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Panganiban RA, Nadeau KC, Lu Q. Pyroptosis, gasdermins and allergic diseases. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39003568 DOI: 10.1111/all.16236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that is distinct from necrosis and apoptosis. Pyroptosis is primarily mediated by the gasdermin family of proteins (GSDMA-E and PVJK), which, when activated by proteolytic cleavage, form pores in the plasma membrane, leading to cell death. While much of the past research on pyroptosis has focused on its role in cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases, recent experimental and observational studies have begun to implicate pyroptosis in allergic diseases. These studies suggest that gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis contributes to the development of allergic conditions and could offer novel targets for therapy. Here, we review our current understanding of pyroptosis with an emphasis on the role of gasdermins as executioners of pyroptosis and potential mediators to allergic disease. We highlight new discoveries that establish a mechanistic link between the biochemical actions of gasdermins and the onset of allergic diseases. Additionally, we discuss how pyroptosis and gasdermins might contribute to the dysfunction of epithelial barrier, a key factor believed to initiate the progression of various allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Allan Panganiban
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Quan Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Kim HJ, Jang J, Na K, Lee EH, Gu HJ, Lim YH, Joo SA, Baek SE, Roh JY, Maeng HJ, Kim YH, Lee YJ, Oh BC, Jung Y. TLR7-dependent eosinophil degranulation links psoriatic skin inflammation to small intestinal inflammatory changes in mice. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1164-1177. [PMID: 38689088 PMCID: PMC11148187 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the context of psoriasis and the increased cooccurrence of inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis suggest a close relationship between skin and gut immune responses. Using a mouse model of psoriasis induced by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 ligand imiquimod, we found that psoriatic dermatitis was accompanied by inflammatory changes in the small intestine associated with eosinophil degranulation, which impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Inflammatory responses in the skin and small intestine were increased in mice prone to eosinophil degranulation. Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells were treated with media containing eosinophil granule proteins and exhibited signs of inflammation and damage. Imiquimod-induced skin and intestinal changes were attenuated in eosinophil-deficient mice, and this attenuation was counteracted by the transfer of eosinophils. Imiquimod levels and the distribution of eosinophils were positively correlated in the intestine. TLR7-deficient mice did not exhibit intestinal eosinophil degranulation but did exhibit attenuated inflammation in the skin and small intestine following imiquimod administration. These results suggest that TLR7-dependent bidirectional skin-to-gut communication occurs in psoriatic inflammation and that inflammatory changes in the intestine can accelerate psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Joo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Jinsun Jang
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Kunhee Na
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Eun-Hui Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jung Gu
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Lim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Seul-A Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
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3
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Chen Y, Liu H, Sun Y. Effect of acute inflammatory reaction induced by biopsy on tumor microenvironment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:177. [PMID: 38578317 PMCID: PMC10997701 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
When it comes to the diagnosis of solid tumors, biopsy is always the gold standard. However, traumatic and inflammatory stimuli are so closely related to tumor initiation and development that the acute inflammatory response induced by biopsy can give rise to changes in the tumor microenvironment, including recruitment of immunosuppressive cells (M2 macrophages, Treg cells, Tumor-associated neutrophils) and secretion of inflammation-associated cytokines, to create immunosuppressive conditions that enable the increase of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral circulation and promote the metastatic spread of tumors after surgery. In this review, we discuss dynamic changes and inhibitory characteristics of biopsy on tumor microenvironment. By investigating its mechanism of action and summarizing the current therapeutic strategies for biopsy-induced tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, the future of using biopsy-induced inflammation to improve the therapeutic effects and prognosis of patients is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hualian Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yadong Sun
- Department of General Practice, Unit 94587 of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lianyungang, China
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4
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Zhang S, Wang Z. An Emerging Role of Extracellular Traps in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:675-688. [PMID: 37934391 PMCID: PMC10739460 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complicated, heterogeneous disease likely caused by inflammatory and infectious factors. There is clear evidence that innate immune cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, play a significant role in CRS. Multiple immune cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, have been shown to release chromatin and granular proteins into the extracellular space in response to triggering extracellular traps (ETs). The formation of ETs remains controversial due to their critical function during pathogen clearance while being associated with harmful inflammatory illnesses. This article summarizes recent research on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) and their possible significance in the pathophysiology of CRS. RECENT FINDINGS A novel type of programmed cell death called ETosis, which releases ETs, has been proposed by recent study. Significantly more NETs are presented in nasal polyps, and its granule proteins LL-37 induce NETs production in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients. Similar to NETs, developed in the tissue of nasal polyps, primarily in subepithelial regions with epithelial barrier defects, and are associated with linked to elevated tissue levels of IL-5 and S. aureus colonization. This article provides a comprehensive overview of NETs and EETs, as well as an in-depth understanding of the functions of these ETs in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Bernstein ZJ, Shenoy A, Chen A, Heller NM, Spangler JB. Engineering the IL-4/IL-13 axis for targeted immune modulation. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:29-57. [PMID: 37283511 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The structurally and functionally related interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 cytokines play pivotal roles in shaping immune activity. The IL-4/IL-13 axis is best known for its critical role in T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated Type 2 inflammation, which protects the host from large multicellular pathogens, such as parasitic helminth worms, and regulates immune responses to allergens. In addition, IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as non-hematopoietic cells, to coordinate various functions, including immune regulation, antibody production, and fibrosis. Due to its importance for a broad spectrum of physiological activities, the IL-4/IL-13 network has been targeted through a variety of molecular engineering and synthetic biology approaches to modulate immune behavior and develop novel therapeutics. Here, we review ongoing efforts to manipulate the IL-4/IL-13 axis, including cytokine engineering strategies, formulation of fusion proteins, antagonist development, cell engineering approaches, and biosensor design. We discuss how these strategies have been employed to dissect IL-4 and IL-13 pathways, as well as to discover new immunotherapies targeting allergy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Looking ahead, emerging bioengineering tools promise to continue advancing fundamental understanding of IL-4/IL-13 biology and enabling researchers to exploit these insights to develop effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anjali Shenoy
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Siddiqui S, Bachert C, Bjermer L, Buchheit KM, Castro M, Qin Y, Rupani H, Sagara H, Howarth P, Taillé C. Eosinophils and tissue remodeling: Relevance to airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:841-857. [PMID: 37343842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability of human tissue to reorganize and restore its existing structure underlies tissue homeostasis in the healthy airways, but in disease can persist without normal resolution, leading to an altered airway structure. Eosinophils play a cardinal role in airway remodeling both in health and disease, driving epithelial homeostasis and extracellular matrix turnover. Physiological consequences associated with eosinophil-driven remodeling include impaired lung function and reduced bronchodilator reversibility in asthma, and obstructed airflow in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Given the contribution of airway remodeling to the development and persistence of symptoms in airways disease, targeting remodeling is an important therapeutic consideration. Indeed, there is early evidence that eosinophil attenuation may reduce remodeling and disease progression in asthma. This review provides an overview of tissue remodeling in both health and airway disease with a particular focus on eosinophilic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, as well as the role of eosinophils in these processes and the implications for therapeutic interventions. Areas for future research are also noted, to help improve our understanding of the homeostatic and pathological roles of eosinophils in tissue remodeling, which should aid the development of targeted and effective treatments for eosinophilic diseases of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Siddiqui
