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Krichene MA, Hasnaoui I, Hassina S, Tebbay N, Sinnate A, Serghini L, Abdallah E. [Atypical ocular toxocariasis in a child: A case report]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2024; 47:104191. [PMID: 38713931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2024.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular toxocariasis is a rare disease, predominantly affecting children and young adolescents, and usually presenting as unilateral posterior uveitis. We report the case of a child with toxocariasis associated with serous retinal detachment. OBSERVATION A 8-year-old child with no previous history of toxocariasis was referred for a 1-year decline in visual acuity, unimproved by optical correction, with vitreous condensation on examination, without central or peripheral granulomas, and serous retinal detachment on OCT. The diagnosis was made after extensive questioning, with evidence of contact with dogs and positive serology. Medical treatment combining corticosteroid therapy and antiparasitic therapy was initiated, and the clinical picture improved. DISCUSSION Ocular toxocariasis is a rare infection, unilateral in 90% of cases. Its clinical manifestation in children is pars planitis, posterior uveitis with a posterior pole chorioretinal focus associated with vitreoretinal traction and/or peripheral granuloma. In our case, the patient presented with vitreous condensation only, with OCT serous retinal detachment and no peripheral or central granulomas. Positive plasma serology or ocular samples confirmed the diagnosis. CONCLUSION Ocular toxocariasis should not be ruled out in the absence of a typical clinical picture, and seropositivity enables confirmation of the diagnosis when clinical suspicion arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Krichene
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohamed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.
| | - I Hasnaoui
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohamed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - S Hassina
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohamed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - N Tebbay
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohamed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - A Sinnate
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohamed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - L Serghini
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohamed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - E Abdallah
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohamed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
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Antonopoulos A, Giannelli A, Morgan ER, Charlier J. Quantifying the neglected: Initial estimation of the global burden and economic impact of human toxocariasis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 5:100180. [PMID: 38872976 PMCID: PMC11169085 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonotic infection caused by Toxocara spp., ascarid nematodes of companion animals (dogs and cats) affecting people in both high-income and low/middle-income countries. Toxocariasis can manifest as several distinct syndromes. The most frequent, often termed common toxocariasis, is a self-limiting and mild febrile illness. Ocular and visceral larva migrans are severe disease manifestations affecting the eye and other internal organs, respectively, but their reported occurrence is rare. The vast majority of symptomatic cases are thought due to common toxocariasis, which has also been associated with cognitive impairment in children. Few studies to date have sought to quantity the health burden of toxocariasis in humans. In this study we provide a preliminary estimation using the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) approach. We estimate a total of 23,084 DALYs are lost annually in 28 selected countries due to common toxocariasis. Extrapolating based on a global average seroprevalence rate of 19%, we estimate 91,714 DALYs per year are lost across all countries due to toxocariasis, of which 40,912 are attributable to less severe forms, i.e. common toxocariasis, and 50,731 to cognitive impairment in children. Clinically diagnosed and reported ocular and visceral larva migrans represent a small proportion of estimated total health burden. We also found a positive correlation at national level between prevalence in cats or dogs and seroprevalence in humans, but no correlation between estimated soil contamination and seroprevalence in humans. Finally, we estimate the potential economic impact of toxocariasis in selected countries at 2.5 billion USD per annum, from costs of medical treatment and lost income. These preliminary estimates should serve as a call to action for further research and evidence-based measures to tackle toxocariasis.
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Aragón-Franco R, Ruiz-Manzano RA, Nava-Castro KE, Del Rìo Araiza VH, Garay-Canales CA, Pérez-Torres A, Chacón-Salinas R, Girón-Pérez MI, Morales-Montor J. Convergence between helminths and breast cancer: intratumoral injection of the excretory/secretory antigens of the human parasite Toxocara canis (EST) increase lung macro and micro metastasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332933. [PMID: 38576624 PMCID: PMC10993691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Worldwide, breast cancer is the most important cancer in incidence and prevalence in women. Different risk factors interact to increase the probability of developing it. Biological agents such as helminth parasites, particularly their excretory/secretory antigens, may play a significant role in tumor development. Helminths and their antigens have been recognized as inducers or promoters of cancer due to their ability to regulate the host's immune response. Previously in our laboratory, we demonstrated that chronic infection by Toxocara canis increases the size of mammary tumors, affecting the systemic response to the parasite. However, the parasite does not invade the tumor, and we decided to study if the excretion/secretion of antigens from Toxocara canis (EST) can affect the progression of mammary tumors or the pathophysiology of cancer which is metastasis. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether excretion/secretion T. canis antigens, injected directly into the tumor, affect tumor growth and metastasis. Methods We evaluated these parameters through the monitoring of the intra-tumoral immune response. Results Mice injected intratumorally with EST did not show changes in the size and weight of the tumors; although the tumors showed an increased microvasculature, they did develop increased micro and macro-metastasis in the lung. The analysis of the immune tumor microenvironment revealed that EST antigens did not modulate the proportion of immune cells in the tumor, spleen, or peripheral lymph nodes. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the lungs showed increased metastasis in the EST-treated animals compared to controls, accompanied by an increase in VEGF systemic levels. Discussion Thus, these findings showed that intra-tumoral injection of T. canis EST antigens promote lung metastasis through modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Aragón-Franco
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Laboratorio de Biología y Química Atmosférica, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Del Rìo Araiza
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Endocrinoinmunitarias en Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Angelica Garay-Canales
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Romel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Owjinezhad D, Abdoli A, Rahmanian V, Shaterian N, Bahadory S, Matin S, Taghipour A. Global Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:164-174. [PMID: 38195773 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global and regional seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. and associated risk factors among children. METHODS The present systematic review and meta-analysis was followed based on the Preferred Reporting. Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol. We searched the online databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Google Scholar search engine for studies that measured seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. among children, published between 1 January 2000 and 15 January 2022. Accordingly, the pooled seroprevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS A total of 65 articles from 22 countries met the inclusion criteria. The global seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. infection among children was estimated as 25% (95% CI 22-29). Meta-regression analysis showed that the type of population studied (p = 0.002) and year of publication (p = 0.044) it may be the source of heterogeneity. The highest and lowest pooled seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. infection were estimated in Thailand and Colombia as 58.2% (95% CI 50.9-65.5) and 7.04% (95% CI 3.05-11.3), respectively. Male gender was associated with a higher risk of Toxocara spp. compared to females, and this association was statistically significant (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.09-1.41, p = 0.001). However, residing in rural areas did not show a statistically significant increase in risk compared to living in urban areas (OR = 1.39; 95% CI 0.88-2.21, p = 0.143). CONCLUSION Toxocariasis is common among children, hence, prevention and control scheme of this helminth in children should be considered by health officials and health policymakers, especially in developing countries, where seroprevalence is highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorna Owjinezhad
- Pediatric Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
| | - Negar Shaterian
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Matin
- Pediatric Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
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Bakhshipour F, Zibaei M, Rokni MB, Miahipour A, Firoozeh F, Beheshti M, Beikzadeh L, Alizadeh G, Aryaeipour M, Raissi V. Comparative evaluation of real-time PCR and ELISA for the detection of human fascioliasis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3865. [PMID: 38366006 PMCID: PMC10873325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by Fasciola species in humans and animals. Despite significant advances in vaccination and new therapeutic agents, little attention has been paid to validating methods for the diagnosis of fascioliasis in humans. Serological techniques are convenient assays that significantly improves the diagnosis of Fasciola infection. However, a more sensitive method is required. The aim of this study was to compare the Real-Time PCR technique with the indirect-ELISA for the detection of Fasciola hepatica in human. Using a panel of sera from patients infected with Fasciola hepatica (n = 51), other parasitic infections (n = 7), and uninfected controls (n = 12), we optimized an ELISA which employs an excretory-secretory antigens from F. hepatica for the detection of human fascioliasis. After DNA extraction from the samples, molecular analysis was done using Real-Time PCR technique based on the Fasciola ribosomal ITS1 sequence. Of 70 patient serum samples, 44 (62.86%) samples were identified as positive F. hepatica infection using ELISA and Real-Time PCR assays. There was no cross-reaction with other parasitic diseases such as toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, taeniasis, hydatidosis, trichinosis, toxocariasis, and strongyloidiasis. The significant difference between the agreement and similarity of the results of patients with indirect ELISA and Real-Time PCR was 94.4% and 99.2%, respectively (Cohen's kappa ≥ 0.7; P = 0.02). Based on the Kappa agreement findings, the significant agreement between the results of ELISA and Real-Time PCR indicates the accuracy and reliability of these tests in the diagnosis of F. hepatica in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bakhshipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Bagher Rokni
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Miahipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Firoozeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Beheshti
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Beikzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gita Alizadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Aryaeipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Raissi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xu J, Han Q. Prevalence, Infection, and Risk to Human Beings of Toxocara canis in Domestic Food-Producing Animals. Vet Sci 2024; 11:83. [PMID: 38393101 PMCID: PMC10892340 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a significant food-borne zoonotic parasitic disease, and a range of birds and mammals are the paratenic hosts of Toxocara canis. The consumption of raw or undercooked meat and viscera of these paratenic hosts frequently leads to T. canis infection and the development of human toxocariasis. In this review, we will perform an analysis of relevant papers published in the National Center for Biotechnology Infrastructure database on the parasitism, migration, and infection of T. canis in chickens, pigeons, quail, pigs, cattle, sheep, and other food-producing animals, so as to make the public aware of the risk factors of human toxocariasis, improve the public's understanding of T. canis infection, and provide evidence for targeted prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Xu
