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Contini M, Beguelini MR, Ruiz T, Taboga SR, Rafacho A. Comparative study of endocrine pancreatic tissue in bats: Assessing variations among frugivorous, insectivorous, and nectarivorous diets. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102413. [PMID: 38772274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Whether the endocrine pancreas exhibits structural features to couple with dietary patterns is not fully explored. Considering the lack of data comparing endocrine pancreas and islet cell distribution among different bat species in the same study, we considered this an opportunity to explore the topic, including five species within three different predominant diets. For this, we applied morphometric techniques to compare the islets of frugivorous Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata, insectivorous Molossus molossus and Myotis nigricans, and nectarivorous Glossophaga soricina bats. Data for islet size, cellularity, and mass were equivalent between frugivorous A. lituratus and nectarivorous G. soricina, which differed from insectivorous bats. The frugivorous C. perspicillata bat exhibited morphometric islet values between A. lituratus and the insectivorous species. A. lituratus and G. soricina but not C. perspicillata bats had higher islet mass than insectivorous species due to larger size, instead of a higher number of islets per area. Insectivorous bats, on the other hand, had a higher proportion of α-cells per islet. These differences in the endocrine pancreas across species with different eating habits indicate the occurrence of species-specific adjustments along the years of evolution, with the demand for α-cells higher in bats with higher protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Contini
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicentric Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - M R Beguelini
- Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia - UFOB, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tfr Ruiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S R Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicentric Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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2
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de Amaral M, Von Dentz MC, David SM, Kucharski LC. Gluconeogenesis in frogs during cooling and dehydration exposure: new insights into tissue plasticity of the gluconeogenic pathway dependent on abiotic factors. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247259. [PMID: 38774939 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Anurans undergo significant physiological changes when exposed to environmental stressors such as low temperatures and humidity. Energy metabolism and substrate management play a crucial role in their survival success. Therefore, understanding the role of the gluconeogenic pathway and demonstrating its existence in amphibians is essential. In this study, we exposed the subtropical frog Boana pulchella to cooling (-2.5°C for 24 h) and dehydration conditions (40% of body water loss), followed by recovery (24 h), and assessed gluconeogenesis activity from alanine, lactate, glycerol and glutamine in the liver, muscle and kidney. We report for the first time that gluconeogenesis activity by 14C-alanine and 14C-lactate conversion to glucose occurs in the muscle tissue of frogs, and this tissue activity is influenced by environmental conditions. Against the control group, liver gluconeogenesis from 14C-lactate and 14C-glycerol was lower during cooling and recovery (P<0.01), and gluconeogenesis from 14C-glutamine in the kidneys was also lower during cooling (P<0.05). In dehydration exposure, gluconeogenesis from 14C-lactate in the liver was lower during recovery, and that from 14C-alanine in the muscle was lower during dehydration (P<0.05). Moreover, we observed that gluconeogenesis activity and substrate preference respond differently to cold and dehydration. These findings highlight tissue-specific plasticity dependent on the nature of the encountered stressor, offering valuable insights for future studies exploring this plasticity, elucidating the importance of the gluconeogenic pathway and characterizing it in anuran physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjoriane de Amaral
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, 90035003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maiza Cristina Von Dentz
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, 90035003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Suyllieme Machado David
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, 90035003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kucharski
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, 90035003 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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3
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Park W, Seo H, Kim J, Hong YM, Song H, Joo BJ, Kim S, Kim E, Yae CG, Kim J, Jin J, Kim J, Lee YH, Kim J, Kim HK, Park JU. In-depth correlation analysis between tear glucose and blood glucose using a wireless smart contact lens. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2828. [PMID: 38565532 PMCID: PMC10987615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tears have emerged as a promising alternative to blood for diagnosing diabetes. Despite increasing attempts to measure tear glucose using smart contact lenses, the controversy surrounding the correlation between tear glucose and blood glucose still limits the clinical usage of tears. Herein, we present an in-depth investigation of the correlation between tear glucose and blood glucose using a wireless and soft smart contact lens for continuous monitoring of tear glucose. This smart contact lens is capable of quantitatively monitoring the tear glucose levels in basal tears excluding the effect of reflex tears which might weaken the relationship with blood glucose. Furthermore, this smart contact lens can provide an unprecedented level of continuous tear glucose data acquisition at sub-minute intervals. These advantages allow the precise estimation of lag time, enabling the establishment of the concept called 'personalized lag time'. This demonstration considers individual differences and is successfully applied to both non-diabetic and diabetic humans, as well as in animal models, resulting in a high correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunkyu Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jun Joo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Enji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Che-Gyem Yae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Division Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare (IIDH), Severance Hospital, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Contini M, Cruz GD, Althoff SF, Freitas MB, Taboga SR, Rafacho A. Heterogeneity in the preferential diet of neotropical bats impacts the pancreatic islet mass and α and β cell distribution. