1
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Yoshioka D, Nakamura T, Kubota Y, Takekawa M. Formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibits stress granule assembly by multiple mechanisms. J Biochem 2024; 175:629-641. [PMID: 38299728 PMCID: PMC11155693 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of cellular response to environmental stress is crucial for maintaining biological homeostasis and is achieved by the balance between cell death processes, such as the formation of the pyroptosis-inducing NLRP3 inflammasome, and pro-survival processes, such as stress granule (SG) assembly. However, the functional interplay between these two stress-responsive organelles remains elusive. Here, we identified DHX33, a viral RNA sensor for the NLRP3 inflammasome, as a SG component, and the SG-nucleating protein G3BP as an NLRP3 inflammasome component. We also found that a decrease in intracellular potassium (K+) concentration, a key 'common' step in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, markedly inhibited SG assembly. Therefore, when macrophages are exposed to stress stimuli with the potential to induce both SGs and the NLRP3 inflammasome, such as cytoplasmic poly(I:C) stimulation, they preferentially form the NLRP3 inflammasome but avoid SG assembly by sequestering G3BP into the inflammasome and by inducing a reduction in intracellular K+ levels. Thus, under such conditions, DHX33 is primarily utilized as a viral RNA sensor for the inflammasome. Our data reveal the functional crosstalk between NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and SG-mediated cell survival pathways and delineate a molecular mechanism that regulates cell-fate decisions and anti-viral innate immunity under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yoshioka
- Division of Cell Signaling and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakamura
- Division of Cell Signaling and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuji Kubota
- Division of Cell Signaling and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mutsuhiro Takekawa
- Division of Cell Signaling and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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2
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Yoneyama M, Kato H, Fujita T. Physiological functions of RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:731-751. [PMID: 38599168 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are crucial for pathogen detection and triggering immune responses and have immense physiological importance. In this review, we first summarize the interferon system and innate immunity, which constitute primary and secondary responses. Next, the molecular structure of RLRs and the mechanism of sensing non-self RNA are described. Usually, self RNA is refractory to the RLR; however, there are underlying host mechanisms that prevent immune reactions. Studies have revealed that the regulatory mechanisms of RLRs involve covalent molecular modifications, association with regulatory factors, and subcellular localization. Viruses have evolved to acquire antagonistic RLR functions to escape the host immune reactions. Finally, the pathologies caused by the malfunction of RLR signaling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pandemic and Post-disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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3
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Eltayeb A, Al-Sarraj F, Alharbi M, Albiheyri R, Mattar EH, Abu Zeid IM, Bouback TA, Bamagoos A, Uversky VN, Rubio-Casillas A, Redwan EM. Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: IV. Hypothetical roles of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and its liquid-liquid phase separation. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30530. [PMID: 38349116 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
When the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects humans, it leads to a condition called COVID-19 that has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from no symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The virus initiates damage by attaching to the ACE-2 protein on the surface of endothelial cells that line the blood vessels and using these cells as hosts for replication. Reactive oxygen species levels are increased during viral replication, which leads to oxidative stress. About three-fifths (~60%) of the people who get infected with the virus eradicate it from their body after 28 days and recover their normal activity. However, a large fraction (~40%) of the people who are infected with the virus suffer from various symptoms (anosmia and/or ageusia, fatigue, cough, myalgia, cognitive impairment, insomnia, dyspnea, and tachycardia) beyond 12 weeks and are diagnosed with a syndrome called long COVID. Long-term clinical studies in a group of people who contracted SARS-CoV-2 have been contrasted with a noninfected matched group of people. A subset of infected people can be distinguished by a set of cytokine markers to have persistent, low-grade inflammation and often self-report two or more bothersome symptoms. No medication can alleviate their symptoms efficiently. Coronavirus nucleocapsid proteins have been investigated extensively as potential drug targets due to their key roles in virus replication, among which is their ability to bind their respective genomic RNAs for incorporation into emerging virions. This review highlights basic studies of the nucleocapsid protein and its ability to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation. We hypothesize that this ability of the nucleocapsid protein for phase separation may contribute to long COVID. This hypothesis unlocks new investigation angles and could potentially open novel avenues for a better understanding of long COVID and treating this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eltayeb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Al-Sarraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab H Mattar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isam M Abu Zeid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer A Bouback
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Bamagoos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan, Jalisco, Mexico
- Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Song MS, Lee DK, Lee CY, Park SC, Yang J. Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1638. [PMID: 38338917 PMCID: PMC10855258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cell processes and utilize intracellular organelles to facilitate their replication. These complex interactions between viruses and cellular organelles allow them to hijack the cellular machinery and impair homeostasis. Moreover, viral infection alters the cell membrane's structure and composition and induces vesicle formation to facilitate intracellular trafficking of viral components. However, the research focus has predominantly been on the immune response elicited by viruses, often overlooking the significant alterations that viruses induce in cellular organelles. Gaining a deeper understanding of these virus-induced cellular changes is crucial for elucidating the full life cycle of viruses and developing potent antiviral therapies. Exploring virus-induced cellular changes could substantially improve our understanding of viral infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Park
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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5
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Murigneux E, Softic L, Aubé C, Grandi C, Judith D, Bruce J, Le Gall M, Guillonneau F, Schmitt A, Parissi V, Berlioz-Torrent C, Meertens L, Hansen MMK, Gallois-Montbrun S. Proteomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 particles unveils a key role of G3BP proteins in viral assembly. Nat Commun 2024; 15:640. [PMID: 38245532 PMCID: PMC10799903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular host-virus battlefield during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nevertheless, the assembly and egress of newly formed virions are less understood. To identify host proteins involved in viral morphogenesis, we characterize the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 virions produced from A549-ACE2 and Calu-3 cells, isolated via ultracentrifugation on sucrose cushion or by ACE-2 affinity capture. Bioinformatic analysis unveils 92 SARS-CoV-2 virion-associated host factors, providing a valuable resource to better understand the molecular environment of virion production. We reveal that G3BP1 and G3BP2 (G3BP1/2), two major stress granule nucleators, are embedded within virions and unexpectedly favor virion production. Furthermore, we show that G3BP1/2 participate in the formation of cytoplasmic membrane vesicles, that are likely virion assembly sites, consistent with a proviral role of G3BP1/2 in SARS-CoV-2 dissemination. Altogether, these findings provide new insights into host factors required for SARS-CoV-2 assembly with potential implications for future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Murigneux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Softic
