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Omoda A, Matsumoto K, Yoshino KI, Tachibana M, Tsuboi T, Torii M, Ishino T, Iriko H. Skeleton binding protein 1 localizes to the Maurer's cleft and interacts with PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP70-x in Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102864. [PMID: 38331312 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum accounts for the majority of malaria deaths, due to pathology provoked by the ability of infected erythrocytes to adhere to vascular endothelium within deep tissues. The parasite recognizes endothelium by trafficking and displaying protein ligands on the surface of asexual stage infected erythrocytes, such as members of the large family of pathogenic proteins, P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). Parasite-encoded skeleton binding protein 1 (SBP1) plays an important role in the transport of these binding-related surface proteins, via cleft-like membranous structures termed Maurer's clefts, which are present within the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. Erythrocytes infected with gametocyte stages accumulate in the extravascular compartment of bone marrow; and it was suggested that their surface-expressed adhesion molecule profile and protein trafficking mechanisms might differ from those in asexual stage parasites. Protein trafficking mechanisms via Maurer's clefts have been well investigated in asexual stage parasite-infected erythrocytes; but little is known regarding the gametocyte stages. In this study, we characterized SBP1 during gametocyte maturation and demonstrated that SBP1 is expressed and localizes to dot-like Maurer's cleft structures in the cytoplasm of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry assays indicated that SBP1 interacts with the molecular chaperones PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP70-x. Localization analysis suggested that some PfHSP70-1 and/or PfHSP70-x localize in a dot-like pattern within the cytoplasm of immature gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. These findings suggest that SBP1 may interact with HSP70 chaperones in the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm during the immature gametocyte stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Omoda
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Konomi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Tachibana
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Motomi Torii
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iriko
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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2
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Suresh RV, Deng B, Gebremicale Y, Roche K, Miura K, Long C. Mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow raise infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. mBio 2023; 14:e0223223. [PMID: 37909740 PMCID: PMC10746266 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02232-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE While prior research has established that Plasmodium gametocytes sequester in the bone marrow and can influence resident stem cells, the question of why they would choose this compartment and these cells remained a mystery. This study, for the first time, shows that being in the presence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alters the biology of the P. falciparum parasite and makes it more infectious to mosquitoes, hinting at novel mechanisms in its life cycle. This method also facilitates mosquito infections with field isolated parasites, affording research teams new infection models with parasites, which are challenging to infect into mosquitos using conventional culture methods. Finally, our findings that MSC-conditioned medium can also raise infectivity open avenues of investigation into mechanisms involved but can also serve as a practical tool for researchers hoping to increase oocyst yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragavan Varadharajan Suresh
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bingbing Deng
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yonas Gebremicale
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle Roche
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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3
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Walker IS, Rogerson SJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of malaria: Sticky problems and tricky solutions. Virulence 2023; 14:2150456. [PMID: 36419237 PMCID: PMC9815252 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax cause over 600,000 deaths each year, concentrated in Africa and in young children, but much of the world's population remain at risk of infection. In this article, we review the latest developments in the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of malaria, with a particular focus on P. falciparum, the leading malaria killer. Pathogenic factors include parasite-derived toxins and variant surface antigens on infected erythrocytes that mediate sequestration in the deep vasculature. Host response to parasite toxins and to variant antigens is an important determinant of disease severity. Understanding how parasites sequester, and how antibody to variant antigens could prevent sequestration, may lead to new approaches to treat and prevent disease. Difficulties in malaria diagnosis, drug resistance, and specific challenges of treating P. vivax pose challenges to malaria elimination, but vaccines and other preventive strategies may offer improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Bekić V, Kilian N. Novel secretory organelles of parasite origin - at the center of host-parasite interaction. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200241. [PMID: 37518819 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of cell organelle-deprived host red blood cells by the apicomplexan malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables their cytoadherence to endothelial cells that line the microvasculature. This increases the time red blood cells infected with mature developmental stages remain within selected organs such as the brain to avoid the spleen passage, which can lead to severe complications and cumulate in patient death. The Maurer's clefts are a novel secretory organelle of parasite origin established by the parasite in the cytoplasm of the host red blood cell in order to facilitate the establishment of cytoadherence by conducting the trafficking of immunovariant adhesins to the host cell surface. Another important function of the organelle is the sorting of other proteins the parasite traffics into its host cell. Although the organelle is of high importance for the pathology of malaria, additional putative functions, structure, and genesis remain shrouded in mystery more than a century after its discovery. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge about the Maurer's clefts and other novel secretory organelles established within the host cell cytoplasm by human-pathogenic malaria parasites and other parasites that reside within human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bekić