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 348:114449. [PMID: 38216095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Whether there is a relationship between bats' dietary patterns and evolutionary endocrine pancreas adaptation is not clearly understood. Aiming to contribute to this topic, we evaluated some metabolic and structural parameters in the following adult bats: the frugivorous Artibeus lituratus, the nectarivorous Anoura caudifer, the hematophagous Desmodus rotundus, and the insectivorous Molossus molossus. A. lituratus and A. caudifer diets consist of high amounts of simple carbohydrates, while D. rotundus and M. molossus diets consist of high amounts of proteins or protein and fat, respectively. In our results, A. lituratus and A. caudifer bats exhibited the highest values of relative islet mass (%), islet density (number of islets per pancreas area), and the lowest values of intestinal length among the four species. When adjusted by the body mass (mg/g of body mass), both D. rotundus and A. caudifer bats exhibited the highest islet mass values among the groups. Blood glucose was similar between A. lituratus, D. rotundus, and M. molossus, with the lowest values for the A. caudifer bats. M. molossus bats had the highest plasma cholesterol values among the studied species but exhibited similar plasma triacylglycerol with D. rotundus and A. caudifer bats. β- and α-cell distribution within A. lituratus, A. caudifer, and M. molossus islets achieved an approximate average value of ∼ 66% and ∼ 28%, respectively, a pattern inverted in D. rotundus islets (53% of α cells and 40% of β cells). A. caudifer and D. rotundus exhibited the highest and the lowest β/α-cells ratio per islet, respectively. We conclude that the macronutrient predominance in each bat-eating niche correlates with the morphophysiological pancreas features being the nectarivorous A. caudifer the species with the highest islet mass per body mass and β/α-cells ratio, while the hematophagous D. rotundus showed the highest α-cells apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Contini
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - G D Cruz
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - S F Althoff
- Biodiversity Graduate Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - M B Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S R Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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5
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Ang T, Mason SA, Dao GM, Bruce CR, Kowalski GM. The impact of a single dose of whey protein on glucose flux and metabolite profiles in normoglycemic males: insights into glucagon and insulin biology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E688-E699. [PMID: 37877796 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00182.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates euglycemic glucagon and insulin secretion, a response that is particularly robust with rapidly absorbing proteins. Previously, we have shown that ingestion of repeated doses of rapidly absorbing whey protein equally stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal (Rd), thus explaining the preservation of euglycemia. Here, we aimed to determine if a smaller single dose of whey could elicit a large enough glucagon and insulin response to stimulate glucose flux. Therefore, in normoglycemic young adult males (n = 10; age ∼26; BMI ∼25), using [6,6-2H2] glucose tracing and quantitative targeted metabolite profiling, we determined the metabolic response to a single 25 g "standard" dose of whey protein. Whey protein ingestion did not alter glycemia, but increased circulating glucagon (peak 4-fold basal), insulin (peak 6-fold basal), amino acids, and urea while also reducing free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol concentrations. Interestingly, the postprandial insulin response was driven by both a stimulation of insulin secretion and marked reduction in hepatic insulin clearance. Whey protein ingestion resulted in a modest stimulation of EGP and Rd, both peaking at ∼20% above baseline 1 h after protein ingestion. These findings demonstrate that the ingestion of a single standard serving of whey protein can induce a euglycemic glucagon and insulin response that stimulates glucose flux. We speculate on a theory that could potentially explain how glucagon and insulin synergistically provide hardwired control of nitrogen and glucose homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates glucagon and insulin secretion. Here we show that in normoglycemic males, ingestion of a single "standard" 25 g serving of rapidly absorbing whey protein drives a sufficiently large glucagon and insulin response, such that it simultaneously increases endogenous glucose production and glucose disposal. We speculate on a novel theory that could potentially explain how the antagonistic/synergistic actions of glucagon and insulin simultaneously provide tight control of glucose and nitrogen homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giang M Dao
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Granata M, Mosini A, Piana M, Zambuto F, Capelli E, Balestrieri A. Nutritional ecology of martens (
Martes foina
and
Martes martes
) in the western Italian Alps. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Granata
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Andrea Mosini
- Valgrande Società Cooperativa‐Studi Verbania Possaccio Italy
| | - Manuel Piana
- Valgrande Società Cooperativa‐Studi Verbania Possaccio Italy
| | - Francesco Zambuto
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Enrica Capelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Alessandro Balestrieri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
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Chae Y, Yun T, Koo Y, Lee D, Kim H, Yang MP, Kang BT. Characteristics of Physiological 18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Uptake and Comparison Between Cats and Dogs With Positron Emission Tomography. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:708237. [PMID: 34722693 PMCID: PMC8548631 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.708237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the physiological 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) uptake in cats using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and determine its characteristics by comparing physiological differences with dogs. Seven healthy cats and six healthy beagle dogs were examined using FDG-PET/CT. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn over 41 detailed structures of 5 gross structures (brain, head and neck, musculoskeleton, thorax, and abdomen). The mean and maximum standard uptake values (SUVmean and SUVmax) were calculated for each ROI. Physiological variation was classified as having increased radiopharmaceutical activity with no evidence of abnormal clinical or radiological findings. The brain had the highest SUV, which was observed in the cerebellum of both cats (SUVmean: 4.90 ± 1.04, SUVmax: 6.04 ± 1.24) and dogs (SUVmean: 3.15 ± 0.57, SUVmax: 3.90 ± 0.74). Cats had a significantly higher intracranial uptake than dogs did (P < 0.01). In the digestive system, the SUVs of the duodenum and jejunum were significantly higher in dogs than in cats (P < 0.05). FDG uptake of the submandibular tip, tonsils, neck of the gallbladder, and caudal colliculus were physiologically increased in cats. This study demonstrates physiological FDG uptake in normal tissues, and the differences between cats and dogs were interpreted based on species-specificity. This information contributes to improving the accurate diagnosis of cancer in cats and will aid in understanding glucose metabolism in both cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