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Corentin Aubé
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Grandi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Delphine Judith
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Johanna Bruce
- Proteom'IC facility, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Le Gall
- Proteom'IC facility, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - François Guillonneau
- Proteom'IC facility, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest (ICO), CRCi2NA-Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Nantes Université, Angers, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Parissi
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité Laboratory (MFP), UMR 5234, « Mobility of pathogenic genomes and chromatin dynamics » team (MobilVIR), CNRS-University of Bordeaux, DyNAVIR network, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Laurent Meertens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U944, CNRS 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Maike M K Hansen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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6
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Lopez-Orozco J, Fayad N, Khan JQ, Felix-Lopez A, Elaish M, Rohamare M, Sharma M, Falzarano D, Pelletier J, Wilson J, Hobman TC, Kumar A. The RNA Interference Effector Protein Argonaute 2 Functions as a Restriction Factor Against SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168170. [PMID: 37271493 PMCID: PMC10238125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Argonaute 2 (Ago2) is a key component of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, a gene-regulatory system that is present in most eukaryotes. Ago2 uses microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for targeting to homologous mRNAs which are then degraded or translationally suppressed. In plants and invertebrates, the RNAi pathway has well-described roles in antiviral defense, but its function in limiting viral infections in mammalian cells is less well understood. Here, we examined the role of Ago2 in replication of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19. Microscopic analyses of infected cells revealed that a pool of Ago2 closely associates with viral replication sites and gene ablation studies showed that loss of Ago2 resulted in over 1,000-fold increase in peak viral titers. Replication of the alphacoronavirus 229E was also significantly increased in cells lacking Ago2. The antiviral activity of Ago2 was dependent on both its ability to bind small RNAs and its endonuclease function. Interestingly, in cells lacking Dicer, an upstream component of the RNAi pathway, viral replication was the same as in parental cells. This suggests that the antiviral activity of Ago2 is independent of Dicer processed miRNAs. Deep sequencing of infected cells by other groups identified several SARS-CoV-2-derived small RNAs that bind to Ago2. A mutant virus lacking the most abundant ORF7A-derived viral miRNA was found to be significantly less sensitive to Ago2-mediated restriction. This combined with our findings that endonuclease and small RNA-binding functions of Ago2 are required for its antiviral function, suggests that Ago2-small viral RNA complexes target nascent viral RNA produced at replication sites for cleavage. Further studies are required to elucidate the processing mechanism of the viral small RNAs that are used by Ago2 to limit coronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Lopez-Orozco
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nawell Fayad
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Juveriya Qamar Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Alberto Felix-Lopez
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Megha Rohamare
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Maansi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joyce Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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7
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Mouland AJ, Parent L, Weber SC, Holehouse AS. Virus Induced Membraneless Organelles and Biomolecular Condensates. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168213. [PMID: 37481155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mouland
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Leslie Parent
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Stephanie C Weber
- Departments of Biology and Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, USA.
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8
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Hagan MF, Mohajerani F. Self-assembly coupled to liquid-liquid phase separation. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010652. [PMID: 37186597 PMCID: PMC10212142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid condensate droplets with distinct compositions of proteins and nucleic acids are widespread in biological cells. While it is known that such droplets, or compartments, can regulate irreversible protein aggregation, their effect on reversible self-assembly remains largely unexplored. In this article, we use kinetic theory and solution thermodynamics to investigate the effect of liquid-liquid phase separation on the reversible self-assembly of structures with well-defined sizes and architectures. We find that, when assembling subunits preferentially partition into liquid compartments, robustness against kinetic traps and maximum achievable assembly rates can be significantly increased. In particular, both the range of solution conditions leading to productive assembly and the corresponding assembly rates can increase by orders of magnitude. We analyze the rate equation predictions using simple scaling estimates to identify effects of liquid-liquid phase separation as a function of relevant control parameters. These results may elucidate self-assembly processes that underlie normal cellular functions or pathogenesis, and suggest strategies for designing efficient bottom-up assembly for nanomaterials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Hagan
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Farzaneh Mohajerani
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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Liaisons dangereuses: Intrinsic Disorder in Cellular Proteins Recruited to Viral Infection-Related Biocondensates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032151. [PMID: 36768473 PMCID: PMC9917183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is responsible for the formation of so-called membrane-less organelles (MLOs) that are essential for the spatio-temporal organization of the cell. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or regions (IDRs), either alone or in conjunction with nucleic acids, are involved in the formation of these intracellular condensates. Notably, viruses exploit LLPS at their own benefit to form viral replication compartments. Beyond giving rise to biomolecular condensates, viral proteins are also known to partition into cellular MLOs, thus raising the question as to whether these cellular phase-separating proteins are drivers of LLPS or behave as clients/regulators. Here, we focus on a set of eukaryotic proteins that are either sequestered in viral factories or colocalize with viral proteins within cellular MLOs, with the primary goal of gathering organized, predicted, and experimental information on these proteins, which constitute promising targets for innovative antiviral strategies. Using various computational approaches, we thoroughly investigated their disorder content and inherent propensity to undergo LLPS, along with their biological functions and interactivity networks. Results show that these proteins are on average, though to varying degrees, enriched in disorder, with their propensity for phase separation being correlated, as expected, with their disorder content. A trend, which awaits further validation, tends to emerge whereby the most disordered proteins serve as drivers, while more ordered cellular proteins tend instead to be clients of viral factories. In light of their high disorder content and their annotated LLPS behavior, most proteins in our data set are drivers or co-drivers of molecular condensation, foreshadowing a key role of these cellular proteins in the scaffolding of viral infection-related MLOs.
