Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and the Diagnostic Stability of Mild Cognitive Impairment

A phase I trial of accelerated intermittent theta burst rTMS for amnestic MCI

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) enhances cognition in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) rTMS protocols are promising as they substantially reduce burden by shortening the treatment course, but the safety, feasibility, and acceptability of iTBS have not been established in MCI.

METHODS

24 older adults with amnestic MCI (aMCI) due to possible Alzheimer's disease enrolled in a phase I trial of open-label accelerated iTBS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (8 stimulation sessions of 600 pulses of iTBS/day for 3 days). Participants rated common side effects during and after each session and retrospectively (at post-treatment and 4-week follow-up). They completed brain MRI (for safety assessments and electric field modeling), neuropsychiatric evaluations, and neuropsychological testing before and after treatment; a subset of measures was administered at follow-up.

RESULTS

Retention was high (95%) and there were no adverse neuroradiological, neuropsychiatric, or neurocognitive effects of treatment. Participants reported high acceptability, minimal side effects, and low desire to quit despite some rating the treatment as tiring. Electric field modeling data suggest that all participants received safe and therapeutic cortical stimulation intensities. We observed a significant, large effect size (d=0.98) improvement in fluid cognition using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery from pre-treatment to post-treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support the safety, feasibility, and acceptability of accelerated iTBS in aMCI. In addition, we provide evidence of target engagement in the form of improved cognition following treatment. These promising results directly inform future trials aimed at optimizing treatment parameters.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT04503096.

The association of depression and apathy with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in a cross-cultural sample

Cross-cultural differences in the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers are not well understood. This study aimed to (1) compare depressive symptoms and frequency of reported apathy across diagnostic groups of participants with normal cognition (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia, as well as ethnic groups of Hispanic Americans (HA) and European Americans (EA); (2) evaluate the relationship between depression and apathy with Aβ deposition and brain atrophy. Statistical analyses included ANCOVAs, chi-squared, nonparametric tests, correlations, and logistic regressions. Higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) were reported in the MCI and dementia cohorts, while older age corresponded with lower GDS-15 scores. The frequency of apathy differed across diagnoses within each ethnicity, but not when comparing ethnic groups. Reduced volume in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) significantly correlated with and predicted apathy for the total sample after applying false discovery rate corrections (FDR), controlling for covariates. The EA group separately demonstrated a significant negative relationship between apathy and superior frontal volume, while for HA, there was a relationship between rostral ACC volume and apathy. Apathy corresponded with higher Aβ levels for the total sample and for the CN and HA groups.

Tau PET positivity predicts clinically relevant cognitive decline driven by Alzheimer's disease compared to comorbid cases; proof of concept in the ADNI study

β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology is not always coupled with Alzheimer's disease (AD) relevant cognitive decline. We assessed the accuracy of tau PET to identify Aβ(+) individuals who show prospective disease progression. 396 cognitively unimpaired and impaired individuals with baseline Aβ and tau PET and a follow-up of ≥ 2 years were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. The participants were dichotomously grouped based on either clinical conversion (i.e., change of diagnosis) or cognitive deterioration (fast (FDs) vs. slow decliners (SDs)) using data-driven clustering of the individual annual rates of cognitive decline. To assess cognitive decline in individuals with isolated Aβ(+) or absence of both Aβ and tau (T) pathologies, we investigated the prevalence of non-AD comorbidities and FDG PET hypometabolism patterns suggestive of AD. Baseline tau PET uptake was higher in Aβ(+)FDs than in Aβ(-)FD/SDs and Aβ(+)SDs, independently of baseline cognitive status. Baseline tau PET uptake identified MCI Aβ(+) Converters and Aβ(+)FDs with an area under the curve of 0.85 and 0.87 (composite temporal region of interest) respectively, and was linearly related to the annual rate of cognitive decline in Aβ(+) individuals. The T(+) individuals constituted largely a subgroup of those being Aβ(+) and those clustered as FDs. The most common biomarker profiles in FDs (n = 70) were Aβ(+)T(+) (n = 34, 49%) and Aβ(+)T(-) (n = 19, 27%). Baseline Aβ load was higher in Aβ(+)T(+)FDs (M = 83.03 ± 31.42CL) than in Aβ(+)T(-)FDs (M = 63.67 ± 26.75CL) (p-value = 0.038). Depression diagnosis was more prevalent in Aβ(+)T(-)FDs compared to Aβ(+)T(+)FDs (47% vs. 15%, p-value = 0.021), as were FDG PET hypometabolism pattern not suggestive of AD (86% vs. 50%, p-value = 0.039). Our findings suggest that high tau PET uptake is coupled with both Aβ pathology and accelerated cognitive decline. In cases of isolated Aβ(+), cognitive decline may be associated with changes within the AD spectrum in a multi-morbidity context, i.e., mixed AD.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms as a prodromal factor in Alzheimer's type neurodegenerative disease: A scoping review

Objective: Identifying neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) can aid in the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, there is still a need for a greater consensus. This review aims to delineate the predominant NPS, compile a comprehensive list of the most commonly employed NPS assessment tools, and corroborate the principal findings regarding the link between NPS and neuropsychological assessment and neurobiological substrates. Methods: To conduct this scoping review, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched for relevant articles published between 2017 and 2023 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Results: Of the 61 eligible articles, depression, anxiety, and apathy were the main NPSs. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire and Neuropsychiatric Inventory were the primary assessment tools used to evaluate NPS. Correlations between NPS severity and neurobiological markers were considered clinically significant. Furthermore, clinical procedures prioritized the use of global cognitive screening tools, assessments of executive functions, and functionality evaluations. Conclusion: Standardization of procedures is necessary because of the diversity of methods. The data show that NPS can predict the etiology, severity, form, and type of disease progression, serving as a precursor sign of AD. The results of the most common cognitive screening tools and NPS instruments provided an interesting overview of future clinical approaches.

Platelets and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Platelets have a fundamental role in mediating hemostasis and thrombosis. However, more recently, a new idea is making headway, highlighting the importance of platelets as significant actors in modulating immune and inflammatory responses. In particular, platelets have an important role in the development of vascular amyloid-b-peptide(ab) deposits, known to play a relevant role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through accumulation and deposition within the frontal cortex and hippocampus in the brain. The involvement of platelets in the pathogenesis of AD opens up the highly attractive possibility of applying antiplatelet therapy for the treatment and/or prevention of AD, but conclusive results are scarce. Even less is known about the potential role of platelets in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim to this brief review is to summarize current knowledge on this topic and to introduce the new perspectives on the possible role of platelet activation as therapeutic target both in AD and MCI.