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8
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Treaster S, Daane JM, Harris MP. Refining Convergent Rate Analysis with Topology in Mammalian Longevity and Marine Transitions. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:5190-5203. [PMID: 34324001 PMCID: PMC8557430 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to map the genetic foundations of phenotypes has been empowered by the modern diversity, quality, and availability of genomic resources. Despite these expanding resources, the abundance of variation within lineages makes it challenging to associate genetic change to specific phenotypes, without an a priori means of isolating the changes from background genomic variation. Evolution provides this means through convergence-i.e., the shared variation that may result from replicate evolutionary experiments across independent trait occurrences. To leverage these opportunities, we developed TRACCER: Topologically Ranked Analysis of Convergence via Comparative Evolutionary Rates. Compared to current methods, this software empowers rate convergence analysis by factoring in topological relationships, because genetic variation between phylogenetically proximate trait changes is more likely to be facilitating the trait. Comparisons are performed not with singular branches, but with the complete paths to the most recent common ancestor for each pair of lineages. This ensures that comparisons represent a single context diverging over the same timeframe while obviating the problematic requirement of assigning ancestral states. We applied TRACCER to two case studies: mammalian transitions to marine environments, an unambiguous collection of traits which have independently evolved three times; and the evolution of mammalian longevity, a less delineated trait but with more instances to compare. By factoring in topology, TRACCER identifies highly significant, convergent genetic signals, with important incongruities and statistical resolution when compared to existing approaches. These improvements in sensitivity and specificity of convergence analysis generates refined targets for downstream validation and identification of genotype-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Treaster
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02124, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02124, USA
| | - Jacob M Daane
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02124, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02124, USA.,Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02124, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02124, USA
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9
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Che D, Nyingwa PS, Ralinala KM, Maswanganye GMT, Wu G. Amino Acids in the Nutrition, Metabolism, and Health of Domestic Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:217-231. [PMID: 33770409 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Domestic cats (carnivores) require high amounts of dietary amino acids (AAs) for normal growth, development, and reproduction. Amino acids had been traditionally categorised as nutritionally essential (EAAs) or nonessential (NEAAs), depending on whether they are synthesized de novo in the body. This review will focus on AA nutrition and metabolism in cats. Like other mammals, cats do not synthesize the carbon skeletons of twelve proteinogenic AAs: Arg, Cys, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val. Like other feline carnivores but unlike many mammals, cats do not synthesize citrulline and have a very limited ability to produce taurine from Cys. Except for Leu and Lys that are strictly ketogenic AAs, most EAAs are both glucogenic and ketogenic AAs. All the EAAs (including taurine) must be provided in diets for cats. These animals are sensitive to dietary deficiencies of Arg and taurine, which rapidly result in life-threatening hyperammonemia and retinal damage, respectively. Although the National Research Council (NCR, Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006) does not recommend dietary requirements of cats for NEAAs, much attention should be directed to this critical issue of nutrition. Cats can synthesize de novo eight proteinogenic AAs: Ala, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Gly, Pro, and Ser, as well as some nonproteinogenic AAs, such as γ-aminobutyrate, ornithine, and β-alanine with important physiological functions. Some of these AAs (e.g., Gln, Glu, Pro, and Gly) are crucial for intestinal integrity and health. Except for Gln, AAs in the arterial blood of cats may not be available to the mucosa of the small intestine. Plant-source foodstuffs lack taurine and generally contain inadequate Met and Cys and, therefore, should not be fed to cats in any age group. Besides meat, animal-source foodstuffs (including ruminant meat & bone meal, poultry by-product meal, porcine mucosal protein, and chicken visceral digest) are good sources of proteinogenic AAs and taurine for cats. Meeting dietary requirements for both EAAs and NEAAs in proper amounts and balances is crucial for improving the health, wellbeing, longevity, and reproduction of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Pakama S Nyingwa
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Khakhathi M Ralinala
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gwen M T Maswanganye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, and Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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10