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10
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Ravindran V, Wagoner J, Athanasiadis P, Den Hartigh AB, Sidorova JM, Ianevski A, Fink SL, Frigessi A, White J, Polyak SJ, Aittokallio T. Discovery of host-directed modulators of virus infection by probing the SARS-CoV-2-host protein-protein interaction network. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbac456. [PMID: 36305426 PMCID: PMC9677461 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need to better understand virus-host interactions. We developed a network-based method that expands the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-host protein interaction network and identifies host targets that modulate viral infection. To disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 interactome, we systematically probed for potent compounds that selectively target the identified host proteins with high expression in cells relevant to COVID-19. We experimentally tested seven chemical inhibitors of the identified host proteins for modulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells that express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Inhibition of the epigenetic regulators bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), along with ubiquitin-specific peptidase (USP10), enhanced SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such proviral effect was observed upon treatment with compounds JQ1, vorinostat, romidepsin and spautin-1, when measured by cytopathic effect and validated by viral RNA assays, suggesting that the host proteins HDAC2, BRD4 and USP10 have antiviral functions. We observed marked differences in antiviral effects across cell lines, which may have consequences for identification of selective modulators of viral infection or potential antiviral therapeutics. While network-based approaches enable systematic identification of host targets and selective compounds that may modulate the SARS-CoV-2 interactome, further developments are warranted to increase their accuracy and cell-context specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Ravindran
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cancer Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Wagoner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paschalis Athanasiadis
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cancer Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas B Den Hartigh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julia M Sidorova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susan L Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arnoldo Frigessi
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Judith White
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cancer Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Kleer M, Mulloy RP, Robinson CA, Evseev D, Bui-Marinos MP, Castle EL, Banerjee A, Mubareka S, Mossman K, Corcoran JA. Human coronaviruses disassemble processing bodies. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010724. [PMID: 35998203 PMCID: PMC9439236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated proinflammatory cytokine response is characteristic of severe coronavirus infections caused by SARS-CoV-2, yet our understanding of the underlying mechanism responsible for this imbalanced immune response remains incomplete. Processing bodies (PBs) are cytoplasmic membraneless ribonucleoprotein granules that control innate immune responses by mediating the constitutive decay or suppression of mRNA transcripts, including many that encode proinflammatory cytokines. PB formation promotes turnover or suppression of cytokine RNAs, whereas PB disassembly corresponds with the increased stability and/or translation of these cytokine RNAs. Many viruses cause PB disassembly, an event that can be viewed as a switch that rapidly relieves cytokine RNA repression and permits the infected cell to respond to viral infection. Prior to this submission, no information was known about how human coronaviruses (CoVs) impacted PBs. Here, we show SARS-CoV-2 and the common cold CoVs, OC43 and 229E, induced PB loss. We screened a SARS-CoV-2 gene library and identified that expression of the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein from SARS-CoV-2 was sufficient to mediate PB disassembly. RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that transcripts encoding TNF and IL-6 localized to PBs in control cells. PB loss correlated with the increased cytoplasmic localization of these transcripts in SARS-CoV-2 N protein-expressing cells. Ectopic expression of the N proteins from five other human coronaviruses (OC43, MERS, 229E, NL63 and SARS-CoV) did not cause significant PB disassembly, suggesting that this feature is unique to SARS-CoV-2 N protein. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2-mediated PB disassembly contributes to the dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production observed during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Kleer
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rory P. Mulloy
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolyn-Ann Robinson
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danyel Evseev
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maxwell P. Bui-Marinos
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth L. Castle
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo; Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, Master University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Corcoran
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Hallacli E, Kayatekin C, Nazeen S, Wang XH, Sheinkopf Z, Sathyakumar S, Sarkar S, Jiang X, Dong X, Di Maio R, Wang W, Keeney MT, Felsky D, Sandoe J, Vahdatshoar A, Udeshi ND, Mani DR, Carr SA, Lindquist S, De Jager PL, Bartel DP, Myers CL, Greenamyre JT, Feany MB, Sunyaev SR, Chung CY, Khurana V. The Parkinson's disease protein alpha-synuclein is a modulator of processing bodies and mRNA stability. Cell 2022; 185:2035-2056.e33. [PMID: 35688132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a conformationally plastic protein that reversibly binds to cellular membranes. It aggregates and is genetically linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we show that αS directly modulates processing bodies (P-bodies), membraneless organelles that function in mRNA turnover and storage. The N terminus of αS, but not other synucleins, dictates mutually exclusive binding either to cellular membranes or to P-bodies in the cytosol. αS associates with multiple decapping proteins in close proximity on the Edc4 scaffold. As αS pathologically accumulates, aberrant interaction with Edc4 occurs at the expense of physiologic decapping-module interactions. mRNA decay kinetics within PD-relevant pathways are correspondingly disrupted in PD patient neurons and brain. Genetic modulation of P-body components alters αS toxicity, and human genetic analysis lends support to the disease-relevance of these interactions. Beyond revealing an unexpected aspect of αS function and pathology, our data highlight the versatility of conformationally plastic proteins with high intrinsic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinc Hallacli
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Can Kayatekin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sumaiya Nazeen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xiou H Wang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zoe Sheinkopf
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shubhangi Sathyakumar
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Jiang
- Yumanity Therapeutics, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Xianjun Dong
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Genomics and Bioinformatics Hub, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew T Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel Felsky
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jackson Sandoe
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aazam Vahdatshoar
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - D R Mani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David P Bartel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chad L Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shamil R Sunyaev
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Vikram Khurana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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13
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Cascarina SM, Ross ED. Phase separation by the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein: Consensus and open questions. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101677. [PMID: 35131265 PMCID: PMC8813722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a number of labs across the world have reallocated their time and resources to better our understanding of the virus. For some viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, viral proteins can undergo phase separation: a biophysical process often related to the partitioning of protein and RNA into membraneless organelles in vivo. In this review, we discuss emerging observations of phase separation by the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein-an essential viral protein required for viral replication-and the possible in vivo functions that have been proposed for N-protein phase separation, including viral replication, viral genomic RNA packaging, and modulation of host-cell response to infection. Additionally, since a relatively large number of studies examining SARS-CoV-2 N-protein phase separation have been published in a short span of time, we take advantage of this situation to compare results from similar experiments across studies. Our evaluation highlights potential strengths and pitfalls of drawing conclusions from a single set of experiments, as well as the value of publishing overlapping scientific observations performed simultaneously by multiple labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Cascarina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric D Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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14