Mild behavioral impairment in early Alzheimer's disease and its association with APOE and BDNF risk genetic polymorphisms

BACKGROUND

Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) has been commonly reported in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) but rarely using biomarker-defined samples. It is also unclear whether genetic polymorphisms influence MBI in such individuals. We thus aimed to examine the association between the cognitive status of participants (amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI-AD) vs cognitively normal (CN) older adults) and MBI severity. Within aMCI-AD, we further examined the association between APOE and BDNF risk genetic polymorphisms and MBI severity.

METHODS

We included 62 aMCI-AD participants and 50 CN older adults from the Czech Brain Aging Study. The participants underwent neurological, comprehensive neuropsychological examination, APOE and BDNF genotyping, and magnetic resonance imaging. MBI was diagnosed with the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C), and the diagnosis was based on the MBI-C total score ≥ 7. Additionally, self-report instruments for anxiety (the Beck Anxiety Inventory) and depressive symptoms (the Geriatric Depression Scale-15) were administered. The participants were stratified based on the presence of at least one risk allele in genes for APOE (i.e., e4 carriers and non-carriers) and BDNF (i.e., Met carriers and non-carriers). We used linear regressions to examine the associations.

RESULTS

MBI was present in 48.4% of the aMCI-AD individuals. Compared to the CN, aMCI-AD was associated with more affective, apathy, and impulse dyscontrol but not social inappropriateness or psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, aMCI-AD was related to more depressive but not anxiety symptoms on self-report measures. Within the aMCI-AD, there were no associations between APOE e4 and BDNF Met and MBI-C severity. However, a positive association between Met carriership and self-reported anxiety appeared.

CONCLUSIONS

MBI is frequent in aMCI-AD and related to more severe affective, apathy, and impulse dyscontrol symptoms. APOE and BDNF polymorphisms were not associated with MBI severity separately; however, their combined effect warrants further investigation.

Predictive variables of depressive symptoms and anxiety in older adults from primary care: a cross-sectional observational study

BACKGROUND

By 2050, the number of people aged 60 years and older will have doubled worldwide and the most common mental disorders in this age group are currently depressive symptoms and anxiety. This study aimed to analyze the Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (BADLs and IADLs, respectively) in older adults; socio-demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and environmental variables; and cognitive impairment related to the appearance of depressive symptoms and anxiety.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 327 participants aged ≥65 years in primary care. The variables were Yesavage's Geriatric Depression Scale, the Goldberg Anxiety Subscale, socio-demographic, clinical, lifestyle, environmental variables, BADLs, IADLs, and the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination.

RESULTS

An analysis of variance was carried out for the predictive multiple linear regression models. '≥ 1 chronic pathology' and 'low dependency' in BADL are negatively associated with anxiety, while 'physical activity' and 'low dependency' in BADL are associated with positive factors for depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Predictor variables could improve the early detection of anxiety and depressive symptoms by general practitioners and serve as a basis for future studies and personalised-adapted cognitive stimulation programs.

Depression and Agitation Factors Are Related to Regional Brain Atrophy and Faster Longitudinal Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment

BACKGROUND

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a common aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Multiple studies have investigated its brain correlates, but it still remains unclear how they relate with brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to investigate brain volume in MCI patients as a function of NPS.

METHODS

We measured grey matter volume, neuropsychological status and NPS (Neuropsychiatric Inventory, NPI), in a sample of 81 MCI patients (43 females). Participants were divided in groups depending on presence (NPS+) or absence (NPS-) of NPS and on type of NPS.

RESULTS

We found lower volume of left temporal pole in patients with depression compared to NPS- (p = 0.012), and in patients with agitation compared to NPS- in the right middle occipital gyrus (p = 0.003). We also found a significant correlation between volume of left temporal pole and MMSE (r (78)  = 0.232, p = 0.019). Finally, NPS+ presented lower cross-sectional cognitive level than NPS- (t (79)  = 1.79, p = 0.038), and faster cognitive decline (t (48)  = -1.74, p = 0.044).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results support the colocalization of structural damage as a possible mechanism underlying the relationship between MCI and depression and provide novel evidence regarding agitation. Moreover, our longitudinal evidence highlights the relevance of an adequate identification of NPS in MCI patients to identify those at risk of faster cognitive decline.

Association between cognitive diagnosis and a range of significant life events in an elderly essential tremor cohort: a longitudinal, prospective analysis

Background

Although essential tremor (ET) patients have greater odds of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia than age-matched controls, the functional consequences of these enhanced odds are unknown. We examined associations between cognitive diagnosis and the occurrence of near falls, falls, use of a walking aid or a home health aide, non-independent living, or hospitalizations within a prospective, longitudinal study of ET patients.

Methods

A total of 131 ET patients (mean baseline age = 76.4 ± 9.4 years) completed a battery of neuropsychological tests and questions about life events and were assigned diagnoses of normal cognition (NC), MCI, or dementia at the baseline and at 18-, 36-, and 54-month follow-ups. Kruskall-Wallis, chi-square, and Mantel-Haenszel tests assessed whether the diagnosis was associated with the occurrence of these life events.

Results

Patients with final diagnoses of dementia were more often reported as living non-independently than NC or MCI patients and more often used walking aids than NC patients, with a p-value of <0.05. Patients with a final MCI or dementia diagnosis more often employed a home health aide than NC patients, with a p-value of <0.05. Moreover, Mantel-Haenzsel tests revealed linear associations between the occurrence of these outcomes and the level of cognitive impairment, with a p-value of <0.001 (i.e., dementia > MCI > NC).

Conclusion

Cognitive diagnosis was associated with reported life events of ET patients, including the use of a mobility aid, employment of a home health aide, and removal from an independent living situation. These data provide rare insights into the important role cognitive decline plays in the experiences of ET patients.

Aggressive behavior and prognosis in patients with mild cognitive impairment

The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. When evaluating the further prognosis of MCI, the occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly aggressive and impulsive behavior, may play an important role.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aggressive behavior and cognitive dysfunction in patients diagnosed with MCI.

Methods

The results are based on a 7-year prospective study. At the time of inclusion in the study, participants, recruited from an outpatient clinic, were assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). A reassessment was performed after 1 year using the MMSE scale in all patients. The time of next MMSE administration was depended on the clinical condition of patients took place at the end of follow-up, that is, at the time of diagnosis of the dementia or after 7 years from inclusion when the criteria for dementia were not met.