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Adhikari RB, Dhakal MA, Ghimire TR. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in street dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) with highlights on zoonosis in Lalitpur, Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2513-2526. [PMID: 37669424 PMCID: PMC10650340 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of intestinal parasites influences the growth and well-being of canids. Additionally, infected dogs and their faeces with considerably higher eggs/oocysts released per gram (epg/opg) of zoonotic parasites contribute to parasitic spillover to humans, domestic animals and sympatric wildlife. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasites (protozoa and helminths) and to list the zoonotically significant parasites in free-roaming street dogs in Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal. METHODS Fresh faecal samples (n = 332) were collected from feral dogs of varying ages and sexes and transported to the research laboratory. The copro microscopic examination was carried out via direct wet mount, formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation, saturated salt flotation, acid-fast staining and sporulation techniques. RESULTS Coproscopy revealed an overall 95.7% (318/332) prevalence rate with 23 diverse species of intestinal parasites (10 protozoa and 13 helminths). Among them, 5 protozoa and 11 helminths possessed zoonotic potential, and their overall prevalence was 92.5%. Helminth's overall prevalence was double that of the protozoa (87.7% vs. 43%). Polyparasitism was dominant over mono parasitism (79.5% vs. 16.3%), and co-infection of up to seven species of parasites at a time was recorded. CONCLUSIONS Urban street dogs harboured a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites that varied with age and sex. Since most of the reported parasites are zoonotic, dog density and parasitic richness indicate a greater spillover risk to humans and domestic animals. Furthermore, this study also provides appropriate 'baseline' data for assessing effective control measures against parasitic infestations among street dogs and controlling their transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Babu Adhikari
- Nepali Army College of Health Sciences (NACHS)KathmanduNepal
- Third Pole ConservancyBhaktapurNepal
- Institute of Medical ScienceAlka Hospital Pvt. Ltd.LalitpurNepal
- Nepal Academy of Science and TechnologyLalitpurNepal
| | - Madhuri Adhikari Dhakal
- Department of Microbiology and Research and DevelopmentNew Edge MicrobialsAlburyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Nepal Academy of Science and TechnologyLalitpurNepal
- Department of ZoologyTri‐Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
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Henke K, Ntovas S, Xourgia E, Exadaktylos AK, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Ziaka M. Who Let the Dogs Out? Unmasking the Neglected: A Semi-Systematic Review on the Enduring Impact of Toxocariasis, a Prevalent Zoonotic Infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6972. [PMID: 37947530 PMCID: PMC10649795 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20216972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxocariasis remains an important neglected parasitic infection representing one of the most common zoonotic infections caused by the parasite Toxocara canis or, less frequently, by Toxocara cati. The epidemiology of the disease is complex due to its transmission route by accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara eggs or larvae from tissues from domestic or wild paratenic hosts. Even though the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control classified toxocariasis amongst the top six parasitic infections of priority to public health, global epidemiological data regarding the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited. Although the vast majority of the infected individuals remain asymptomatic or experience a mild disease, the infection is associated with important health and socioeconomic consequences, particularly in underprivileged, tropical, and subtropical areas. Toxocariasis is a disease with multiple clinical presentations, which are classified into five distinct forms: the classical visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, common toxocariasis, covert toxocariasis, and cerebral toxocariasis or neurotoxocariasis. Anthelmintic agents, for example, albendazole or mebendazole, are the recommended treatment, whereas a combination with topical or systemic corticosteroids for specific forms is suggested. Prevention strategies include educational programs, behavioral and hygienic changes, enhancement of the role of veterinarians, and anthelmintic regimens to control active infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Henke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thun Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 3600 Thun, Switzerland;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
| | - Sotirios Ntovas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, lnselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Xourgia
- Department of Heart Surgery, lnselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
| | - Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
| | - Mairi Ziaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thun Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 3600 Thun, Switzerland;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
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Kim SW, Jang BK. Toxocara canis and Fasciola hepatica Co-Infection Leading to Hepatic Abscess: A Case Report. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e323. [PMID: 37821089 PMCID: PMC10562180 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by ingesting eggs from soil contaminated with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, commonly found in feces of infected dogs and cats, leading to a range of clinical symptoms including fever, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal manifestations. Fascioliasis is also a zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which can be contracted through consumption of contaminated water or aquatic plants, leading to various clinical features. Here, we report a case of a 39-year-old woman diagnosed with a liver abscess caused by co-infection of T. canis and F. hepatica, as confirmed by serological tests. Although the existence of a pet dog and an experience of eating raw water dropwort are potential clues for diagnosis, it cannot be determined as the source of infection because the source of infection has not been clearly identified. After administrating albendazole and triclabendazole sequentially, the patient showed improvement in blood test and imaging findings. Clinicians should be aware of parasitic co-infection and take appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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Salem DA, Al-Ghamdi AH, Alghamdi JM, Ismail A, Alghamdi BA, Abdelrazek E. Toxoplasma and Toxocara seropositivity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its relation to disease activity and type of therapies. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 31:e00195. [PMID: 37256200 PMCID: PMC10225886 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most frequently encountered autoimmune rheumatic disease in children. To our knowledge, this is the first study aimed to estimate the frequency of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Toxocara seropositivity in JIA and assess its relation to the disease activity, IL-10 levels, and type of the received therapies. This study was conducted on 43 JIA patients and 50 cases as a control group. All participants were evaluated by disease activity score (JADAS-27), and the presence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii and IgG against Toxocara species using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-10 serum levels were measured using an ELISA kit. The results show that JIA patients have significantly higher seropositivity for anti-T. gondii IgG compared to control subjects (p = 0.02) and a non-significant difference for Toxocara seropositivity (p = 0.41). All participants were negative for IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii. Demographic parameters did not significantly affect these seroprevalence frequencies (p > 0.05). IL-10 was significantly higher among JIA patients compared to controls (p = 0.007) and seropositive anti-T. gondii JIA exhibited significantly higher IL-10 levels compared to seronegative ones (p = 0.03). Seropositive anti-T. gondii IgG JIA patients had a significantly higher disease activity score (JADAS-27) than seronegative anti-T. gondii IgG cases (p = 0.02). There was a significant positive correlation between anti-T. gondii IgG and JADAS-27 score (p = 0.009). A significant association was detected between T. gondii infection and DMARDs including the biological therapies (p < 0.05). Overall, this study supports a possible association between T. gondii infection and JIA, IL-10, disease activity score, and DMARDs therapies. It is possible that IL-10 plays a role in the development of JIA and contributes to persistent asymptomatic infection with T. gondii in JIA patients. As a result, a recommendation for screening tests for T. gondii infection among JIA patients is crucial before and during commencing DMARDs therapies and closely monitoring early signs of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A. Salem
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
| | | | | | - Amira Ismail
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
| | - Bakheet A. Alghamdi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Abdelrazek
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
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11
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Kim BG, Um SW. A narrative review of the clinical approach to subsolid pulmonary nodules. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:217. [PMID: 37007560 PMCID: PMC10061480 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective The widespread use of chest computed tomography (CT) for lung cancer screening has led to increased detection of subsolid pulmonary nodules. The management of subsolid nodules (SSNs) is challenging since they are likely to grow slowly and a long-term follow-up is needed. In this review, we discuss the characteristics, natural history, genetic features, surveillance, and management of SSNs. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant articles published in English between January 1998 and December 2022 using the following keywords: "subsolid nodule", "ground-glass nodule (GGN)", and "part-solid nodule (PSN)". Key Content and Findings The differential diagnosis of SSNs includes transient inflammatory lesions, focal fibrosis, and premalignant or malignant lesions. Long-term CT surveillance follow-up is needed to manage SSNs that persist for >3 months. Although most SSNs have an indolent clinical course, PSNs may have a more aggressive clinical course than pure GGNs. The proportion of growth and the time to grow is higher and shorter in PSN than pure GGN. In lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as SSNs, EGFR mutations were the major driver mutations. Guidelines are available for the management of incidentally detected and screening-detected SSNs. The size, solidity, location, and number of SSNs are important factors in determining the need for surveillance and surgical resection, as well as the interval of follow-up. Positron emission tomography/CT and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not recommended for the diagnosis of SSNs, especially for pure GGNs. Periodic CT surveillance and lung-sparing surgery are the main strategies for the management of persistent SSNs. Nonsurgical treatment options for persistent SSNs include stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). For multifocal SSNs, the timing of repeated CT scans and the need for surgical treatment are decided based on the most dominant SSN(s). Conclusions The SSN is a heterogeneous disease and a personalized medicine approach is required in the future. Future studies of SSNs should focus on their natural history, optimal follow-up duration, genetic features, and surgical and nonsurgical treatments to improve the corresponding clinical management. All these efforts will lead to the personalized medicine approach for the SSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Guen Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Um
