA, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Runft S, Färber I, Krüger J, Krüger N, Armando F, Rocha C, Pöhlmann S, Burigk L, Leitzen E, Ciurkiewicz M, Braun A, Schneider D, Baumgärtner L, Freisleben B, Baumgärtner W. Alternatives to animal models and their application in the discovery of species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infectious pathogens: A review. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:565-577. [PMID: 35130766 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211073678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inspired rapid research efforts targeting the host range, pathogenesis and transmission mechanisms, and the development of antiviral strategies. Genetically modified mice, rhesus macaques, ferrets, and Syrian golden hamsters have been frequently used in studies of pathogenesis and efficacy of antiviral compounds and vaccines. However, alternatives to in vivo experiments, such as immortalized cell lines, primary respiratory epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface, stem/progenitor cell-derived organoids, or tissue explants, have also been used for isolation of SARS-CoV-2, investigation of cytopathic effects, and pathogen-host interactions. Moreover, initial proof-of-concept studies for testing therapeutic agents can be performed with these tools, showing that animal-sparing cell culture methods could significantly reduce the need for animal models in the future, following the 3R principles of replace, reduce, and refine. So far, only few studies using animal-derived primary cells or tissues have been conducted in SARS-CoV-2 research, although natural infection has been shown to occur in several animal species. Therefore, the need for in-depth investigations on possible interspecies transmission routes and differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is urgent. This review gives an overview of studies employing alternative culture systems like primary cell cultures, tissue explants, or organoids for investigations of the pathophysiology and reverse zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. In addition, future possibilities of SARS-CoV-2 research in animals, including previously neglected methods like the use of precision-cut lung slices, will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Runft
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Färber
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Krüger
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Krüger
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Federico Armando
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheila Rocha
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Burigk
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Kim Y, Gaudreault NN, Meekins DA, Perera KD, Bold D, Trujillo JD, Morozov I, McDowell CD, Chang KO, Richt JA. Effects of Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern on Human or Animal ACE2-Mediated Virus Entry and Neutralization. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0178921. [PMID: 35638818 PMCID: PMC9241865 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01789-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a zoonotic agent capable of infecting humans and a wide range of animal species. Over the duration of the pandemic, mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein have arisen, culminating in the spread of several variants of concern (VOCs) with various degrees of altered virulence, transmissibility, and neutralizing antibody escape. In this study, we used pseudoviruses that express specific SARS-CoV-2 S protein substitutions and cell lines that express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from nine different animal species to gain insights into the effects of VOC mutations on viral entry and antibody neutralization capability. All animal ACE2 receptors tested, except mink, support viral cell entry for pseudoviruses expressing the ancestral prototype S at levels comparable to human ACE2. Most single S substitutions did not significantly change virus entry, although 614G and 484K resulted in a decreased efficiency. Conversely, combinatorial VOC substitutions in the S protein were associated with increased entry of pseudoviruses. Neutralizing titers in sera from various animal species were significantly reduced against pseudoviruses expressing the S proteins of Beta, Delta, or Omicron VOCs compared to the parental S protein. Especially, substitutions in the S protein of the Omicron variant significantly reduced the neutralizing titers of the sera. This study reveals important insights into the host range of SARS-CoV-2 and the effect of recently emergent S protein substitutions on viral entry, virus replication, and antibody-mediated viral neutralization. IMPORTANCE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to have devastating impacts on global health and socioeconomics. The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, which contain mutations that can affect the virulence, transmission, and effectiveness of licensed vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, are currently becoming the common strains circulating in humans worldwide. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to infect a wide variety of animal species, which could result in additional mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, we investigate the effect of mutations present in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and determine the effects of these mutations on cell entry, virulence, and antibody neutralization activity in humans and a variety of animals that might be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This information is essential to understand the effects of important SARS-CoV-2 mutations and to inform public policy to create better strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Krishani D. Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Rutherford C, Kafle P, Soos C, Epp T, Bradford L, Jenkins E. Investigating SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Animal Species: A Scoping Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221107786. [PMID: 35782319 PMCID: PMC9247998 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was imperative for researchers to rapidly determine what animal species may be susceptible to the virus, under low knowledge and high uncertainty conditions. In this scoping review, the animal species being evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, the methods used to evaluate susceptibility, and comparing the evaluations between different studies were conducted. Using the PRISMA-ScR methodology, publications and reports from peer-reviewed and gray literature sources were collected from databases, Google Scholar, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), snowballing, and recommendations from experts. Inclusion and relevance criteria were applied, and information was subsequently extracted, categorized, summarized, and analyzed. Ninety seven sources (publications and reports) were identified which investigated 649 animal species from eight different classes: Mammalia, Aves, Actinopterygii, Reptilia, Amphibia, Insecta, Chondrichthyes, and Coelacanthimorpha. Sources used four different methods to evaluate susceptibility, in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological analysis. Along with the different methods, how each source described "susceptibility" and evaluated the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 varied, with conflicting susceptibility evaluations evident between different sources. Early in the pandemic, in silico methods were used the most to predict animal species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and helped guide more costly and intensive studies using in vivo or epidemiological analyses. However, the limitations of all methods must be recognized, and evaluations made by in silico and in vitro should be re-evaluated when more information becomes available, such as demonstrated susceptibility through in vivo and epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Rutherford
- School of Public Health, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Pratap Kafle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical
Sciences, Long Island University Post Campus, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Soos
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health
Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical
Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lori Bradford
- Ron and Jane Graham School of
Professional Development, College of Engineering, and School of Environment and
Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
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40
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Gontu A, Marlin EA, Ramasamy S, Neerukonda S, Anil G, Morgan J, Quraishi M, Chen C, Boorla VS, Nissly RH, Jakka P, Chothe SK, Ravichandran A, Kodali N, Amirthalingam S, LaBella L, Kelly K, Natesan P, Minns AM, Rossi RM, Werner JR, Hovingh E, Lindner SE, Tewari D, Kapur V, Vandegrift KJ, Maranas CD, Surendran Nair M, Kuchipudi SV. Development and Validation of Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Cattle, Swine, and Chicken. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071358. [PMID: 35891340 PMCID: PMC9317974 DOI: 10.3390/v14071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple domestic and wild animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cattle and swine are susceptible to experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection. The unchecked transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in animal hosts could lead to virus adaptation and the emergence of novel variants. In addition, the spillover and subsequent adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in livestock could significantly impact food security as well as animal and public health. Therefore, it is essential to monitor livestock species for SARS-CoV-2 spillover. We developed and optimized species-specific indirect ELISAs (iELISAs) to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cattle, swine, and chickens using the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen. Serum samples collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic were used to determine the cut-off threshold. RBD hyperimmunized sera from cattle (n = 3), swine (n = 6), and chicken (n = 3) were used as the positive controls. The iELISAs were evaluated compared to a live virus neutralization test using cattle (n = 150), swine (n = 150), and chicken (n = 150) serum samples collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The iELISAs for cattle, swine, and chicken were found to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. These tools facilitate the surveillance that is necessary to quickly identify spillovers into the three most important agricultural species worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinay Gontu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Erika A. Marlin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Clinical & Diagnostic Assay Development Group, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | | | - Gayatri Anil
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Jasmine Morgan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Meysoon Quraishi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (V.S.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (V.S.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Ruth H. Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Shubhada K. Chothe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Abirami Ravichandran
- Department of Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Nishitha Kodali
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
| | - Saranya Amirthalingam
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
| | - Lindsey LaBella
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Pazhanivel Natesan
- Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India;
| | - Allen M. Minns
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Randall M. Rossi
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
| | - Jacob R. Werner
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Ernest Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Scott E. Lindner
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA;
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kurt J. Vandegrift
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (V.S.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.N.); (S.V.K.)
