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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Lorenzoni M, Carosi A, Giari L, Bosi G. Teleost innate immunity, an intricate game between immune cells and parasites of fish organs: who wins, who loses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250835. [PMID: 37908358 PMCID: PMC10613888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic infections and related diseases is well-established. Among all vertebrates, the digestive tract creates a remarkably favorable and nutrient-rich environment, which, in turn, renders it susceptible to microparasites and macroparasites. Consequently, metazoan parasites emerge as important disease agents, impacting both wild and farmed fish and resulting in substantial economic losses. Given their status as pathogenic organisms, these parasites warrant considerable attention. Helminths, a general term encompassing worms, constitute one of the most important groups of metazoan parasites in fish. This group includes various species of platyhelminthes (digeneans, cestodes), nematodes, and acanthocephalans. In addition, myxozoans, microscopic metazoan endoparasites, are found in water-dwelling invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. It is worth noting that several innate immune cells within the fish alimentary canal and certain visceral organs (e.g., liver, spleen, and gonads) play active roles in the immune response against parasites. These immune cells include macrophages, neutrophils, rodlet cells, and mast cells also known as eosinophilic granular cells. At the site of intestinal infection, helminths often impact mucous cells number and alter mucus composition. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art on the occurrence and characteristics of innate immune cells in the digestive tract and other visceral organs in different fish-parasite systems. The data, coming especially from studies employed immunohistochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses, provide evidence supporting the involvement of teleost innate immune cells in modulating inflammatory responses to metazoan and protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Carosi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Pironi F, Maynard B, Simoni E, Bosi G. Rodlet cells, fish immune cells and a sentinel of parasitic harm in teleost organs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:516-534. [PMID: 35123696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rodlet cells (RCs) are the enigmatic and distinctive pear-shaped cells had found in many tissues of marine and freshwater teleosts. They have a distinctive fibrous capsule or the cell cortex that envelopes conspicuous inclusions called rodlets, basally situated nucleus, and poorly developed mitochondria. The contraction of the cell cortex results in the expulsion of the cell contents through an apical opening. One hundred and thirty years since rodlet cells were first reported, many questions remain about their origin and a function. This review will present new evidence regarding the relationship between RCs and metazoan parasites, and a protozoan infecting organs of different fish species, and update the state of knowledge about the origin, structure and the function of these intriguing fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Flavio Pironi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Barbara Maynard
- The Institute for Learning and Teaching, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Edi Simoni
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, St. Giuseppe Orus, 2/B, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, St. of University 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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Holzer AS, Piazzon MC, Barrett D, Bartholomew JL, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734238. [PMID: 34603313 PMCID: PMC8481699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Damien Barrett
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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4
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Bassuoni NF. Gill morphology of Bagrus bayad (Forskal, 1775) using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:3059-3065. [PMID: 34250672 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The work under investigation is carried out to describe the gross morphology and ultrastructure of the gills of the species Bagrus bayad grossly and with the help of scanning electron microscopy. The current work carried on ten fresh adult Bagrus bayad. Bagrus bayad is a genus of the Bagridae family. Our results revealed that the operculum opened caudoventrally. The wide interbranchial septum consisted of four transverse raised areas on each side that connected by transverse lines caudal to the base of the tongue. The gill arch is divided into long ceratobranchial and the short epibranchial clearly and formed an angle between them in the first three gill arches but in the fourth-gill arch is not clear. The first two gill arches have only lateral rackers. The first arch carried well-developed long rackers while rackers on the following rows were short. The majority of gill rackers were short as an adaptation of the carnivorous feeding habit of the Bagrus bayad. The gill arch and rackers were covered by pavement cells with chloride and mucus cells. The pavement cell surface has numerous microridges giving them the fingerprint's appearance. The gill filament's length is nearly fixed along the entire gill arch. Along the gill arch, and the gill filament carried leaf-like gill lamellae. At higher magnification, the gill filament appeared covered by irregular polygonal cells that have concentric microridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa F Bassuoni
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Blood Transcriptomics of Turbot Scophthalmus maximus: A Tool for Health Monitoring and Disease Studies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051296. [PMID: 33946507 PMCID: PMC8147184 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The analysis of blood gene expression is emerging as a relevant source of information about the health status of an organism. While these investigations are increasingly performed in human and terrestrial animals, their potential is still underexplored in fish pathology. The aim of this work was to analyze the blood transcriptional profile of a commercially important flatfish species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), in healthy and diseased specimens. The analysis of the most expressed genes in healthy fish indicated that turbot red blood cells have important immunological functions. In diseased fish, parasitized by a myxozoan, the blood analysis reflected a broad inhibition of the immune response followed by intense inflammatory activation in heavy infections. The results showed that turbot response appears delayed, dysregulated and ineffective in stopping the infection. Particularly, a proper development of the adaptive immune response was lacking. This study points out that blood gene expression profiling is a reliable tool for health monitoring, as well as to advance in the knowledge of fish immunity and diseases. Abstract Blood transcriptomics is emerging as a relevant tool to monitor the status of the immune system and assist in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and pathogenesis studies of diseases. In fish pathology, the potential of transcriptome profiling of blood is still poorly explored. Here, RNA sequencing was applied to analyze the blood transcriptional profile of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), the most important farmed flatfish. The study was conducted in healthy specimens and specimens parasitized by the myxozoan Enteromyxum scophthalmi, which causes one of the most devastating diseases in turbot aquaculture. The blood of healthy turbot showed a transcriptomic profile mainly related to erythrocyte gas transportation function, but also to antigen processing and presentation. In moderately infected turbot, the blood reflected a broad inhibition of the immune response. Particularly, down-regulation of the B cell receptor signaling pathway was shared with heavily parasitized fish, which showed larger transcriptomic changes, including the activation of the inflammatory response. Turbot response to enteromyxosis proved to be delayed, dysregulated and ineffective in stopping the infection. The study evinces that blood transcriptomics can contribute to a better understanding of the teleost immune system and serve as a reliable tool to investigate the physiopathological status of fish.