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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5
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Donsante S, Siciliano G, Ciardo M, Palmisano B, Messina V, de Turris V, Farinacci G, Serafini M, Silvestrini F, Corsi A, Riminucci M, Alano P. An in vivo humanized model to study homing and sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum transmission stages in the bone marrow. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1161669. [PMID: 37153157 PMCID: PMC10154621 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1161669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent evidence suggests that the bone marrow (BM) plays a key role in the diffusion of P. falciparum malaria by providing a "niche" for the maturation of the parasite gametocytes, responsible for human-to-mosquito transmission. Suitable humanized in vivo models to study the mechanisms of the interplay between the parasite and the human BM components are still missing. Methods We report a novel experimental system based on the infusion of immature P. falciparum gametocytes into immunocompromised mice carrying chimeric ectopic ossicles whose stromal and bone compartments derive from human osteoprogenitor cells. Results We demonstrate that immature gametocytes home within minutes to the ossicles and reach the extravascular regions, where they are retained in contact with different human BM stromal cell types. Discussion Our model represents a powerful tool to study BM function and the interplay essential for parasite transmission in P. falciparum malaria and can be extended to study other infections in which the human BM plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Siciliano
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Ciardo
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Messina
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria de Turris
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Farinacci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mara Riminucci, ; Pietro Alano,
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mara Riminucci, ; Pietro Alano,
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Dumarchey A, Lavazec C, Verdier F. Erythropoiesis and Malaria, a Multifaceted Interplay. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112762. [PMID: 36361552 PMCID: PMC9657351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major pathophysiologies of malaria is the development of anemia. Although hemolysis and splenic clearance are well described as causes of malarial anemia, abnormal erythropoiesis has been observed in malaria patients and may contribute significantly to anemia. The interaction between inadequate erythropoiesis and Plasmodium parasite infection, which partly occurs in the bone marrow, has been poorly investigated to date. However, recent findings may provide new insights. This review outlines clinical and experimental studies describing different aspects of ineffective erythropoiesis and dyserythropoiesis observed in malaria patients and in animal or in vitro models. We also highlight the various human and parasite factors leading to erythropoiesis disorders and discuss the impact that Plasmodium parasites may have on the suppression of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dumarchey
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Verdier
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Huang S, van der Heijden W, Reuling IJ, Wan J, Yan Q, de Laat - Kremers RMW, Van der Ven AJ, de Groot PG, McCall M, Sauerwein RW, Bousema T, Roest M, Ninivaggi M, de Mast Q, de Laat B. Functional changes in hemostasis during asexual and sexual parasitemia in a controlled human malaria infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271527. [PMID: 35839244 PMCID: PMC9286275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased platelet count is an early phenomenon in asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia, but its association with acute or long-term functional changes in platelets and coagulation is unknown. Moreover, the impact of gametocytemia on platelets and coagulation remains unclear. We investigated the changes in platelet number and function during early asexual parasitemia, gametocytemia and convalescence in 16 individuals participating in a controlled human malaria infection study, and studied its relationship with changes in total and active von Willebrand factor levels (VWF) and the coagulation system. Platelet activation and reactivity were determined by flow cytometry, and the coagulation system was assessed using different representative assays including antigen assays, activity assays and global functional assays. Platelet count was decreased during asexual blood stage infection but normalized during gametocytemia. Platelet P-selectin expression was slightly increased during asexual parasitemia, gametocytemia and at day 64. In contrast, platelet reactivity to different agonists remained unchanged, except a marked decrease in reactivity to low dose collagen-related peptide-XL. Thrombin generation and antigen assays did not show a clear activation of the coagulation during asexual parasitemia, whereas total and active VWF levels were markedly increased. During gametocytemia and on day 64, the endogenous thrombin potential, thrombin peak and velocity index were increased and prothrombin conversion and plasma prothrombin levels were decreased. We conclude that the decreased platelet count during asexual parasitemia is associated with increased active VWF levels (i.e. endothelial activation), but not platelet hyperreactivity or hypercoagulability, and that the increased platelet clearance in asexual parasitemia could cause spontaneous VWF-platelet complexes formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshi Huang
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van der Heijden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isaie J. Reuling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuting Yan
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Romy M. W. de Laat - Kremers