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abd El Wahab WM, Ali MI, Ibrahim SS, Mohamed YA, Hamdy DA. Toxocariasis: potential association with bronchial asthma, and pneumonia among pediatric children. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:93-100. [PMID: 36910311 PMCID: PMC9998777 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is an underestimated geohelminthic infection which shows respiratory changes concurrent with larval migration. The purpose of the present study was to detect Toxocara seropositivity in asthmatic and pneumonic children, and in turn to evaluate its association with the children clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, and sociodemographic risk factors. A total of 50 asthmatic, 50 pneumonic children and 50 healthy controls were subjected to stool analysis by direct wet mount and concentration techniques to exclude possible cross reactivity. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count and assessment of eosinophil count. Sera were examined for anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies, and measurement of total IgE level. Anti Toxocara IgG was detected in 27.3% (41/150) of the studied children. It was significantly higher in asthmatic group compared to controls (26%. p value = 0.033) and significantly highest in pneumonia group compared to both bronchial asthma group (46%. p value = 0.030) and control group (10%. p value = 0.001). There was a significant association between anti Toxocara IgG seroprevalence and each of eosinophilia, total IgE and both combined. Anti Toxocara IgG showed significant higher percentage in asthmatic children who recorded history of soil contact and pets contact as compared to control and pneumonic groups. Toxocara IgG seropositivity was highly associated with fever, cough, wheezes and dyspnea with statistical significance. Toxocara seropositivity has to be considered as a vital associated factor for asthmatic and pneumonic children, and eventually better to be considered in differential diagnosis by pediatricians. Further studies are still needed to explore the correlation between toxocariasis and different patient categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegdan M. Abd El Wahab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mona I. Ali
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shimaa S. Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Yasmen A. Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Doaa A. Hamdy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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13
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Lee Y, Song YS, Phi JH, Kim IO, Kim K. A case report of spinal toxocariasis with extensive tumor-like involvement. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:811-814. [PMID: 36319863 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is a common parasitic infection worldwide. Although it can present as several clinical syndromes, neurological manifestation is rare. Only a few reports are available on spinal cord involvement of toxocariasis. We report a case that presented with gait disturbance due to progressive lower limb spasticity. The patient had had visceral toxocariasis infection 8 years before. A spine magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed syringomyelia along the entire thoracic cord with small nodular enhancing lesions in the mid-portion of the syrinx, which led to the suspicion of ependymoma. Surgical mass removal was performed. However, histopathological examination of the mass did not show any malignant cells; instead, there were numerous axonal retraction balls with an eosinophilic granular body-like appearance. The serum antibody titer against toxocariasis was borderline high. Taken together, these observations led to a diagnosis of Toxocara infection, and the patient was treated with albendazole. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of tumor-like spinal toxocariasis involving extensive lesions. A solid enhancing mass with accompanied syrinx and hemorrhage might be a Toxocara infection. It can easily be diagnosed with serologic tests and simply be treated with oral albendazole if suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seop Song
- Seoul Gangnam Rehabilitation Clinic, 227 Seolleung-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06275, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Phi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - In-One Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Keewon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Krupińska M, Antolová D, Tołkacz K, Szczepaniak K, Strachecka A, Goll A, Nowicka J, Baranowicz K, Bajer A, Behnke JM, Grzybek M. Grassland versus forest dwelling rodents as indicators of environmental contamination with the zoonotic nematode Toxocara spp. Sci Rep 2023; 13:483. [PMID: 36627309 PMCID: PMC9832041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Small mammals are suspected of contributing to the dissemination of Toxocara canis and helping with the parasite survival during periods when there is a temporary absence of suitable definitive hosts. While the primary aim of the current study was the assessment of seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. infections in wild rodents in Poland, we also explored the role of intrinsic (sex, age) and extrinsic factors (study site) influencing dynamics of this infection to ascertain whether grassland versus forest rodents play a greater role as indicators of environmental contamination with T. canis. We trapped 577 rodents belonging to four species (Myodes glareolus, Microtus arvalis, Microtus agrestis, Alexandromys oeconomus) in north-eastern Poland. Blood was collected during the parasitological examination, and serum was frozen at - 80 °C until further analyses. A bespoke enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antibodies against Toxocara spp. We found Toxocara spp. antibodies in the sera of all four rodent species with an overall seroprevalence of 2.8% [1.9-4.1%]. There was a significant difference in seroprevalence between vole species, with the grassland species (M. arvalis, M. agrestis and A. oeconomus) showing a 16-fold higher seroprevalence (15.7% [8.7-25.9%]) than the forest-dwelling M. glareolus (0.98% [0.5-1.8%]). We hypothesise that the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. differs between forest and grassland rodents because of the higher contamination of grasslands by domestic dogs and wild canids. Our results underline the need for wide biomonitoring of both types of ecosystems to assess the role of rodents as indicators of environmental contamination with zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Krupińska
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Tołkacz
- University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Aleksander Goll
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowicka
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Karolina Baranowicz
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | | | | | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland.
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15
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Retrospective Survey of Dog and Cat Endoparasites in Ireland: Antigen Detection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010137. [PMID: 36611746 PMCID: PMC9817875 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoparasites of dogs and cats, play an important role in both veterinary medicine and public health. Untreated and stray dogs and cats, in particular, play an important role in contaminating the environment with important zoonotic parasites. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray dogs and cats using highly sensitive and specific copro-antigen tests. Archive faecal samples from previous surveys conducted between 2016−2019 from dogs (n = 789) and cats (n = 241) were included in this study. The IDEXX Fecal Dx™ antigen panel was used for the detection of Toxocara, hookworms, Trichuris and the SNAP™ Giardia antigen assay was used for the detection of Giardia infection. Giardia duodenalis was the most common parasite (26%, n = 205) detected in the dogs, followed by ascarids (17.6%, n = 139) and hookworms (5.3%, n = 42). Trichuris vulpis was only detected in 1 dog. Ascarids (23.2%, n = 56) was the most common parasite detected in the cats, followed by Giardia (12.9%, n = 31) and hookworms (n = 7, 2.9%). No whipworms were detected in cats. Overall, there was little difference in the positivity between sexes in both dogs and cats. However, in terms of age, adolescent dogs (<3 years) and kittens (<1 year) had the highest parasite prevalence overall, with G. duodenalis and ascarids being the most prevalent. This study shows a high prevalence of parasite infection in untreated and stray dogs and cats in the greater Dublin area in Ireland. Since they live in synanthropic conditions and can roam over vast distances they can contaminate public areas and pose a risk to both humans and owned pets that utilise these spaces. It is therefore important to raise public awareness and increase the knowledge on zoonotic parasites.
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16
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Conde MDP, Portugaliza HP, Lañada EB. Prevalence of Toxocara canis infection in dogs and Toxocara egg environmental contamination in Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1021-1027. [PMID: 36457774 PMCID: PMC9606188 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a parasitic gastrointestinal nematode of dogs causing toxocariasis in humans, a neglected tropical disease. This study examined the burden of T. canis infection in dogs and egg contamination in school playgrounds and public parks in Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines. Fecalysis and egg detection in soils were performed to determine the parasite prevalence in dogs and the environment. In addition, pet owner's survey and GIS mapping were employed to identify the risk factors of infection and map the parasite distribution. Fecalysis revealed a T. canis prevalence of 64.44% (95% CI: 48.78-78.13) at the barangay level and 17.96% (95% CI: 14.12-21.80) at the animal level. Rural areas showed a much higher T. canis prevalence than urban. Factors associated with high T. canis infection included dog's age, specifically puppy (2-8 mo) relative to young (> 8-24 mo) [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.282; 95% CI: 1.137-4.579; p = 0.020] and adult (> 24 mo) (AOR: 3.542; 95% CI: 1.714-7.319; p = 0.001), access to dirty water (AOR: 2.749; 95% CI: 1.575-4.798; p < 0.001), and non-deworming (AOR: 2.961; 95%: CI 1.009-8.684; p = 0.048). Furthermore, we observed high Toxocara egg contamination in school playgrounds and public parks, with a prevalence of 51.11% (95% CI: 35.77-66.3) at the barangay level and 15.45% (95% CI: 10.67-20.23) in soil samples. This epidemiological study is the first in the central Philippines to report a high burden of T. canis infection in dogs and the environment, thus providing crucial data that will help understand the epidemiology of toxocariasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-022-01525-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Dave P. Conde
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Visca, 6521-A Baybay City, Leyte Philippines
| | - Harvie P. Portugaliza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Visca, 6521-A Baybay City, Leyte Philippines
| | - Eugene B. Lañada
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Visca, 6521-A Baybay City, Leyte Philippines
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17
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Mesa-Arango JA, Olave-Velandia AM, García-Montoya GM, Isaza-Agudelo JP, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Alzate JF. Evaluation of new Toxocara canis chimeric antigens as an alternative to conventional TES-Ag for anti- Toxocara antibodies detection. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11144. [PMID: 36299519 PMCID: PMC9589186 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human toxocariasis is one of the neglected helminthiases and it is caused by the zoonotic roundworm species Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Diagnosis of human toxocariasis is based on the combination of clinical, parasitological, and epidemiological criteria, as well as serology tests that detect anti-Toxocara antibodies. Notwithstanding, due to the absence of pathognomonic symptoms and signs of the disease, serology is the key evidence to support a conclusive diagnosis. TES-ELISA is the most widely used serological test for diagnosis. However, cross-reaction of TES antigens with antibodies produced to other helminth antigens is a major drawback for its application in countries with high parasitic prevalence. T. canis recombinant antigens have been described as an alternative to native TES for diagnosis. Nevertheless, the selection of antigenic proteins is a complex process that requires validation. In this paper, we developed an eGFP carrier-based system to express and purify blocks of recombinant polypeptides of T. canis antigenic proteins. Intense cross-reaction polypeptides were detected by Immunoblot and avoided to finally produce a chimeric prototype protein. Additionally, a control chimeric protein that harbors the complete tested proteins was produced. Purified chimeric antigens were tested in ELISA and Immunoblot assays with 310 sera samples of negative and positive control individuals. Our results showed that chimeric rCHITC0 and rCHITC1 antigens (with sensitivities of 62% 58%, 38% and 16% in IB-rCHITC0, ELISA-rCHITC0, ELISA-rCHITC1 and IB-rCHITC1 respectively for OLMS) can perform better in terms of specificity (being 91%, 89%, 87% and 76% for ELISA-rCHITC1, IB-rCHITC1, ELISA-rCHITC0 and IB-rCHITC0 respectively for OLMS) than T. canis TES-ELISA (with 61% specificity), giving a higher signal with serum samples of infected individuals as well the possibility to discriminate false positive cases with other parasitic infections. Our data suggest that T. canis chimeric proteins, represent candidate antigens for phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A. Mesa-Arango
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana M. Olave-Velandia
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Gisela M. García-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan P. Isaza-Agudelo
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Corresponding author.