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Survival of metazoan parasites in fish: Putting into context the protective immune responses of teleost fish. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 112:77-132. [PMID: 34024360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Defence mechanisms of fish can be divided into specific and non-specific that act in concert and are often interdependent. Most fish in both wild and cultured populations are vulnerable to metazoan parasites. Endoparasitic helminths include several species of digeneans, cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans. Although they may occur in large numbers, helminth infections rarely result in fish mortality. Conversely, some ectoparasites cause mass mortality in farmed fish. Given the importance of fish innate immunity, this review addresses non-specific defence mechanisms of fish against metazoan parasites, with emphasis on granulocyte responses involving mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, rodlet cells, and mucous cells. Metazoan parasites are important disease agents that affect wild and farmed fish and can induce high economic loss and, as pathogen organisms, deserve considerable attention. The paper will provide our light and transmission electron microscopy data on metazoan parasites-fish innate immune and neuroendocrine systems. Insights about the structure and functions of the cell types listed above and a brief account of the effects and harms of each metazoan taxon to specific fish apparati/organs will be presented.
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Byadgi O, Massimo M, Dirks RP, Pallavicini A, Bron JE, Ireland JH, Volpatti D, Galeotti M, Beraldo P. Innate immune-gene expression during experimental amyloodiniosis in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110217. [PMID: 33647857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasite protozoan Amyloodinium ocellatum (AO) is the causative agent of amyloodiniosis in European seabass (ESB, Dicentrarchus labrax). There is a lack of information about basic molecular immune response mechanisms of ESB during AO infestation. Therefore, to compare gene expression between experimental AO-infested ESB tissues and uninfested ESB tissues (gills and head kidney) RNA-seq was adopted. The RNA-seq revealed multiple differentially expressed genes (DEG), namely 679 upregulated genes and 360 downregulated genes in the gills, and 206 upregulated genes and 170 downregulated genes in head kidney. In gills, genes related to the immune system (perforin, CC1) and protein binding were upregulated. Several genes involved in IFN related pathways were upregulated in the head kidney. Subsequently, to validate the DEG from amyloodiniosis, 26 ESB (mean weight 14 g) per tank in triplicate were bath challenged for 2 h with AO (3.5 × 106/tank; 70 dinospores/mL) under controlled conditions (26-28 °C and 34‰ salinity). As a control group (non-infested), 26 ESB per tank in triplicate were also used. Changes in the expression of innate immune genes in gills and head kidney at 2, 3, 5, 7 and 23 dpi were analysed using real-time PCR. The results indicated that the expression of cytokines (CC1, IL-8) and antimicrobial peptide (Hep) were strongly stimulated and reached a peak at 5 dpi in the early infestation stage, followed by a gradual reduction in the recovery stage (23 dpi). Noticeably, the immunoglobulin (IgM) expression was higher at 23 dpi compared to 7 dpi. Furthermore, in-situ hybridization showed positive signals of CC1 mRNA in AO infested gills compared to the control group. Altogether, chemokines were involved in the immune process under AO infestation and this evidence allows a better understanding of the immune response in European seabass during amyloodiniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Byadgi
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Michela Massimo
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Ron P Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 5, 34126, Trieste, Italy; National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, via Piccard 54, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacquie H Ireland
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Beraldo
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
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The Teleost Thymus in Health and Disease: New Insights from Transcriptomic and Histopathological Analyses of Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080221. [PMID: 32823553 PMCID: PMC7465915 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ that plays a pivotal role in the adaptive immune system. The immunobiology of the thymus in fish is considered to be similar to that of mammals, but it is actually poorly characterized in several cultured teleost species. In particular, while investigations in human and veterinary medicine have highlighted that the thymus can be affected by different pathological conditions, little is known about its response during disease in fish. To better understand the role of the thymus under physiological and pathological conditions, we conducted a study in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), a commercially valuable flatfish species, combining transcriptomic and histopathological analyses. The myxozoan parasite Enteromyxum scophthalmi, which represents a major challenge to turbot production, was used as a model of infection. The thymus tissues of healthy fish showed overrepresented functions related to its immunological role in T-cell development and maturation. Large differences were observed between the transcriptomes of control and severely infected fish. Evidence of inflammatory response, apoptosis modulation, and declined thymic function associated with loss of cellularity was revealed by both genomic and morphopathological analyses. This study presents the first description of the turbot thymus transcriptome and provides novel insights into the role of this organ in teleosts’ immune responses.