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Ben-Dor M, Sirtoli R, Barkai R. The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175 Suppl 72:27-56. [PMID: 33675083 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human trophic level (HTL) during the Pleistocene and its degree of variability serve, explicitly or tacitly, as the basis of many explanations for human evolution, behavior, and culture. Previous attempts to reconstruct the HTL have relied heavily on an analogy with recent hunter-gatherer groups' diets. In addition to technological differences, recent findings of substantial ecological differences between the Pleistocene and the Anthropocene cast doubt regarding that analogy's validity. Surprisingly little systematic evolution-guided evidence served to reconstruct HTL. Here, we reconstruct the HTL during the Pleistocene by reviewing evidence for the impact of the HTL on the biological, ecological, and behavioral systems derived from various existing studies. We adapt a paleobiological and paleoecological approach, including evidence from human physiology and genetics, archaeology, paleontology, and zoology, and identified 25 sources of evidence in total. The evidence shows that the trophic level of the Homo lineage that most probably led to modern humans evolved from a low base to a high, carnivorous position during the Pleistocene, beginning with Homo habilis and peaking in Homo erectus. A reversal of that trend appears in the Upper Paleolithic, strengthening in the Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic and Neolithic, and culminating with the advent of agriculture. We conclude that it is possible to reach a credible reconstruction of the HTL without relying on a simple analogy with recent hunter-gatherers' diets. The memory of an adaptation to a trophic level that is embedded in modern humans' biology in the form of genetics, metabolism, and morphology is a fruitful line of investigation of past HTLs, whose potential we have only started to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ben-Dor
- Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ran Barkai
- Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Herring CM, Bazer FW, Wu G. Amino Acid Nutrition for Optimum Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health of Zoo Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:233-253. [PMID: 33770410 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are large polymers of amino acids (AAs) linked via peptide bonds, and major components for the growth and development of tissues in zoo animals (including mammals, birds, and fish). The proteinogenic AAs are alanine, arginine, aspartate, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. Except for glycine, they are all present in the L-isoform. Some carnivores may also need taurine (a nonproteinogenic AA) in their diet. Adequate dietary intakes of AAs are necessary for the growth, development, reproduction, health and longevity of zoo animals. Extensive research has established dietary nutrient requirements for humans, domestic livestock and companion animals. However, this is not true for many exotic or endangered species found in zoos due to the obstacles that accompany working with these species. Information on diets and nutrient profiles of free-ranging animals is needed. Even with adequate dietary intake of crude protein, dietary AAs may still be unbalanced, which can lead to nutrition-related diseases and disorders commonly observed in captive zoo species, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, urolithiasis, gut dysbiosis, and hormonal imbalances. There are differences in AA metabolism among carnivores, herbivores and omnivores. It is imperative to consider these idiosyncrasies when formulating diets based on established nutritional requirements of domestic species. With optimal health, populations of zoo animals will have a vastly greater chance of thriving in captivity. For endangered species especially, maintaining stable captive populations is crucial for conservation. Thus, adequate provision of AAs in diets plays a crucial role in the management, sustainability and expansion of healthy zoo animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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12
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Convergent Cortistatin losses parallel modifications in circadian rhythmicity and energy homeostasis in Cetacea and other mammalian lineages. Genomics 2020; 113:1064-1070. [PMID: 33157262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ancestors of Cetacea underwent profound morpho-physiological alterations. By displaying an exclusive aquatic existence, cetaceans evolved unique patterns of locomotor activity, vigilant behaviour, thermoregulation and circadian rhythmicity. Deciphering the molecular landscape governing many of these adaptations is key to understand the evolution of phenotypes. Here, we investigate Cortistatin (CORT), a neuropeptide displaying an important role in mammalian biorhythm regulation. This neuropeptide is a known neuroendocrine factor, stimulating slow-wave sleep, but also involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and hypomotility inducement. We assessed the functional status of CORT in 359 mammalian genomes (25 orders), including 30 species of Cetacea. Our findings indicate that cetaceans and other mammals with atypical biorhythms, thermal constraints and/or energy metabolism, have accumulated deleterious mutations in CORT. In light of the pleiotropic action of this neuropeptide, we suggest that this inactivation contributed to a plethora of phenotypic adjustments to accommodate adaptive solutions to specific ecological niches.
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Insights into Body Size Evolution: A Comparative Transcriptome Study on Three Species of Asian Sisoridae Catfish. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040944. [PMID: 30795590 PMCID: PMC6412271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is one of the most important attributes of a species, but the basic question of why and how each species reaches a different "right size" is still largely unknown. Herein, three phylogenetically closely related catfishes from Sisoridae, including one extraordinarily large-sized Bagarius yarrelli and two average-sized Glyptothorax macromaculatus and Oreoglanis setiger, were comparatively studied using RNA-Seq. Approximately 17,000 protein-coding genes were annotated for each of the three fishes, and 9509 genes were identified as high-confidence orthologous gene pairs. Comparative expressions uncovered a similar functional cluster about ribosome biogenesis was enriched in different tissues of the upregulated genes of Bagarius yarrelli. Moreover, differentially expressed genes and positively selected genes revealed that the glycolysis/pyruvate metabolism and cell cycle pathways have also greatly enhanced in this large-sized species. In total, 20 size-related candidate genes (including two growth modulators: the serine/threonine-protein kinases 3 (AKT3) and adaptor protein 1 (SH2B1), and a crucial pyruvate kinase (PKM2A)) were identified by multiplying comparative analyses along with gene functional screening, which would play major roles in enabling the large body size associated with Bagarius yarrelli and provide new insights into body size evolution. In conjunction with field observations and morphological comparisons, we hypothesize that habitat preferences promote size divergence of sisorids.