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Burgess HM, Vink EI, Mohr I. Minding the message: tactics controlling RNA decay, modification, and translation in virus-infected cells. Genes Dev 2022; 36:108-132. [PMID: 35193946 PMCID: PMC8887129 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349276.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With their categorical requirement for host ribosomes to translate mRNA, viruses provide a wealth of genetically tractable models to investigate how gene expression is remodeled post-transcriptionally by infection-triggered biological stress. By co-opting and subverting cellular pathways that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation, the global landscape of post-transcriptional processes is swiftly reshaped by virus-encoded factors. Concurrent host cell-intrinsic countermeasures likewise conscript post-transcriptional strategies to mobilize critical innate immune defenses. Here we review strategies and mechanisms that control mRNA decay, modification, and translation in animal virus-infected cells. Besides settling infection outcomes, post-transcriptional gene regulation in virus-infected cells epitomizes fundamental physiological stress responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Burgess
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth I Vink
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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15
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Iadevaia V, Burke JM, Eke L, Moller-Levet C, Parker R, Locker N. Novel stress granules-like structures are induced via a paracrine mechanism during viral infection. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274514. [PMID: 35098996 PMCID: PMC8976915 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To rapidly adapt to stresses such as infections, cells have evolved several mechanisms, which include the activation of stress response pathways and the innate immune response. These stress responses result in the rapid inhibition of translation and condensation of stalled mRNAs with RNA-binding proteins and signalling components into cytoplasmic biocondensates called stress granules (SGs). Increasing evidence suggests that SGs contribute to antiviral defence and thus viruses need to evade these responses to propagate. We previously showed that Feline Calicivirus (FCV) impairs SGs assembly by cleaving the scaffolding protein G3BP1. We also observed that uninfected bystander cells assembled G3BP1-positive granules, suggesting a paracrine response triggered by infection. We now present evidence that virus-free supernatant generated from infected cells can induce the formation of SG-like foci, that we named paracrine granules. They are linked to antiviral activity and exhibit specific kinetics of assembly-disassembly, and protein and RNA composition that are different from canonical SGs. We propose that this paracrine induction reflects a novel cellular defence mechanism to limit viral propagation and promote stress responses in bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Iadevaia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Burke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lucy Eke
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Moller-Levet
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nicolas Locker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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16
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Zhang S, Zeng J, Zhou Y, Gao R, Rice S, Guo X, Liu Y, Feng P, Zhao Z. Simultaneous Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latent and Lytic Transcripts in Brain Tissue. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914211053505. [PMID: 35164537 PMCID: PMC9171132 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211053505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latent infection in humans. Accumulating studies indicate that HSV-1, a risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases, exacerbates the sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The analysis of viral genetic materials via genomic sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the current approach used for the detection of HSV-1; however, this approach is limited because of its difficulty in detecting both latent and lytic phases of the HSV-1 life cycle in infected hosts. RNAscope, a novel in situ RNA hybridization assay, enables visualized detection of multiple RNA targets on tissue sections. Here, we developed a fluorescent multiplex RNAscope assay in combination with immunofluorescence to detect neuronal HSV-1 transcripts in various types of mouse brain samples and human brain tissues. Specifically, the RNA probes were designed to separately recognize two transcripts in the same brain section: (1) the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) and (2) the lytic-associated transcript, the tegument protein gene of the unique long region 37 (UL37). As a result, both LAT and UL37 signals were detectable in neurons in the hippocampus and trigeminal ganglia (TG). The quantifications of HSV-1 transcripts in the TG and CNS neurons are correlated with the viral loads during lytic and latent infection. Collectively, the development of combinational detection of neuronal HSV-1 transcripts in mouse brains can serve as a valuable tool to visualize HSV-1 infection phases in various types of samples from AD patients and facilitate our understanding of the infectious origin of neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyun Gao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Rice
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinying Guo
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Somasekharan SP, Gleave M. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein interacts with immunoregulators and stress granules and phase separates to form liquid droplets. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2872-2896. [PMID: 34780058 PMCID: PMC8652540 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current work investigated SARS‐CoV‐2 Nucleocapsid (NCAP or N protein) interactors in A549 human lung cancer cells using a SILAC‐based mass spectrometry approach. NCAP interactors included proteins of the stress granule (SG) machinery and immunoregulators. NCAP showed specific interaction with the SG proteins G3BP1, G3BP2, YTHDF3, USP10 and PKR, and translocated to SGs following oxidative stress and heat shock. Treatment of recombinant NCAP with RNA isolated from A549 cells exposed to oxidative stress‐stimulated NCAP to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). RNA degradation using RNase A treatment completely blocked the LLPS property of NCAP as well as its SG association. The RNA intercalator mitoxantrone also disrupted NCAP assembly in vitro and in cells. This study provides insight into the biological processes and biophysical properties of the SARS‐CoV‐2 NCAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Prakash Somasekharan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Rao S, Hoskins I, Tonn T, Garcia PD, Ozadam H, Sarinay Cenik E, Cenik C. Genes with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tracts preferentially escape global suppression of translation by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 protein. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:1025-1045. [PMID: 34127534 PMCID: PMC8370740 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078661.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses rely on the host translation machinery to synthesize their own proteins. Consequently, they have evolved varied mechanisms to co-opt host translation for their survival. SARS-CoV-2 relies on a nonstructural protein, Nsp1, for shutting down host translation. However, it is currently unknown how viral proteins and host factors critical for viral replication can escape a global shutdown of host translation. Here, using a novel FACS-based assay called MeTAFlow, we report a dose-dependent reduction in both nascent protein synthesis and mRNA abundance in cells expressing Nsp1. We perform RNA-seq and matched ribosome profiling experiments to identify gene-specific changes both at the mRNA expression and translation levels. We discover that a functionally coherent subset of human genes is preferentially translated in the context of Nsp1 expression. These genes include the translation machinery components, RNA binding proteins, and others important for viral pathogenicity. Importantly, we uncovered a remarkable enrichment of 5' terminal oligo-pyrimidine (TOP) tracts among preferentially translated genes. Using reporter assays, we validated that 5' UTRs from TOP transcripts can drive preferential expression in the presence of Nsp1. Finally, we found that LARP1, a key effector protein in the mTOR pathway, may contribute to preferential translation of TOP transcripts in response to Nsp1 expression. Collectively, our study suggests fine-tuning of host gene expression and translation by Nsp1 despite its global repressive effect on host protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Rao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Ian Hoskins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Tori Tonn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - P Daniela Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hakan Ozadam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Elif Sarinay Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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19
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UPF1: From mRNA Surveillance to Protein Quality Control. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080995. [PMID: 34440199 PMCID: PMC8392595 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective recognition and removal of faulty transcripts and misfolded polypeptides are crucial for cell viability. In eukaryotic cells, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) constitutes an mRNA surveillance pathway for sensing and degrading aberrant transcripts harboring premature termination codons (PTCs). NMD functions also as a post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism by downregulating naturally occurring mRNAs. As NMD is activated only after a ribosome reaches a PTC, PTC-containing mRNAs inevitably produce truncated and potentially misfolded polypeptides as byproducts. To cope with the emergence of misfolded polypeptides, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms such as chaperone-mediated protein refolding, rapid degradation of misfolded polypeptides through the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and sequestration of misfolded polypeptides to the aggresome for autophagy-mediated degradation. In this review, we discuss how UPF1, a key NMD factor, contributes to the selective removal of faulty transcripts via NMD at the molecular level. We then highlight recent advances on UPF1-mediated communication between mRNA surveillance and protein quality control.