Results

Of the 193 patients enrolled in the study, 75 were included in the final analysis. Patients who converted to dementia during the observation period exhibited a greater severity of symptoms in each of the assessed CMAI categories. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the global result of CMAI and the results of the physical nonaggressive and verbal aggressive subscales with cognitive decline during the first year of observation.

Conclusions

Despite several limitations to the study, aggressive and impulsive behaviors seem to be an unfavorable prognostic factor in the course of MCI.

Emotional Dysregulation in Mild Behavioral Impairment Is Associated with Reduced Cortical Thickness in the Right Supramarginal Gyrus

BACKGROUND

Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) has attracted attention as a possible precursor symptom of dementia, but its neural basis has not been fully investigated.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the relationship between MBI and surface area, cortical thickness, and volume in the temporal and parietal lobes, which are strongly associated with dementia and emotional disorders.

METHODS

This retrospective study evaluated 123 participants: 90 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 13 with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and 20 cognitively healthy (CH). Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with sex, age, and MMSE score as covariates, cortical thickness, surface area, and volume in 10 regions were compared between groups with and without MBI. Groups with MBI emotional dysregulation were also compared with groups without MBI.

RESULTS

ANCOVA revealed significantly smaller cortical thickness in the MBI group's right parahippocampal (p = 0.01) and supramarginal gyri (p = 0.002). After multiple comparison correction, only the right supramarginal gyrus was significantly smaller (p = 0.02). When considering only MBI emotional dysregulation, the right parahippocampal and supramarginal gyrus' cortical thicknesses were significantly smaller in this MBI group (p = 0.03, 0.01). However, multiple comparison correction identified no significant differences (p = 0.14, 0.11).

CONCLUSION

Overall MBI and the emotional dysregulation domains were associated with reduced cortical thickness in the right parahippocampal and supramarginal gyri. Since neurodegeneration in the medial temporal and parietal lobe precedes early Alzheimer's disease (AD), MBI, particularly emotion dysregulation, may predict early AD below the diagnostic threshold.

Estimating Bidirectional Transitions and Identifying Predictors of Mild Cognitive Impairment

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Various resources exist for treating mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia separately as terminal events or for focusing solely on a 1-way path from MCI to dementia without taking into account heterogeneous transitions. Little is known about the trajectory of reversion from MCI to normal cognition (NC) or near-NC and patterns of postreversion, which refers to cognitive trajectories of patients who have reversed from MCI to NC. Our objectives were to (1) quantitatively predict bidirectional transitions of MCI (reversion and progression), (2) explore patterns of future cognitive trajectories for postreversion, and (3) estimate the effects of demographic characteristics, APOE, cognition, daily activity ability, depression, and neuropsychiatric symptoms on transition probabilities.

METHODS

We constructed a retrospective cohort by reviewing patients with an MCI diagnosis at study entry and at least 2 follow-up visits between June 2005 and February 2021. Defining NC or near-NC and MCI as transient states and dementia as an absorbing state, we used continuous-time multistate Markov models to estimate instantaneous transition intensity between states, transition probabilities from one state to another at any given time during follow-up, and hazard ratios of reversion-related variables.

RESULTS

Among 24,220 observations from 6,651 participants, there were 2,729 transitions to dementia and 1,785 reversions. As for postreversion, there were 630 and 73 transitions of progression to MCI and dementia, respectively. The transition intensity of progression to MCI for postreversion was 0.317 (2.48-fold greater than that for MCI progression or reversion). For postreversion participants, the probability of progressing to dementia increased by 2% yearly. Participants who progressed to MCI were likely to reverse again (probability of 40% over 15 years). Age, independence level, APOE, cognition, daily activity ability, depression, and neuropsychiatric symptoms were significant predictors of bidirectional transitions.

DISCUSSION

The nature of bidirectional transitions cannot be ignored in multidimensional MCI research. We found that postreversion participants remained at an increased risk of progression to MCI or dementia over the longer term and experienced recurrent reversions. Our findings may serve as a valuable reference for future research and enable health care professionals to better develop proactive management plans and targeted interventions.

Apathy as a Predictor for Conversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

BACKGROUND

Apathy is one of the most prevalent neurobehavioral manifestations in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and is included among the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Studies suggest that the presence of apathy could be associated with increased dementia risk. The role of apathy in conversion from MCI to dementia, and whether apathy could be a relevant predictor for dementia progression, are still matters of investigation.

AIM

To study the relationship between apathy and progression to dementia in individuals with MCI.

METHODS

A systematic literature search in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, PsychINFO, and CINAHL was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search included longitudinal studies reporting on the association between apathy and dementia.

RESULTS

The main outcome was pooled unadjusted hazard ratios (HR) of apathy in dementia conversion and included 11 studies with 9504 individuals. There was a significant association between apathy and dementia conversion, HR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.29, 1.84. Subgroup analysis showed a significant association between apathy and progression to AD.

CONCLUSION

Apathy was associated with an increased risk of conversion to AD and all-cause dementia in patients with MCI. The role of apathy as a marker for incident dementia needs to be investigated in large, high-quality studies.

Plasma p-tau181 shows stronger network association to Alzheimer's disease dementia than neurofilament light and total tau

INTRODUCTION

We examined the ability of plasma hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 to detect cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) independently and in combination with plasma total tau (t-tau) and neurofilament light (NfL).

METHODS

Plasma samples were analyzed using the Simoa platform for 235 participants with normal cognition (NC), 181 with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI), and 153 with AD dementia. Statistical approaches included multinomial regression and Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) to assess a network of plasma biomarkers, neuropsychological tests, and demographic variables.

RESULTS

Plasma p-tau181 discriminated AD dementia from NC, but not MCI, and correlated with dementia severity and worse neuropsychological test performance. Plasma NfL similarly discriminated diagnostic groups. Unlike plasma NfL or t-tau, p-tau181 had a direct association with cognitive diagnosis in a bootstrapped GGM.

DISCUSSION

These results support plasma p-tau181 for the detection of AD dementia and the use of blood-based biomarkers for optimal disease detection.