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18
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Bazargan N, Lari AN, Borhani M, Fasihi Harandi M. Allergic asthma manifestations in human and seropositivity to Toxocara, a soil-transmitted helminth of carnivores: A case-control study and scoping review of the literature. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:920182. [PMID: 36250067 PMCID: PMC9556890 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.920182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common respiratory disease affecting humans. Helminth parasites, including Toxocara species, have been implicated as predisposing factors of asthma. However, various studies present different findings on asthma-Toxocara association. Herein, we investigated the association of asthma manifestations with Toxocara seropositivity in a case-control setting on 248 participants (147 women and 101 men), with 124 healthy individuals as the control group and 124 patients known to have asthma based on the medical records of asthma clinics of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Consequently, we presented a scoping review of all previous studies carried out on this topic, summarizing current findings and existing knowledge on this issue. Of 248 participants, 31 (12.5%) were Toxocara-seropositive, of which 19 (15.3%) were in the patient group and 12 (9.7%) in the control group. A significant relationship was found between asthma severity and age in Toxocara-seropositive individuals (P < 0.04). We found no significant relationship between asthma and Toxocara seropositivity. We identified 7,724 related records in three major scientific databases, NCBI PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The review of the literature showed that there are 80 published articles on asthma-Toxocara relationship with contradictory findings. More than half of the studies were performed in only four countries, namely, Brazil, the Netherlands, the United States, and Iran. The study population in 70% of the studies were children, and few studies investigated asthma-Toxocara association in adults. The most common study designs for investigating the association of asthma and Toxocara seropositivity were cross-sectional (35.0%), case-control (27.5%), and animal experimental (12.5%) studies. This study found no significant relationship between asthma manifestations and toxocariasis in a case-control setting. However, a scoping review of the current literature suggests that further experimental and field longitudinal cohort studies are required to elucidate the nature of asthma-Toxocara interaction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Bazargan
- Department of Pediatrics, Afzalipour Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azadeh Nasri Lari
- Department of Pediatrics, Afzalipour Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mehdi Borhani
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- *Correspondence: Majid Fasihi Harandi ;
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19
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Pourgholaminejad A, Razipour H, Heydarian P, Ashrafi K, Roushan ZA, Sharifdini M. A survey on the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and related risk factors in Eosinophilic children of Northwest Iran. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:617-625. [PMID: 36910401 PMCID: PMC9993322 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i3.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxocariasis is a serious zoonotic helminthic disease caused by the nematodes; Toxocara species. Aim A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and related risk factors in eosinophilic children referred to the pediatrics hospital of Qazvin province northwest Iran during 2019-2020. Methods A total of 200 blood samples were collected from eosinophilic children referred to the Qods Pediatrics Hospital. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, and dogs- and soil-contact history were collected. The presence of anti-Toxocara IgG antibody was evaluated by T. canis IgG ELISA kit. Results Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies were detected in 14 (7%) of the total eosinophilic children. The seropositive rate of toxocariasis in hyper-eosinophilic children (>1000/mm3) was 15.1%, while the seropositivity was 4.1% in children with eosinophilia status (500-999/mm3). There was a significant association between the eosinophilia rate and seropositivity (P<0.05). Also, seroprevalence in asymptomatic eosinophilic children was 4.4%, while in children with clinical symptoms it was 17.1%. Accordingly, a statistically significant difference was found between clinical symptoms and Toxocara infection (P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of toxocariasis in eosinophilic children is a serious health problem in the study area. Therefore, serologic evaluation for the diagnosis of Toxocara infection is recommended for eosinophilic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Pourgholaminejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Habib Razipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Keyhan Ashrafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Atrkar Roushan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Meysam Sharifdini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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20
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Abadilla MEG, Paller VGV. T oxocara canis prevalence in soil, dog stool, and human serum samples from a rural village in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:889-895. [PMID: 36091278 PMCID: PMC9458842 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Toxocara spp. from dogs and cats. The Philippines is among the countries recorded to have abundant stray cats and dogs; however, few studies have been done to elucidate the transmission dynamics and the potential risks associated with toxocariasis. This study was conducted in a rural village in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines to determine the prevalence of toxocariasis among selected public schoolchildren and identify some risk factors that can contribute to the transmission dynamics of toxocariasis in the study site. To elucidate this, serum samples from 50 public school children (ages 8-13) were tested using a Toxocara canis IgG ELISA kit, while 60 randomly selected households were chosen for collection of soil and dog samples. Sixty soil and dog fecal samples were collected and processed through modified sucrose flotation technique and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique, respectively. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey was conducted per household to determine potential risk factors. Results revealed that 60% of the public-school children examined were positive for anti-Toxocara canis antibodies, while 38.3% of the soil samples and 28% of the dog fecal samples were found positive for contamination with Toxocara ova. Deworming of pets was found to be significantly correlated to risk factors of infection (p < 0.05). This study highlights the potential risks of toxocariasis infection of residents in rural communities. Strict implementation of ordinances related to responsible pet ownership as well as promotion of sanitation and hygiene should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Edric G. Abadilla
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4030 Laguna, Philippines
| | - Vachel Gay V. Paller
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4030 Laguna, Philippines
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21
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Chiang MC, Chern E. Ocular surface microbiota: Ophthalmic infectious disease and probiotics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952473. [PMID: 36060740 PMCID: PMC9437450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing studies have emphasized the importance of commensal bacteria in humans, including microbiota in the oral cavity, gut, vagina, or skin. Ocular surface microbiota (OSM) is gaining great importance as new methodologies for bacteria DNA sequencing have been published. This review outlines the current understanding and investigation of OSM and introduces the new concept of the gut–eye axis. Moreover, we have collected current studies that focus on the relationship between ophthalmic infectious disease and alterations in the OSM or human gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the current application of probiotics in ophthalmic infectious disease, its limitations to date, and futural directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Chiang
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Edward Chern
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Edward Chern
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22
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da Silva MB, Fernandes AMS, da Silva ES, Urrego JR, Santiago LF, Garcés LFS, Portela RD, Pacheco LGC, Briza P, Ferreira F, Pinheiro CS, Alcantara-Neves NM. Proteomics and immunoblotting analyses reveal antigens that optimize the immunodiagnosis of the infection by Toxocara spp. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2994-e3006. [PMID: 35801561 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the round worms Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. It occurs worldwide though it is more prevalent in developing countries. For the diagnosis of toxocariasis, the most used method is the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA), based on the detection of specific antibodies using the excreted/secreted products from T. canis larvae (TES) as antigens, but it cross-reacts with several helminth infections. For this reason, there is a need to investigate species-specific immunoreactive proteins, which can be used for the development of a more sensitive and specific diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate immunoreactive protein candidates to be used for the development of a more sensitive and specific diagnosis of Toxocara spp. infection in humans. METHODS We have used immunoblotting and mass spectrometry to select four Toxocara canis immunoreactive proteins that were recombinantly expressed in bacteria and evaluated as potential new diagnostic antigens (rMUC3, rTES 26, rTES32 and rCTL4). The recognition of these recombinant proteins by total serum IgG and IgG4 was assayed using the purified proteins in an isolated manner or in combination. RESULTS The IgG ELISAs performed with individual recombinant antigens reached values of sensitivity and specificity that ranged from 91.7% to 97.3% and 94.0% to 97.9%, respectively. Among the analyses, the IgG4 immunoassay was proven to be more effective, revealing a sensitivity that ranged from 88.8% to 98.3% and a specificity of 97.8% to 97.9%. The IgG4 ELISA was shown to be more effective and presented no cross-reactivity when using combinations of the rTES 26 and rCTL4 recombinant proteins. The combination of these two molecules achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS The use of only two recombinant proteins can contribute to improve the current panorama of toxocariasis immunodiagnosis for, with a better optimization and reduced cost. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Ricardo Urrego
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | | | - Ricardo Dias Portela
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luis G C Pacheco
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carina Silva Pinheiro