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20
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Sergeeva O, Abakumova T, Kurochkin I, Ialchina R, Kosyreva A, Prikazchikova T, Varlamova V, Shcherbinina E, Zatsepin T. Level of Murine DDX3 RNA Helicase Determines Phenotype Changes of Hepatocytes In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136958. [PMID: 34203429 PMCID: PMC8269429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DDX3 RNA helicase is intensively studied as a therapeutic target due to participation in the replication of some viruses and involvement in cancer progression. Here we used transcriptome analysis to estimate the primary response of hepatocytes to different levels of RNAi-mediated knockdown of DDX3 RNA helicase both in vitro and in vivo. We found that a strong reduction of DDX3 protein (>85%) led to similar changes in vitro and in vivo—deregulation of the cell cycle and Wnt and cadherin pathways. Also, we observed the appearance of dead hepatocytes in the healthy liver and a decrease of cell viability in vitro after prolonged treatment. However, more modest downregulation of the DDX3 protein (60–65%) showed discordant results in vitro and in vivo—similar changes in vitro as in the case of strong knockdown and a different phenotype in vivo. These results demonstrate that the level of DDX3 protein can dramatically influence the cell phenotype in vivo and the decrease of DDX3, for more than 85% leads to cell death in normal tissues, which should be taken into account during the drug development of DDX3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergeeva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-926-388-0865
| | - Tatiana Abakumova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Ilia Kurochkin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Renata Ialchina
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Anna Kosyreva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Prikazchikova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Varvara Varlamova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Evgeniya Shcherbinina
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Timofei Zatsepin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.); (I.K.); (R.I.); (T.P.); (V.V.); (E.S.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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21
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Lavalée M, Curdy N, Laurent C, Fournié JJ, Franchini DM. Cancer cell adaptability: turning ribonucleoprotein granules into targets. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:902-915. [PMID: 34144941 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P-bodies) are membraneless cytoplasmic condensates of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). They both regulate RNA fate under physiological and pathological conditions, and are thereby involved in the regulation and maintenance of cellular integrity. During tumorigenesis, cancer cells use these granules to thrive, to adapt to the harsh conditions of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and to protect themselves from anticancer treatments. This ability to provide multiple outcomes not only makes RNP granules promising targets for cancer therapy but also emphasizes the need for more knowledge about the biology of these granules to achieve clinical use. In this review we focus on the role of RNP granules in cancer, and on how their composition and regulation might be used to elaborate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Lavalée
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Curdy
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Laurent
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Département de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Don-Marc Franchini
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France.
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22
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Rao S, Hoskins I, Tonn T, Garcia PD, Ozadam H, Cenik ES, Cenik C. Genes with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tracts preferentially escape global suppression of translation by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.09.13.295493. [PMID: 32995776 PMCID: PMC7523102 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.13.295493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses rely on the host translation machinery to synthesize their own proteins. Consequently, they have evolved varied mechanisms to co-opt host translation for their survival. SARS-CoV-2 relies on a non-structural protein, Nsp1, for shutting down host translation. However, it is currently unknown how viral proteins and host factors critical for viral replication can escape a global shutdown of host translation. Here, using a novel FACS-based assay called MeTAFlow, we report a dose-dependent reduction in both nascent protein synthesis and mRNA abundance in cells expressing Nsp1. We perform RNA-Seq and matched ribosome profiling experiments to identify gene-specific changes both at the mRNA expression and translation level. We discover a functionally-coherent subset of human genes are preferentially translated in the context of Nsp1 expression. These genes include the translation machinery components, RNA binding proteins, and others important for viral pathogenicity. Importantly, we uncovered a remarkable enrichment of 5' terminal oligo-pyrimidine (TOP) tracts among preferentially translated genes. Using reporter assays, we validated that 5' UTRs from TOP transcripts can drive preferential expression in the presence of NSP1. Finally, we found that LARP1, a key effector protein in the mTOR pathway may contribute to preferential translation of TOP transcripts in response to Nsp1 expression. Collectively, our study suggests fine tuning of host gene expression and translation by Nsp1 despite its global repressive effect on host protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Rao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ian Hoskins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tori Tonn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - P. Daniela Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hakan Ozadam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Elif Sarinay Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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23
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Campos-Melo D, Hawley ZCE, Droppelmann CA, Strong MJ. The Integral Role of RNA in Stress Granule Formation and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621779. [PMID: 34095105 PMCID: PMC8173143 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are phase-separated, membraneless, cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assemblies whose primary function is to promote cell survival by condensing translationally stalled mRNAs, ribosomal components, translation initiation factors, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). While the protein composition and the function of proteins in the compartmentalization and the dynamics of assembly and disassembly of SGs has been a matter of study for several years, the role of RNA in these structures had remained largely unknown. RNA species are, however, not passive members of RNA granules in that RNA by itself can form homo and heterotypic interactions with other RNA molecules leading to phase separation and nucleation of RNA granules. RNA can also function as molecular scaffolds recruiting multivalent RBPs and their interactors to form higher-order structures. With the development of SG purification techniques coupled to RNA-seq, the transcriptomic landscape of SGs is becoming increasingly understood, revealing the enormous potential of RNA to guide the assembly and disassembly of these transient organelles. SGs are not only formed under acute stress conditions but also in response to different diseases such as viral infections, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Importantly, these granules are increasingly being recognized as potential precursors of pathological aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we examine the current evidence in support of RNA playing a significant role in the formation of SGs and explore the concept of SGs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Campos-Melo
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary C E Hawley
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cristian A Droppelmann
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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24
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Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Carriquí-Madroñal B, Gerold G. Proximity labeling approaches to study protein complexes during virus infection. Adv Virus Res 2021; 109:63-104. [PMID: 33934830 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular compartmentalization of proteins and protein complex formation allow cells to tightly control biological processes. Therefore, understanding the subcellular localization and interactions of a specific protein is crucial to uncover its biological function. The advent of proximity labeling (PL) has reshaped cellular proteomics in infection biology. PL utilizes a genetically modified enzyme that generates a "labeling cloud" by covalently labeling proteins in close proximity to the enzyme. Fusion of a PL enzyme to a specific antibody or a "bait" protein of interest in combination with affinity enrichment mass spectrometry (AE-MS) enables the isolation and identification of the cellular proximity proteome, or proxisome. This powerful methodology has been paramount for the mapping of membrane or membraneless organelles as well as for the understanding of hard-to-purify protein complexes, such as those of transmembrane proteins. Unsurprisingly, more and more infection biology research groups have recognized the potential of PL for the identification of host-pathogen interactions. In this chapter, we introduce the enzymes commonly used for PL labeling as well as recent promising advancements and summarize the major achievements in organelle mapping and nucleic acid PL. Moreover, we comprehensively describe the research on host-pathogen interactions using PL, giving special attention to studies in the field of virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Zapatero-Belinchón
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Belén Carriquí-Madroñal
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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25
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Chang J, Hwang HJ, Kim B, Choi YG, Park J, Park Y, Lee BS, Park H, Yoon MJ, Woo JS, Kim C, Park MS, Lee JB, Kim YK. TRIM28 functions as a negative regulator of aggresome formation. Autophagy 2021; 17:4231-4248. [PMID: 33783327 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective recognition and elimination of misfolded polypeptides are crucial for protein homeostasis. When the ubiquitin-proteasome system is impaired, misfolded polypeptides tend to form small cytosolic aggregates and are transported to the aggresome and eventually eliminated by the autophagy pathway. Despite the importance of this process, the regulation of aggresome formation remains poorly understood. Here, we identify TRIM28/TIF1β/KAP1 (tripartite motif containing 28) as a negative regulator of aggresome formation. Direct interaction between TRIM28 and CTIF (cap binding complex dependent translation initiation factor) leads to inefficient aggresomal targeting of misfolded polypeptides. We also find that either treatment of cells with poly I:C or infection of the cells by influenza A viruses triggers the phosphorylation of TRIM28 at S473 in a way that depends on double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. The phosphorylation promotes association of TRIM28 with CTIF, inhibits aggresome formation, and consequently suppresses viral proliferation. Collectively, our data provide compelling evidence that TRIM28 is a negative regulator of aggresome formation.AbbreviationsBAG3: BCL2-associated athanogene 3; CTIF: CBC-dependent translation initiation factor; CED: CTIF-EEF1A1-DCTN1; DCTN1: dynactin subunit 1; EEF1A1: eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1; EIF2AK2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; IAV: influenza A virus; IP: immunoprecipitation; PLA: proximity ligation assay; polypeptidyl-puro: polypeptidyl-puromycin; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse-transcription PCR; siRNA: small interfering RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyoon Chang