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Hanafy BG. Morphological studies on the gills of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus, 1758). Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:531-540. [PMID: 31943532 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The current work gives concern to study the morphology of the Merluccius merluccius gills by using gross morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and light microscopy. The findings of the present study revealed that the gill system consisted of four pairs of gill arches which carry the gill filaments on the convex border and gill rakers on the concave border of them. SEM results revealed that the rakers and the spines distribution on the first gill arch differed from that of the other three gill arches on the lateral and medial surfaces. On the surface the gill filaments, there were longitudinal ridges that carried pores of chloride cells and mucous cells. The histological examination revealed that, the gill arch composed of hyaline cartilage that presented in the form of cups. Each cup consisted of central cartilagenous core and peripheral cartilagenous matrix. The gill filaments composed of cartilaginous bar of peripheral cartilaginous matrix and central cartilaginous core extended from the gill arches and covered by an epithelial layers with a few mucous cells permeate it, and chloride cells were straggly in the interlamellar epithelium. Each gill filament carried several leaves like secondary lamellae on both sides of it. The epithelium, which lined the secondary lamellae, composed of epithelial pavement cells, some mucous cells, and pillar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma G Hanafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Behera, Egypt
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Dezfuli BS, Castaldelli G, Tomaini R, Manera M, DePasquale JA, Bosi G. Challenge for macrophages and mast cells of Chelon ramada to counter an intestinal microparasite, Myxobolus mugchelo (Myxozoa). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 138:171-183. [PMID: 32213665 DOI: 10.3354/dao03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thinlip mullet Chelon ramada is the most abundant mullet species found in the Comacchio lagoons (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). Histological and ultrastructural sections of the intestine of C. ramada showed that over 83% of 48 mullets were infected with the intestinal parasite Myxobolus mugchelo (Myxozoa). In histological sections, plasmodia of M. mugchelo containing mature spores were situated closer to mucosal folds and were surrounded by numerous mast cells (MCs). Mature spores, generally oval in shape, were observed in the paracellular space among the enterocytes or within them. Near the infected epithelial cells, several MCs, rodlet cells and few neutrophils occurred. In intestinal epithelium, large cells resembling macrophages, some with spores of M. mugchelo inside, were observed. These macrophage-like cells were foamy and possessed elongate striated granules. The number of MCs and macrophages in the intestinal epithelium was significantly higher in parasitized fish. In some parasitized intestines, portions of epithelium were displaced by spores, or the spores were observed inside the damaged enterocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis of C. ramada infected or uninfected intestinal tissue revealed the presence of histamine, serotonin (5-HT), leu-enkephalin and inducible-nitric oxide synthase in epithelial macrophages. Several epithelial cells positive to proliferating cell-nuclear antigen were also observed in the proximity of the macrophages. The current study is the first to record the occurrence of intraepithelial macrophages which engulf myxozoan spores. A hypothesis on migration of spores from pancreas via intestinal wall to gut lumen is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Ronza P, Estensoro I, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Pérez-Cordón G, Pardo BG, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Quiroga MI. Effects of Enteromyxum spp. (Myxozoa) infection in the regulation of intestinal E-cadherin: Turbot against gilthead sea bream. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:337-346. [PMID: 31984535 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxoses are relevant diseases for turbot and gilthead sea bream aquaculture. The myxozoan parasites invade the intestinal mucosa, causing a cachectic syndrome associated with intestinal barrier alteration; nonetheless, their pathological impact is different. Turbot infected by Enteromyxum scophthalmi develop more severe intestinal lesions, reaching mortality rates of 100%, whereas in E. leei-infected gilthead sea bream, the disease progresses slowly, and mortality rates are lower. The mechanisms underlying the different pathogenesis are still unclear. We studied the distribution and expression changes of E-cadherin, a highly conserved protein of the adherens junctions, in the intestine of both species by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR, using the same immunohistochemical protocol and common primers. The regular immunostaining pattern observed in control fish turned into markedly irregular in parasitized turbot, showing an intense immunoreaction at the host-parasite interface. Nevertheless, E-cadherin gene expression was not significantly modulated in this species. On the contrary, no evident changes in the protein distribution were noticed in gilthead sea bream, whereas a significant gene downregulation occurred in advanced infection. The results contribute to the understanding of the different host-parasite interactions in enteromyxoses. Host and parasite cells appear to establish diverse relationships in these species, which could underlie the different pathological picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gregorio Pérez-Cordón
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Mª Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ronza P, Robledo D, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Pardo BG, Martínez P, Quiroga MI. Integrating Genomic and Morphological Approaches in Fish Pathology Research: The Case of Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) Enteromyxosis. Front Genet 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30766546 PMCID: PMC6365611 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteromyxosis, caused by Enteromyxum scophthalmi, is one of the most devastating diseases stemming from myxozoan parasites in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), being a limiting factor for its production. The disease develops as a cachectic syndrome, associated to catarrhal enteritis and leukocytic depletion, with morbidity and mortality rates usually reaching 100%. To date, no effective treatment exists and there are different unknown issues concerning its pathogenesis. The gross and microscopic lesions associated to enteromyxosis have been thoroughly described, and several morphopathological studies have been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms of this host-parasite interaction. More recently, efforts have been focused on a multidisciplinary approach, combining histopathology and transcriptome analysis, which has provided significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this parasitosis. RNA-Seq technology was applied at early and advanced stages of the disease on fishes histologically evaluated and classified based on their lesional degree. In the same way, the transcriptomic data were analyzed in relation to the morphopathological picture and the course of the disease. In this paper, a comprehensive review of turbot enteromyxosis is presented, starting from the disease description up to the most novel information extracted by an integrated approach on the infection mechanisms and host response. Further, we discuss ongoing strategies toward a full understanding of host-pathogen interaction and the identification of suitable biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Diego