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Claus Bachert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany; First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China; Division of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine, and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Buchheit
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, NC
| | - Yimin Qin
- Global Medical Affairs, Global Specialty and Primary Care, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Hitasha Rupani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hironori Sagara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University, School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Howarth
- Global Medical, Global Specialty and Primary Care, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Taillé
- Pneumology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1152, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
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7
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Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph N, Ltaief SM, Nour-Eldine W, Ponraj J, Agcaoili J, Mansour S, Al-Shammari AR. An optimized protocol for the preparation of blood immune cells for transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2023; 173:103517. [PMID: 37556900 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful technique that enables visualization of structural details inside cells. Prior to TEM imaging, biological samples must undergo several preparation steps that are optimized according to the sample type. Currently, there are limited protocols for the preparation of blood samples for TEM imaging. Here, we provide a detailed step-by-step method for preparing blood samples for TEM imaging. This protocol enables robust visualization of the ultrastructures of blood immune cells. In addition, we describe the typical cellular features that can be used to distinguish between different immune cells in the blood, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. This protocol is useful for studying ultrastructural changes in blood immune cells under various physiological and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samia M Ltaief
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wared Nour-Eldine
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - John Agcaoili
- Core Labs, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Mansour
- Core Labs, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abeer R Al-Shammari
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
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Shen K, Zhang M, Zhao R, Li Y, Li C, Hou X, Sun B, Liu B, Xiang M, Lin J. Eosinophil extracellular traps in asthma: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Respir Res 2023; 24:231. [PMID: 37752512 PMCID: PMC10523707 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common, chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with significant healthcare costs. Eosinophils, a type of immune cell, play a critical role in the development and progression of asthma. Eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) are reticular structures composed of DNA, histones, and granulins that eosinophils form and release into the extracellular space as part of the innate immune response. EETs have a protective effect by limiting the migration of pathogens and antimicrobial activity to a controlled range. However, chronic inflammation can lead to the overproduction of EETs, which can trigger and exacerbate allergic asthma. In this review, we examine the role of EETs in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlu Shen
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiheng Zhao
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hou
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Sun
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xiang
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangtao Lin
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Friendship Hospital, No.2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China.
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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9
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Li Y, Liu S, Zhou K, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu W, Li S, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Q, He D, Xu H. Neuromedin U programs eosinophils to promote mucosal immunity of the small intestine. Science 2023; 381:1189-1196. [PMID: 37708282 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that play an essential role in type 2 immunity and regulate multiple homeostatic processes in the small intestine (SI). However, the signals that regulate eosinophil activity in the SI at steady state remain poorly understood. Through transcriptome profiling of eosinophils from various mouse tissues, we found that a subset of SI eosinophils expressed neuromedin U (NMU) receptor 1 (NMUR1). Fate-mapping analyses showed that NMUR1 expression in SI eosinophils was programmed by the local microenvironment and further enhanced by inflammation. Genetic perturbation and eosinophil-organoid coculture experiments revealed that NMU-mediated eosinophil activation promotes goblet cell differentiation. Thus, NMU regulates epithelial cell differentiation and barrier immunity by stimulating NMUR1-expressing eosinophils in the SI, which highlights the importance of neuroimmune-epithelial cross-talk in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaorui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kewen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyang He
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Vorobjeva NV, Chelombitko MA, Sud’ina GF, Zinovkin RA, Chernyak BV. Role of Mitochondria in the Regulation of Effector Functions of Granulocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2210. [PMID: 37759432 PMCID: PMC10526294 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in allergic reactions and antiparasitic defense. Granulocytes also regulate the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair by releasing of various cytokines and lipid mediators. The effector mechanisms of granulocytes include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, phagocytosis, and the formation of DNA-containing extracellular traps. Although all granulocytes are primarily glycolytic and have only a small number of mitochondria, a growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria are involved in all effector functions as well as in the production of cytokines and lipid mediators and in apoptosis. It has been shown that the production of mitochondrial ROS controls signaling pathways that mediate the activation of granulocytes by various stimuli. In this review, we will briefly discuss the data on the role of mitochondria in the regulation of effector and other functions of granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Vorobjeva
- Department Immunology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria A. Chelombitko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
| | - Roman A. Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
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11
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Kwon EK, Kang TW, Oh T, Choo OS, Ye YM, Park HS, Ban GY. Nasal Transcriptome and Epigenome Analysis Identifies the Pathogenic Features of Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 15:682-694. [PMID: 37827983 PMCID: PMC10570783 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2023.15.5.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway is the most widely known pathomechanism of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). This study aimed to perform integrative analysis of transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling with network analysis to determine the novel pathogenic features of AERD. Ten patients with asthma including 5 patients with AERD and another 5 patients with aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA) were enrolled. Nasal scraping was performed and nasal mucosa was used in omics profiling. Peripheral eosinophil counts, sputum eosinophil counts, fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels, and pulmonary function test results were evaluated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and differentially correlated genes (DCGs) between patients with AERD and those with ATA were analyzed. Network analysis using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was performed to determine the gene connection network and signaling pathways. In total, 1,736 DEGs, 1,401 DMPs, and 19 pairs for DCGs were identified. Among DCGs, genes related to vesicle transport (e.g., RAB3B and STX2) and sphingolipid dysregulation (e.g., SMPD3) were found to be hypo-methylated and up-regulated in AERD. Using the canonical pathway analysis of IPA with 78 asthma-related DEGs, signaling pathways of T helper cell differentiation/activation and Fcε receptor I were generated. Up-regulation of RORγt and FcER1A were noted in AERD. Gene expression levels of RAB3B, SYNE1, STX2, SMPD3 and RORγt were significantly associated with sputum eosinophil counts. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed and mRNA expression levels of STX2, SMPD3, RORγt, and FcER1A were significantly higher in AERD compared to ATA. Distinct pathogenic features were identified by using integrative multi-omics data analysis in patients with AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Taeyun Oh
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oak-Sung Choo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ga-Young Ban
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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12