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Merigueti YFFB, Giuffrida R, da Silva RC, Kmetiuk LB, Santos APD, Biondo AW, Santarém VA. Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:854468. [PMID: 35836995 PMCID: PMC9273826 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.854468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, has been reportedly associated to different risk factors in several epidemiological and meta-analysis studies. However, dog and cat contact (environmental and animal exposure) as isolated associated risk factor for children and adults remains to be fully established. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis has aimed to directly assess dog and cat contact for toxocariasis seropositivity in under-18 and adult persons, using a survey strategy of PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus and Scielo Databases, from January 2009 to December 2021. A meta-analysis model of random effects was applied to estimate odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by the Cochran Q-Test and I2 values. A total of 41 transversal studies (n = 20.515 individuals) from different geographic regions (classified by the World Health Organization) were included herein. In overall, 1,882/13,496 (13.95%; 95% IC = 13.4–14.5) youngers and 513/7.019 (7.3%; 95% CI = 6.7–7.9) adults in contact with dogs or cats were serologically reagent for anti-Toxocara antibodies. Association of dog and cat contact was observed only in youngers, with both dogs (OR = 1.53; p < 0.0001) and cats (OR = 1.64; p = 0.0001). In addition, association of dog and contact and serology was statistically significant in populations of Americas (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.1–1.7), Middle East (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.6–5.1) and West Pacific (OR = 1.6; 95% IC = 1.3–1.9). In conclusion, contact with dogs and cats, particularly by younger individuals and in regions such as Americas, Middle East, and West Pacific, should be always a public health concern for toxocariasis. Moreover, dogs and cats should be periodically dewormed, washed and hair cleaned prior to contact with youngers. Finally, robust statistical results herein may serve as basis for future strategies and preventive measures for safer dog and cat contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rogerio Giuffrida
- Graduate College of Animal Science, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Graduate College of Animal Science, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Graduate College of Animal Science, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vamilton Alvares Santarém
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24
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Bartenjev MS, Hrvatin Stančič B, Bartenjev I. Subcutaneous parasitic infection in Slovenia: a case report. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2022.s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Detection of Toxocara cati Larvae in a Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) and in a Red Kite (Milvus milvus) in Basilicata Region, Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060710. [PMID: 35327107 PMCID: PMC8944530 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara cati is a common parasite of wild and domestic felines,and presents a cosmopolitan distribution. Adult parasites localize in the gut of the definitive host giving rise to the infection, which usually runs asymptomatic. These worms produce eggs that are excreted with feces into the environment, where they become a source of infection for paratenic hosts, such as mammals, birds, and invertebrates. In this brief communication, we report the detection of T. cati larvae in a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and a red kite (Milvus milvus), in the Basilicata Region of Italy. This result may be important to define new pathways of spread and survival of T. cati in the wild.
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26
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Pilarczyk BM, Tomza-Marciniak AK, Pilarczyk R, Rząd I, Bąkowska MJ, Udała JM, Tylkowska A, Havryliak V. Infection of Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Northern Poland with Gastrointestinal Parasites as a Potential Threat to Human Health. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051277. [PMID: 35268368 PMCID: PMC8910989 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determinate the prevalence and intensity of infection of raccoon dogs with internal parasites, with a particular emphasis on particular species of helminths known to be dangerous to humans. A total of 96 raccoon dogs were obtained from hunters from September 2018 to October 2021. The digestive tract was taken for examination. The parasitological examination was performed using the dissection methods. The extensity of infection with all internal parasites was 60.3%. The following parasites were found in the tested animals: Echinococcus multilocularis (in 10.42% of animals), Toxocara canis (18.75%), Alaria alata (25.0%), Taenia spp. (19.79%), Uncinaria stenocephala (27.08%), Mesocestoides spp. (54.17%) and Dipylidium caninum (6.25%). The highest mean intensity of infection was demonstrated by A. alata and E. multilocularis then by Mesocestoides spp. This study showed that the raccoon dog from northern Poland is a reservoir host of zoonotic pathogens, such as E. multilocularis, Toxocara canis and Alaria alata. Although the role of the racoon dog as a final host of the life cycle of E. multilocularis is considered of less importance than that of the red fox, this species may increase the risk of echinococcosis in humans, mainly due to its growing population in northern Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumiła M Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Tomza-Marciniak
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Renata Pilarczyk
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabella Rząd
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata J Bąkowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan M Udała
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tylkowska
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Breeding, Bioengineering and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Viktoriia Havryliak
- Department of Technology of Biologically Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
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27
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Shehata O, Aboelhadid SM, Arafa WM, Moawad UK, Hussien KH, Ali MI, El-Ashram S, Gawad SSA, Abdel-Aziz SAA. Assessment of the efficacy of thymol against Toxocara vitulorum in experimentally infected rats. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:454-465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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28
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Magnaval JF, Bouhsira E, Fillaux J. Therapy and Prevention for Human Toxocariasis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020241. [PMID: 35208697 PMCID: PMC8875715 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last four decades, knowledge about human toxocariasis with regard to its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, and imaging or laboratory diagnosis has substantially progressed. Knowledge about specific therapy with anthelmintics has lagged behind. To date, only four drugs are registered for human use, and their efficacy has rarely been assessed in prospective controlled trials. It is likely that the repurposing of potent anthelmintics from veterinary medicine will improve this situation. Due to its wide availability and a lack of major side effects during short regimens, albendazole has become the drug of choice. However, its efficacy should be more precisely assessed. The role of anthelmintics in the treatment of neurological or ocular toxocariasis remains to be clarified. Prophylactic measures in humans or companion animals are efficient and represent first-line treatments for the control of this zoonosis. Unfortunately, their implementation in areas or countries where toxocariasis epidemiology is driven by poverty is quite difficult or unrealistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Magnaval
- Service de Parasitologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules-Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Emilie Bouhsira
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France;
| | - Judith Fillaux
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse, France;
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Two trichinellosis outbreaks in Serbia – challenging diagnosis due to a potential co-infection with Toxocara spp. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e83. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In Serbia, in most cases, small family outbreaks of trichinellosis occur due to the consumption of untested infected meat from domestic pigs that are raised and slaughtered in the backyards of small individual farms. The aim of this study is to present data regarding 24 patients involved in two outbreaks that occurred in two neighbouring districts in Serbia during a closely related period of time in August 2014. The source of infection in the first outbreak was undercooked pork, while raw pork sausages caused the second outbreak. Meat samples and sausages were Trichinella spp. positive by artificial digestion. With the aim to obtain a second opinion and validate the serological findings discovered at the Public Health Institute Nis, all samples were sent to the National Reference Laboratory for Trichinellosis, INEP. Serodiagnosis showed that 21 persons were positive (87.5%) and three (12.5%) were negative for anti-Trichinella antibodies, while 15 patients fulfilled the trichinellosis case definition. Western blot analysis (using an epitope unique for the muscle larvae stage of the Trichinella genus) confirmed the diagnosis of trichinellosis in five patients. Six patients also had specific antibodies against Toxocara canis (T. canis). Due to the fact that in endemic foci in Serbia there is the presence of Trichinella spiralis and T. canis and that these two infections could be asymptomatic, we consider that trichinellosis cases were irrefutably proven. The dilemma about the existence of co-infection with T. canis remained open due to the lack of clinical findings.
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Soukup J, Cerny J, Cegan M, Kelbich P, Novotny T. Toxocariasis as a Rare Parasitic Complication of a Transthoracic Spine Surgery Procedure. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 57:medicina57121328. [PMID: 34946273 PMCID: PMC8709433 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis caused by the migration of Toxocara species larvae through an organism. The infection in humans is transmitted either by direct ingestion of the eggs of the parasite, or by consuming undercooked meat infested with Toxocara larvae. This parasitosis can be found worldwide, but there are significant differences in seroprevalence in different areas, depending mainly on hot climate conditions and on low social status. However, the literature estimates of seroprevalence are inconsistent. Infected patients commonly present a range of symptoms, e.g., abdominal pain, decreased appetite, restlessness, fever, and coughing. This manuscript presents a case report of a polytraumatic patient who underwent a two-phase spinal procedure for a thoracolumbar fracture. After the second procedure, which was a vertebral body replacement via thoracotomy, the patient developed a pathologic pleural effusion. A microscopic cytology examination of this effusion revealed the presence of Toxocara species larvae. Although the patient presented no specific clinical symptoms, and the serological exams (Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot) were negative, the microscopic evaluation enabled a timely diagnosis. The patient was successfully treated with albendazole, with no permanent sequelae of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Soukup
- Department of Orthopaedics, University J.E. Purkinje, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.C.)