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.G.); (E.A.M.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (J.M.); (M.Q.); (P.J.); (S.K.C.); (N.K.); (S.A.); (L.L.); (E.H.)
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (K.K.)
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.M.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.E.L.); (V.K.); (K.J.V.)
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (M.S.N.); (S.V.K.)
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41
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Balloux F, Tan C, Swadling L, Richard D, Jenner C, Maini M, van Dorp L. The past, current and future epidemiological dynamic of SARS-CoV-2. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac003. [PMID: 35872966 PMCID: PMC9278178 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged in late 2019 in China, and rapidly spread throughout the world to reach all continents. As the virus expanded in its novel human host, viral lineages diversified through the accumulation of around two mutations a month on average. Different viral lineages have replaced each other since the start of the pandemic, with the most successful Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants of concern (VoCs) sequentially sweeping through the world to reach high global prevalence. Neither Alpha nor Delta was characterized by strong immune escape, with their success coming mainly from their higher transmissibility. Omicron is far more prone to immune evasion and spread primarily due to its increased ability to (re-)infect hosts with prior immunity. As host immunity reaches high levels globally through vaccination and prior infection, the epidemic is expected to transition from a pandemic regime to an endemic one where seasonality and waning host immunization are anticipated to become the primary forces shaping future SARS-CoV-2 lineage dynamics. In this review, we consider a body of evidence on the origins, host tropism, epidemiology, genomic and immunogenetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 including an assessment of other coronaviruses infecting humans. Considering what is known so far, we conclude by delineating scenarios for the future dynamic of SARS-CoV-2, ranging from the good-circulation of a fifth endemic 'common cold' coronavirus of potentially low virulence, the bad-a situation roughly comparable with seasonal flu, and the ugly-extensive diversification into serotypes with long-term high-level endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cedric Tan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138672 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Damien Richard
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Charlotte Jenner
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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42
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Fiorito F, Iovane V, Pagnini U, Cerracchio C, Brandi S, Levante M, Marati L, Ferrara G, Tammaro V, De Carlo E, Iovane G, Fusco G. First Description of Serological Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 in Lactating Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111459. [PMID: 35681922 PMCID: PMC9179237 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of the disease that has caused a global pandemic, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronaviruses (CoVs) may emerge from wildlife hosts and infect humans and animals. Up to now, natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in several animals, but it has not been found in farm animals, such as buffaloes, goats, sheep, horses, rabbits, hens, pigs, or cows, despite contact with their SARS-CoV-2-positive human breeders. Furthermore, a low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in experimentally infected cattle with SARS-CoV-2. The unknown zoonotic potential of this virus is a cause of concern for pet owners and farmers. The limited data on cattle suggest that cattle show low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and probably do not function as reservoirs. However, in areas with large cattle populations and a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, close contact between livestock and farmworkers may cause reverse zoonotic infections in cattle, as has already been described for highly sensitive animal species, such as minks, cats, and dogs. Thus, studying the zoonotic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 could help in the development of a strategy for virus detection and the control of viral dissemination. Abstract Following the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak in Ariano Irpino, Campania region (Italy), we tested lactating cows for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on a cattle farm at which, prior to the investigation, 13 of the 20 farmworkers showed COVID-19-like symptoms, and one of them died. Twenty-four lactating cows were sampled to detect SARS-CoV-2. All nasal and rectal swabs and milk samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the 24 collected serum samples, 11 showed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, 14 showed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and 13 developed neutralising antibodies for SARS-COV-2; all samples were negative for Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), another betacoronavirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in lactating cows. We hypothesise that this may be a case of reverse zoonosis. However, the role of cattle in SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission seems to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (U.P.); (C.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (U.P.); (C.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Claudia Cerracchio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (U.P.); (C.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Sergio Brandi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.B.); (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Martina Levante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.B.); (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Luisa Marati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.B.); (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (U.P.); (C.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Virginio Tammaro
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Avellino (Ariano Irpino), 83031 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.B.); (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence: (E.D.C.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-0812536178 (E.D.C. & G.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (U.P.); (C.C.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence: (E.D.C.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-0812536178 (E.D.C. & G.I.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.B.); (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.F.)