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Makiya MA, Khoury P, Kuang FL, Mata AD, Mahmood S, Bowman A, Espinoza D, Kovacs N, Brown T, Holland N, Wetzler L, Ware JM, Dyer AM, Akuthota P, Bochner BS, Chinchilli VM, Gleich GJ, Langford C, Merkel PA, Specks U, Weller PF, Wechsler ME, Prussin C, Fay MP, Klion AD. Urine eosinophil-derived neurotoxin: A potential marker of activity in select eosinophilic disorders. Allergy 2023; 78:258-269. [PMID: 35971862 DOI: 10.1111/all.15481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of eosinophilic disease activity, especially in the context of novel therapies that reduce blood eosinophil counts, are an unmet need. Absolute eosinophil count (AEC) does not accurately reflect tissue eosinophilia or eosinophil activation. Therefore, the aims of this study were to compare the reliability of plasma and urine eosinophil major basic protein 1, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and eosinophil peroxidase measurement and to evaluate the usefulness of eosinophil granule protein (EGP) measurement for the assessment of disease activity in patients with eosinophil-associated diseases treated with mepolizumab, benralizumab, or dexpramipexole. METHODS Eosinophil granule protein concentrations were measured in serum, plasma, and urine from healthy volunteers and patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and eosinophilic asthma using a multiplex assay. RESULTS Urine EGP concentrations remained stable, whereas serum and plasma EGP concentrations increased significantly with delayed processing. Plasma (p) EDN, but not urine (u) EDN, concentration correlated with AEC and negatively correlated with prednisone dose. Both pEDN and uEDN decreased significantly following treatment of HES patients with benralizumab and EGPA patients with mepolizumab. uEDN appeared to increase with clinical relapse in both patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of EGP in urine is noninvasive and unaffected by cellular lysis. Although plasma and urine EDN concentrations showed a similar pattern following benralizumab and mepolizumab treatment, the lack of correlation between AEC or prednisone dose and uEDN concentrations suggests that measurement of uEDN may provide a potential biomarker of disease activity in patients with HES and EGPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paneez Khoury
- Human Eosinophil Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fei Li Kuang
- Human Eosinophil Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sana Mahmood
- Human Eosinophil Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abbie Bowman
- Human Eosinophil Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Espinoza
- Human Eosinophil Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Kovacs
- Human Eosinophil Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Brown
- Clinical Parasitology Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole Holland
- Clinical Parasitology Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Wetzler
- Clinical Parasitology Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - JeanAnne M Ware
- Clinical Parasitology Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Dyer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vernon M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Carol Langford
- Rheumatologic and Immunologic Disease, Center for Vasculitis Care and Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter A Merkel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistical Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy D Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Ehrens A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Eosinophils in filarial infections: Inducers of protection or pathology? Front Immunol 2022; 13:983812. [PMID: 36389745 PMCID: PMC9659639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Filariae are parasitic roundworms, which can cause debilitating diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, and onchocerciasis, commonly referred to as river blindness, can lead to stigmatizing pathologies and present a socio-economic burden for affected people and their endemic countries. Filariae typically induce a type 2 immune response, which is characterized by cytokines, i.e., IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 as well as type 2 immune cells including alternatively activated macrophages, innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells. However, the hallmark characteristic of filarial infections is a profound eosinophilia. Eosinophils are innate immune cells and pivotal in controlling helminth infections in general and filarial infections in particular. By modulating the function of other leukocytes, eosinophils support and drive type 2 immune responses. Moreover, as primary effector cells, eosinophils can directly attack filariae through the release of granules containing toxic cationic proteins with or without extracellular DNA traps. At the same time, eosinophils can be a driving force for filarial pathology as observed during tropical pulmonary eosinophilia in lymphatic filariasis, in dermatitis in onchocerciasis patients as well as adverse events after treatment of onchocerciasis patients with diethylcarbamazine. This review summarizes the latest findings of the importance of eosinophil effector functions including the role of eosinophil-derived proteins in controlling filarial infections and their impact on filarial pathology analyzing both human and experimental animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Malta KK, Palazzi C, Neves VH, Aguiar Y, Silva TP, Melo RCN. Schistosomiasis Mansoni-Recruited Eosinophils: An Overview in the Granuloma Context. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102022. [PMID: 36296298 PMCID: PMC9607553 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are remarkably recruited during schistosomiasis mansoni, one of the most common parasitic diseases worldwide. These cells actively migrate and accumulate at sites of granulomatous inflammation termed granulomas, the main pathological feature of this disease. Eosinophils colonize granulomas as a robust cell population and establish complex interactions with other immune cells and with the granuloma microenvironment. Eosinophils are the most abundant cells in granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection, but their functions during this disease remain unclear and even controversial. Here, we explore the current information on eosinophils as components of Schistosoma mansoni granulomas in both humans and natural and experimental models and their potential significance as central cells triggered by this infection.
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15
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Zeng Y, Su X, Takezawa MG, Fichtinger PS, Lee UN, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ, Lim FY, Denlinger LC, Jarjour NN, Mathur SK, Sandbo N, Berthier E, Esnault S, Bernau K, Theberge AB. An open microfluidic coculture model of fibroblasts and eosinophils to investigate mechanisms of airway inflammation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:993872. [PMID: 36246374 PMCID: PMC9558094 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.993872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between fibroblasts and immune cells play an important role in tissue inflammation. Previous studies have found that eosinophils activated with interleukin-3 (IL-3) degranulate on aggregated immunoglobulin G (IgG) and release mediators that activate fibroblasts in the lung. However, these studies were done with eosinophil-conditioned media that have the capacity to investigate only one-way signaling from eosinophils to fibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate a coculture model of primary normal human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and human blood eosinophils from patients with allergy and asthma using an open microfluidic coculture device. In our device, the two types of cells can communicate via two-way soluble factor signaling in the shared media while being physically separated by a half wall. Initially, we assessed the level of eosinophil degranulation by their release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Next, we analyzed the inflammation-associated genes and soluble factors using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and multiplex immunoassays, respectively. Our results suggest an induction of a proinflammatory fibroblast phenotype of HLFs following the coculture with degranulating eosinophils, validating our previous findings. Additionally, we present a new result that indicate potential impacts of activated HLFs back on eosinophils. This open microfluidic coculture platform provides unique opportunities to investigate the intercellular signaling between the two cell types and their roles in airway inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xiaojing Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meg G. Takezawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul S. Fichtinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ulri N. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Loren C. Denlinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nizar N. Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sameer K. Mathur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nathan Sandbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephane Esnault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ksenija Bernau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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16
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Tomizawa H, Yamada Y, Arima M, Miyabe Y, Fukuchi M, Hikichi H, Melo RCN, Yamada T, Ueki S. Galectin-10 as a Potential Biomarker for Eosinophilic Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101385. [PMID: 36291593 PMCID: PMC9599181 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-10 is a member of the lectin family and one of the most abundant cytoplasmic proteins in human eosinophils. Except for some myeloid leukemia cells, basophils, and minor T cell populations, galectin-10 is exclusively present in eosinophils in the human body. Galectin-10 forms Charcot–Leyden crystals, which are observed in various eosinophilic diseases. Accumulating studies have indicated that galectin-10 acts as a new biomarker for disease activity, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness in asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, atopic dermatitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The extracellular release of galectin-10 is not mediated through conventional secretory processes (piecemeal degranulation or exocytosis), but rather by extracellular trap cell death (ETosis), which is an active cell death program. Eosinophils undergoing ETosis rapidly disintegrate their plasma membranes to release the majority of galectin-10. Therefore, elevated galectin-10 levels in serum and tissue suggest a high degree of eosinophil ETosis. To date, several studies have shown that galectin-10/Charcot–Leyden crystals are more than just markers for eosinophilic inflammation, but play functional roles in immunity. In this review, we focus on the close relationship between eosinophils and galectin-10, highlighting this protein as a potential new biomarker in eosinophilic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tomizawa