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Hwang
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungju Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Gil Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joori Park
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonkyoung Park
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ban Seok Lee
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heedo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Yoon
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Woo
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bong Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Li Q, Liu N, Liu Q, Zheng X, Lu L, Gao W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Q, Pan J, Chen C, Mi Y, Yang M, Cheng X, Ren G, Yuan YW, Zhang X. DEAD-box helicases modulate dicing body formation in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabc6266. [PMID: 33910901 PMCID: PMC8081359 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous membraneless organelles that are made from liquid droplets of proteins and nucleic acids and that provide spatiotemporal control of various cellular processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and rapid stress-induced alterations of these organelles are relatively uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the roles of DEAD-box helicases in the formation and alteration of membraneless nuclear dicing bodies (D-bodies) in Arabidopsis thaliana We uncovered that RNA helicase 6 (RH6), RH8, and RH12 are previously unidentified D-body components. These helicases interact with and promote the phase separation of SERRATE, a key component of D-bodies, and drive the formation of D-bodies through liquid-liquid phase separations (LLPSs). The accumulation of these helicases in the nuclei decreases upon Turnip mosaic virus infections, which couples with the decrease of D-bodies. Our results thus reveal the key roles of RH6, RH8, and RH12 in modulating D-body formation via LLPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ningkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingguo Zheng
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenrui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingjie Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guodong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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27
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Onomoto K, Onoguchi K, Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:539-555. [PMID: 33462384 PMCID: PMC7812568 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the human genome, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, which contain N-terminal caspase recruitment domains, are activated upon the detection of viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Activated RLRs induce downstream signaling via their interactions with mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins and activate the production of type I and III interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shown that RLR-mediated signaling is regulated by interactions with endogenous RNAs and host proteins, such as those involved in stress responses and posttranslational modifications. Since RLR-mediated cytokine production is also involved in the regulation of acquired immunity, the deregulation of RLR-mediated signaling is associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Moreover, RLR-mediated signaling might be involved in the aberrant cytokine production observed in coronavirus disease 2019. Since the discovery of RLRs in 2004, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the activation and regulation of RLR-mediated signaling pathways. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of regulated RNA recognition and signal activation by RLRs, focusing on the interactions between various host and viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Onoguchi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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28
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Gaete-Argel A, Velásquez F, Márquez CL, Rojas-Araya B, Bueno-Nieto C, Marín-Rojas J, Cuevas-Zúñiga M, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F. Tellurite Promotes Stress Granules and Nuclear SG-Like Assembly in Response to Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622057. [PMID: 33681200 PMCID: PMC7928414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tellurium oxyanion, tellurite (TeO3–2), is a highly toxic compound for many organisms. Its presence in the environment has increased over the past years due to industrial manufacturing processes and has been associated with adverse effects on human health. Although tellurite induces the phosphorylation of eIF2α, DNA damage and oxidative stress, the molecular mechanisms related to the cellular responses to tellurite-induced stress are poorly understood. In this work, we evaluated the ability of tellurite to induce phosphorylation of eIF2α, stress granules (SGs) assembly and their relationship with DNA damage in U2OS cells. We demonstrate that tellurite promotes the assembly of bona fide cytoplasmic SGs. Unexpectedly, tellurite also induces the assembly of nuclear SGs. Interestingly, we observed that the presence of tellurite-induced nuclear SGs correlates with γH2AX foci. However, although H2O2 also induce DNA damage, no nuclear SGs were observed. Our data show that tellurite promotes the assembly of cytoplasmic and nuclear SGs in response to oxidative stress and DNA damage, revealing a new aspect of cellular stress response mediated by the assembly of nuclear stress granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Velásquez
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chantal L Márquez
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Rojas-Araya
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Bueno-Nieto
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josefina Marín-Rojas
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Cuevas-Zúñiga
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Reuper H, Amari K, Krenz B. Analyzing the G3BP-like gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana in early turnip mosaic virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2187. [PMID: 33500425 PMCID: PMC7838295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes several genes that are known or predicted to participate in the formation of stress granules (SG). One family of genes encodes for Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein (G3BP)-like proteins. Seven genes were identified, of which one of the members was already shown to interact with plant virus proteins in a previous study. A phylogenetic and tissue-specific expression analysis, including laser-dissected phloem, by qRT-PCRs was performed and the sub-cellular localization of individual AtG3BP::EYFP fluorescent fusion proteins expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells was observed. Individual AtG3BP-protein interactions in planta were studied using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation approach in combination with confocal imaging in living cells. In addition, the early and late induction of G3BP-like expression upon Turnip mosaic virus infection was investigated by RNAseq and qRT-PCR. The results showed a high divergence of transcription frequency in the different plant tissues, promiscuous protein-protein interaction within the G3BP-like gene family, and a general induction by a viral infection with TuMV in A. thaliana. The information gained from these studies leads to a better understanding of stress granules, in particular their molecular mode of action in the plant and their role in plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Reuper
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Khalid Amari
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Björn Krenz
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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30
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Kanakamani S, Suresh PS, Venkatesh T. Regulation of processing bodies: From viruses to cancer epigenetic machinery. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:708-719. [PMID: 33325125 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Processing bodies (PBs) are 100-300 nm cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein particle (mRNP) granules that regulate eukaryotic gene expression. These cytoplasmic compartments harbor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and several proteins involved in mRNA decay, microRNA silencing, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and splicing. Though membrane-less, PB structures are maintained by RNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. PB proteins have intrinsically disordered regions and low complexity domains, which account for its liquid to liquid phase separation. In addition to being dynamic and actively involved in the exchange of materials with other mRNPs and organelles, they undergo changes on various cellular cues and environmental stresses, including viral infections. Interestingly, several PB proteins are individually implicated in cancer development, and no study has addressed the effects on PB dynamics after epigenetic modifications of cancer-associated PB genes. In the current review, we summarize modulations undergone by P bodies or P body components upon viral infections. Furthermore, we discuss the selective and widely investigated PB proteins that undergo methylation changes in cancer and their potential as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmathy Kanakamani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, India
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, India
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Velásquez F, Marín-Rojas J, Soto-Rifo R, Torres A, Del Canto F, Valiente-Echeverría F. Escherichia coli HS and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Hinder Stress Granule Assembly. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010017. [PMID: 33374562 PMCID: PMC7822485 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli, one of the most abundant bacterial species in the human gut microbiota, has developed a mutualistic relationship with its host, regulating immunological responses. In contrast, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), one of the main etiologic agents of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five in developing countries, has developed mechanisms to reduce the immune-activator effect to carry out a successful infection. Following infection, the host cell initiates the shutting-off of protein synthesis and stress granule (SG) assembly. This is mostly mediated by the phosphorylation of translation initiator factor 2α (eIF2α). We therefore evaluated the ability of a non-pathogenic E. coli strain (E. coli HS) and an ETEC strain (ETEC 1766a) to induce stress granule assembly, even in response to exogenous stresses. In this work, we found that infection with E. coli HS or ETEC 1766a prevents SG assembly in Caco-2 cells treated with sodium arsenite (Ars) after infection. We also show that this effect occurs through an eIF2α phosphorylation (eIF2α-P)-dependent mechanism. Understanding how bacteria counters host stress responses will lay the groundwork for new therapeutic strategies to bolster host cell immune defenses against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Velásquez
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (F.V.); (J.M.-R.); (R.S.-R.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Josefina Marín-Rojas
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (F.V.); (J.M.-R.); (R.S.-R.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (F.V.); (J.M.-R.); (R.S.-R.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexia Torres
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (A.T.); (F.D.C.)