A systematic review of music interventions for the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (non-dementia)

Music interventions may represent an effective approach to improving symptoms and delaying progression of MCI to dementia. This review identified nine studies (8 RCT's, 1 observational study) that explored the benefits of music interventions to those with MCI. Studies included five music-playing interventions (sample size (n) ranged from 35 to 201, age ranged from 62 to 94), one music listening intervention (n = 100, mean age = 77 (music intervention) mean age = 76 (dance intervention), one music with movement intervention (n = 16, age range 65-84 years) and two music reminiscence interventions (n = 68; 72, age range = 60-85 years). Only individuals with a clinical diagnosis of MCI were included, no individuals with a diagnosis of dementia were included. Studies were limited due to their sample size, failure to consider confounding variables (i.e. socialization), inconsistency with therapist led sessions, failure to match conditions across interventions, limited follow-up period post-intervention and the tendency to focus on depression exclusively as a measure of behavioural symptoms. Different types of music interventions have differential results on cognitive and behavioural symptoms. The different pattern of brain activation and cognitive abilities which support each type of music activity (e.g. listening vs playing music) may offer some explanation towards these differences. A standardised protocol is needed for each type of music intervention to address how music interventions are studied, taking these limitations into consideration.

Progression to Dementia or Reversion to Normal Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Function of Late-Onset Neuropsychiatric Symptoms

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an at-risk state for dementia; however, not all individuals with MCI transition to dementia, and some revert to normal cognition (NC). Here, we investigate whether mild behavioral impairment (MBI), the late-life onset of persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), improves the prognostic specificity of MCI.

METHODS

Participants with MCI from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set were included. NPS were operationalized with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire to identify participants without NPS and those with MBI (persistent, late-onset NPS). Individuals with late-onset NPS not meeting the MBI persistence criterion (NPS_NOT_MBI) were retained for secondary analyses. Progression to dementia, stable MCI, and reversion to NC after 3 years of follow-up were defined per National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association and Petersen criteria.

RESULTS

The primary sample consisted of 739 participants (NPS- n = 409 and MBI+ n = 330; 75.16 ± 8.6 years old, 40.5% female). After 3 years, 238 participants (33.6%) progressed to dementia, and 90 (12.2%) reverted to NC. Compared to participants without NPS, participants with MBI were significantly more likely to progress to dementia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.13, 95% CI 1.52-2.99), with an annual progression rate of 14.7% (vs 8.3% for participants with MCI without NPS). Compared to participants without NPS, participants with MBI were less likely to revert to NC (AOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.28-0.83, 2.5% vs 5.3% annual reversion rate). The NPS_NOT_MBI group (n = 331, 76.5 ± 8.6 years old, 45.9% female) were more likely to progress to dementia (AOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.56-3.03, 14.3% annual progression rate) but not less likely to revert to NC than those without NPS. Accordingly, both NPS_NOT_MBI and MBI+ participants had lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores than NPS- participants after 3 years.

DISCUSSION

Late-onset NPS improve the specificity of MCI as an at-risk state for progression to dementia. However, only persistent late-onset NPS are associated with a lower likelihood of reversion to NC, with transient NPS (i.e., NPS_NOT_MBI) not differing from the NPS- group. Clinical prognostication can be improved by incorporating late-onset NPS, especially those that persist (i.e., MBI), into risk assessments. Clinical trials may benefit from enrichment with these higher-risk participants with MCI.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and cerebrovascular risk in non-demented elders: cross-sectional study using the mild behavioural impairment checklist (MBI-C)

BACKGROUND

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) may represent early clinical manifestations of evolving brain diseases. Studies underpin the occurrence of NPS in the context of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and prodromal Alzheimer's disease, where symptoms referred to as 'mild behavioural impairment' (MBI) have been shown to predict conversion to dementia and to hasten cognitive/functional decline. However, the association between NPS and cerebrovascular risk factors has been poorly investigated, despite the high prevalence of the latter among individuals with MCI. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between MBI and cerebrovascular risk in a clinical sample of non-demented elders.

METHODS

Sixty-five MCI and 15 cognitively unimpaired older adults were cross-sectionally assessed with the Mild Behavioural Impairment Checklist (MBI-C), using the cut-off score > 6.5 to define positive screening. Participants were submitted to the Hachinski Ischaemic Score (HIS) to account for cerebrovascular symptoms, vascular risk, and related comorbidities. Neuroimaging scans (magnetic resonance imaging and/or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography) and apolipoprotein E genotype were obtained.

RESULTS

Positive associations were found between total MBI-C scores and increasing number of comorbidities present (0-2 comorbidities), but not with three comorbidities. Two domains of the MBI-C-impulse dyscontrol and social inappropriateness-followed the same trend of the MBI-C total score, with higher scores with the increasing numbers of comorbidities. No significant associations were found between MBI symptoms and HIS or cerebrovascular burden in neuroimaging assessment.

CONCLUSION

We found weak associations between MBI-C total score and the presence of comorbidities with cerebrovascular risk, but not with structural or functional neuroimaging abnormalities or HIS. This finding may represent that the presence of comorbidities adds limited risk to the occurrence of MBI in this sample of non-demented elders.

The role of depression and anxiety in the relationship between poor sleep quality and subjective cognitive decline in Chinese elderly: Exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation

BACKGROUND

Poor sleep quality exacerbates subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Mental health may play an important role in the relationship, but the potential underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on older adult residents in Guangdong province, south China from November 2020 to March 2021. A total of 717 adults aged 60 years and over were recruited for a face-to-face investigation on a range of socio-demographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, sleep quality, SCD, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Parallel, serial and moderated mediation models were used to examine whether depression and anxiety mediated in the poor sleep quality-SCD linkage.

RESULTS

Both direct and indirect effects of poor sleep quality on SCD symptoms were found. Anxiety and depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between poor sleep quality and SCD symptoms(β_Anxiety = 0.123, 95%CI: 0.079 to 0.173; β_Depression=0.274, 95%CI: 0.200 to 0.348), respectively. Serial mediation analyses indicated that depressive and anxiety symptoms co-play a serial mediating role in the association of poor sleep quality and SCD symptoms (β_a=0.052, 95% CI: 0.026 to 0.084; β_b=0.077, 95% CI: 0.033 to 0.128). Moderated mediation model revealed that the mediation of depressive symptoms on the relationship between poor sleep quality and SCD symptoms was moderated by anxiety symptoms(β=0.318, 95% CI: 0.164 to 0.472).

LIMITATIONS

The study is the cross-sectional design, which limits the causal inference ability.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provided new insights into possible avenues for prevention and intervention on SCD through sleep-based treatments with a multi-faceted approach on psychiatric disorders.