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Misaki Arima
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yui Miyabe
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Haruka Hikichi
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-18-884-6209
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17
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Neves VH, Palazzi C, Bonjour K, Ueki S, Weller PF, Melo RCN. In Vivo ETosis of Human Eosinophils: The Ultrastructural Signature Captured by TEM in Eosinophilic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938691. [PMID: 35874692 PMCID: PMC9301467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic diseases, also termed eosinophil-associated diseases (EADs), are characterized by eosinophil-rich inflammatory infiltrates and extensive eosinophil degranulation with clinically relevant organ pathology. Recent evidence shows that eosinophil cytolytic degranulation, that is, the release of intact, membrane-delimited granules that arises from the eosinophil cytolysis, occurs mainly through ETosis, meaning death with a cytolytic profile and extrusion of nucleus-originated DNA extracellular traps (ETs). The ultrastructural features of eosinophil ETosis (EETosis) have been studied mostly in vitro after stimulation, but are still poorly understood in vivo. Here, we investigated in detail, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the ultrastructure of EETosis in selected human EADs affecting several tissues and organ systems. Biopsies of patients diagnosed with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis/ECRS (frontal sinus), ulcerative colitis/UC (intestine), and hypereosinophilic syndrome/HES (skin) were processed for conventional TEM. First, we found that a large proportion of tissue-infiltrated eosinophils in all diseases (~45-65% of all eosinophils) were undergoing cytolysis with release of free extracellular granules (FEGs). Second, we compared the morphology of tissue inflammatory eosinophils with that shown by in vitro ETosis-stimulated eosinophils. By applying single-cell imaging analysis, we sought typical early and late EETosis events: chromatin decondensation; nuclear delobulation and rounding; expanded nuclear area; nuclear envelope alterations and disruption; and extracellular decondensed chromatin spread as ETs. We detected that 53% (ECRS), 37% (UC), and 82% (HES) of all tissue cytolytic eosinophils had ultrastructural features of ETosis in different degrees. Eosinophils in early ETosis significantly increased their nuclear area compared to non-cytolytic eosinophils due to excessive chromatin decondensation and expansion observed before nuclear envelope disruption. ETosis led not only to the deposition of intact granules, but also to the release of eosinophil sombrero vesicles (EoSVs) and Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs). Free intact EoSVs and CLCs were associated with FEGs and extracellular DNA nets. Interestingly, not all cytolytic eosinophils in the same microenvironment exhibited ultrastructure of ETosis, thus indicating that different populations of eosinophils might be selectively activated into this pathway. Altogether, our findings captured an ultrastructural signature of EETosis in vivo in prototypic EADs highlighting the importance of this event as a form of eosinophil degranulation and release of inflammatory markers (EoSVs and CLCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H. Neves
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Palazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kennedy Bonjour
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Morphological Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Peter F. Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rossana C. N. Melo,
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18
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DJ-1 governs airway progenitor cell/eosinophil interactions to promote allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1178-1193.e13. [PMID: 35724763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 is an antioxidant protein known to regulate mast cell mediated allergic response, but its role in airway eosinophilic interactions and allergic inflammation is not known. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of DJ-1 in airway eosinophilic inflammation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Ovalbumin-induced airway allergic inflammation was established in mice. ELISA was adopted to analyze DJ-1 and cytokine levels in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Transcriptional profiling of mouse lung tissues was conducted by single-cell RNA sequencing technology. The role of DJ-1 in the differentiation of airway progenitor cells into goblet cells was examined by organoid cultures, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, and cell transplantation in normal, DJ-1 knockout (KO), or conditional DJ-1 KO mice. RESULTS We observed that DJ-1 was increased in the lung tissues of ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice. DJ-1 KO mice exhibited reduced airway eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell differentiation. Mechanistically, we discovered that eosinophil-club cell interactions are reduced in the absence of DJ-1. Organoid cultures indicated that eosinophils impair the proliferative potential of club cells. Intratracheal transplantation of DJ-1-deficient eosinophils suppresses airway goblet cell differentiation. Loss of DJ-1 inhibits the metabolism of arachidonic acid into cysteinyl leukotrienes in eosinophils while these secreted metabolites promote airway goblet cell fate in organoid cultures and in vivo. CONCLUSION DJ-1-mediated interactions between airway epithelial progenitor cells and immune cells are essential in controlling airway goblet cell metaplasia and eosinophilia. Blockade of the DJ-1 pathway is protective against airway allergic inflammation.
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Wang WL, Kasamatsu J, Joshita S, Gilfillan S, Di Luccia B, Panda SK, Kim DH, Desai P, Bando JK, Huang SCC, Yomogida K, Hoshino H, Fukushima M, Jacobsen EA, Van Dyken SJ, Ruedl C, Cella M, Colonna M. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor instructs the immunomodulatory profile of a subset of Clec4a4 + eosinophils unique to the small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204557119. [PMID: 35653568 PMCID: PMC9191779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204557119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin domain family 4, member a4 (Clec4a4) is a C-type lectin inhibitory receptor specific for glycans thought to be exclusively expressed on murine CD8α− conventional dendritic cells. Using newly generated Clec4a4-mCherry knock-in mice, we identify a subset of Clec4a4-expressing eosinophils uniquely localized in the small intestine lamina propria. Clec4a4+ eosinophils evinced an immunomodulatory signature, whereas Clec4a4− eosinophils manifested a proinflammatory profile. Clec4a4+ eosinophils expressed high levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), which drove the expression of Clec4a4 as well as other immunomodulatory features, such as PD-L1. The abundance of Clec4a4+ eosinophils was dependent on dietary AHR ligands, increased with aging, and declined in inflammatory conditions. Mice lacking AHR in eosinophils expanded innate lymphoid cells of type 2 and cleared Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection more effectively than did wild-type mice. These results highlight the heterogeneity of eosinophils in response to tissue cues and identify a unique AHR-dependent subset of eosinophils in the small intestine with an immunomodulatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Le Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Joshita
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 390-8621 Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Blanda Di Luccia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Santosh K. Panda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jennifer K. Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kentaro Yomogida
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hitomi Hoshino
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 910-1193 Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Mana Fukushima
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 910-1193 Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Elizabeth A. Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259
| | - Steven J. Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551 Singapore
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Blood Eosinophils Are Associated with Efficacy of Targeted Therapy in Patients with Advanced Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092294. [PMID: 35565423 PMCID: PMC9104271 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Eosinophils appear to contribute to the efficacy of immunotherapy and their frequency was suggested as a predictive biomarker. Whether this observation could be transferred to patients treated with targeted therapy remains unknown. Methods: Blood and serum samples of healthy controls and 216 patients with advanced melanoma were prospectively and retrospectively collected. Freshly isolated eosinophils were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry and co-cultured in vitro with melanoma cells to assess cytotoxicity. Soluble serum markers and peripheral blood counts were used for correlative studies. Results: Eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity towards melanoma cells, as well as phenotypic characteristics, were similar when comparing healthy donors and patients. However, high relative pre-treatment eosinophil counts were significantly associated with response to MAPKi (p = 0.013). Eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity towards melanoma cells is dose-dependent and requires proximity of eosinophils and their target in vitro. Treatment with targeted therapy in the presence of eosinophils results in an additive tumoricidal effect. Additionally, melanoma cells affected eosinophil phenotype upon co-culture. Conclusion: High pre-treatment eosinophil counts in advanced melanoma patients were associated with a significantly improved response to MAPKi. Functionally, eosinophils show potent cytotoxicity towards melanoma cells, which can be reinforced by MAPKi. Further studies are needed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of our observations.