Robledo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Occurrence of two novel actinospore types (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) in fish farms in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1757-1764. [PMID: 29713902 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of oligochaetes in the life cycles of fresh water myxozoan parasites in Brazil. In a fish farm in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, we examined 192 oligochaetes and found that two (1%) released Aurantiactinomyxon type actinospores. We identified infected oligochaetes by morphology: both were Pristina synclites, from family Naididae. This is the first report of the involvement of this species in the life cycle of myxozoans. Small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of Aurantiactinomyxon type 1 (1882 nt) and Aurantiactinomyxon type 2 (1900 nt) did not match any previously sequenced myxozoan in the NCBI database, with the highest BLAST search similarities of 83% with Myxobolus batalhensis MF361090 and 93% with Henneguya maculosus KF296344, respectively, and the two aurantiactinomyxons were only 75% similar to each other (over ~ 1900 bases). Phylogenetic analyses showed that Aurantiactinomyxon type 1 had closest affinities with myxozoans from fish hosts in Order Characiformes, and Aurantiactinomyxon type 2 had affinities with myxozoans from fish of Order Siluriformes.
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14
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Liu XH, Xu LW, Luo D, Zhao YL, Zhang QQ, Liu GF, Zhang JY. Outbreak of mass mortality of yearling groupers of Epinephelus (Perciformes, Serranidae) associated with the infection of a suspected new enteric Sphaerospora (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) species in South China Sea. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:663-672. [PMID: 29265386 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A suspected new enteric Sphaerospora species was believed to be directly associated with the mass mortality of yearling groupers of Epinephelus spp. in South China. The epizootic generally emerged from late September to late April of the following year. The infection prevalence and mortality rate were significantly negatively correlated with fish size. Clinical signs included anorexia, cachexia and extrusion of white pulp-like substance from anus after gentle pressure on the abdomen. Upon necropsy, severe intestinal oedema, thin and transparent intestinal wall, swollen spleen, kidney and gall bladder could be observed. Wet preparation of the infected samples showed large amount of typical disporous plasmodia of the genus Sphaerospora, but no mature spores were observed. Epidemiological investigation showed that this parasite exclusively infected Epinephelus groupers. Histopathologically, this species mainly infected the epithelium of intestine and kidney tubules and caused severe epithelia sloughing and the collapse of intestinal villus. Interestingly, this enteric myxosporidiosis did not cause severe emaciation of infected fish for mass mortality usually emerged within 2-3 days after appearance of clinical signs. The species was most genetically related to Sphaerospora fugu (89% sequence identity) and phylogenetically positioned within marine Sphaerospora lineage. This is the first report of enteric sphaerosporosis of groupers.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Liu
- Huaian Research Center, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L W Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province and Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South Chin Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - D Luo
- Huaian Research Center, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y L Zhao
- Huaian Research Center, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q Q Zhang
- Huaian Research Center, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - G F Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province and Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South Chin Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Y Zhang
- Huaian Research Center, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Martin SAM, Dehler CE, Król E. Transcriptomic responses in the fish intestine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:103-117. [PMID: 26995769 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestine, being a multifunctional organ central to both nutrient uptake, pathogen recognition and regulating the intestinal microbiome, has been subjected to intense research. This review will focus on the recent studies carried out using high-throughput gene expression approaches, such as microarray and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). These techniques have advanced greatly in recent years, mainly as a result of the massive changes in sequencing methodologies. At the time of writing, there is a transition between relatively well characterised microarray platforms and the developing RNA-seq, with the prediction that within a few years as costs decrease and computation power increase, RNA-seq related approaches will supersede the microarrays. Comparisons between the approaches are made and specific examples of how the techniques have been used to examine intestinal responses to pathogens, dietary manipulations and osmoregulatory challenges are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A M Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Carola E Dehler
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Elżbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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16
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Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Estensoro I, Pérez-Sánchez J. Immunity to gastrointestinal microparasites of fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:187-201. [PMID: 26828391 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish intestinal parasites cause direct mortalities and also morbidity, poor growth, higher susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens and lower resistance to stress. This review is focused on microscopic parasites (Protozoa and Metazoa) that invade the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Intracellular parasites (mainly Microsporidia and Apicomplexa) evoke almost no host immune reaction while they are concealed in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, and can even use fish cells (macrophages) as Trojan horses to spread in the host. Inflammatory reaction only appears when the parasite bursts infected cells. Immunity against extracellular parasites is depicted for the myxozoans Ceratonova shasta and Enteromyxum spp. The cellular and humoral innate responses and the production of antibodies are crucial for resolving some of these myxozoonoses, but an excessive inflammatory reaction (concerted by cytokines) can become a fatal pathophysiological consequence. The local immune response plays a key role, with numerous genes more strongly regulated in the intestine than at lymphohaematopoietic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
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17