Clinical, Neuropsychological, and Neuroimaging Characteristics of Amyloid- positive vs. Amyloid-negative Patients with Clinically Diagnosed Alzheimer's Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

BACKGROUND

A significant proportion of patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and an even higher proportion of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) do not show evidence of amyloid deposition on Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with amyloid-binding tracers such as ¹¹C-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB).

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging factors that might suggest amyloid neuropathology in patients with clinically suspected AD or aMCI.

METHODS

Forty patients with mild to moderate AD and 23 patients with aMCI who were clinically diagnosed in our memory clinic and had PiB PET scans were included. Clinical, neuropsychological, and imaging characteristics, such as Medial Temporal lobe Atrophy (MTA) and White Matter Hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI and metabolic pattern on ¹⁸F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, were compared between patients with PiB positive and negative PET results for AD, aMCI, and all subjects combined, respectively.

RESULTS

Compared with PiB positive patients, PiB negative patients had a higher prevalence of hypertension history, better performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and the Judgement of Line Orientation, lower score of MTA, and were less likely to have temporoparietal-predominant hypometabolism on FDG PET. Affective symptoms were less common in PiB negative patients diagnosed with AD, and the Animal Fluency Test score was higher in PiB negative patients diagnosed with aMCI.

CONCLUSION

In patients with clinically diagnosed AD or aMCI, absence of a history of hypertension, deficits in verbal learning and memory, visuospatial function, semantic verbal fluency, presence of affective symptoms, MTA on MRI, and temporoparietal hypometabolism on FDG PET suggested amyloid deposition in the brain.

Transition from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: Determining the predictors of reversion with multi-state Markov models

INTRODUCTION

The theoretical framework of the Alzheimer's disease continuum considers transition between stages in a unidirectional manner. Here we examine the rate of reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition (NC) and explore a set of potential variables associated with this phenomenon.

METHODS

A total of 985 Spanish community-dwelling individuals aged 70 years and over at baseline were monitored for 5 years. During this time, 173 MCI and 36 dementia cases were identified. Multi-state Markov models were performed to characterize transitions between states through the dementia continuum.

RESULTS

The rate of reversion from MCI to NC was 11%. There were significant non-modifiable (age, socioeconomic status, or apolipoprotein E) and modifiable factors (cognitive training or absence of affective symptoms) associated with reversion.

DISCUSSION

Overall, our results highlight that the likelihood of progression from MCI to dementia is very similar to that of reversion from MCI to NC.

Mild Behavioral Impairment Is Associated With Atrophy of Entorhinal Cortex and Hippocampus in a Memory Clinic Cohort

Objectives

Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) is a syndrome describing late-onset persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in non-demented older adults. Few studies to date have investigated the associations of MBI with structural brain changes. Our aim was to explore structural correlates of NPS in a non-demented memory clinic sample using the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C) that has been developed to measure MBI.

Methods

One hundred sixteen non-demented older adults from the Czech Brain Aging Study with subjective cognitive concerns were classified as subjective cognitive decline (n = 37) or mild cognitive impairment (n = 79). Participants underwent neurological and neuropsychological examinations and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5 T). The Czech version of the MBI-C was administered to participants’ informants. Five a priori selected brain regions were measured, namely, thicknesses of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and entorhinal cortex (ERC) and volume of the hippocampus (HV), and correlated with MBI-C total and domain scores.

Results

Entorhinal cortex was associated with MBI-C total score (r_S = −0.368, p < 0.001) and with impulse dyscontrol score (r_S = −0.284, p = 0.002). HV was associated with decreased motivation (r_S = −0.248, p = 0.008) and impulse dyscontrol score (r_S = −0.240, p = 0.011).

Conclusion

Neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly in the MBI impulse dyscontrol and motivation domains, are associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy in a clinical cohort of non-demented older adults. This study supports earlier involvement of temporal rather than frontal regions in NPS manifestation. Since these regions are typically affected early in the course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the MBI-C may potentially help further identify individuals at-risk of developing AD dementia.

Neuropsychiatric profiles and conversion to dementia in mild cognitive impairment, a latent class analysis

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) have been recently addressed as risk factors of conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementia types in patients diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Our aim was to determine profiles based on the prominent NPS in MCI patients and to explore the predictive value of these profiles on conversion to specific types of dementia. A total of 2137 MCI patients monitored in a memory clinic were included in the study. Four NPS profiles emerged (classes), which were defined by preeminent symptoms: Irritability, Apathy, Anxiety/Depression and Asymptomatic. Irritability and Apathy were predictors of conversion to dementia (HR = 1.43 and 1.56, respectively). Anxiety/depression class showed no risk effect of conversion when compared to Asymptomatic class. Irritability class appeared as the most discriminant neuropsychiatric condition to identify non-AD converters (i.e., frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy Bodies). The findings revealed that consistent subgroups of MCI patients could be identified among comorbid basal NPS. The preeminent NPS showed to behave differentially on conversion to dementia, beyond AD. Therefore, NPS should be used as early diagnosis facilitators, and should also guide clinicians to detect patients with different illness trajectories in the progression of MCI.

Biological Features of Reversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers and Brain Volume

BACKGROUND

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional condition between normal cognition and dementia. Although a significant proportion of the population with MCI experience reversion to normal cognition, it is still poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to extend the present evidence regarding the difference between stable and reverting MCI by including whole brain atrophy measures as possible parameters involved.

METHODS

405 patients diagnosed with MCI at baseline were selected. After one-year follow-up period, 337 patients (83.2%) were categorized as stable MCI and 68 patients (16.8%) reverted to cognitively normal status (reversion group). Several baseline biomarkers including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD, including Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau and MRI-based atrophy measurements were compared.

RESULTS

Participants with stable MCI demonstrated greater brain atrophy as well as lower Aβ and higher tau proteins in the CSF. The atrophy rate was found to be associated with CSF biomarkers merely in the stable group, after adjustment for confounding variables.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide novel evidence regarding the biological perspective of the reversion phenomenon in individuals with MCI.