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21
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Rosenberg CE, Fulkerson PC, Williams KW. Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1131-1138. [PMID: 35181546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diverse group of disorders characterized by peripheral blood eosinophilia of 1.5 × 109/L (1,500/μL) or greater with evidence of end-organ damage attributable to eosinophilia and no other cause of the end-organ damage. The HES is rare, especially in children. This review aims to provide best practices in diagnosis and treatment of HES in children, including how to differentiate between primary and secondary causes of hypereosinophilia; how to distinguish the differences in clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis of HES in children and adults; and how to identify key steps in the evaluation and management of HES in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen E Rosenberg
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelli W Williams
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
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22
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In vivo visualization of eosinophil secretion in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: An ultrastructural study. Allergol Int 2022; 71:373-382. [PMID: 35428588 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) has been considered as a single disease entity belonging to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, several studies have suggested that in addition to the mechanisms associated with ANCA, those associated with eosinophils play a vital role in tissue damage. Nevertheless, the morphological bases underlying eosinophil-associated lesions have not been completely elucidated. METHODS We investigated the electron microscopic findings of sural nerve biopsy specimens obtained from 18 patients with EGPA by focusing on the behavior of eosinophils, particularly the mode of secretion. RESULTS Eosinophils tended to be located at sites close to endothelial cells within the lumina of epineurial small vessels. Attachment of eosinophils to endothelial cells was observed, particularly at the junction between neighboring endothelial cells, and some of these eosinophils appeared to escape from the vascular lumen to migrate into the extravascular interstitium. Furthermore, we observed eosinophil degranulation via piecemeal degranulation and cytolysis. Degranulating eosinophils were identified in both intravascular and extravascular compartments. Some of the small vessels appeared to be occluded by numerous eosinophils, and eosinophils attached by platelets were also observed, suggesting that coagulopathy occurs in EGPA. CONCLUSIONS Both extravascular and intravascular eosinophils can induce tissue damage unrelated to classical necrotizing vasculitis associated with ANCA in patients with EGPA. Further research is necessary to elucidate the molecular basis of the induction of these fine structural changes, which will contribute to the development of targeted therapies based on specific mechanisms of eosinophil-related diseases.
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23
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Caruso R, Irato E, Rigoli L. Eosinophil exocytosis in a poorly differentiated tubular gastric adenocarcinoma: case report. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:139-146. [PMID: 35105276 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2035474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A case of poorly differentiated tubular gastric adenocarcinoma with tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is studied by light and electron microscopy, focusing on membrane interactions between eosinophils and tumor cells. 29.2% of the eosinophils in contact with tumor cells showed intact granules, 28.3% exhibited piecemeal degranulation (PMD), 40% were characterized by coexistence of PMD and compound exocytosis in the same granulocyte, whereas classical exocytosis was found in 2.5% of the eosinophils with PMD. Eosinophil Sombrero Vesicles (EoSVs), important tubulovesicular carriers for delivery of cytotoxic proteins from the specific granules during PMD, were also studied at the ultrastructural level. In activated eosinophils, EoSVs and specific granules with ultrastructural signs of degranulation were polarized toward tumor cells. Ultrastructural changes in paraptosis-like cell death, such as mitochondrial swelling, dilation of the nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and nuclear chromatin condensation, but without margination of the chromatin, were observed in these tumor cells. Our data support the notion that eosinophils may exert an antitumoral role in gastric cancer. Finally, the case reported provides, for the first time, ultrastructural evidence of classical and compound exocytosis of eosinophils in the tumor stroma of human adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Caruso
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eleonora Irato
- Integrated Cancer Registry of Oriental Sicily, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luciana Rigoli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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24
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Label-free imaging and evaluation of characteristic properties of asthma-derived eosinophils using optical diffraction tomography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:42-48. [PMID: 34864394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical diffraction tomography (ODT), an emerging imaging technique that does not require fluorescent staining, can measure the three-dimensional distribution of the refractive index (RI) of organelles. In this study, we used ODT to characterize the pathological characteristics of human eosinophils derived from asthma patients presenting with eosinophilia. In addition to morphological information about organelles appearing in eosinophils, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and vacuole, we succeeded in imaging specific granules and quantifying the RI values of the granules. Interestingly, ODT analysis showed that the RI (i.e., molecular density) of granules was significantly different between eosinophils from asthma patients and healthy individuals without eosinophilia, and that vacuoles were frequently found in the cells of asthma patients. Our results suggest that the physicochemical properties of eosinophils derived from patients with asthma can be quantitatively distinguished from those of healthy individuals. The method will provide insight into efficient evaluation of the characteristics of eosinophils at the organelle level for various diseases with eosinophilia.
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25
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Nardi J, Miller LA, Robertson HM, Yau PM. Segmental pairs of dermal secretory cells release proteins into the hemolymph at the larval-pupal molt. Dev Biol 2022; 483:107-111. [PMID: 35007518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
At each molt of Manduca, the large dermal secretory cells expel the protein contents of their vacuoles into the hemocoel. The constellation of proteins expelled at the last larval-pupal molt, however, differs qualitatively from those proteins released at earlier larval-larval molts. Secretory cells at the two stages not only have different lectin staining properties but also have different proteins that separate on two-dimensional gels. Numerous physiological changes accompany the termination of the last larval instar, including increased chitin synthesis, diminished oxygen delivery, and reduced humoral immunity. Secretion of trehalase that is essential for chitin synthesis and the release of hypoxia up-regulated protein to ameliorate oxygen deprivation help ensure normal transition from larva to pupa. Proteins released by dermal secretory cells at this last molt could supplement the diminished immune defenses mediated by fat body and hemocytes at the end of larval life. Additional immune defenses provided by dermal secretory cells could help ensure a safe transition during a period of increased vulnerability for the newly molted pupa with its soft, thin cuticle and reduced mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Lou Ann Miller
- Biological Electron Microscopy, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Room 125, University of Illinois, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Peter M Yau
- Director of Proteomics, 315 Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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26
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Lung eosinophils elicited during allergic and acute aspergillosis express RORγt and IL-23R but do not require IL-23 for IL-17 production. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009891. [PMID: 34464425 PMCID: PMC8437264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the mold, Aspergillus, is ubiquitous and generally has no adverse consequences in immunocompetent persons. However, invasive and allergic aspergillosis can develop in immunocompromised and atopic individuals, respectively. Previously, we demonstrated that mouse lung eosinophils produce IL-17 in response to stimulation by live conidia and antigens of A. fumigatus. Here, we utilized murine models of allergic and acute pulmonary aspergillosis to determine the association of IL-23, IL-23R and RORγt with eosinophil IL-17 expression. Following A. fumigatus stimulation, a population of lung eosinophils expressed RORγt, the master transcription factor for IL-17 regulation. Eosinophil RORγt expression was demonstrated by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, western blotting and an mCherry reporter mouse. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of RORγt in eosinophils were observed, although the former predominated. A population of lung eosinophils also expressed IL-23R. While expression of IL-23R was positively correlated with expression of RORγt, expression of RORγt and IL-17 was similar when comparing lung eosinophils from A. fumigatus-challenged wild-type and IL-23p19-/- mice. Thus, in allergic and acute models of pulmonary aspergillosis, lung eosinophils express IL-17, RORγt and IL-23R. However, IL-23 is dispensable for production of IL-17 and RORγt. Humans regularly inhale spores of Aspergillus fumigatus, a common environmental fungus. While such exposure is of little consequence to most, in persons with impaired immune systems it can cause a spectrum of diseases ranging from invasive aspergillosis to allergic aspergillosis. A type of white blood cell called the eosinophil is a defining feature of allergic aspergillosis. Despite their importance, the contribution of eosinophils to this disease state is poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that eosinophils produce the cytokine IL-17 in murine models of aspergillosis models. Here, we defined the contributions of two molecules, the transcription factor RORγt and the cytokine IL-23, to eosinophil IL-17 production. These two molecules are important for optimal IL-17 production in other cell types. We discovered a population of lung eosinophils express RORγt. While expression of the receptor for IL-23 (IL-23R) was positively correlated with expression of RORγt, using mice deficient in IL-23, we showed IL-23 was not required for expression of RORγt and IL-17. Thus, challenge of lungs with live A. fumigatus or its antigens skews lung eosinophils towards IL-17 production by a pathway that is independent of IL-23. Our results advance our understanding of eosinophil plasticity and have implications for the development of therapeutic approaches for treating allergic lung diseases.