| | - Felipe Del Canto
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (A.T.); (F.D.C.)
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (F.V.); (J.M.-R.); (R.S.-R.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Ma J, Su C, Hu S, Chen Y, Shu Y, Yue D, Zhang B, Qi Z, Li S, Wang X, Kuang Y, Cheng P. The Effect of Residual Triton X-100 on Structural Stability and Infection Activity of Adenovirus Particles. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:35-46. [PMID: 32995358 PMCID: PMC7490641 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the high purity and biological activity of the adenovirus vector to be used for clinical applications, a stable and linearly scalable preparation method is highly imperative. During the adenovirus-harvesting process, the Triton X-100-based lysis method possesses the advantages of higher efficiency as well as easier linearization and amplification. Most Triton X-100 can be removed from the adenovirus sample by chromatographic purification. However, there is no report that a small amount of residual Triton X-100, present in adenovirus sample, can affect the particle integrity, infectivity, and structure of adenoviruses. Here, we found that although residual Triton X-100 affected the short-term stability, purity, infectivity, and structure of adenoviruses at 37°C, it did not hamper these properties of adenoviruses at 4°C. This study suggests that although the Triton X-100-based lysis method is a simple, efficient, and easy-to-scale process for lysing host cells to release the adenovirus, the storage conditions of adenovirus products must be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Shichuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yongheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Dan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhongbing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Suli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yueting Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Corresponding author: Ping Cheng, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People’s South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Winnard PT, Vesuna F, Raman V. Targeting host DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X for treating viral infections. Antiviral Res 2020; 185:104994. [PMID: 33301755 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DDX3X or DDX3, a member of the DEAD (asp, glu, ala, asp) box RNA helicase family of proteins, is a multifunctional protein, which is usurped by several viruses and is vital to their production. To date, 18 species of virus from 12 genera have been demonstrated to be dependent on DDX3 for virulence. In addition, DDX3 has been shown to function within 7 of 10 subcellular regions that are involved in the metabolism of viruses. As such, due to its direct interaction with viral components across most or all stages of viral life cycles, DDX3 can be considered an excellent host target for pan-antiviral drug therapy and has been reported to be a possible broad-spectrum antiviral target. Along these lines, it has been demonstrated that treatment of virally infected cells with small molecule inhibitors of DDX3 blunts virion productions. On the other hand, DDX3 bolsters an innate immune response and viruses have evolved capacities to sequester or block DDX3, which dampens an innate immune response. Thus, enhancing DDX3 production or co-targeting direct viral products that interfere with DDX3's modulation of innate immunity would also diminish virion production. Here we review the evidence that supports the hypothesis that modulating DDX3's agonistic and antagonistic functions during viral infections could have an important impact on safely and efficiently subduing a broad-spectrum of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Winnard
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, USA
| | - Farhad Vesuna
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, USA
| | - Venu Raman
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Sirpilla O, Bauss J, Gupta R, Underwood A, Qutob D, Freeland T, Bupp C, Carcillo J, Hartog N, Rajasekaran S, Prokop JW. SARS-CoV-2-Encoded Proteome and Human Genetics: From Interaction-Based to Ribosomal Biology Impact on Disease and Risk Processes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4275-4290. [PMID: 32686937 PMCID: PMC7418564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has infected millions of people worldwide, with lethality in hundreds of thousands. The rapid publication of information, both regarding the clinical course and the viral biology, has yielded incredible knowledge of the virus. In this review, we address the insights gained for the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, which we have integrated into the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database, a publicly available resource. Integrating evolutionary, structural, and interaction data with human proteins, we present how the SARS-CoV-2 proteome interacts with human disorders and risk factors ranging from cytokine storm, hyperferritinemic septic, coagulopathic, cardiac, immune, and rare disease-based genetics. The most noteworthy human genetic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is that of the nucleocapsid protein, where it is known to contribute to the inhibition of the biological process known as nonsense-mediated decay. This inhibition has the potential to not only regulate about 10% of all biological transcripts through altered ribosomal biology but also associate with viral-induced genetics, where suppressed human variants are activated to drive dominant, negative outcomes within cells. As we understand more of the dynamic and complex biological pathways that the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 utilizes for entry into cells, for replication, and for release from human cells, we can understand more risk factors for severe/lethal outcomes in patients and novel pharmaceutical interventions that may mitigate future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sirpilla
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Jacob Bauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Ruchir Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Adam Underwood
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Dinah Qutob
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Tom Freeland
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Caleb Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Spectrum Health Medical
Genetics, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Joseph Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine
and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh,
University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15421,
United States
| | - Nicholas Hartog
- Allergy & Immunology,
Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Pediatric Intensive Care
Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital,
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
- Office of Research,
Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Cui BC, Sikirzhytski V, Aksenova M, Lucius MD, Levon GH, Mack ZT, Pollack C, Odhiambo D, Broude E, Lizarraga SB, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Pharmacological inhibition of DEAD-Box RNA Helicase 3 attenuates stress granule assembly. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114280. [PMID: 33049245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are non-membranous cytosolic protein-RNA aggregates that process mRNAs through stalled translation initiation in response to cellular stressors and in disease. DEAD-Box RNA helicase 3 (DDX3) is an active target of drug development for the treatment of viral infections, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. DDX3 plays a critical role in RNA metabolism, including SGs, but the role of DDX3 enzymatic activity in SG dynamics is not well understood. Here, we address this question by determining the effects of DDX3 inhibition on the dynamics of SG assembly and disassembly. We use two small molecule inhibitors of DDX3, RK33 and 16D, with distinct inhibitory mechanisms that target DDX3's ATPase activity and RNA helicase site, respectively. We find that both DDX3 inhibitors reduce the assembly of SGs, with a more pronounced reduction from RK-33. In contrast, both compounds only marginally affect the disassembly of SGs. RNA-mediated knockdown of DDX3 caused a similar reduction in SG assembly and minimal effect on SG disassembly. Collectively, these results reveal that the enzymatic activity of DDX3 is required for the assembly of SGs and pharmacological inhibition of DDX3 could be relevant for the treatment of SG-dependent pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Matthew D Lucius
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Gabrielle H Levon