Everyday Function in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment can begin in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and is the core criteria for diagnosing dementia in both Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases. The Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) has high discriminative power for dementia and MCI in older age populations, but is influenced by demographic factors. It is currently unclear whether the FAQ is suitable for assessing cognitive-associated IADL in non-demented PD patients, as motor disorders may affect ratings. Objective: To compare IADL profiles in MCI patients with PD (PD-MCI) and AD (AD-MCI) and to verify the discriminative ability of the FAQ for MCI in patients with (PD-MCI) and without (AD-MCI) additional motor impairment. Methods: Data of 42 patients each of PD-MCI, AD-MCI, PD cognitively normal (PD-CN), and healthy controls (HC), matched according to age, gender, education, and global cognitive impairment were analyzed. ANCOVA and binary regressions were used to examine the relationship between the FAQ scores and groups. FAQ cut-offs for PD-MCI (versus PD-NC) and AD-MCI (versus HC) were separately identified using receiver operating characteristic analyses. Results: FAQ total score did not differentiate between MCI groups. PD-MCI subjects had greater difficulties with tax records and traveling while AD-MCI individuals were more impaired in managing finances and remembering appointments. Classification accuracy of the FAQ was good for diagnosing AD-MCI (69%, cut-off ≥1) compared to HC, and sufficient for differentiating PD-MCI (38.1%, cut-off ≥3) from PD-CN. Conclusion: The FAQ task profiles and classification accuracy differed between MCI related to PD and AD.

Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Pathologies in Long-Term Stable Mild Cognitive Impairment

BACKGROUND

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered by some to be a prodromal phase of a progressive disease (i.e., neurodegeneration) resulting in dementia; however, a substantial portion of individuals (ranging from 5-30%) remain cognitively stable over the long term (sMCI). The etiology of sMCI is unclear but may be linked to cerebrovascular disease (CVD), as evidence from longitudinal studies suggest a significant proportion of individuals with vasculopathy remain stable over time.

OBJECTIVE

To quantify the presence of neurodegenerative and vascular pathologies in individuals with long-term (>5-year) sMCI, in a preliminary test of the hypothesis that CVD may be a contributor to non-degenerative cognitive impairment. We expect frequent vasculopathy at autopsy in sMCI relative to neurodegenerative disease, and relative to individuals who convert to dementia.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, using data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, individuals with sMCI (n = 28) were compared to those with MCI who declined over a 5 to 9-year period (dMCI; n = 139) on measures of neurodegenerative pathology (i.e., Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, TDP-43, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy) and CVD (infarcts, lacunes, microinfarcts, hemorrhages, and microbleeds).

RESULTS

Alzheimer's disease pathology (Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy) was significantly higher in the dMCI group than the sMCI group. Microinfarcts were the only vasculopathy associated with group membership; these were more frequent in sMCI.

CONCLUSION

The most frequent neuropathology in this sample of long-term sMCI was microinfarcts, tentatively suggesting that silent small vessel disease may characterize non-worsening cognitive impairment.

Predictors of Mild Cognitive Impairment Stability, Progression, or Reversion in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

BACKGROUND

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) describes a borderland between healthy cognition and dementia. Progression to and reversion from MCI is relatively common but more research is required to understand the factors affecting this fluidity and improve clinical care interventions.

OBJECTIVE

We explore these transitions in MCI status and their predictive factors over a six-year period in a highly-phenotyped longitudinal study, the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936.

METHODS

MCI status was derived in the LBC1936 at ages 76 (n = 567) and 82 years (n = 341) using NIA-AA diagnostic guidelines. Progressions and reversions between healthy cognition and MCI over the follow-up period were assessed. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the effect of various predictors on the likelihood of progressing, reverting, or maintaining cognitive status.

RESULTS

Of the 292 participants who completed both time points, 41 (14%) participants had MCI at T1 and 56 (19%) at T2. Over the follow-up period, 74%remained cognitively healthy, 12%transitioned to MCI, 7%reverted to healthy cognition, and 7%maintained their baseline MCI status. Findings indicated that membership of these transition groups was affected by age, cardiovascular disease, and number of depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Findings that higher baseline depressive symptoms increase the likelihood of reverting from MCI to healthy cognition indicate that there may be an important role for the treatment of depression for those with MCI. However, further research is required to identify prevention strategies for those at high risk of MCI and inform effective interventions that increase the likelihood of reversion to, and maintenance of healthy cognition.

Neuropsychiatric Presentations due to Traumatic Brain Injury in Cognitively Normal Older Adults

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common sequelae of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among adults. However, little is known about NPS associated with a history of TBI in adults relative to adults without a history of TBI and to what extent NPS may be modulated by sex and other factors. Using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set, we examined the association between Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) scores in cognitively normal older adults with and without a history of TBI. A binomial logistic regression model was used to examine NPI-Q domains in adults with a history of TBI (n = 266) versus without a history of TBI (n = 1508). History of TBI, sex, age, and body mass index were used as covariates. Adults with a history of TBI had a greater probability of exhibiting agitation, anxiety, apathy, disinhibition and aberrant motor behavior relative to adults without a history of TBI. In terms of sex differences, males with and without a history of TBI had an increased likelihood of agitation, apathy, disinhibition, and apnea, whereas females had an increased likelihood of anxiety and insomnia relative to males. Our study confirms that history of TBI is associated with an increased prevalence of specific NPS, including agitation, anxiety, apathy, disinhibition, and aberrant motor behavior. Given that the aforementioned NPS are linked through different pathways, damage to any of them may cause an alteration in behavior. As well, NPS appear to be modulated by sex, with symptoms differing between males and females. Our research suggests future studies examining NPS sequelae of TBI should adjust for sex.

Salvia miltiorrhiza improves Alzheimer's disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease that is slowly becoming a global problem. Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) has a history of thousands of years of use in China. In recent years, SM has been reported to have the effect of improving Alzheimer's disease. However, there is no systematic review of its efficacy and safety yet. Therefore, we propose a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SM for AD patients.

METHODS

Six databases will be searched: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biological Medicine (CBM), China Scientific Journals Database (CSJD), Wanfang database, PubMed, and EMBASE. The information is searched from January 2010 to July 2020. Languages are limited to English and Chinese. The primary outcomes include changes in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) and Activities of Daily Living scale (ADL). Additional outcomes include clinical effective rate and adverse event rate. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be used to assess the strength of the evidence.

RESULTS

This systematic review will evaluate the efficacy and safety of SM in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review provides evidence as to whether SM is effective and safe for Alzheimer's disease patients.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

INPLASY202070066.