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27
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Miyabe Y, Kobayashi Y, Fukuchi M, Saga A, Moritoki Y, Saga T, Akuthota P, Ueki S. Eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the absence of eosinophilia. Asia Pac Allergy 2021; 11:e30. [PMID: 34386406 PMCID: PMC8331253 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of eosinophil levels is a hallmark of type-2 inflammation. Blood eosinophil counts act as a convenient biomarker for asthma phenotyping and the selection of biologics, and they are even used as a prognostic factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019. However, the circulating eosinophil count does not always reflect tissue eosinophilia and vice versa. The mismatch of blood and tissue eosinophilia can be seen in various clinical settings. For example, blood eosinophil levels in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia are often within normal range despite the marked symptoms and increased number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies using immunostaining for eosinophil granule proteins have revealed the extracellular deposition of granule proteins coincident with pathological conditions, even in the absence of a significant eosinophil infiltrate. The marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins in tissue is often associated with cytolytic degranulation. Recent studies have indicated that extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) is a major mechanism of cytolysis. Cytolytic ETosis is a total cell degranulation in which cytoplasmic and nuclear contents, including DNA and histones that act as alarmins, are also released. In the present review, eosinophil-mediated inflammation in such mismatch conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Miyabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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28
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Oliveira NF, Silva CLM. Unveiling the Potential of Purinergic Signaling in Schistosomiasis Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:193-204. [PMID: 32972342 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200924115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease. It is related to long-lasting granulomatous fibrosis and inflammation of target organs, and current sub-optimal pharmacological treatment creates global public health concerns. Intravascular worms and eggs release antigens and extracellular vesicles that target host endothelial cells, modulate the immune system, and stimulate the release of damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP, one of the most studied DAMPs, triggers a cascade of autocrine and paracrine actions through purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors, which are shaped by ectonucleotidases (CD39). Both P2 receptor families, and in particular P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y12, and P2X7 receptors, have been attracting increasing interest in several inflammatory diseases and drug development. Current data obtained from the murine model unveiled a CD39-ADP-P2Y1/P2Y12 receptors signaling pathway linked to the liver and mesenteric exacerbations of schistosomal inflammation. Therefore, we proposed that members of this purinergic signaling could be putative pharmacological targets to reduce schistosomal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Ferreira Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lucia Martins Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Lai W, Xie H, Liu Y, Zheng F, Zhang Y, Lei Q, Lv L, Dong J, Song J, Gao X, Yin M, Wang C, Deng H. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived eosinophils reveal potent cytotoxicity against solid tumors. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1697-1704. [PMID: 34214485 PMCID: PMC8282466 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are attractive innate immune cells to use to potentiate T cell antitumor efficacy because they are capable of infiltrating tumors at early stages and modulating the tumor microenvironment. However, the limited number of functional eosinophils caused by the scarcity and short life of primary eosinophils in peripheral blood has greatly impeded the development of eosinophil-based immunotherapy. In this study, we established an efficient chemically defined protocol to generate a large quantity of functional eosinophils from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with nearly 100% purity expressing eosinophil peroxidase. These hPSC-derived eosinophils transcriptionally resembled their primary counterpart. Moreover, hPSC-derived eosinophils showed competent tumor killing capacity in established solid tumors. Furthermore, the combination of hPSC-derived eosinophils with CAR-T cells exhibited potential synergistic effects, inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing mouse survival. Our study opens up new avenues for the development of eosinophil-based immunotherapies to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huangfan Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingfeng Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Lei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lejun Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiebin Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Yin
- Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hongkui Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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30
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Fettrelet T, Gigon L, Karaulov A, Yousefi S, Simon HU. The Enigma of Eosinophil Degranulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137091. [PMID: 34209362 PMCID: PMC8268949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are specialized white blood cells, which are involved in the pathology of diverse allergic and nonallergic inflammatory diseases. Eosinophils are traditionally known as cytotoxic effector cells but have been suggested to additionally play a role in immunomodulation and maintenance of homeostasis. The exact role of these granule-containing leukocytes in health and diseases is still a matter of debate. Degranulation is one of the key effector functions of eosinophils in response to diverse stimuli. The different degranulation patterns occurring in eosinophils (piecemeal degranulation, exocytosis and cytolysis) have been extensively studied in the last few years. However, the exact mechanism of the diverse degranulation types remains unknown and is still under investigation. In this review, we focus on recent findings and highlight the diversity of stimulation and methods used to evaluate eosinophil degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Fettrelet
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lea Gigon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-632-3281
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Radonjic-Hoesli S, Brüggen MC, Feldmeyer L, Simon HU, Simon D. Eosinophils in skin diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:393-409. [PMID: 34097126 PMCID: PMC8241748 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil infiltration is a common finding in a broad spectrum of skin diseases, despite the fact that the skin is devoid of eosinophils under physiologic conditions. Although cutaneous eosinophilia is reactive, cytokine-mediated in most cases, diseases with an intrinsic mutation-mediated clonal expansion of eosinophils can also manifest on the skin. As eosinophils are involved in host defense, regulate immune responses, generate pruritus, induce remodeling and fibrosis, and can cause tissue damage, they have the capacity to actively contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. Recent research provided deeper insights in the mechanisms, e.g., bacterial and viral clearance, blister formation, recruitment of cytotoxic T cells, and generation of pruritus, by which eosinophils might come into action. This review aims at providing an overview on the clinical presentations of eosinophil-associated dermatoses and the current understanding of their pathogenic role in these diseases. Further, we discuss the effects of therapies targeting eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Radonjic-Hoesli