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Hecker N, Sharma V, Hiller M. Convergent gene losses illuminate metabolic and physiological changes in herbivores and carnivores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3036-3041. [PMID: 30718421 PMCID: PMC6386725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818504116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The repeated evolution of dietary specialization represents a hallmark of mammalian ecology. To detect genomic changes that are associated with dietary adaptations, we performed a systematic screen for convergent gene losses associated with an obligate herbivorous or carnivorous diet in 31 placental mammals. For herbivores, our screen discovered the repeated loss of the triglyceride lipase inhibitor PNLIPRP1, suggesting enhanced triglyceride digestion efficiency. Furthermore, several herbivores lost the pancreatic exocytosis factor SYCN, providing an explanation for continuous pancreatic zymogen secretion in these species. For carnivores, we discovered the repeated loss of the hormone-receptor pair INSL5-RXFP4 that regulates appetite and glucose homeostasis, which likely relates to irregular feeding patterns and constant gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, reflecting the reduced need to metabolize plant-derived xenobiotics, several carnivores lost the xenobiotic receptors NR1I3 and NR1I2 Finally, the carnivore-associated loss of the gastrointestinal host defense gene NOX1 could be related to a reduced gut microbiome diversity. By revealing convergent gene losses associated with differences in dietary composition, feeding patterns, and gut microbiomes, our study contributes to understanding how similar dietary specializations evolved repeatedly in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Virag Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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The interplay between voluntary food intake, dietary carbohydrate-lipid ratio and nutrient metabolism in an amphibian, (Xenopus laevis). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208445. [PMID: 30532132 PMCID: PMC6286023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion of food and metabolism of frogs are little studied at the moment, and such processes could be very particular in the case of amphibians, given their ectothermic and carnivorous nature which may lead them to use nutrients through specific biochemical pathways. In the present study, 24 adult Xenopus laevis (six replicates with two frogs per treatment) were randomly assigned to two diets with different carbohydrate:fat ratio (4.5:1 and 2.1:1), changing the dietary glucogenic and lipogenic proportions. Food intake (FI) per unit metabolic body weight (MBW) as well as macronutrient digestibility were calculated, and circulating blood acylcarnitines and amino acids measured, in order to evaluate the effect of the diet treatments. Results demonstrated that food intake regulated most of the changes in the parameters evaluated; significant differences were obtained in crude protein and fat digestibilities through the effect of FI/MBW (p<0.05), whereas diet treatment had a significant effect on the levels of malonyl-CoA. Food intake also significantly impacted malonyl, isovaleryl, hydroxyisovaleryl and long chain fatty acid concentrations; significant (p<0.05) interactions between those metabolites were detected owing to diet. The findings obtained suggest that food intake was the main factor controlling digestion and metabolism in X. laevis, with frogs preferring to utilise protein and fat as primary sources for energy production in the citric acid cycle, reflecting characteristics of a strict carnivore physiological model.
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Morton KA, Hargreaves L, Mortazavi S, Weber LP, Blanco AM, Unniappan S. Tissue-specific expression and circulating concentrations of nesfatin-1 in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:56-66. [PMID: 29909240 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is a naturally occurring 82-amino acid protein encoded in the precursor nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) and has been implicated in multiple physiological functions, including food intake and blood glucose regulation. This study aimed to characterize nesfatin-1 in domestic species, especially cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and pigs (Sus scrofa). Our in silico analysis demonstrated that the NUCB2/nesfatin-1 amino acid sequence, especially the bioactive core region of the peptide, is very highly conserved (more than 90% identity) in domestic animals. Expression of mRNAs encoding NUCB2/nesfatin-1 was detected in the cat, dog, and pig stomach and pancreas. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of nesfatin-1 in the gastric mucosa of the stomach of dogs, cats, and pigs, and in the pancreatic islet β-cells of dogs and pigs. No nesfatin-1 immunoreactivity was found in the cat pancreas. Nesfatin-1 was detected in the serum of dog, cat, pig, bison, cow, horse, sheep, and chicken. Circulating nesfatin-1 in male and female dogs remained unchanged at 60 min after glucose administration, suggesting a lack of meal responsiveness in nesfatin-1 secretion in this species. The presence of nesfatin-1 in the gastric and endocrine pancreatic tissues suggests possible roles for this peptide in the metabolism of domestic animals. Future research should focus on elucidating the species-specific functions and mechanisms of action of nesfatin-1 in health and disease of domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Morton
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - L Hargreaves
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - S Mortazavi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - L P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - A M Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - S Unniappan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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17
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Endo Y, Kamei KI, Inoue-Murayama M. Genetic signatures of lipid metabolism evolution in Cetacea since the divergence from terrestrial ancestor. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1655-1665. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken-ichiro Kamei
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Miho Inoue-Murayama
- Wildlife Research Center; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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18