- Department of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Andre J. Van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip G. de Groot
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew McCall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W. Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Roest
- Department of Platelet pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Ninivaggi
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Department of Functional Coagulation, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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van der Watt ME, Reader J, Birkholtz LM. Adapt or Die: Targeting Unique Transmission-Stage Biology for Malaria Elimination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:901971. [PMID: 35755845 PMCID: PMC9218253 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.901971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites have a complex life cycle that includes development in the human host as well as the Anopheles vector. Successful transmission of the parasite between its host and vector therefore requires the parasite to balance its investments in asexual replication and sexual reproduction, varying the frequency of sexual commitment to persist within the human host and generate future opportunities for transmission. The transmission window is extended further by the ability of stage V gametocytes to circulate in peripheral blood for weeks, whereas immature stage I to IV gametocytes sequester in the bone marrow and spleen until final maturation. Due to the low gametocyte numbers in blood circulation and with the ease of targeting such life cycle bottlenecks, transmission represents an efficient target for therapeutic intervention. The biological process of Plasmodium transmission is a multistage, multifaceted process and the past decade has seen a much deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulators involved. Clearly, specific and divergent processes are used during transmission compared to asexual proliferation, which both poses challenges but also opportunities for discovery of transmission-blocking antimalarials. This review therefore presents an update of our molecular understanding of gametocyte and gamete biology as well as the status of transmission-blocking activities of current antimalarials and lead development compounds. By defining the biological components associated with transmission, considerations for the development of new transmission-blocking drugs to target such untapped but unique biology is suggested as an important, main driver for transmission-blocking drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte E van der Watt
- Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marié Birkholtz
- Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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9
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Birkholtz LM, Alano P, Leroy D. Transmission-blocking drugs for malaria elimination. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:390-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Usui M, Williamson KC. Stressed Out About Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:790067. [PMID: 34926328 PMCID: PMC8674873 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.790067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking malaria transmission is critical to malaria control programs but remains a major challenge especially in endemic regions with high levels of asymptomatic infections. New strategies targeting the transmissible sexual stages of the parasite, called gametocytes, are needed. This review focuses on P. falciparum gametocytogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Highlighting advances made elucidating genes required for gametocyte production and identifying key questions that remain unanswered such as the factors and regulatory mechanisms that contribute to gametocyte induction, and the mechanism of sequestration. Tools available to begin to address these issues are also described to facilitate advances in our understanding of this important stage of the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Usui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Gupta H, Wassmer SC. Harnessing the Potential of miRNAs in Malaria Diagnostic and Prevention. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:793954. [PMID: 34976869 PMCID: PMC8716737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.793954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite encouraging progress over the past decade, malaria remains a major global health challenge. Its severe form accounts for the majority of malaria-related deaths, and early diagnosis is key for a positive outcome. However, this is hindered by the non-specific symptoms caused by malaria, which often overlap with those of other viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. In addition, current tools are unable to detect the nature and degree of vital organ dysfunction associated with severe malaria, as complications develop silently until the effective treatment window is closed. It is therefore crucial to identify cheap and reliable early biomarkers of this wide-spectrum disease. microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, are rapidly released into the blood circulation upon physiological changes, including infection and organ damage. The present review details our current knowledge of miRNAs as biomarkers of specific organ dysfunction in patients with malaria, and both promising candidates identified by pre-clinical models and important knowledge gaps are highlighted for future evaluation in humans. miRNAs associated with infected vectors are also described, with a view to expandind this rapidly growing field of research to malaria transmission and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel C. Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Salazar Alvarez LC, Vera Lizcano O, da Silva Barros DKA, Baia-da-Silva DC, Monteiro WM, Pimenta PFP, de Lacerda MVG, Costa FTM, Lopes SCP. Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes Adherence to Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:614985. [PMID: 34249772 PMCID: PMC8265044 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.614985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Plasmodium vivax infection, it was shown a proportionally increased on gametocyte distribution within the bone marrow aspirant, suggesting a role of this organ as a reservoir for this parasite stage. Here, we evaluated the ex vivo cytoadhesive capacity of P. vivax gametocytes to bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMEC) and investigated the involvement of some receptors in the cytoadhesion process by using transfected CHO cells (CHO-ICAM1, CHO-CD36 and CHO-VCAM), wild type (CHO-K1) or deficient in heparan and chondroitin sulfate (CHO-745). Ex-vivo cytoadhesion assays were performed using a total of 44 P. vivax isolates enriched in gametocyte stages by Percoll gradient in the different cell lines. The majority of isolates (88.9%) were able to adhere to HBMEC monolayer. ICAM1 seemed to be the sole receptor significantly involved. CD-36 was the receptor with higher adhesion rate, despite no significance was noticed when compared to CHO-745. We demonstrated that gametocyte P. vivax adheres ex vivo to bone marrow endothelial cells. Moreover, P. vivax gametocytes display the ability to adhere to all CHO cells investigated, especially to CHO-ICAM1. These findings bring insights to the comprehension of the role of the bone marrow as a P. vivax reservoir and the potential impact on parasite transmission to the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Salazar Alvarez
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Omaira Vera Lizcano
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Grupo de Investigación QUIBIO, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Dayanne Kamylla Alves da Silva Barros
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane - ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Filemon Paolluci Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou - IRR/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães de Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane - ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane - ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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13
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Corbett Y, Parapini S, Perego F, Messina V, Delbue S, Misiano P, Falchi M, Silvestrini F, Taramelli D, Basilico N, D'Alessandro S. Phagocytosis and activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages by Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Malar J 2021; 20:81. [PMID: 33568138 PMCID: PMC7874634 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The innate immune response against various life cycle stages of the malaria parasite plays an important role in protection against the disease and regulation of its severity. Phagocytosis of asexual erythrocytic stages is well documented, but little and contrasting results are available about phagocytic clearance of sexual stages, the gametocytes, which are responsible for the transmission of the parasites from humans to mosquitoes. Similarly, activation of host macrophages by gametocytes has not yet been carefully addressed. Methods Phagocytosis of early or late Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes was evaluated through methanol fixed cytospin preparations of immortalized mouse C57Bl/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages treated for 2 h with P. falciparum and stained with Giemsa, and it was confirmed through a standardized bioluminescent method using the transgenic P. falciparum 3D7elo1-pfs16-CBG99 strain. Activation was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide or cytokine levels in the supernatants of immortalized mouse C57Bl/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages treated with early or late gametocytes. Results The results showed that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages can phagocytose both early and late gametocytes, but only the latter were able to induce the production of inflammatory mediators, specifically nitric oxide and the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that developing gametocytes interact in different ways with innate immune cells of the host. Moreover, the present study proposes that early and late gametocytes act differently as targets for innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Corbett
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Messina
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Misiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- AIDS-Ricerca e sviluppo, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Silvestrini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Stiffler DM, Oyieko J, Kifude CM, Rockabrand DM, Luckhart S, Stewart VA. HIV-1 Infection Is Associated With Increased Prevalence and Abundance of Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte-Specific Transcripts in Asymptomatic Adults in Western Kenya. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:600106. [PMID: 33614525 PMCID: PMC7892447 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As morbidity and mortality due to malaria continue to decline, the identification of individuals with a high likelihood of transmitting malaria is needed to further reduce the prevalence of malaria. In areas of holoendemic malaria transmission, asymptomatically infected adults may be infected with transmissible gametocytes. The impact of HIV-1 on gametocyte carriage is unknown, but co-infection may lead to an increase in gametocytemia. In this study, a panel of qPCR assays was used to quantify gametocyte stage-specific transcripts present in dried blood spots obtained from asymptomatic adults seeking voluntary HIV testing in Kombewa, Kenya. A total of 1,116 Plasmodium-specific 18S-positive samples were tested and 20.5% of these individuals had detectable gametocyte-specific transcripts. Individuals also infected with HIV-1 were 1.82 times more likely to be gametocyte positive (P<0.0001) and had significantly higher gametocyte copy numbers when compared to HIV-negative individuals. Additionally, HIV-1 positivity was associated with higher gametocyte prevalence in men and increased gametocyte carriage with age. Overall, these data suggest that HIV-positive individuals may have an increased risk of transmitting malaria parasites in regions with endemic malaria transmission and therefore should be at a higher priority for treatment with gametocidal antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Stiffler
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Division of Tropical Public Health, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Janet Oyieko
- Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Carolyne M Kifude
- Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - David M Rockabrand
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Division of Tropical Public Health, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - V Ann Stewart