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Zhu Q, Li B, Sun D. Advances in Bovine Coronavirus Epidemiology. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051109. [PMID: 35632850 PMCID: PMC9147158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a causative agent of enteric and respiratory disease in cattle. BCoV has also been reported to cause a variety of animal diseases and is closely related to human coronaviruses, which has attracted extensive attention from both cattle farmers and researchers. However, there are few comprehensive epidemiological reviews, and key information regarding the effect of S-gene differences on tissue tendency and potential cross-species transmission remain unclear. In this review, we summarize BCoV epidemiology, including the transmission, infection-associated factors, co-infection, pathogenicity, genetic evolution, and potential cross-species transmission. Furthermore, the potential two-receptor binding motif system for BCoV entry and the association between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in this review. Our aim is to provide valuable information for the prevention and treatment of BCoV infection throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Zhu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
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Wernike K, Fischer L, Holsteg M, Aebischer A, Petrov A, Marquart K, Schotte U, Schön J, Hoffmann D, Hechinger S, Neubauer-Juric A, Blicke J, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M. Serological screening in wild ruminants in Germany, 2021/22: No evidence of SARS-CoV-2, bluetongue virus or pestivirus spread but high seroprevalences against Schmallenberg virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3289-e3296. [PMID: 35585653 PMCID: PMC9348064 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife animals may be susceptible to multiple infectious agents of public health or veterinary relevance, thereby potentially forming a reservoir that bears the constant risk of re‐introduction into the human or livestock population. Here, we serologically investigated 493 wild ruminant samples collected in the 2021/2022 hunting season in Germany for the presence of antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and four viruses pathogenic to domestic ruminants, namely, the orthobunyavirus Schmallenberg virus (SBV), the reovirus bluetongue virus (BTV) and ruminant pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhoea virus or border disease virus. The animal species comprised fallow deer, red deer, roe deer, mouflon and wisent. For coronavirus serology, additional 307 fallow, roe and red deer samples collected between 2017 and 2020 at three military training areas were included. While antibodies against SBV could be detected in about 13.6% of the samples collected in 2021/2022, only one fallow deer of unknown age tested positive for anti‐BTV antibodies, and all samples reacted negative for antibodies against ruminant pestiviruses. In an ELISA based on the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2, 25 out of 493 (5.1%) samples collected in autumn and winter 2021/2022 scored positive. This sero‐reactivity could not be confirmed by the highly specific virus neutralisation test, occurred also in 2017, 2018 and 2019, that is, prior to the human SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, and was likewise observed against the RBD of the related SARS‐CoV‐1. Therefore, the SARS‐CoV‐2 sero‐reactivity was most likely induced by another hitherto unknown deer virus belonging to the subgenus Sarbecovirus of betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luisa Fischer
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia, Wildlife Research Institute, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Holsteg
- Chamber of Agriculture for North Rhine-Westphalia, Bovine Health Service, Bad Sassendorf, Germany
| | | | - Anja Petrov
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Katharina Marquart
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotte
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Jacob Schön
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Blicke
- Ministry of Climate Protection, Environment, Energy and Mobility, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Tian J, Sun J, Li D, Wang N, Wang L, Zhang C, Meng X, Ji X, Suchard MA, Zhang X, Lai A, Su S, Veit M. Emerging viruses: Cross-species transmission of Coronaviruses, Filoviruses, Henipaviruses and Rotaviruses from bats. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110969. [PMID: 35679864 PMCID: PMC9148931 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases, especially if caused by bat-borne viruses, significantly affect public health and the global economy. There is an urgent need to understand the mechanism of interspecies transmission, particularly to humans. Viral genetics; host factors, including polymorphisms in the receptors; and ecological, environmental, and population dynamics are major parameters to consider. Here, we describe the taxonomy, geographic distribution, and unique traits of bats associated with their importance as virus reservoirs. Then, we summarize the origin, intermediate hosts, and the current understanding of interspecies transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, Hendra, Ebola, Marburg virus, and rotaviruses. Finally, the molecular interactions of viral surface proteins with host cell receptors are examined, and a comparison of these interactions in humans, intermediate hosts, and bats is conducted. This uncovers adaptive mutations in virus spike protein that facilitate cross-species transmission and risk factors associated with the emergence of novel viruses from bats.