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Tappy L. Fructose-containing caloric sweeteners as a cause of obesity and metabolic disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29514881 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.164202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Compared with other carbohydrates, fructose-containing caloric sweeteners (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, pure fructose and fructose-glucose mixtures) are characterized by: a sweet taste generally associated with a positive hedonic tone; specific intestinal fructose transporters, i.e. GLUT5; a two-step fructose metabolism, consisting of the conversion of fructose carbones into ubiquitous energy substrates in splanchnic organs where fructolytic enzymes are expressed, and secondary delivery of these substrates to extrasplanchnic tissues. Fructose is a dispensable nutrient, yet its energy can be stored very efficiently owing to a rapid induction of intestinal fructose transporters and of splanchnic fructolytic and lipogenic enzymes by dietary fructose-containing caloric sweeteners. In addition, compared with fat or other dietary carbohydrates, fructose may be favored as an energy store because it uses different intestinal absorption mechanisms and different inter-organ trafficking pathways. These specific features make fructose an advantageous energy substrate in wild animals, mainly when consumed before periods of scarcity or high energy turnover such as migrations. These properties of fructose storage are also advantageous to humans who are involved in strenuous sport activities. In subjects with low physical activity, however, these same features of fructose metabolism may have the harmful effect of favoring energy overconsumption. Furthermore, a continuous exposure to high fructose intake associated with a low energy turnover leads to a chronic overproduction of intrahepatic trioses-phosphate production, which is secondarily responsible for the development of hepatic insulin resistance, intrahepatic fat accumulation, and increased blood triglyceride concentrations. In the long term, these effects may contribute to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Tappy
- Physiology Department, University of Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Rodriguez-Diaz R, Molano RD, Weitz JR, Abdulreda MH, Berman DM, Leibiger B, Leibiger IB, Kenyon NS, Ricordi C, Pileggi A, Caicedo A, Berggren PO. Paracrine Interactions within the Pancreatic Islet Determine the Glycemic Set Point. Cell Metab 2018; 27. [PMID: 29514065 PMCID: PMC5872154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Every animal species has a signature blood glucose level or glycemic set point. These set points are different, and the normal glycemic levels (normoglycemia) of one species would be life threatening for other species. Mouse normoglycemia can be considered diabetic for humans. The biological determinants of the glycemic set point remain unclear. Here we show that the pancreatic islet imposes its glycemic set point on the organism, making it the bona fide glucostat in the body. Moreover, and in contrast to rodent islets, glucagon input from the alpha cell to the insulin-secreting beta cell is necessary to fine-tune the distinctive human set point. These findings affect transplantation and regenerative approaches to treat diabetes because restoring normoglycemia may require more than replacing only the beta cells. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies using glucagon receptor antagonists as hypoglycemic agents need to be reassessed, as they may reset the overall glucostat in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayner Rodriguez-Diaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10(th) Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
| | - R Damaris Molano
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jonathan R Weitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10(th) Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Midhat H Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dora M Berman
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Barbara Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Norma S Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Antonello Pileggi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10(th) Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes Consortium, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Abstract
Nutrient-sensing mechanisms have emerged as the fringe articulating nutritional needs with dietary choices. Carbohydrate, amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and water-sensing receptors are highly conserved across mammals and birds, consisting of a repertoire of 22 genes known to date. In contrast, bitter receptors are highly divergent and have a high incidence of polymorphisms within and between mammals and birds and are involved in the adaptation of species to specific environments. In addition, the expression of nutrient-sensing genes outside the oral cavity seems to mediate the required decision-making dialogue between the gut and the brain by translating exogenous chemical stimuli into neuronal inputs, and vice versa, to translate the endogenous signals relevant to the nutritional status into specific appetites and the control of feed intake. The relevance of these sensors in nondigestive systems has uncovered fascinating potential as pharmacological targets relevant to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon R. Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Verbrugghe A, Hesta M. Cats and Carbohydrates: The Carnivore Fantasy? Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040055. [PMID: 29140289 PMCID: PMC5753635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat’s wild ancestors are obligate carnivores that consume prey containing only minimal amounts of carbohydrates. Evolutionary events adapted the cat’s metabolism and physiology to this diet strictly composed of animal tissues and led to unique digestive and metabolic peculiarities of carbohydrate metabolism. The domestic cat still closely resembles its wild ancestor. Although the carnivore connection of domestic cats is well recognised, little is known about the precise nutrient profile to which the digestive physiology and metabolism of the cat have adapted throughout evolution. Moreover, studies show that domestic cats balance macronutrient intake by selecting low-carbohydrate foods. The fact that cats evolved consuming low-carbohydrate prey has led to speculations that high-carbohydrate diets could be detrimental for a cat’s health. More specifically, it has been suggested that excess carbohydrates could lead to feline obesity and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the chances for remission of diabetes mellitus are higher in cats that consume a low-carbohydrate diet. This literature review will summarise current carbohydrate knowledge pertaining to digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, food selection and macronutrient balancing in healthy, obese and diabetic cats, as well as the role of carbohydrates in prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph N1G 2W1 ON, Canada.