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Feldmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Folci M, Ramponi G, Arcari I, Zumbo A, Brunetta E. Eosinophils as Major Player in Type 2 Inflammation: Autoimmunity and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:197-219. [PMID: 34031864 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a subset of differentiated granulocytes which circulate in peripheral blood and home in several body tissues. Along with their traditional relevance in helminth immunity and allergy, eosinophils have been progressively attributed important roles in a number of homeostatic and pathologic situations. This review aims at summarizing available evidence about eosinophils functions in homeostasis, infections, allergic and autoimmune disorders, and solid and hematological cancers.Their structural and biological features have been described, along with their physiological behavior. This includes their chemokines, cytokines, granular contents, and extracellular traps. Besides, pathogenic- and eosinophilic-mediated disorders have also been addressed, with the aim of highlighting their role in Th2-driven inflammation. In allergy, eosinophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. They are also fundamentally involved in autoimmune disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. In infections, eosinophils are involved in protection not only from parasites but also from fungi, viruses, and bacteria. In solid cancers, local eosinophilic infiltration is variably associated with an improved or worsened prognosis, depending on the histotype. In hematologic neoplasms, eosinophilia can be the consequence of a dysregulated cytokine production or the result of mutations affecting the myeloid lineage.Recent experimental evidence was thoroughly reviewed, with findings which elicit a complex role for eosinophils, in a tight balance between host defense and tissue damage. Eventually, emerging evidence about eosinophils in COVID-19 infection was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Folci
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Ramponi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Arcari
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Zumbo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetta
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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33
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Germic N, Hosseini A, Yousefi S, Karaulov A, Simon HU. Regulation of eosinophil functions by autophagy. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:347-362. [PMID: 34019141 PMCID: PMC8241657 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granule-containing leukocytes which develop in the bone marrow. For many years, eosinophils have been recognized as cytotoxic effector cells, but recent studies suggest that they perform additional immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular process which preserves cellular homeostasis. Autophagy defects have been linked to the pathogenesis of many human disorders. Evidence for abnormal regulation of autophagy, including decreased or increased expression of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, has been reported in several eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, such as Crohn's disease, bronchial asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. Despite the increasing extent of research using preclinical models of immune cell-specific autophagy deficiency, the physiological relevance of autophagic pathway in eosinophils has remained unknown until recently. Owing to the increasing evidence that eosinophils play a role in keeping organismal homeostasis, the regulation of eosinophil functions is of considerable interest. Here, we discuss the most recent advances on the role of autophagy in eosinophils, placing particular emphasis on insights obtained in mouse models of infections and malignant diseases in which autophagy has genetically dismantled in the eosinophil lineage. These studies pointed to the possibility that autophagy-deficient eosinophils exaggerate inflammation. Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of the autophagic pathway in these cells could be used for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aref Hosseini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420012, Kazan, Russia.
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Sernoskie SC, Jee A, Uetrecht JP. The Emerging Role of the Innate Immune Response in Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:861-896. [PMID: 34016669 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) range from relatively common, mild reactions to rarer, potentially life-threatening adverse effects that pose significant risks to both human health and successful drug discovery. Most frequently, IDRs target the liver, skin, and blood or bone marrow. Clinical data indicate that most IDRs are mediated by an adaptive immune response against drug-modified proteins, formed when chemically reactive species of a drug bind to self-proteins, making them appear foreign to the immune system. Although much emphasis has been placed on characterizing the clinical presentation of IDRs and noting implicated drugs, limited research has focused on the mechanisms preceding the manifestations of these severe responses. Therefore, we propose that to address the knowledge gap between drug administration and onset of a severe IDR, more research is required to understand IDR-initiating mechanisms; namely, the role of the innate immune response. In this review, we outline the immune processes involved from neoantigen formation to the result of the formation of the immunologic synapse and suggest that this framework be applied to IDR research. Using four drugs associated with severe IDRs as examples (amoxicillin, amodiaquine, clozapine, and nevirapine), we also summarize clinical and animal model data that are supportive of an early innate immune response. Finally, we discuss how understanding the early steps in innate immune activation in the development of an adaptive IDR will be fundamental in risk assessment during drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although there is some understanding that certain adaptive immune mechanisms are involved in the development of idiosyncratic drug reactions, the early phase of these immune responses remains largely uncharacterized. The presented framework refocuses the investigation of IDR pathogenesis from severe clinical manifestations to the initiating innate immune mechanisms that, in contrast, may be quite mild or clinically silent. A comprehensive understanding of these early influences on IDR onset is crucial for accurate risk prediction, IDR prevention, and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Christine Sernoskie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
| | - Alison Jee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
| | - Jack Paul Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
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Cusack RP, Whetstone CE, Xie Y, Ranjbar M, Gauvreau GM. Regulation of Eosinophilia in Asthma-New Therapeutic Approaches for Asthma Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040817. [PMID: 33917396 PMCID: PMC8067385 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex and chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, bronchospasm, and airway eosinophilia. As the pathophysiology of asthma is becoming clearer, the identification of new valuable drug targets is emerging. IL-5 is one of these such targets because it is the major cytokine supporting eosinophilia and is responsible for terminal differentiation of human eosinophils, regulating eosinophil proliferation, differentiation, maturation, migration, and prevention of cellular apoptosis. Blockade of the IL-5 pathway has been shown to be efficacious for the treatment of eosinophilic asthma. However, several other inflammatory pathways have been shown to support eosinophilia, including IL-13, the alarmin cytokines TSLP and IL-33, and the IL-3/5/GM-CSF axis. These and other alternate pathways leading to airway eosinophilia will be described, and the efficacy of therapeutics that have been developed to block these pathways will be evaluated.
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Interleukin-1α Is a Critical Mediator of the Response of Human Bronchial Fibroblasts to Eosinophilic Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030528. [PMID: 33801398 PMCID: PMC7998867 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils contribute to allergic inflammation in asthma in part via elaboration of a complex milieu of soluble mediators. Human bronchial fibroblasts (HBF) respond to stimulation by these mediators by acquiring a pro-inflammatory profile including induction of interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL8. This study sought to determine key component(s) of eosinophil soluble factors that mediate IL6 and IL8 induction in HBF. HBF treated with eosinophil-derived soluble mediators were analyzed for gene expression, intracellular signaling, and IL6 and IL8 secretion following inhibition of inflammatory signaling. Segmental allergen bronchoprovocation (SBP-Ag) was performed in mild asthmatics and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for eosinophils and cytokines. We found that signaling via the IL1α/IL1 receptor is an essential component of the response of HBF to eosinophil-derived soluble factors. IL1α-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling is required to induce IL6 secretion. However, NFκB signaling is dispensable for the induction of IL8, whereas Src is required. IL1α is associated with eosinophilic inflammation in human airways after SBP-Ag. Conclusions: IL1α appears to be a critical component of the soluble eosinophil-derived milieu that drives pro-inflammatory bronchial fibroblast responses and associates with eosinophilic inflammation following SBP-Ag. Disruption of IL1α-signaling could modify the downstream effects of eosinophilic inflammation on airway remodeling.