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RNA-seq analysis of early enteromyxosis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): new insights into parasite invasion and immune evasion strategies. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:507-17. [PMID: 27109557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteromyxum scophthalmi, an intestinal myxozoan parasite, is the causative agent of a threatening disease for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) aquaculture. The colonisation of the digestive tract by this parasite leads to a cachectic syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This myxosporidiosis has a long pre-patent period and the first detectable clinical and histopathological changes are subtle. The pathogenic mechanisms acting in the early stages of infection are still far from being fully understood. Further information on the host-parasite interaction is needed to assist in finding efficient preventive and therapeutic measures. Here, a RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of head kidney, spleen and pyloric caeca from experimentally-infected and control turbot was performed. Only infected fish with early signs of infection, determined by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of E. scophthalmi, were selected. The RNA-seq analysis revealed, as expected, less intense transcriptomic changes than those previously found during later stages of the disease. Several genes involved in IFN-related pathways were up-regulated in the three organs, suggesting that the IFN-mediated immune response plays a main role in this phase of the disease. Interestingly, an opposite expression pattern had been found in a previous study on severely infected turbot. In addition, possible strategies for immune system evasion were suggested by the down-regulation of different genes encoding complement components and acute phase proteins. At the site of infection (pyloric caeca), modulation of genes related to different structural proteins was detected and the expression profile indicated the inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation. These transcriptomic changes provide indications regarding the mechanisms of parasite attachment to and invasion of the host. The current results contribute to a better knowledge of the events that characterise the early stages of turbot enteromyxosis and provide valuable information to identify molecular markers for early detection and control of this important parasitosis.
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18
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Ronza P, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pardo BG, Quiroga MI. Immunohistochemical detection and gene expression of TNFα in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) enteromyxosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:368-376. [PMID: 26386194 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa) constitutes one of the most devastating pathogens for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) aquaculture. This parasite causes a severe intestinal parasitosis that leads to a cachectic syndrome with high morbidity and mortality rates for which no therapeutic options are available. Presence of inflammatory infiltrates, increased apoptotic rates and epithelial detaching have been described at intestinal level, as well as leukocyte depletion in lymphohaematopoietic organs. Previous investigations on enteromyxosis in turbot showed the high susceptibility of this species to the parasite and reported the existence of a dysregulated immune response against the parasite. The pleiotropic cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) plays a major role in immune response and is involved in a wide range of biological activities. In teleost, the gene expression of this cytokine has been found regulated under several pathological conditions. Teleost TNFα shows some analogous functions with its mammalian counterparts, but the extent of its activities is still poorly understood. Cytokines are generally considered as a double-edge sword and TNFα has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases as well as in wasting syndromes described in mammals. The aim of this work was to analyse the expression of TNFα during enteromyxosis with molecular (Q-PCR) and morphological (immunohistochemistry) tools. Kidney, spleen and pyloric caeca from turbot with moderate and severe infections were analysed and compared to healthy naïve fish. TNFα expression was increased in both spleen and kidney in the earlier stages of the disease, whereas in severely infected fish, the expression decreased, especially in kidney. At the intestinal level, an increase in the number of TNFα-positive cells was noticed, which was proportional to the infiltration of inflammatory cells. The results demonstrate the involvement of TNFα in the immune response to E. scophthalmi in turbot, which could be related to the development of the clinic signs and lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain.
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
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19
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Ronza P, Losada AP, Villamarín A, Bermúdez R, Quiroga MI. Immunolocalization of tumor necrosis factor alpha in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) tissues. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:470-476. [PMID: 25957885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a cytokine involved in a broad spectrum of cellular and organismal responses. Its main function, as a potent pro-inflammatory mediator, has been demonstrated in numerous teleost species and there are many reports on the modulation of TNFα gene expression under pathological conditions. Nevertheless, there is still scarce knowledge about the tissue distribution and type of cells that express this cytokine in fish species, which would help to further investigate its biological activities. These studies are hampered by the lack of molecular markers for teleost that hinder the development of morphological techniques, like immunohistochemistry. The aim of this work was to develop an immunohistochemical technique for the detection of TNFα in paraffin-embedded organs from healthy turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), an economically-important marine fish species. A commercial anti-human TNFα antibody, whose specificity was confirmed by western blot analysis, was used. Immunoreactive cells were observed in higher numbers in the lymphohematopoietic organs, kidney, spleen and thymus, although TNFα-positive cells were also present in the digestive tract, liver, heart, gills and skin. Similarly to non-fish species, monocytes/macrophages appeared to be the main producers of this cytokine; nevertheless, the presence of immunoreactive rodlet cells in different tissues was also reported. The nature and distribution of the labeled cells appeared to be related with a strategic localization for defense response to antigenic challenge. The relative abundance of TNFα-positive cells in the lymphohematopoietic organs also suggests that this cytokine may have a broader role in the normal physiology of those organs. The immunohistochemical technique allowed the in-situ characterization of TNFα expression, representing a valid tool to investigate the immune response of turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villamarín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
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20
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Robledo D, Ronza P, Harrison PW, Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Pardo BG, Redondo MJ, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Quiroga MI, Martínez P. RNA-seq analysis reveals significant transcriptome changes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) suffering severe enteromyxosis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1149. [PMID: 25526753 PMCID: PMC4320470 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteromyxosis caused by the intestinal myxozoan parasite Enteromyxum scophthalmi is a serious threat for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) aquaculture, causing severe catarrhal enteritis leading to a cachectic syndrome, with no therapeutic options available. There are still many aspects of host-parasite interaction and disease pathogenesis that are yet to be elucidated, and to date, no analysis of the transcriptomic changes induced by E. scophthalmi in turbot organs has been conducted. In this study, RNA-seq technology was applied to head kidney, spleen and pyloric caeca of severely infected turbot with the aim of furthering our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and turbot immune response against enteromyxosis. Results A huge amount of information