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
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Prat V, Rozec B, Gauthier C, Lauzier B. Human heart failure with preserved ejection versus feline cardiomyopathy: what can we learn from both veterinary and human medicine? Heart Fail Rev 2017; 22:783-794. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bennett KA, Turner LM, Millward S, Moss SEW, Hall AJ. Obtaining accurate glucose measurements from wild animals under field conditions: comparing a hand held glucometer with a standard laboratory technique in grey seals. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox013. [PMID: 28413683 PMCID: PMC5386009 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is an important metabolic fuel and circulating levels are tightly regulated in most mammals, but can drop when body fuel reserves become critically low. Glucose is mobilized rapidly from liver and muscle during stress in response to increased circulating cortisol. Blood glucose levels can thus be of value in conservation as an indicator of nutritional status and may be a useful, rapid assessment marker for acute or chronic stress. However, seals show unusual glucose regulation: circulating levels are high and insulin sensitivity is limited. Accurate blood glucose measurement is therefore vital to enable meaningful health and physiological assessments in captive, wild or rehabilitated seals and to explore its utility as a marker of conservation relevance in these animals. Point-of-care devices are simple, portable, relatively cheap and use less blood compared with traditional sampling approaches, making them useful in conservation-related monitoring. We investigated the accuracy of a hand-held glucometer for 'instant' field measurement of blood glucose, compared with blood drawing followed by laboratory testing, in wild grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), a species used as an indicator for Good Environmental Status in European waters. The glucometer showed high precision, but low accuracy, relative to laboratory measurements, and was least accurate at extreme values. It did not provide a reliable alternative to plasma analysis. Poor correlation between methods may be due to suboptimal field conditions, greater and more variable haematocrit, faster erythrocyte settling rate and/or lipaemia in seals. Glucometers must therefore be rigorously tested before use in new species and demographic groups. Sampling, processing and glucose determination methods have major implications for conclusions regarding glucose regulation, and health assessment in seals generally, which is important in species of conservation concern and in development of circulating glucose as a marker of stress or nutritional state for use in management and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. Bennett
- Division of Science, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Abertay University, DundeeDD1 1HG, UK
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PlymouthPL4 8AA, UK
| | - Lucy M. Turner
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PlymouthPL4 8AA, UK
| | - Sebastian Millward
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PlymouthPL4 8AA, UK
| | - Simon E. W. Moss
- NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, FifeKY16 8LB, UK
| | - Ailsa J. Hall
- NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, FifeKY16 8LB, UK
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Physiological handling of dietary fructose-containing sugars: implications for health. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40 Suppl 1:S6-11. [PMID: 27001645 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fructose has always been present in our diet, but its consumption has increased markedly over the past 200 years. This is mainly due to consumption of sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup in industrial foods and beverages. Unlike glucose, fructose cannot be directly used as an energy source by all cells of the human body and needs first to be converted into glucose, lactate or fatty acids in the liver, intestine and kidney. Because of this specific two-step metabolism, some energy is consumed in splanchnic organs to convert fructose into other substrates, resulting in a lower net energy efficiency of fructose compared with glucose. A high intake of fructose-containing sugars is associated with body weight gain in large cohort studies, and fructose can certainly contribute to energy imbalance leading to obesity. Whether fructose-containing foods promote obesity more than other energy-dense foods remains controversial, however. A short-term (days-weeks) high-fructose intake is not associated with an increased fasting glycemia nor to an impaired insulin-mediated glucose transport in healthy subjects. It, however, increases hepatic glucose production, basal and postprandial blood triglyceride concentrations and intrahepatic fat content. Whether these metabolic alterations are early markers of metabolic dysfunction or merely adaptations to the specific two-step fructose metabolism remain unknown.
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25
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Kim S, Cho YS, Kim HM, Chung O, Kim H, Jho S, Seomun H, Kim J, Bang WY, Kim C, An J, Bae CH, Bhak Y, Jeon S, Yoon H, Kim Y, Jun J, Lee H, Cho S, Uphyrkina O, Kostyria A, Goodrich J, Miquelle D, Roelke M, Lewis J, Yurchenko A, Bankevich A, Cho J, Lee S, Edwards JS, Weber JA, Cook J, Kim S, Lee H, Manica A, Lee I, O'Brien SJ, Bhak J, Yeo JH. Comparison of carnivore, omnivore, and herbivore mammalian genomes with a new leopard assembly. Genome Biol 2016; 17:211. [PMID: 27802837 PMCID: PMC5090899 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are three main dietary groups in mammals: carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores. Currently, there is limited comparative genomics insight into the evolution of dietary specializations in mammals. Due to recent advances in sequencing technologies, we were able to perform in-depth whole genome analyses of representatives of these three dietary groups. RESULTS We investigated the evolution of carnivory by comparing 18 representative genomes from across Mammalia with carnivorous, omnivorous, and herbivorous dietary specializations, focusing on Felidae (domestic cat, tiger, lion, cheetah, and leopard), Hominidae, and Bovidae genomes. We generated a new high-quality leopard genome assembly, as well as two wild Amur leopard whole genomes. In addition to a clear contraction in gene families for starch and sucrose metabolism, the carnivore genomes showed evidence of shared evolutionary adaptations in genes associated with diet, muscle strength, agility, and other traits responsible for successful hunting and meat consumption. Additionally, an analysis of highly conserved regions at the family level revealed molecular signatures of dietary adaptation in each of Felidae, Hominidae, and Bovidae. However, unlike carnivores, omnivores and herbivores showed fewer shared adaptive signatures, indicating that carnivores are under strong selective pressure related to diet. Finally, felids showed recent reductions in genetic diversity associated with decreased population sizes, which may be due to the inflexible nature of their strict diet, highlighting their vulnerability and critical conservation status. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a large-scale family level comparative genomic analysis to address genomic changes associated with dietary specialization. Our genomic analyses also provide useful resources for diet-related genetic and health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonok Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sung Cho
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Min Kim
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Oksung Chung
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- Geromics, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoong Jho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seomun
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Cheongju Zoo, Cheongju, 28311, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Bang
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmu Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwa An
- Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Bae
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjune Bhak
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejun Yoon
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - JeHoon Jun
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea.,Geromics, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeJin Lee
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea.,Geromics, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Suan Cho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea.,Geromics, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga Uphyrkina
- Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Aleksey Kostyria
- Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | | | - Dale Miquelle
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA.,Department of Ecology, Far Eastern Federal University, Ayaks, Russki Island, Vladivostok, 690950, Russia
| | - Melody Roelke
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Program, Leídos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - John Lewis
- International Zoo Veterinary Group (UK) IZVG LLP, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, BD21 4NQ, UK
| | - Andrey Yurchenko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199004, Russia
| | - Anton Bankevich
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute for Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Juok Cho
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Semin Lee
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy S Edwards
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jessica A Weber
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jo Cook
- Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics & Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Lee
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Ilbeum Lee
- Daejeon O-World, Daejeon, 35073, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199004, Russia. .,Oceanographic Center 8000 N. Ocean Drive, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, 33004, USA.