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Division of Tropical Public Health, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Erythroblasts provide a home for gametocytes. Blood 2020; 136:1375-1376. [PMID: 32941634 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Neveu G, Richard C, Dupuy F, Behera P, Volpe F, Subramani PA, Marcel-Zerrougui B, Vallin P, Andrieu M, Minz AM, Azar N, Martins RM, Lorthiois A, Gazeau F, Lopez-Rubio JJ, Mazier D, Silva AKA, Satpathi S, Wassmer SC, Verdier F, Lavazec C. Plasmodium falciparum sexual parasites develop in human erythroblasts and affect erythropoiesis. Blood 2020; 136:1381-1393. [PMID: 32589714 PMCID: PMC7498361 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, the sexual stage responsible for malaria parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes, are key targets for malaria elimination. Immature gametocytes develop in the human bone marrow parenchyma, where they accumulate around erythroblastic islands. Notably though, the interactions between gametocytes and this hematopoietic niche have not been investigated. Here, we identify late erythroblasts as a new host cell for P falciparum sexual stages and show that gametocytes can fully develop inside these nucleated cells in vitro and in vivo, leading to infectious mature gametocytes within reticulocytes. Strikingly, we found that infection of erythroblasts by gametocytes and parasite-derived extracellular vesicles delay erythroid differentiation, thereby allowing gametocyte maturation to coincide with the release of their host cell from the bone marrow. Taken together, our findings highlight new mechanisms that are pivotal for the maintenance of immature gametocytes in the bone marrow and provide further insights on how Plasmodium parasites interfere with erythropoiesis and contribute to anemia in malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Neveu
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Cyrielle Richard
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Florian Dupuy
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Prativa Behera
- Department of Pathology, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Fiona Volpe
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Pradeep Annamalai Subramani
- INSERM U1135, CNRS Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | | | - Patrice Vallin
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Andrieu
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Aruna Mukti Minz
- Department of Pathology, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Nabih Azar
- Service d'Hémobiologie, Hôpital La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rafael M Martins
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions - UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; and
| | - Audrey Lorthiois
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - José-Juan Lopez-Rubio
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions - UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; and
| | - Dominique Mazier
- INSERM U1135, CNRS Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Samuel C Wassmer
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frédérique Verdier
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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17
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Dantzler KW, Ma S, Ngotho P, Stone WJR, Tao D, Rijpma S, De Niz M, Nilsson Bark SK, Jore MM, Raaijmakers TK, Early AM, Ubaida-Mohien C, Lemgruber L, Campo JJ, Teng AA, Le TQ, Walker CL, Hermand P, Deterre P, Davies DH, Felgner P, Morlais I, Wirth DF, Neafsey DE, Dinglasan RR, Laufer M, Huttenhower C, Seydel K, Taylor T, Bousema T, Marti M. Naturally acquired immunity against immature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/495/eaav3963. [PMID: 31167926 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent decline in global malaria burden has stimulated efforts toward Plasmodium falciparum elimination. Understanding the biology of malaria transmission stages may provide opportunities to reduce or prevent onward transmission to mosquitoes. Immature P. falciparum transmission stages, termed stages I to IV gametocytes, sequester in human bone marrow before release into the circulation as mature stage V gametocytes. This process likely involves interactions between host receptors and potentially immunogenic adhesins on the infected red blood cell (iRBC) surface. Here, we developed a flow cytometry assay to examine immune recognition of live gametocytes of different developmental stages by naturally exposed Malawians. We identified strong antibody recognition of the earliest immature gametocyte-iRBCs (giRBCs) but not mature stage V giRBCs. Candidate surface antigens (n = 30), most of them shared between asexual- and gametocyte-iRBCs, were identified by mass spectrometry and mouse immunizations, as well as correlations between responses by protein microarray and flow cytometry. Naturally acquired responses to a subset of candidate antigens were associated with reduced asexual and gametocyte density, and plasma samples from malaria-infected individuals were able to induce immune clearance of giRBCs in vitro. Infected RBC surface expression of select candidate antigens was validated using specific antibodies, and genetic analysis revealed a subset with minimal variation across strains. Our data demonstrate that humoral immune responses to immature giRBCs and shared iRBC antigens are naturally acquired after malaria exposure. These humoral immune responses may have consequences for malaria transmission potential by clearing developing gametocytes, which could be leveraged for malaria intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W Dantzler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priscilla Ngotho
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Will J R Stone
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands.,Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dingyin Tao
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sanna Rijpma
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Mariana De Niz
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sandra K Nilsson Bark
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthijs M Jore
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Hermand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), UMR 1135, ERL CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deterre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), UMR 1135, ERL CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - D Huw Davies
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Phil Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- UMR MIVEGEC UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miriam Laufer
- Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl Seydel
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands. .,Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Venugopal K, Hentzschel F, Valkiūnas G, Marti M. Plasmodium asexual growth and sexual development in the haematopoietic niche of the host. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:177-189. [PMID: 31919479 PMCID: PMC7223625 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium spp. parasites are the causative agents of malaria in humans and animals, and they are exceptionally diverse in their morphology and life cycles. They grow and develop in a wide range of host environments, both within blood-feeding mosquitoes, their definitive hosts, and in vertebrates, which are intermediate hosts. This diversity is testament to their exceptional adaptability and poses a major challenge for developing effective strategies to reduce the disease burden and transmission. Following one asexual amplification cycle in the liver, parasites reach high burdens by rounds of asexual replication within red blood cells. A few of these blood-stage parasites make a developmental switch into the sexual stage (or gametocyte), which is essential for transmission. The bone marrow, in particular the haematopoietic niche (in rodents, also the spleen), is a major site of parasite growth and sexual development. This Review focuses on our current understanding of blood-stage parasite development and vascular and tissue sequestration, which is responsible for disease symptoms and complications, and when involving the bone marrow, provides a niche for asexual replication and gametocyte development. Understanding these processes provides an opportunity for novel therapies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Venugopal
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Franziska Hentzschel
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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19
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de Jong RM, Tebeje SK, Meerstein‐Kessel L, Tadesse FG, Jore MM, Stone W, Bousema T. Immunity against sexual stage Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:190-215. [PMID: 31840844 PMCID: PMC6973022 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficient spread of malaria from infected humans to mosquitoes is a major challenge for malaria elimination initiatives. Gametocytes are the only Plasmodium life stage infectious to mosquitoes. Here, we summarize evidence for naturally acquired anti-gametocyte immunity and the current state of transmission blocking vaccines (TBV). Although gametocytes are intra-erythrocytic when present in infected humans, developing Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes may express proteins on the surface of red blood cells that elicit immune responses in naturally exposed individuals. This immune response may reduce the burden of circulating gametocytes. For both P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, there is a solid evidence that antibodies against antigens present on the gametocyte surface, when co-ingested with gametocytes, can influence transmission to mosquitoes. Transmission reducing immunity, reducing the burden of infection in mosquitoes, is a well-acknowledged but poorly quantified phenomenon that forms the basis for the development of TBV. Transmission enhancing immunity, increasing the likelihood or intensity of transmission to mosquitoes, is more speculative in nature but is convincingly demonstrated for P. vivax. With the increased interest in malaria elimination, TBV and monoclonal antibodies have moved to the center stage of malaria vaccine development. Methodologies to prioritize and evaluate products are urgently needed.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity
- Immunomodulation
- Life Cycle Stages
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/transmission
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Malaria, Vivax/transmission
- Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium vivax/growth & development
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos M. de Jong
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Lisette Meerstein‐Kessel
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Fitsum G. Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs M. Jore
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Will Stone
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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20
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Neveu G, Lavazec C. Erythrocyte Membrane Makeover by Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2652. [PMID: 31787966 PMCID: PMC6856072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum sexual parasites, called gametocytes, are the only parasite stages responsible for transmission from humans to Anopheles mosquitoes. During their maturation, P. falciparum gametocytes remodel the structural and mechanical properties of the membrane of their erythrocyte host. This remodeling is induced by the export of several parasite proteins and a dynamic reorganization of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton. Some of these modifications are specific for sexual stages and play a key role for gametocyte maturation, sequestration in internal organs, subsequent release in the bloodstream and ability to persist in circulation. Here we discuss the mechanisms developed by gametocytes to remodel their host cell and the functional relevance of these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Neveu
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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21
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De Niz M, Meehan GR, Tavares J. Intravital microscopy: Imaging host-parasite interactions in lymphoid organs. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13117. [PMID: 31512335 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy allows imaging of biological phenomena within living animals, including host-parasite interactions. This has advanced our understanding of both, the function of lymphoid organs during parasitic infections, and the effect of parasites on such organs to allow their survival. In parasitic research, recent developments in this technique have been crucial for the direct study of host-parasite interactions within organs at depths, speeds and resolution previously difficult to achieve. Lymphoid organs have gained more attention as we start to understand their function during parasitic infections and the effect of parasites on them. In this review, we summarise technical and biological findings achieved by intravital microscopy with respect to the interaction of various parasites with host lymphoid organs, namely the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and present a view into possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heussler Lab, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gavin R Meehan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joana Tavares