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Cerny
- Department of Orthopaedics, University J.E. Purkinje, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Martin Cegan
- Department of Pathology, Masaryk Hospital Usti nad Labem, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Kelbich
- Department of Biomedicine and Laboratory Diagnostics, Masaryk Hospital, University J.E. Purkinje, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic;
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Laboratory for Cerebrospinal Fluid, Neuroimmunology, Pathology and Special Diagnostics Topelex, 190 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Novotny
- Department of Orthopaedics, University J.E. Purkinje, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-477-113-050
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Inácio SV, Gomes JF, Falcão AX, Martins dos Santos B, Soares FA, Nery Loiola SH, Rosa SL, Nagase Suzuki CT, Bresciani KDS. Automated Diagnostics: Advances in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Humans and Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:715406. [PMID: 34888371 PMCID: PMC8650151 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly close proximity between people and animals is of great concern for public health, given the risk of exposure to infectious diseases transmitted through animals, which are carriers of more than 60 zoonotic agents. These diseases, which are included in the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases, cause losses in countries with tropical and subtropical climates, and in regions with temperate climates. Indeed, they affect more than a billion people around the world, a large proportion of which are infected by one or more parasitic helminths, causing annual losses of billions of dollars. Several studies are being conducted in search for differentiated, more sensitive diagnostics with fewer errors. These studies, which involve the automated examination of intestinal parasites, still face challenges that must be overcome in order to ensure the proper identification of parasites. This includes a protocol that allows for elimination of most of the debris in samples, satisfactory staining of parasite structures, and a robust image database. Our objective here is therefore to offer a critical description of the techniques currently in use for the automated diagnosis of intestinal parasites in fecal samples, as well as advances in these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Valéria Inácio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Abedi B, Akbari M, KhodaShenas S, Tabibzadeh A, Abedi A, Ghasemikhah R, Soheili M, Bayazidi S, Moradi Y. The global prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:575-581. [PMID: 33561339 PMCID: PMC8566795 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in humans. Various types of T. canis are important. PURPOSE The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics in the context of a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Sciences, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies published between January 2000 and December 2019 that report the prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics. The evaluation of articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria was performed by 2 researchers individually. RESULTS The results of 31 relevant studies indicated that the prevalence of Toxocara spp. was 3%-79% in 10,676 cases. The pooled estimate of global prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics was 30 (95% confidence interval, 22%-37%; I2=99.11%; P=0.00). The prevalence was higher in Asian populations than in European, American, and African populations. CONCLUSION Health policymakers should be more attentive to future research and approaches to Toxocara spp. and other zoonotic diseases to improve culture and identify socioeconomically important factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Abedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Mehran Akbari
- Department of Nursing, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Sahar KhodaShenas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Departments of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abedi
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemikhah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Marzieh Soheili
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Human Revivification Society of Congress 60, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shnoo Bayazidi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Abstract
Human toxocariasis is a neglected tropical disease, which is actually global in distribution and has a significant impact on global public health. The infection can lead to several serious conditions in humans, including allergic, ophthalmic and neurological disorders such as epilepsy. It is caused by the common roundworm species Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, with humans becoming accidentally infected via the ingestion of eggs or larvae. Toxocara eggs are deposited on the ground when infected dogs, cats and foxes defecate, with the eggs contaminating crops, grazing pastures, and subsequently food animals. However, transmission of Toxocara to humans via food consumption has received relatively little attention in the literature. To establish the risks that contaminated food poses to the public, a renewed research focus is required. This review discusses what is currently known about food-borne Toxocara transmission, highlighting the gaps in our understanding that require further attention, and outlining some potential preventative strategies which could be employed to safeguard consumer health.
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Trashin S, Morales-Yánez F, Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam S, Paredis L, Carrión EN, Sariego I, Muyldermans S, Polman K, Gorun SM, De Wael K. Nanobody-Based Immunosensor Detection Enhanced by Photocatalytic-Electrochemical Redox Cycling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13606-13614. [PMID: 34585567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antigenic biomarkers present in trace amounts is of crucial importance for medical diagnosis. A parasitic disease, human toxocariasis, lacks an adequate diagnostic method despite its worldwide occurrence. The currently used serology tests may stay positive even years after a possibly unnoticed infection, whereas the direct detection of a re-infection or a still active infection remains a diagnostic challenge due to the low concentration of circulating parasitic antigens. We report a time-efficient sandwich immunosensor using small recombinant single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies specific to Toxocara canis antigens. An enhanced sensitivity to pg/mL levels is achieved by using a redox cycle consisting of a photocatalytic oxidation and electrochemical reduction steps. The photocatalytic oxidation is achieved by a photosensitizer generating singlet oxygen (1O2) that, in turn, readily reacts with p-nitrophenol enzymatically produced under alkaline conditions. The photooxidation produces benzoquinone that is electrochemically reduced to hydroquinone, generating an amperometric response. The light-driven process could be easily separated from the background, thus making amperometric detection more reliable. The proposed method for detection of the toxocariasis antigen marker shows superior performances compared to other detection schemes with the same nanobodies and outperforms by at least two orders of magnitude the assays based on regular antibodies, thus suggesting new opportunities for electrochemical immunoassays of challenging low levels of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Morales-Yánez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Paredis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik N Carrión
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Idalia Sariego
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, 17100 Havana, Cuba
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sergiu M Gorun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
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Detection of Toxocara cati Larvae from Ostrich and Wild Boar Meat Intended for Human Consumption. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101290. [PMID: 34684239 PMCID: PMC8537866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara cati is a common roundworm of cats and wild felids and, together with T. canis, it is the main causative agent of human toxocariasis. Humans may become infected by ingestion of embryonated eggs via contaminated soil, food, or water, or by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat of paratenic hosts that are infected by Toxocara larvae. In this study, we report the detection of T. cati larvae from meat samples of ostriches and wild boars. These samples were inspected by enzymatic digestion, as part of the trichinellosis surveillance. As ostrich meat is intended for “carpaccio” preparation, a traditional Italian raw meat preparation, there is the need to make the consumption of this meat safe. For this purpose, it is recommended to freeze the meat before preparation. Our findings confirmed that T. cati larvae can contaminate muscle tissues of paratenic hosts, increasing the risk of infection due to the consumption of raw or undercooked meat.
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Hosseini H, Zibaei M, Miahipour A, Hatami Z, Firoozeh F, Badri M. Toxocara Species Infection in Pet Dogs and Cats Ensured by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2021.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease with global distribution. Many paratenic or transport hosts have been identified as the sources of infection, including vertebrates such as birds and humans. The definitive hosts of Toxocara are dogs and cats whose parasites live in their guts. Hence, the diagnosis of the disease in these animals is important. Objective: The present study was performed using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to diagnose toxocariasis. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 60 samples of pet feces were collected and subsequently evaluated by direct smear, formalin-ether, and LAMP. Results: Toxocara infection in dogs by microscopic and formal ether methods and LAMP method was 10% and 13.3%, respectively, while feline infection with this parasite was not observed either microscopically or molecularly. Conclusion: The present findings revealed that pet dogs can be considered as a source of infection for humans. Therefore, it is recommended that animal owners receive the necessary training to prevent the risks of transmitting zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Miahipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Hatami
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Firoozeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Menu E, Kopec L, Luciani L, Legrand S, L’Ollivier C. Measurement of the IgG Avidity Index in the Diagnosis of Clinical Toxocariasis Patients. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091086. [PMID: 34578119 PMCID: PMC8468318 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara spp. are parasitic nematodes responsible for human toxocariasis, a common zoonotic helminth infection. The five main features of human toxocariasis are the classical ocular toxocariasis and visceral larva migrans syndrome, followed by covert toxocariasis, common toxocariasis and neurotoxocariasis. The diagnosis of toxocariasis is feasible by considering clinical symptoms, anamnestic history and serology laboratory results; however, serological criteria cannot be used to distinguish active Toxocara infection from past exposure, which is an area of much discussion in clinical practice. In this context, we developed avidity tests (ELISA and immunoblotting) and evaluated their clinical usefulness in distinguishing past from active toxocariasis. Our study involved 46 patients divided into two groups: “active toxocariasis” (n = 14) and “chronic toxocariasis” (n = 32). According to the avidity indices obtained for both the chronic and active toxocariasis groups, we proposed two thresholds: first, an AI lower than 32% supports an active infection; secondly, a threshold above 42% can exclude an active infection. In order to use this assay in routine clinical practice, however, is still requires standardisation with regards to the method and threshold values, which can be established through studies involving larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Menu
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (E.M.); (L.K.); (S.L.)
- VITROME: Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Service de Santé des Armées, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Lora Kopec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (E.M.); (L.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Léa Luciani
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Sophie Legrand
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (E.M.); (L.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Coralie L’Ollivier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (E.M.); (L.K.); (S.L.)