Diagnostic Stability of Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Predictors of Reversion to Normal Cognitive Functioning

OBJECTIVE

Studies that investigate predictive factors for spontaneous recovery (reversion) from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are only beginning to emerge, and the long-term course of MCI is not properly understood. We aimed to investigate stability of the MCI diagnosis, predictors for reversion, as well as the trajectory of MCI over the course of 12 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were drawn from the Swedish population study: Good Aging in Skåne with MCI defined according to the expanded Mayo Clinic criteria. A total of 331 participants, aged 60-95 years with MCI, were used to investigate 6-year MCI stability and reversion, and 410 participants were used to inspect 12-year MCI trajectory. Predictors for reversion included demographical factors, psychological status, and factors tied to the cognitive testing session and the operationalization of the MCI criteria.

RESULTS

Over half (58%, 95% CI 52.7-63.3) of the participants reverted back to normal cognitive functioning at 6-year follow-up. Of those with stable MCI, 56.5% (95% CI 48.2-64.8) changed subtype. A total of 23.9% (95% CI 13.7-34.1) of the 6-year follow-up reverters re-transitioned back to MCI at 12-year follow-up. ORs for reversion were significantly higher in participants with lower age (60-year-olds: OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.08-4.43, 70-year-olds: OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.27-7.62), better global cognitive functioning (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.29), good concentration (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.06-6.05), and single-domain subtype (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.51-4.75).

CONCLUSION

Our findings provide further support that MCI reversion to normal cognitive functioning as well as re-transitioning to MCI is fairly common, suggesting that the MCI trajectory does not necessarily lead straight to dementia. Additionally, assessment of factors associated with reversion can aid clinicians to make accurate MCI progression prognosis.

Traditional Chinese medicine Danggui Shaoyao San for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A Protocol for Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Traditional Chinese formula Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) has been considered a potential therapeutic approach for AD. However, no systemic review regarding its efficacy and safety has been conducted. Herein, we propose a protocol for the study that aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DSS in patients with AD.

METHODS

Sixteen electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane database, Web of science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, Wanfang database, China Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry System, Koreanstudies Information Service System, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Research Information Sharing Service, DBpia, Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, Japanese CiNii databases and J-STAGE databases will be searched from the inception up to February 29, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that meet the pre-specified eligibility criteria will be included. RevMan software (V.5.3.5) will be used to perform data synthesis following data extraction and publication risk assessment. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis will be performed according to the condition of included RCTs. The primary outcomes include changes in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), and Activities of Daily Living scale (ADL). Additional outcomes are clinical effective rate and adverse event rate. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system will be used to assess the strength of the evidence.

RESULTS

This study will provide a well-reported and high-quality synthesis of RCTs on the efficacy and safety of DSS for the treatment of AD.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review protocol will be helpful for providing evidence of whether DSS is an effective and safe therapeutic approach for patients with AD.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval is not necessary as this protocol is only for systematic review and does not involve privacy data or conduct an animal experiment. This protocol will be disseminated by a peer-review journal or conference presentation.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42020150450.

Depression, Anxiety, and Apathy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Current Perspectives

Objective: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an important risk state for dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Depression, anxiety, and apathy are commonly observed neuropsychiatric features in MCI, which have been linked to cognitive and functional decline in daily activities, as well as disease progression. Accordingly, the study's objective is to review the prevalence, neuropsychological characteristics, and conversion rates to dementia between MCI patients with and without depression, anxiety, and apathy. Methods: A PubMed search and critical review were performed relating to studies of MCI, depression, anxiety, and apathy. Results: MCI patients have a high prevalence of depression/anxiety/apathy; furthermore, patients with MCI and concomitant depression/anxiety/apathy have more pronounced cognitive deficits and progress more often to dementia than MCI patients without depression/anxiety/apathy. Conclusions and Implications: Depression, anxiety, and apathy are common in MCI and represent possible risk factors for cognitive decline and progression to dementia. Further studies are needed to better understand the role and neurobiology of depression, anxiety, and apathy in MCI.

Revised Framingham Stroke Risk Profile: Association with Cognitive Status and MRI-Derived Volumetric Measures

BACKGROUND

The Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP) was created in 1991 to estimate 10-year risk of stroke. It was revised in 2017 (rFSRP) to reflect the modern data on vascular risk factors and stroke risk.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the association between the rFSRP and cognitive and brain aging outcomes among participants from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set (UDS).

METHODS

Cross-sectional rFSRP was computed at baseline for 19,309 participants (mean age = 72.84, SD = 8.48) from the NACC-UDS [9,697 (50.2%) normal cognition, 4,705 (24.4%) MCI, 4,907 (25.4%) dementia]. Multivariable linear, logistic, or ordinal regressions examined the association between the rFSRP and diagnostic status, neuropsychological test performance, CDR® Sum of Boxes, as well as total brain volume (TBV), hippocampal volume (HCV), and log-transformed white matter hyperintensities (WMH) for an MRI subset (n = 1,196). Models controlled for age, sex, education, racial identity, APOEɛ4 status, and estimated intracranial volume for MRI models.

RESULTS

The mean rFSRP probability was 10.42% (min = 0.50%, max = 95.71%). Higher rFSRP scores corresponded to greater CDR Sum of Boxes (β= 0.02, p = 0.028) and worse performance on: Trail Making Test A (β= 0.05, p < 0.001) and B (β= 0.057, p < 0.001), and Digit Symbol (β= -0.058, p < 0.001). Higher rFSRP scores were associated with increased odds for a greater volume of log-transformed WMH (OR = 1.02 per quartile, p = 0.015). No associations were observed for diagnosis, episodic memory or language test scores, HCV, or TBV.

CONCLUSION

These results support the rFSRP as a useful metric to facilitate clinical research on the associations between cerebrovascular disease and cognitive and brain aging.

The Cretan Aging Cohort: Cohort Description and Burden of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Our aim was to explore the burden of dementia in the Cretan Aging Cohort, comprised of 3140 persons aged ≥60 years (56.8% women, 5.8 ± 3.3 years formal education, 86.2% living in rural areas) who attended selected primary health-care facilities on the island of Crete, Greece. In the first study phase, a formal diagnosis of dementia had been reached in 4.0% of the participants. However, when selected 505 participants underwent thorough neuropsychiatric evaluation in the second phase of this study (344 with Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] <24 and 161 with MMSE ≥24), and results were extrapolated to the entire cohort, the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment was estimated at 10.8% (9.7%-11.9%) and 32.4% (30.8%-34.0%), respectively. Using both the field diagnostic data and the extrapolated data, the highest dementia prevalence (27.2%) was found in the 80- to 84-year-old group, who also showed the lowest educational level, apparently due to lack of schooling during World War II.