was generated with more than 23,000 identified genes in the three organs, amongst which 4,762 were differently expressed (DE) between infected and control fish. Associate gene functions were studied based on gene ontology terms and available literature, and the most interesting DE genes were classified into five categories: 1) immune and defence response; 2) apoptosis and cell proliferation; 3) iron metabolism and erythropoiesis; 4) cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix and 5) metabolism and digestive function. The analysis of down-regulated genes of the first category revealed evidences of a connexion failure between innate and adaptive immune response, especially represented by a high number of DE interferon-related genes in the three organs. Furthermore, we found an intense activation of local immune response at intestinal level that appeared exacerbated, whereas in kidney and spleen genes involved in adaptive immune response were mainly down-regulated. The apoptotic machinery was only clearly activated in pyloric caeca, while kidney and spleen showed a marked depression of genes related to erythropoiesis, probably related to disorders in iron homeostasis. The genetic signature of the causes and consequences of cachexia was also demonstrated by the down-regulation of the genes encoding structural proteins and those involved in the digestive metabolism. Conclusions This transcriptomic study has enabled us to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of enteromyxosis and identify a large number of DE target genes that bring us closer to the development of strategies designed to effectively combat this pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1149) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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21
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Faílde LD, Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Santos Y, Quiroga MI. Evaluation of immune response in turbot (Psetta maxima L.) tenacibaculosis: Haematological and immunohistochemical studies. Microb Pathog 2014; 76:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Faílde LD, Di Giancamillo A, Domeneghini C, Quiroga MI. Effects of Enteromyxum scophthalmi experimental infection on the neuroendocrine system of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:577-583. [PMID: 25134847 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum scophthalmi is an intestinal myxosporean parasite responsible for serious outbreaks in turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) culture, in North-western Spain. The disease affects the digestive tract, provokes severe catarrhal enteritis, emaciation and high rates of mortality. The digestive parasitization triggers a response with the coordinate participation of immune and neuroendocrine systems through the action of peptides released by enteroendocrine cells and present in nervous elements, acting as neuro-immune modulators. The present study was designed to assess the response of the turbot neuroendocrine system against E. scophthalmi infection. Immunohistochemical tests were applied to sections of the gastrointestinal tract of uninfected and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot to characterize the presence of bombesin (BOM), glucagon (GLUC), somatostatin (SOM), leu-enkephalin (LEU) and met-enkephalin (MET). The occurrence of E. scophthalmi in the turbot gastrointestinal tract increased the number of enteroendocrine cells immunoreactive to SOM, LEU and MET. On the other hand, BOM and GLUC immunoreactive cells were less numerous in the gastrointestinal tract of the parasitized turbot. Scarce immunoreactivity to BOM, GLUC and SOM was observed in nerve fibres and neurons of the myenteric plexus of control and infected fish. The results indicate that E. scophthalmi infection in turbot induced changes in the neuroendocrine system, with the diminution of the anorexigenic peptides BOM and GLUC; the increase of enkephalins, related to pro-inflammatory processes; and the increase of SOM, which may cause inhibitory effects on the immune response, constituting a compensatory mechanism to the exacerbated response observed in E. scophthalmi-infected turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Losada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - R Bermúdez
- Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - L D Faílde
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - A Di Giancamillo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Domeneghini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M I Quiroga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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23
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Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Faílde LD, Ruiz de Ocenda MV, Quiroga MI. Study of the distribution of active caspase-3-positive cells in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), enteromyxosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:21-32. [PMID: 24224724 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxosis caused by Enteromyxum scophthalmi is one of the parasitizations with a higher economic impact on turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), aquaculture. This myxosporean produces severe catarrhal enteritis with abundant inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria-submucosa (LP), epithelial detachment and leucocyte depletion of the lymphohaematopoietic organs. Some advances made on the pathogenesis pointed to a role of apoptosis in the enteromyxosis. Therefore, the main aim of this work was to employ the TUNEL assay and the anti-(active caspase-3) immunohistochemical assay to detect apoptotic cells in both healthy and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot in order to establish the presence and distribution of apoptotic cells during development of the disease. More apoptotic cells located within the gastrointestinal epithelium were observed in the initial stages of the infection in E. scophthalmi-infected turbot compared with non-infected turbot. As the infection progressed, a higher degree of apoptosis occurred in the epithelium of folds heavily parasitized. In the severely infected turbot, apoptosis was also found among the leucocytes of the intestinal inflammatory infiltrates. Moreover, the number of active caspase-3-positive cells in the lymphohaematopoietic organs tended to increase with disease severity. In view of the results, increased apoptosis in the epithelium may favour the scaling that occurs during enteromyxosis and cell death of leucocytes in the intestinal LP, contributing to leucocyte depletion in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Gill morphology in two Mediterranean Sea fishes of similar feeding preferences: sea bream (Sparus aurata L) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:163-70. [PMID: 23475751 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe the gill morphology of the gilthead sea bream and sea bass fishes that showed the same feeding habits. Our study focused on the gross morphological, scanning and light microscopical features of the gills, where a many differences in the gill arches and gill rakers surface in both species were explained. Our results marked that; there was an interbranchial median elevation appeared in sea bream. The gill arches length and the gaps between decreased medial wards in both species. The gill rakers had similar arrangement and varied number in both species. The first lateral rakers row was the longest one in sea bass. However the gill filaments appeared in double rows. Gill filaments were long at middle and short at extremities of gill arch in both species. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the surfaces of gill arch covered by a mosaic of pavement cells, varied sized pores of chloride cells and many pointed spines on the rakers ventral border in both species. Two types of taste buds marked on the gill arches and rakers in sea bass. Many lamellae appeared on filaments in both species.