- VITROME: Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Service de Santé des Armées, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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Phuc LDV, Hai TX, Loi CB, Quang HH, Vinh LD, Le TA. The kinetic profile of clinical and laboratory findings and treatment outcome of patients with toxocariasis. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1419-1426. [PMID: 34370367 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human toxocariasis is a widespread zoonosis for which a chemotherapy decision and therapy effectiveness are difficult to determine. We aimed to investigate the kinetic profile of clinical and laboratory findings and treatment outcome of patients with toxocariasis in Vietnam. METHODS The prospective study was conducted between October 2017 and June 2019. The diagnosis of toxocariasis was established based on clinical, laboratory (eosinophilia, raised IgE concentration) and serological (positive Toxocara IgG ELISA) evaluation as well as the exclusion of another helminthic co-infection. The patients were followed up after seven days, then one, three and six months after chemotherapy by thiabendazole. RESULTS The study involved 80 patients with a mean age of 41.6 ± 15.2 years of whom 58.8% were female. At three and six months after chemotherapy, most patients demonstrated resolution of clinical signs and symptoms, eosinophil count and IgE concentration but not in the proportion of IgG seropositivity. Skin lesions and eosinophilia resolved earlier than the other symptoms (one month after treatment). About four-fifths of the patients were "cured" after three and six months of follow-up; 33.8% showed side effects to thiabendazole therapy but no severe events were reported. The most common adverse reaction was neurologic symptoms followed by gastrointestinal or skin manifestations which lasted as long as 4 days. CONCLUSIONS In toxocariasis patients, cutaneous manifestations and eosinophilia resolve more rapidly than other clinical and laboratory findings while IgG titre has a very slow kinetic after therapy. Thiabendazole seems to be a potential alternative for the treatment of human toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tang Xuan Hai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nghe An Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital, Vinh, Nghe An, Vietnam
| | - Cao Ba Loi
- Scientific and Training Management Department, National Institute of Malaria, Parasitology and Entomology of Vietnam, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Hong Quang
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Binh Dinh, Vietnam
| | - Le Duc Vinh
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran-Anh Le
- Department of Parasitology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Serosurvey of anti-Toxocara antibodies and risk factors in adolescent and adult pregnant women of southeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009571. [PMID: 34347773 PMCID: PMC8336820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is worldwide endemic parasitic anthropozoonosis with high risk to those in in vulnerable populations and particularly during pregnancy and childhood. Although the prevalence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies has been extensively studied, risk factors of pregnant women of different ages remains to be established. This study was designed to i) assess the presence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in pregnant women that presented to the public health system in a city of southeastern Brazil, and ii) determine the risk factors for toxocariasis in adolescent and adult pregnant women. This cross-sectional study included 280 pregnant women (71 aged up to and including 17 years [adolescents] and 209 aged 18 years and older [adults]). Pregnant women voluntarily agreed to complete a socioeconomic questionnaire and provide serum samples. Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies were screened by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to assess the risks for toxocariasis. Overall, 20.7% of pregnant women were seropositive (33.8% of adolescents and 16.3% of adults). Prevalence in pregnant adolescents was 2.6-fold higher than in adults (Odds ration [OR]: 2.63; 95% CI: 1.42-4.86, p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed that contact with soil (p = 0.01; OR = 4.76) and being in the first trimester of pregnancy (p = 0.03; OR = 0.17) had significantly greater risk of toxocariasis for adolescents, and attainment of elementary through middle school education level (p = 0.05; OR = 8.33) was a risk factor in adult pregnant women. Toxocariasis is likely underreported and neglected in adolescent pregnant women; this age group should always be monitored for toxocariasis and correspondent clinical signs, particularly at late pregnancy.
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Identification of Toxocara canis Antigen-Interacting Partners by Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay and a Putative Mechanism of These Host-Parasite Interactions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080949. [PMID: 34451413 PMCID: PMC8398310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a zoonotic roundworm that infects humans and dogs all over the world. Upon infection, larvae migrate to various tissues leading to different clinical syndromes. The host–parasite interactions underlying the process of infection remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the application of a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen a human cDNA library and analyse the interactome of T. canis larval molecules. Our data identifies 16 human proteins that putatively interact with the parasite. These molecules were associated with major biological processes, such as protein processing, transport, cellular component organisation, immune response and cell signalling. Some of these identified interactions are associated with the development of a Th2 response, neutrophil activity and signalling in immune cells. Other interactions may be linked to neurodegenerative processes observed during neurotoxocariasis, and some are associated with lung pathology found in infected hosts. Our results should open new areas of research and provide further data to enable a better understanding of this complex and underestimated disease.
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de Oliveira EA, Merigueti YFFB, Ferreira IB, Garcia IS, Pereira AS, Santos RDS, Kmetiuk LB, dos Santos AP, Biondo AW, Giuffrida R, Santarém VA. The Role of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) in the Life Cycle of Toxocara spp. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:685911. [PMID: 34222405 PMCID: PMC8245787 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.685911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to experimentally assess Nile tilapia as potential paratenic host of Toxocara spp. A total of 15 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with 300 embryonated Toxocara canis eggs by oral gavage, while five others of the control group received distilled water. The fish were individually analyzed at 16, 24, 48, 72, and 240 h after inoculation. Water contamination was assessed, and tissue migration by liver, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), eyes, and central nervous system. A murine model was used as the paratenic host for egg infectivity assessment. Eggs and larvae were found in plastic tank water and fish GIT, ranging from 23 to 86% per fish. Eggs and larvae were recovered from the tank water (76.3%) and fish GIT (23.7%). The counting of eggs and larvae observed was negatively correlated with number of eggs and larvae in the water tank (rho = -0.698, p = 0.003). Shedding of embryonated eggs was first detected at 16 and up to 240 h, with significant egg and larvae yield decrease on water-shedding (p = 0.001) and in the GIT (p = 0.007). Although no T. canis larva was recovered in fish tissues, egg infectivity after fish GIT transit was experimentally confirmed by mice assessment. In conclusion, despite shedding viable embryonated eggs through the gastrointestinal tract, tilapias may not play a role as a suitable paratenic hosts for Toxocara spp., posing low risk of zoonotic transmission by fish meat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabella Braghin Ferreira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Isabele Santos Garcia
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Alini Soriano Pereira
- Laboratory of Pisciculture, Zootechny Teaching Aquaculture, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire de Souza Santos
- Laboratory of Pisciculture, Zootechny Teaching Aquaculture, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Graduate College of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Rogerio Giuffrida
- Graduate College in Animal Science, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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Chieffi PP, Zevallos Lescano SA, Rodrigues E Fonseca G, Dos Santos SV. Human Toxocariasis: 2010 to 2020 Contributions from Brazilian Researchers. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:81-91. [PMID: 34040480 PMCID: PMC8141392 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s274733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a review of the published contributions made by Brazilian researchers between 2010 and 2020 on the natural history of human toxocariasis and the effects of human toxocariasis on nonhuman paratenic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Chieffi
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Santa Casa Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Rodrigues E Fonseca
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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High Seroprevalence of Toxocara Infection among Mentally Retarded Patients in Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:2771837. [PMID: 34040645 PMCID: PMC8121600 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2771837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mentally retarded individuals are more likely to become infected with soil-transmitted infections including toxocariasis. The current study aimed to determine the serostatus of toxocariasis among institutionalized mentally retarded individuals in Hormozgan Province, in the south of Iran. Subjects of the study were 117 mentally disabled individuals, including children and adults, maintained in a charity-based institution. Three millilitres of venous blood was taken from each subject. While sampling, demographic features of the subject were documented in a questionnaire. An ELISA system based on Toxocara larvae excretory-secretory antigens (TES) was utilized to detect anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies in the sera of the patients. The mean age of the subject was 27.6 (±12.31) years and consisted of 55 (47%) males and 62 (53%) females. Out of 117 cases, 33 (28.2%) were seropositive for toxocariasis. The seroprevalence was higher in females (37.1%) than males (18.2%), and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Out of 117 subjects, 76 (64.9%) had severe and 41 (35.1%) had profound mental retardation. Anti-Toxocara antibodies were detected in 18 (23.7%) patients with severe and 15 (35.6%) patients with profound mental retardation. The highest seroprevalence rate of toxocariasis (44.4%) was observed in the age group of ≤10 years followed by 21–30 years old (36.7%). No statistically significant association was seen between the age and also the duration of residency in the care center and seropositivity of toxocariasis (p > 0.05). The current study represents the high prevalence of toxocariasis in mentally retarded patients in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. The elevated seroprevalence rate of toxocariasis in the current study indicates that these subjects constitute a high-risk group for Toxocara infection, which may be attributed to their behavioral patterns.