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Zachary T Mack
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charlotte Pollack
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sofia B Lizarraga
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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InsP 7 is a small-molecule regulator of NUDT3-mediated mRNA decapping and processing-body dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19245-19253. [PMID: 32727897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922284117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of enzymatic 5' decapping of messenger RNA (mRNA), which normally commits transcripts to their destruction, has the capacity to dynamically reshape the transcriptome. For example, protection from 5' decapping promotes accumulation of mRNAs into processing (P) bodies-membraneless, biomolecular condensates. Such compartmentalization of mRNAs temporarily removes them from the translatable pool; these repressed transcripts are stabilized and stored until P-body dissolution permits transcript reentry into the cytosol. Here, we describe regulation of mRNA stability and P-body dynamics by the inositol pyrophosphate signaling molecule 5-InsP7 (5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate). First, we demonstrate 5-InsP7 inhibits decapping by recombinant NUDT3 (Nudix [nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X]-type hydrolase 3) in vitro. Next, in intact HEK293 and HCT116 cells, we monitored the stability of a cadre of NUDT3 mRNA substrates following CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of PPIP5Ks (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate 5-kinases type 1 and 2, i.e., PPIP5K KO), which elevates cellular 5-InsP7 levels by two- to threefold (i.e., within the physiological rheostatic range). The PPIP5K KO cells exhibited elevated levels of NUDT3 mRNA substrates and increased P-body abundance. Pharmacological and genetic attenuation of 5-InsP7 synthesis in the KO background reverted both NUDT3 mRNA substrate levels and P-body counts to those of wild-type cells. Furthermore, liposomal delivery of a metabolically resistant 5-InsP7 analog into wild-type cells elevated levels of NUDT3 mRNA substrates and raised P-body abundance. In the context that cellular 5-InsP7 levels normally fluctuate in response to changes in the bioenergetic environment, regulation of mRNA structure by this inositol pyrophosphate represents an epitranscriptomic control process. The associated impact on P-body dynamics has relevance to regulation of stem cell differentiation, stress responses, and, potentially, amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases and aging.
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Cascarina SM, Ross ED. A proposed role for the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in the formation and regulation of biomolecular condensates. FASEB J 2020; 34:9832-9842. [PMID: 32562316 PMCID: PMC7323129 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, the recently discovered SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has afflicted >6.9 million people worldwide and disrupted the global economy. Development of effective vaccines or treatments for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection will be aided by a molecular‐level understanding of SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins and their interactions with host cell proteins. The SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is highly homologous to the N protein of SARS‐CoV, which is essential for viral RNA replication and packaging into new virions. Emerging models indicate that nucleocapsid proteins of other viruses can form biomolecular condensates to spatiotemporally regulate N protein localization and function. Our bioinformatic analyses, in combination with pre‐existing experimental evidence, suggest that the SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein is capable of forming or regulating biomolecular condensates in vivo by interaction with RNA and key host cell proteins. We discuss multiple models, whereby the N protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 may harness this activity to regulate viral life cycle and host cell response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Cascarina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Kowalik MM, Trzonkowski P, Łasińska-Kowara M, Mital A, Smiatacz T, Jaguszewski M. COVID-19 - Toward a comprehensive understanding of the disease. Cardiol J 2020; 27:99-114. [PMID: 32378729 PMCID: PMC8016030 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2020.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence on the pathophysiology of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection is rapidly growing. Understanding why some patients suffering from COVID-19 are getting so sick, while others are not, has become an informal imperative for researchers and clinicians around the globe. The answer to this question would allow rationalizing the fear surrounding this pandemic. Understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 relies on an understanding of interplaying mechanisms, including SARS-CoV-2 virulence, human immune response, and complex inflammatory reactions with coagulation playing a major role. An interplay with bacterial co-infections, as well as the vascular system and microcirculation affected throughout the body should also be examined. More importantly, a compre-hensive understanding of pathological mechanisms of COVID-19 will increase the efficacy of therapy and decrease mortality. Herewith, presented is the current state of knowledge on COVID-19: beginning from the virus, its transmission, and mechanisms of entry into the human body, through the pathological effects on the cellular level, up to immunological reaction, systemic and organ presentation. Last but not least, currently available and possible future therapeutic and diagnostic options are briefly commented on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Kowalik
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-209 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łasińska-Kowara
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mital
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Jaguszewski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, University Catheterization Laboratories, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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Oyarzún-Arrau A, Alonso-Palomares L, Valiente-Echeverría F, Osorio F, Soto-Rifo R. Crosstalk between RNA Metabolism and Cellular Stress Responses during Zika Virus Replication. Pathogens 2020; 9:E158. [PMID: 32106582 PMCID: PMC7157488 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus associated with neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. In humans, ZIKV is able to replicate in cell types from different tissues including placental cells, neurons, and microglia. This intricate virus-cell interaction is accompanied by virally induced changes in the infected cell aimed to promote viral replication as well as cellular responses aimed to counteract or tolerate the virus. Early in the infection, the 11-kb positive-sense RNA genome recruit ribosomes in the cytoplasm and the complex is translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for viral protein synthesis. In this process, ZIKV replication is known to induce cellular stress, which triggers both the expression of innate immune genes and the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), shutting-off host protein synthesis. Remodeling of the ER during ZIKV replication also triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which induces changes in the cellular transcriptional landscapes aimed to tolerate infection or trigger apoptosis. Alternatively, ZIKV replication induces changes in the adenosine methylation patterns of specific host mRNAs, which have different consequences in viral replication and cellular fate. In addition, the ZIKV RNA genome undergoes adenosine methylation by the host machinery, which results in the inhibition of viral replication. However, despite these relevant findings, the full scope of these processes to the outcome of infection remains poorly elucidated. This review summarizes relevant aspects of the complex crosstalk between RNA metabolism and cellular stress responses against ZIKV and discusses their possible impact on viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
| | - Luis Alonso-Palomares
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Fabiola Osorio
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.O.-A.); (L.A.-P.); (F.V.-E.)
- HIV/AIDS Workgroup, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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