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46
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Färber I, Krüger J, Rocha C, Armando F, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Pöhlmann S, Braun A, Baumgärtner W, Runft S, Krüger N. Investigations on SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility of Domestic and Wild Animals Using Primary Cell Culture Models Derived from the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040828. [PMID: 35458558 PMCID: PMC9032458 DOI: 10.3390/v14040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as documented by case reports and serological and in vivo infection studies. However, the susceptibility of many animal species remains unknown. Furthermore, the expression patterns of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors, such as the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as well as transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L (CTSL), cellular proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activation, are largely unexplored in most species. Here, we generated primary cell cultures from the respiratory tract of domestic and wildlife animals to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, the presence of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and CTSL within respiratory tract compartments was investigated in a range of animals, some with unknown susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Productive viral replication was observed in the nasal mucosa explants and precision-cut lung slices from dogs and hamsters, whereas culture models from ferrets and multiple ungulate species were non-permissive to infection. Overall, whereas TMPRSS2 and CTSL were equally expressed in the respiratory tract, the expression levels of ACE2 were more variable, suggesting that a restricted availability of ACE2 may contribute to reduced susceptibility. Summarized, the experimental infection of primary respiratory tract cell cultures, as well as an analysis of entry-factor distribution, enable screening for SARS-CoV-2 animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Färber
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Johannes Krüger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (N.K.)
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (N.K.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8620; Fax: +49-511-953-8675
| | - Sandra Runft
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Nadine Krüger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (N.K.)
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Barua A, Grot N, Plawski A. The basis of mink susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Appl Genet 2022; 63:543-555. [PMID: 35396646 PMCID: PMC8993591 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Of all known airborne diseases in the twenty-first century, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has the highest infection and death rate. Over the past few decades, animal origin viral diseases, notably those of bats-linked, have increased many folds in humans with cross-species transmissions noted and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of understanding the evolution of natural hosts in response to viral pathogens. Cross-species transmissions are possible due to the possession of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in animals. ACE2 recognition by SARS-CoV-2 is a critical determinant of the host range, interspecies transmission, and viral pathogenesis. Thus, the phenomenon of breaking the cross-species barrier is mainly associated with mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein that interacts with ACE2. In this review, we raise the issue of cross-species transmission based on sequence alignment of S protein. Based on previous reports and our observations, we can conclude that the occurrence of one of two mutations D614G or Y453F is sufficient for infection of minks by SARS-CoV-2 from humans. Unfortunately, D614G is observed in the world’s most common line of virus B.1.1.7 and the latest SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.617.3 too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishak Barua
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-631, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Grot
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plawski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland. .,Department of General and Endocrine Surgery and Gastroenterological Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznań, Poland.
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COVID-19: A Veterinary and One Health Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:689-709. [PMID: 35968231 PMCID: PMC9364302 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Interface with animals has been responsible for the occurrence of a major proportion of human diseases for the past several decades. Recent outbreaks of respiratory, haemorrhagic, encephalitic, arthropod-borne and other viral diseases have underlined the role of animals in the transmission of pathogens to humans. The on-going coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one among them and is thought to have originated from bats and jumped to humans through an intermediate animal host. Indeed, the aetiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can infect and cause disease in cats, ferrets and minks, as well as be transmitted from one animal to another. The seriousness of the pandemic along with the zoonotic origin of the virus has been a red alert on the critical need for collaboration and cooperation among human and animal health professionals, as well as stakeholders from various other disciplines that study planetary health parameters and the well-being of the biosphere. It is therefore imminent that One Health principles are applied across the board for human infectious diseases so that we can be better prepared for future zoonotic disease outbreaks and pandemics.