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Lee JJ, Kang K, Lee WW, Kim BK, Park JM, Kwon O, Cho S. Cerebral Toxocara canis larval infection presenting as delayed encephalopathy and nonconvulsive status epilepticus: a case report. ENCEPHALITIS 2021; 1:51-55. [PMID: 37469762 PMCID: PMC10295886 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult cerebral Toxocara canis larval infections are rare. Humans are infected by contacting soil that contains infectious eggs or by eating undercooked meat. We encountered a patient with cerebral T. canis infection who showed recurrent altered mentality with nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). A 71-year-old male was admitted with complaints of drowsy mentality and abnormal behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed non-enhanced multiple gliosis and calcified lesions. Electroencephalography revealed NCSE, which was cured with valproate. However, he was readmitted because of recurrence of symptoms. On cerebrospinal fluid examination, T. canis antibodies were observed. Subsequently, he was treated with albendazole and corticosteroids. Although corticosteroid improved his symptoms, the therapy could not be continued because the patient developed septic shock. This is the first report of cerebral T. canis larval infection presenting as delayed encephalopathy and NCSE. In patients with unexplainable progressive encephalopathy, particularly when gliosis or calcified lesions are observed on neuroimaging, cerebral T. canis larval infection should be considered and treated promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ju Lee
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyusik Kang
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Kun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Moo Park
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohyun Cho
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
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Bossi G, Bruno R, Novati S, Maserati R, Mussati G, Gorone MP, Nepita EV, Regalbuto C, Gola G, Simoncelli AM, Bruno A, Musso P, Clerici E, Marseglia GL. Cerebral Toxocariasis as a Cause of Epilepsy: A Pediatric Case. Neuropediatrics 2021; 52:142-145. [PMID: 33472248 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxocarosis is the consequence of human infection by Toxocara spp. larvae and is one of the most common ascarioses, not only in developing countries, but also in the European region, where its prevalence reaches 14%. Due to their particular behavior, children are at higher risk of this parasitic infection, whose clinical features depend on the localization of the Toxocara larvae. Neurotoxocariasis is very uncommon in children and may take different forms depending on the underlying physiopathologic process: immune reaction against the parasite antigens, vasculitis, treatment complications, or, very rarely, brain localization of Toxocara spp. larvae. The association between neurotoxocariasis and the onset of childhood epilepsy has been postulated but is still debated. Moreover, a Toxocara spp. abscess causing epileptic seizures in children has been rarely described, especially in western countries. Hereby we present a 9-year-old patient with a new diagnosis of epilepsy definitely secondary to brain abscess due to the localization of Toxocara canis larvae. Diagnosis was confirmed by neuroimaging and serological test. The successful treatment with albendazole and steroids was documented with a close and long-term clinical and neuroradiological follow-up. Our experience confirms that every case of cryptogenetic epilepsy in children deserves a neuroimaging study and, in case of cystic images, Toxocara serology is mandatory to avoid further unnecessary invasive diagnostic investigations and to set the specific drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Bossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical-Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Novati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Maserati
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Georgia Mussati
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Corrado Regalbuto
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gioia Gola
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Simoncelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Bruno
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Musso
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Clerici
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical-Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Probiotics have been shown to reduce the intensity of Toxocara canis infection in mice. However, larval transmission of this nematode also occurs via transplacental and transmammary routes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic on the vertical transmission of T. canis in Swiss mice. The mice received 107S. boulardii colony-forming units per gram of food. The supplementation began 15 days before mating and was maintained throughout pregnancy and lactation. The animals were inoculated with 300 T. canis embryonated eggs on the 14th day of pregnancy. The presence of larvae was examined in the organs of the females and their offspring. The examined organs included the following: brain, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, eye, skeletal muscle (carcass) and mammary glands of lactating females. There was a 42% (P = 0.041) reduction in the number of larvae transmitted to offspring in the group that received probiotic-supplemented food (GI). Additionally, there was a 50% reduction (P = 0.023) in the number of larvae found in the brains of lactating offspring in the GI group. These results reveal the potential of S. boulardii probiotic use as an auxiliary method of controlling visceral toxocariasis.
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Raissi V, Masoumi MT, Ibrahim A, Etemadi S, Getso M, Jalali P, Babaei Pouya N, Zareie M, Ehsani Amraei F, Raiesi O. Spatial analysis of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil as a potential for serious human infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101619. [PMID: 33621915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxocara spp. cause one of the most widespread soil-transmitted helminthic infections worldwide. In both developed and developing countries, soil contamination with Toxocara eggs is considered as a major threat to public health. A total of 515 soil samples from 89 sampling sites were collected from different locations of public health such as Wastelands and Streets, public parks, and marginal areas. The soil samples were examined for Toxocara eggs using a centrifugal-floatation technique utilizing a saturated sodium nitrate solution. centralization of positive soil samples in the province was studied by Spatial Statistics Techniques such as Average Nearest Neighbors and Spatial Autocorrelation and Kernel Density Function Toxocara spp. eggs were found in 94 (18.25 %) out of 515 samples collected from the studied areas. According to the results obtained, marginal areas are often contaminated with eggs of Toxocara. Consequently, preventive measures including health education should be implemented to reduce the potential risk of this parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Raissi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Asmaa Ibrahim
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute University of Sadat City Sadat, Egypt
| | - Soudabeh Etemadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Muhammad Getso
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Pantea Jalali
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Babaei Pouya
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zareie
- Department of Basic Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ehsani Amraei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences. Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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48
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Maroufi Y, Faridi A, Khademerfan M, Bahrami F, Zamini G. Seroepidemiological Study of Toxocariasis in Children Aged 6-14 Year Old in Sanandaj, Western Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:435-439. [PMID: 33082809 PMCID: PMC7548459 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Toxocariasis is a disease caused by Toxocara nematodes and occurs from consuming their eggs. The main hosts of these worms are dogs and cats. The disease in humans becomes a visceral larva migrans (VLM). This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of toxocariasis in children aged 6–14 years. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from Jun 1 2016 to Dec 1 2017 in Sanandaj, west of Iran. A total of 182 serum samples were collected from children age 6 to14 yr referred to medical diagnostic laboratories. Demographic data (age, sex, and parents’ literacy status), clinical signs (cough, headache, fever, abdominal pain), and the history of contact with dogs and cats was collected by a questionnaire. The presence of anti-Toxocara IgG antibody was detected by T. canis IgG ELISA (IBL, Germany) kit. Results: Of 182 subjects, 97 (53.3%) were male and 85 (46.7%) female. The average age was 9.2 years. Antibodies against T. canis were positive in three cases (1.65%) of all the studied subjects. Conclusions: The results showed a low prevalence of toxocariasis in children studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Maroufi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ashkan Faridi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammadbagher Khademerfan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fares Bahrami
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Zamini
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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49
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Yousefi E, Rokni MB, Hazrati Tappeh K, Mohebali M, Khademvatan S, Zahabiun F, Kia EB. Seroprevalence of Toxocara Infection in Association with Different Risk Factors among Children of 4-12 Years Old Referred to Some Medical Centers in Aras Free Zone, Northwest Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:1307-1315. [PMID: 33083297 PMCID: PMC7548479 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Toxocariosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Toxocara species from dog and cat. It has a worldwide distribution with higher prevalence in children. This study aimed to determine seroprevalence of Toxocara infection and its association with some risk factors among children of Aras Free Zone (Jolfa City) in Northwest of Iran. Methods: Sera were collected from 514 children aged 4–12 yr old attending to some medical centers in the study area from May 2018 to Feb 2019. Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies assay was performed using commercial ELISA kit (Nova Tec, Germany). The seropositivity rate was determined and its association with different demographic criteria and risk factors were statistically analyzed. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 2.3% (12/514). Risk factors of children’s age group and contact with either pet animals (dog and cat) and/or soil were significantly associated with seropositivity. However, there was not any relationship between Toxocara infection and gender of children, place of residency (urban or rural) and their mothers’ education level. Conclusion: Both girls and boys are at risk of Toxocara infection in the study area. Younger age of childhood and contact with sources of infection were important associated factors. More probably, additional criteria are involved in the initiation of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Yousefi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Rokni
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Zahabiun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eshrat Beigom Kia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Karadjian G, Kaestner C, Laboutière L, Adicéam E, Wagner T, Johne A, Thomas M, Polack B, Mayer-Scholl A, Vallée I. A two-step morphology-PCR strategy for the identification of nematode larvae recovered from muscles after artificial digestion at meat inspection. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:4113-4122. [PMID: 32979104 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To ensure that meat from livestock and game is safe for human consumption, European legislation lays down rules for mandatory testing. Helminth larvae are a category of zoonotic foodborne pathogens that can contaminate meat. Among helminths, the only zoonotic nematode regulated in Europe regarding meat inspection is Trichinella spp.. It is precisely during Trichinella testing that other potentially zoonotic larvae can be found. Due to current lack of tools, their identification is often very complicated. Nematode larvae other than Trichinella, recovered from artificial digestions of pig and wild boar muscles from France and Germany, were subjected to a newly developed two-step identification scheme, which includes both morphological examination and molecular assays. The first step is a general orientation towards a broad taxonomic group; the second step consists of targeted identification based on the results of first step. Different parasites were identified, some of which were not zoonotic such as Metastrongylus spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum, but others are known to be zoonotic such as Toxocara cati, Ascaris suum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. The strategy is efficient for the identification of nematode larvae recovered from muscles but could also be applied for larvae from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Karadjian
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Carolyn Kaestner
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Laboutière
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Adicéam
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Tom Wagner
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Johne
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriam Thomas
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Polack
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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