Measuring longitudinal cognition: Individual tests versus composites

Introduction

Longitudinal cohort studies of cognitive aging must confront several sources of within-person variability in scores. In this article, we compare several neuropsychological measures in terms of longitudinal error variance and relationships with biomarker-assessed brain amyloidosis (Aβ).

Methods

Analyses used data from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. We quantified within-person longitudinal variability and age-related trajectories for several global and domain-specific composites and their constituent scores. For a subset with cerebrospinal fluid or amyloid positron emission tomography measures, we examined how Aβ modified cognitive trajectories.

Results

Global and theoretically derived composites exhibited lower intraindividual variability and stronger age × Aβ interactions than did empirically derived composites or raw scores from single tests. For example, the theoretical executive function outperformed other executive function scores on both metrics.

Discussion

These results reinforce the need for careful selection of cognitive outcomes in study design, and support the emerging consensus favoring composites over single-test measures.

•

Identifying early cognitive change requires tests with low error variance.

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In a middle-aged sample, composites were less noisy than single tests.

•

Global and theory-driven composites outperformed data-driven composites.

Reversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment To Normal Cognition: False-Positive Error Or True Restoration Thanks To Cognitive Control Ability?

PURPOSE

Relatively little attention has been paid to the meaning of reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to cognitively normal (CN), compared to MCI progression studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics contributing to reversion from MCI to CN and to identify the associated factors with such reversion.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively identified 200 individuals who initially diagnosed as MCI and completed the second visit from the National Research Center for Dementia (NRCD) registry in Korea. Participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessments. Factors associated with reversion were examined by a independent-samples t-test, χ² test, and logistic regression. Longitudinal change was examined by a repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA).

RESULTS

Based on the second assessment, 78 (39%) individuals were found to have reverted to CN (rMCI) and 118 (59%) remained with MCI (sMCI). Four (2%) progressed to Alzheimer's disease dementia and they were excluded from further analysis. Over a wide range of socio-demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological variables, group difference was significant only in neuropsychological tests of cognitive control. Both groups showed improvement in several neuropsychological tests, implying a practice effect, but the rMCI group showed greater improvement.

CONCLUSION

Reversion from MCI to CN might not be a false-positive error but a true recovery from cognitive impairment. Our results suggest that cognitive control ability may be a characteristic favorable for the restoration of cognitive function. Therefore, assessment of cognitive control might facilitate the development of appropriate interventions for MCI as well as prognosis evaluation.

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia refers to a particular onset and course of cognitive and functional decline associated with age together with a particular neuropathology. It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 about a patient whom he first encountered in 1901. Modern clinical diagnostic criteria have been developed, and criteria have also been proposed to recognize preclinical (or presymptomatic) stages of the disease with the use of biomarkers. The primary neuropathology was described by Alzheimer, and in the mid-1980s subsequently evolved into a more specific neuropathologic definition that recognizes the comorbid neuropathologies that frequently contribute to clinical dementia. Alzheimer's disease is now the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in the United States with a disproportionate disease burden in minority populations. Deficits in the ability to encode and store new memories characterizes the initial stages of the disease. Subsequent progressive changes in cognition and behavior accompany the later stages. Changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and production of the APP fragment beta-amyloid (Aβ) along with hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregation coalesce to cause reduction in synaptic strength, synaptic loss, and neurodegeneration. Metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory changes, as well as comorbid pathologies are key components of the disease process. Symptomatic treatment offers a modest, clinically measurable effect in cognition, but disease-modifying therapies are desperately needed.

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and PTSD in People with Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

There appears to be a link between depression/anxiety/PTSD and dementia, although the evidence is incomplete and the reason is unclear. Mental illness may cause dementia or may be prodromal or comorbid with dementia, or dementia may trigger a relapse of symptoms in individuals with a history of mental illness. This study examined the link between depression/anxiety/PTSD and dementia by evaluating the prevalence of these disorders in people with dementia, relative to their healthy peers. Existing meta-analyses have examined the prevalence of clinically-significant depression and anxiety in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but have not considered vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), PTSD, or anxiety in FTD. The current meta-analysis compared the prevalence of clinically-significant depression, anxiety and PTSD in the four most common types of dementia (AD, VaD, DLB, FTD) and in unspecified dementia to that of healthy controls (PROSPERO number: CRD42017082086). PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL database searches identified 120 eligible studies. Prevalence rates were calculated for depression and anxiety in AD, VaD, DLB, FTD, unspecified dementia, and controls. PTSD data were only available for unspecified dementia. Subgroup analyses indicated that depression, but not anxiety, was more prevalent in people with dementia compared to controls; however, the anxiety analyses were probably under-powered. The results support a link between depression and dementia; however, the link between anxiety or PTSD and dementia remains unclear due to insufficient data. Longitudinal data is now needed to clarify whether depression/anxiety/PTSD may be risk factors for dementia.

Mild Cognitive Impairment that Does Not Progress to Dementia: A Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

In population studies, most individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) do not progress to dementia in the near term, but rather remain stable MCI or revert to normal cognition. Here, we characterized MCI subgroups with different outcomes over 5 years.

SETTING/PARTICIPANTS

A population-based cohort (N=1603).

MEASUREMENTS

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR); self-reported medical conditions, subjective cognitive concerns, self-rated health, depressive symptoms, blood pressure, medications, blood pressure, APOE genotype, cognitive domain composite scores.

DESIGN

We compared 3 MCI subgroups who progressed to dementia (n=86), stabilized at MCI (n=384), or reverted to normal (n=252), to those who remained consistently normal (n=881), defining MCI as CDR = 0.5 and dementia as CDR≥1. Using multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for demographics, we examined the associations of each group with selected baseline characteristics.

RESULTS

With the normal group for reference, worse subjective cognitive concerns, functional impairments, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms were associated with being in any MCI group. Taking more prescription medications was associated with being in the stable MCI and reverter groups; diabetes and low diastolic blood pressure were associated with stable MCI. The APOE4 genotype was associated with stable and progressive MCI; stroke was associated with progressive MCI. All MCI subgroups were likely to have lower mean composite scores in all cognitive domains and more operationally defined impairments in attention, language, and executive function; reverters were more likely to lack memory and visuospatial impairments.

CONCLUSIONS

MCI subgroups with different 5-year outcomes had some distinct characteristics suggesting different underlying causes. The progressors, unlike the reverters, had a profile broadly typical of Alzheimer's disease; the stable MCIs had other, including vascular, morbidity. These data shed light on the heterogeneity of MCI in the population. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:232-238, 2019.