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One Health and Cattle Genetic Resources: Mining More than 500 Cattle Genomes to Identify Variants in Candidate Genes Potentially Affecting Coronavirus Infections. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070838. [PMID: 35405828 PMCID: PMC8997118 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The conservation and exploitation of cattle genetic resources for selection and breeding purposes are important for the definition of sustainable livestock production sectors. One Health approaches should be integrated into these activities to reduce the risk posed by many zoonoses. Coronaviruses are emerging as important zoonotic agents, with the potential to easily cross species barriers, as also recently demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic derived by SARS-CoV-2. Genetic resistance to coronavirus infections can be determined by variants of the host (animal) genome segregating within species. In this study, we mined the genome of more than 500 cattle to identify variants that could be involved so as to define different levels of susceptibility and/or resistance to coronavirus diseases in this important livestock species. Using comparative analyses across species, we identified several single amino acid polymorphisms that might alter the function of key proteins involved in the basic biological mechanisms underlying the infection processes in cattle. This study provided new elements to consider genetic variability of the host (cattle) as a potential risk factor to be considered in One Health perspectives. Abstract Epidemiological and biological characteristics of coronaviruses and their ability to cross species barriers are a matter of increasing concerns for these zoonotic agents. To prevent their spread, One Health approaches should be designed to include the host (animal) genome variability as a potential risk factor that might confer genetic resistance or susceptibility to coronavirus infections. At present, there is no example that considers cattle genetic resources for this purpose. In this study, we investigated the variability of six genes (ACE2, ANPEP, CEACAM1 and DPP4 encoding for host receptors of coronaviruses; FURIN and TMPRSS2 encoding for host proteases involved in coronavirus infection) by mining whole genome sequencing datasets from more than 500 cattle of 34 Bos taurus breeds and three related species. We identified a total of 180 protein variants (44 already known from the ARS-UCD1.2 reference genome). Some of them determine altered protein functions or the virus–host interaction and the related virus entry processes. The results obtained in this study constitute a first step towards the definition of a One Health strategy that includes cattle genetic resources as reservoirs of host gene variability useful to design conservation and selection programs to increase resistance to coronavirus diseases.
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Mastutik G, Rohman A, I'tishom R, Ruiz-Arrondo I, de Blas I. Experimental and natural infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 in pets and wild and farm animals. Vet World 2022; 15:565-589. [PMID: 35497948 PMCID: PMC9047133 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.565-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and has led to extremely high mortality rates. In addition to infecting humans, this virus also has infected animals. Experimental studies and natural infections showed that dogs have a low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas domesticated cats and other animals in the family Felidae, such as lions, tigers, snow leopards, and cougars, have a high susceptibility to viral infections. In addition, wild white-tailed deer, gorillas, and otters have been found to be infected by SARS-CoV-2. Furry farm animals, such as minks, have a high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus appears to spread among minks and generate several new mutations, resulting in increased viral virulence. Furthermore, livestock animals, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs, were found to have low susceptibility to the virus, whereas chicken, ducks, turkeys, quail, and geese did not show susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This knowledge can provide insights for the development of SARS-CoV-2 mitigation strategies in animals and humans. Therefore, this review focuses on experimental (both replication and transmission) in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies of SARS-CoV-2 infections in pets and in wild and farm animals, and to provide details on the mechanism associated with natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gondo Mastutik
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Ali Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Reny I'tishom
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Center for Rickettsioses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro–CIBIR, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
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