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Ngotho P, Soares AB, Hentzschel F, Achcar F, Bertuccini L, Marti M. Revisiting gametocyte biology in malaria parasites. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:401-414. [PMID: 31220244 PMCID: PMC6606849 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametocytes are the only form of the malaria parasite that is transmissible to the mosquito vector. They are present at low levels in blood circulation and significant knowledge gaps exist in their biology. Recent reductions in the global malaria burden have brought the possibility of elimination and eradication, with renewed focus on malaria transmission biology as a basis for interventions. This review discusses recent insights into gametocyte biology in the major human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ngotho
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Road, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Alexandra Blancke Soares
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Road, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Franziska Hentzschel
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Road, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Fiona Achcar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Road, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Lucia Bertuccini
- Core Facilities, Microscopy Area, Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Road, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, MA, USA
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Kengne-Ouafo JA, Sutherland CJ, Binka FN, Awandare GA, Urban BC, Dinko B. Immune Responses to the Sexual Stages of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites. Front Immunol 2019; 10:136. [PMID: 30804940 PMCID: PMC6378314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infections remain a serious global health problem in the world, particularly among children and pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, malaria control and elimination is hampered by rapid development of resistance by the parasite and the vector to commonly used antimalarial drugs and insecticides, respectively. Therefore, vaccine-based strategies are sorely needed, including those designed to interrupt disease transmission. However, a prerequisite for such a vaccine strategy is the understanding of both the human and vector immune responses to parasite developmental stages involved in parasite transmission in both man and mosquito. Here, we review the naturally acquired humoral and cellular responses to sexual stages of the parasite while in the human host and the Anopheles vector. In addition, updates on current anti-gametocyte, anti-gamete, and anti-mosquito transmission blocking vaccines are given. We conclude with our views on some important future directions of research into P. falciparum sexual stage immunity relevant to the search for the most appropriate transmission-blocking vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas A Kengne-Ouafo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fred N Binka
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Britta C Urban
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bismarck Dinko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte-infected erythrocytes do not adhere to human primary erythroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17886. [PMID: 30552367 PMCID: PMC6294825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, the sexual stages responsible for malaria parasite transmission, develop in the human bone marrow parenchyma in proximity to the erythroblastic islands. Yet, mechanisms underlying gametocytes interactions with these islands are unknown. Here, we have investigated whether gametocyte-infected erythrocytes (GIE) adhere to erythroid precursors, and whether a putative adhesion may be mediated by a mechanism similar to the adhesion of erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum asexual stages to uninfected erythrocytes. Cell-cell adhesion assays with human primary erythroblasts or erythroid cell lines revealed that immature GIE do not specifically adhere to erythroid precursors. To determine whether adhesion may be dependent on binding of STEVOR proteins to Glycophorin C on the surface of erythroid cells, we used clonal lines and transgenic parasites that overexpress specific STEVOR proteins known to bind to Glycophorin C in asexual stages. Our results indicate that GIE overexpressing STEVOR do not specifically adhere to erythroblasts, in agreement with our observation that the STEVOR adhesive domain is not exposed at the surface of GIE.
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Glennon EKK, Dankwa S, Smith JD, Kaushansky A. Opportunities for Host-targeted Therapies for Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:843-860. [PMID: 30122551 PMCID: PMC6168423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent successes of artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs, many still die from severe malaria, and eradication efforts are hindered by the limited drugs currently available to target transmissible gametocyte parasites and liver-resident dormant Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites. Host-targeted therapy is a new direction for infectious disease drug development and aims to interfere with host molecules, pathways, or networks that are required for infection or that contribute to disease. Recent advances in our understanding of host pathways involved in parasite development and pathogenic mechanisms in severe malaria could facilitate the development of host-targeted interventions against Plasmodium infection and malaria disease. This review discusses new opportunities for host-targeted therapeutics for malaria and the potential to harness drug polypharmacology to simultaneously target multiple host pathways using a single drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; These authors made an equal contribution
| | - Selasi Dankwa
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; These authors made an equal contribution
| | - Joseph D Smith
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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