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25
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U-taynapun K, Chirapongsatonkul N, Maneesaay P, Itami T, Tantikitti C. A new host record of Sphaerospora epinepheli (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) occurring on orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides from Thailand: epidemiology, histopathology and phylogenetic position. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:215-24. [PMID: 22525585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 1991, the first record of Sphaerospora epinepheli was described as a kidney parasite of wild and cultured malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, along coastlines of Thailand, the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. However, the present study detected high infection of this parasite in kidney renal tubes of orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, collected from Andaman Sea. The highest infection rate of 36.82% was observed during the rainy season in 2009 in Phang-Nga Bay, in the north of Andaman Sea, which is an important grouper production site in Thailand. The biological and histopathological data of the parasite in this new host record are presented. Species classification is described based on morphological data of mature spore and molecular analysis of myxosporean 18S rDNA phylogeny including that of S. epinepheli which infected E. malabaricus. The genetic position of this parasite found in two host species was also studied. The phylogenetic tree analysis of small-subunit rDNA sequences of S. epinepheli from both infected hosts was constructed using two algorithms, maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). They were placed in the clustered basal sphaerosporid clade that contain four long SSU rDNA sphaerosporid species including Sphaerospora truttae, Sphaerospora elegans, Sphaerospora ranae, Sphaerospora fugu and Bipteria formosa with strong bootstrap supports. Histopathologically, renal intratubular myxosporean spores were associated with tubulonephosis, tubular necrosis, chronic interstitial nephritis and mimic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. This myxosporean parasite appears to be a significant pathogen on the basis of pathological changes in the renal tubules and is highly distributed in orange-spotted grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittichon U-taynapun
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
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Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Faílde LD, Quiroga MI. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of iNOS expression in turbot (Psetta maxima) infected with Enteromyxum scophthalmi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:243-248. [PMID: 22119937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum scophthalmi is the causative agent of turbot enteromyxosis, an intestinal parasitisation that produces severe desquamative enteritis leading to a cachectic syndrome and eventually the death. It is well known the importance of the innate immune response against parasites in fish, with the release of antimicrobial substances such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). This enzyme is mainly found in phagocytes, but also in structural cells from the intestinal mucosa. The aim of this study was to characterize iNOS in intestine and lymphohaematopoietic organs (spleen and anterior kidney) of turbot by means of immunohistochemistry in order to assess the possible changes of this enzyme through the infection. The presence of the enzyme was evaluated in control and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot. The results showed immunoreactivity in the apical border of enterocytes and mild staining of goblet cells in both control and infected turbot although it was more evident and widespread in infected turbot compared to control. Moderate numbers of iNOS+ cells were present in the lamina propria-submucosa of fish which presented moderate and severe inflammatory infiltrates at this level. In spleen and kidney, iNOS+ cells were scattered through the parenchyma and, in severely infected fish, tended to be allocated near the vascular structures and melano-macrophage centres. The number of positive cells at the lymphohaematopoietic organs was significantly higher in infected turbot and increased as infection progressed. The increase in the expression of iNOS in the tissues of E. scophthalmi-infected turbot was more evident in individuals with severer lesions. The measurement of the levels of iNOS during turbot enteromyxosis reveals a possibly delayed response that would not able to eliminate the parasites but would exacerbate mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Davey GC, Calduch-Giner JA, Houeix B, Talbot A, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Prunet P, Pérez-Sánchez J, Cairns MT. Molecular profiling of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) response to chronic exposure to the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:2102-12. [PMID: 21803425 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the transcriptome response of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) after challenge with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei, a wide-spread enteric parasite causing heavy economic losses in Mediterranean sparid farms. This parasite causes severe desquamative enteritis which usually leads to death of the fish, and there are no preventative or curative treatments for this enteromyxosis. After 113 days of exposure to parasite-contaminated effluent, fish were classified into three cohorts: control fish not exposed to parasite, those that were exposed and infected, and those that were exposed but not infected. In order to detect target genes that may be candidates for infective status or resistance, a cDNA microarray containing 18,490 cDNA clones enriched in genes differentially expressed after infection was hybridised with head kidney and intestine samples. In infected fish, 371 and 373 genes were differentially regulated at the >1.5-fold level in intestine and head kidney respectively, whereas in non-infected fish 175 and 501 genes were differentially regulated in these tissues, respectively. A global marked gene down-regulation was evident in infected fish, mainly in genes involved in the immune and acute phase response particularly complement and mannose binding lectin. Microarray analysis demonstrated a complex interplay between host and/or parasite derived proteases and protease inhibitors, apoptosis, cell proliferation and antioxidant defence genes in exposed fish. In the head kidney of non-infected fish a marked depression of genes involved in the acute phase response was evident. By contrast, in the intestine of non-infected fish, interferon-stimulated and MHC class II genes involved in antigen processing and presentation were up-regulated, possibly indicating that an active immune response at the local level is important to avoid infection with or proliferation of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Davey
- Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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Ronza P, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Robles A, Quiroga MI. Mucosal CD3ε+ cell proliferation and gut epithelial apoptosis: implications in rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:433-443. [PMID: 21488908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE) is an emerging disease that has acquired new relevance in European rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), culture, because of the economic losses it causes. Disease aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. The lesions appear restricted to the gastrointestinal tract where extensive mucosal detachment associated with high numbers of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) can be detected. In this study, an RTGE outbreak in north-western Spain was investigated, and findings observed in diseased trout were compared with control fish. PAS stain and immunohistochemical assays with anti-CD3ε and anti-active caspase-3 antibodies were performed. The results showed that CD3ε+ inflammatory infiltrates were present in the intestine of diseased trout both in the lamina propria-submucosa and within the epithelium. Moreover, an increased number of caspase-3+ cells in the intestinal mucosa and also strong anti-caspase-3 immunoreactivity in desquamated cells in the gut lumen were observed. Changes in the number of goblet cells were also found, resulting in an increase or depletion of mucous cells depending on the severity of the intestinal lesions. These findings suggest that T cells and apoptosis play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of RTGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ronza
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Estensoro I, Benedito-Palos L, Palenzuela O, Kaushik S, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. The nutritional background of the host alters the disease course in a fish-myxosporean system. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:141-50. [PMID: 20947256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine if a practical plant protein-based diet containing vegetable oils (VO) as the major lipid source could alter the disease course when challenged with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei, a wide-spread parasite in the Mediterranean basin causing heavy economic losses. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed for 9 months either a fish oil (FO) diet or a blend of VOs at 66% of replacement (66VO diet) were challenged by exposure to parasite-contaminated water effluent. All fish were periodically and non-lethally sampled to obtain biometrical data and to know their infection status. After 102 days of exposure, fish were euthanized and haematological, biometrical, histological, immunological, glutathione and anti-oxidant data were obtained from tissue, blood and serum samples. Anorexia appeared in both exposed groups, but feed intake reduction was higher in 66VO fish. The signs of disease (lower growth, condition factor, specific growth rate, haematocrit) as well as the disease course were worse in fish from 66VO group, with a higher prevalence and intensity of infection, a higher percentage of fish harbouring the parasite in the entire intestinal tract, and a faster establishment of the parasite. Parasite intensity of infection was negatively correlated with growth parameters and haematocrit in both groups, and with complement, lysozyme and hepatic total glutathione in 66VO fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Department of Marine Species Biology, Culture and Pathology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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Redondo MJ, Alvarez-Pellitero P. Carbohydrate patterns in the digestive tract of Sparus aurata L. and Psetta maxima (L.) (Teleostei) parasitized by Enteromyxum leei and E. scophthalmi (Myxozoa). Parasitol Int 2010; 59:445-53. [PMID: 20601108 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Enteromyxum spp. infections on the carbohydrate patterns of the digestive tract of gilthead sea bream (GSB) Sparus aurata L. and turbot (TB) Psetta maxima (L.) has been studied. Histochemical stainings to differentiate the types of mucins and lectin-binding assays to detect terminal carbohydrate residues were applied to histological sections of GSB and TB uninfected or infected by Enteromyxum leei and E. scophthalmi, respectively. The number of intestinal GC decreased in severely infected fish in both parasitoses, though changes in mucin patterns were limited to the decrease in the staining intensity for acidic mucins in infected GSB. The TB stomach and intestine lacked histochemically detectable acidic mucins, or sialic acid detectable by SNA, in contrast with their abundance in GSB. Glucose/mannose, fucose and GlcNAc residues were less abundant in both infected hosts with respect to uninfected fish. In contrast, D-Gal and D-GalNAc moieties (detectable by BSL I) increased in most parts of E. scophthalmi-infected TB while decreasing (oesophagus) or remaining unchanged (intestine) in E. leei-infected GSB. The decreasing in the expression of acidic mucins and of sialic acid detectable by SNA in E. leei-infected GSB is remarkable. Differences in the carbohydrate patterns between both hosts could aid to explain the differences in the severity of both enteromyxoses. In addition, the changes induced by Enteromyxum spp. infections in the digestive tract of GSB and TB suggest a role of terminal carbohydrate residues in the parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Redondo
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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