| | - Jong Bhak
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea. .,Geromics, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Hong Yeo
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
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Bou M, Todorčević M, Torgersen J, Škugor S, Navarro I, Ruyter B. De novo lipogenesis in Atlantic salmon adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dai W, Panserat S, Kaushik S, Terrier F, Plagnes-Juan E, Seiliez I, Skiba-Cassy S. Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis is more responsive to protein than carbohydrate in rainbow trout during acute stimulations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R74-86. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00281.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The link between dietary carbohydrate/protein and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) remains debatable in carnivorous fish. We aimed to evaluate and compare the response of hepatic lipogenic gene expression to dietary carbohydrate intake/glucose and dietary protein intake/amino acids (AAs) during acute stimulations using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. For the in vivo trial, three different diets and a controlled-feeding method were employed to supply fixed amount of dietary protein or carbohydrate in a single meal; for the in vitro trial, primary hepatocytes were stimulated with a low or high level of glucose (3 mM or 20 mM) and a low or high level of AAs (one-fold or four-fold concentrated AAs). In vitro data showed that a high level of AAs upregulated the expression of enzymes involved in DNL [fatty acid synthase (FAS) and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)], lipid bioconversion [elongation of very long chain fatty acids like-5 (Elovl5), Elovl2, Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase (D6D) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)], NADPH production [glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme (ME)], and transcriptional factor sterol regulatory element binding protein 1-like, while a high level of glucose only elevated the expression of ME. Data in trout liver also showed that high dietary protein intake induced higher lipogenic gene expression (FAS, ACLY, and Elovl2) regardless of dietary carbohydrate intake, while high carbohydrate intake markedly suppressed the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Elovl5. Overall, we conclude that, unlike rodents or humans, hepatic fatty acid biosynthetic gene expression in rainbow trout is more responsive to dietary protein intake/AAs than dietary carbohydrate intake/glucose during acute stimulations. This discrepancy probably represents one important physiological and metabolic difference between carnivores and omnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dai
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1067 Nutrition Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD 918, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1067 Nutrition Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD 918, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sadasivam Kaushik
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1067 Nutrition Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD 918, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Frédéric Terrier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1067 Nutrition Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD 918, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Elisabeth Plagnes-Juan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1067 Nutrition Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD 918, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Iban Seiliez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1067 Nutrition Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD 918, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1067 Nutrition Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD 918, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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29
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Marandel L, Seiliez I, Véron V, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S. New insights into the nutritional regulation of gluconeogenesis in carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a gene duplication trail. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:253-63. [PMID: 25901068 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is considered to be a strictly carnivorous fish species that is metabolically adapted for high catabolism of proteins and low utilization of dietary carbohydrates. This species consequently has a "glucose-intolerant" phenotype manifested by persistent hyperglycemia when fed a high-carbohydrate diet. Gluconeogenesis in adult fish is also poorly, if ever, regulated by carbohydrates, suggesting that this metabolic pathway is involved in this specific phenotype. In this study, we hypothesized that the fate of duplicated genes after the salmonid-specific 4th whole genome duplication (Ss4R) may have led to adaptive innovation and that their study might provide new elements to enhance our understanding of gluconeogenesis and poor dietary carbohydrate use in this species. Our evolutionary analysis of gluconeogenic genes revealed that pck1, pck2, fbp1a, and g6pca were retained as singletons after Ss4r, while g6pcb1, g6pcb2, and fbp1b ohnolog pairs were maintained. For all genes, duplication may have led to sub- or neofunctionalization. Expression profiles suggest that the gluconeogenesis pathway remained active in trout fed a no-carbohydrate diet. When trout were fed a high-carbohydrate diet (30%), most of the gluconeogenic genes were non- or downregulated, except for g6pbc2 ohnologs, whose RNA levels were surprisingly increased. This study demonstrates that Ss4R in trout involved adaptive innovation via gene duplication and via the outcome of the resulting ohnologs. Indeed, maintenance of ohnologous g6pcb2 pair may contribute in a significant way to the glucose-intolerant phenotype of trout and may partially explain its poor use of dietary carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marandel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Iban Seiliez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Vincent Véron
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture Unit (UR1067), Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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30
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Kohl KD, Coogan SCP, Raubenheimer D. Do wild carnivores forage for prey or for nutrients? Bioessays 2015; 37:701-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Kohl
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Sean C. P. Coogan
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Faculty of Veterinary Science and School of Biological Sciences; Charles Perkins Centre; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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31
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Venn-Watson S. Dolphins and diabetes: applying one health for breakthrough discoveries. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:227. [PMID: 25566195 PMCID: PMC4273662 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Venn-Watson
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- *Correspondence:
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