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Holmes E, Raskin R, McGill P, Szladovits B. Morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural features of gray eosinophils in nine cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:52-56. [PMID: 33655523 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray eosinophils, resembling those in sighthound dog breeds, have not previously been reported in cats. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide a morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural description of gray eosinophils in cats. METHODS Blood films examined as part of routine hematology profiles in cats from May 2015 to July 2018 were evaluated for the presence of gray eosinophils. When identified with modified Wright stain, cells were morphologically assessed and additionally stained with Diff-Quik, ALP, Luna, and Luxol fast blue stains and compared with feline controls. Two cases were prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compared with a feline control. RESULTS Gray eosinophils were identified in 9 of 2641 cats during the study period. Compared with typical feline eosinophils, these cells contained abundant round granules instead of the characteristic rod-shaped specific granules. These granules lacked the characteristic intense pink/red staining with Romanowsky stains and did not stain with ALP, Luna, or Luxol fast blue stains. On TEM, the classical electron-dense core of these granules was replaced by a core with fragmented or amorphous internal material. Typical eosinophils were not identified in any cat in which gray eosinophils were identified. CONCLUSIONS The distinct morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural changes in gray feline eosinophils might be associated with a reduction or lack of major basic protein (MBP) in specific granule cores. Similar to canine gray eosinophils, accurate recognition of these cells is essential to prevent their misclassification as toxic neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Holmes
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rose Raskin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Paul McGill
- Bioimaging, GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre, Research and Development, Ware, UK
| | - Balázs Szladovits
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK
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38
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Izumiya Y, Okuda Y, Ueki S, Takeda M, Sato K, Nakayama K. Unusual morphologies of blood eosinophils in GM-CSF-producing lung cancer. QJM 2021; 114:42-44. [PMID: 32343814 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Izumiya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Y Okuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - S Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - M Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - K Nakayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Exosomes: A Key Piece in Asthmatic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020963. [PMID: 33478047 PMCID: PMC7835850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that has an important inflammatory component. Multiple cells are implicated in asthma pathogenesis (lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils), releasing a wide variety of cytokines. These cells can exert their inflammatory functions throughout extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small vesicles released by donor cells into the extracellular microenvironment that can be taken up by recipient cells. Depending on their size, EVs can be classified as microvesicles, exosomes, or apoptotic bodies. EVs are heterogeneous spherical structures secreted by almost all cell types. One of their main functions is to act as transporters of a wide range of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are single-stranded RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides in length. Therefore, exosomes could influence several physiological and pathological processes, including those involved in asthma. They can be detected in multiple cell types and biofluids, providing a wealth of information about the processes that take account in a pathological scenario. This review thus summarizes the most recent insights concerning the role of exosomes from different sources (several cell populations and biofluids) in one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases, asthma.
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Lee LY, Hew GSY, Mehta M, Shukla SD, Satija S, Khurana N, Anand K, Dureja H, Singh SK, Mishra V, Singh PK, Gulati M, Prasher P, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM, Thangavelu L, Panneerselvam J, Gupta G, Zacconi FC, Shastri M, Jha NK, Xenaki D, MacLoughlin R, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Targeting eosinophils in respiratory diseases: Biological axis, emerging therapeutics and treatment modalities. Life Sci 2021; 267:118973. [PMID: 33400932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bi-lobed, multi-functional innate immune cells with diverse cell surface receptors that regulate local immune and inflammatory responses. Several inflammatory and infectious diseases are triggered with their build up in the blood and tissues. The mobilization of eosinophils into the lungs is regulated by a cascade of processes guided by Th2 cytokine generating T-cells. Recruitment of eosinophils essentially leads to a characteristic immune response followed by airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, which are hallmarks of chronic respiratory diseases. By analysing the dynamic interactions of eosinophils with their extracellular environment, which also involve signaling molecules and tissues, various therapies have been invented and developed to target respiratory diseases. Having entered clinical testing, several eosinophil targeting therapeutic agents have shown much promise and have further bridged the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, researchers now have a clearer understanding of the roles and mechanisms of eosinophils. These factors have successfully assisted molecular biologists to block specific pathways in the growth, migration and activation of eosinophils. The primary purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the eosinophil biology with a special emphasis on potential pharmacotherapeutic targets. The review also summarizes promising eosinophil-targeting agents, along with their mechanisms and rationale for use, including those in developmental pipeline, in clinical trials, or approved for other respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yen Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geena Suet Yin Hew
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Saurabh Satija
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jithendra Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Flavia C Zacconi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madhur Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
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Tiwary M, LeMessurier KS, Samarasinghe AE. Murine Models of Eosinophil Function in Fungal and Viral Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2241:99-112. [PMID: 33486731 PMCID: PMC8142467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that were historically considered to be terminally differentiated at the time of bone marrow egress. However, more recent evidence provides a new outlook on these cells as complex immunomodulators that are involved in host defense and homeostasis. Our work established a role for eosinophils as mediators of antiviral immune responses during influenza in hosts that were sensitized and challenged with fungal allergens. Herein, we describe methods for working with murine eosinophils in the context of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwary
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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42
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Fukuchi M, Miyabe Y, Furutani C, Saga T, Moritoki Y, Yamada T, Weller PF, Ueki S. How to detect eosinophil ETosis (EETosis) and extracellular traps. Allergol Int 2021; 70:19-29. [PMID: 33189567 PMCID: PMC9333458 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are short-lived and comprise only a small population of circulating leukocytes; however, they play surprisingly multifunctional roles in homeostasis and various diseases including allergy and infection. Recent research has shed light on active cytolytic eosinophil cell death that releases eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) and total cellular contents, namely eosinophil extracellular trap cell death (EETosis). The pathological contribution of EETosis was made more cogent by recent findings that a classical pathological finding of eosinophilic inflammation, that of Charcot-Leyden crystals, is closely associated with EETosis. Currently no gold standard methods to identify EETosis exist, but “an active eosinophil lysis that releases cell-free granules and net-like chromatin structure” appears to be a common feature of EETosis. In this review, we describe several approaches that visualize EETs/EETosis in clinical samples and in vitro studies using isolated human eosinophils. EETs/EETosis can be observed using simple chemical or fluorescence staining, immunostaining, and electron microscopy, although it is noteworthy that visualization of EETs is greatly changed by sample preparation including the extracellular space of EETotic cells and shear flow. Considering the multiple aspects of biological significance, further study into EETs/EETosis is warranted to give a detailed understanding of the roles played in homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yui Miyabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Chikako Furutani
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Peter F Weller
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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Abstract
The eosinophil is an enigmatic cell with a continuing ability to fascinate. A considerable history of research endeavor on eosinophil biology stretches from the present time back to the nineteenth century. Perhaps one of the most fascinating aspects of the eosinophil is how accumulating knowledge has changed the perception of its function from passive bystander, modulator of inflammation, to potent effector cell loaded with histotoxic substances through to more recent recognition that it can act as both a positive and negative regulator of complex events in both innate and adaptive immunity. This book consists of chapters written by experts in the field of eosinophil biology that provide comprehensive clearly written protocols for techniques designed to underpin research into the function of the eosinophil in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Lacy
- Alberta Respiratory Centre (ARC) Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Garry M Walsh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Lee SH, Chaves MM, Kamenyeva O, Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Kang B, Pessenda G, Passelli K, Tacchini-Cottier F, Kabat J, Jacobsen EA, Nutman TB, Sacks DL. M2-like, dermal macrophages are maintained via IL-4/CCL24-mediated cooperative interaction with eosinophils in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/46/eaaz4415. [PMID: 32276966 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaz4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) maintain tissue homeostasis, but they can also provide a replicative niche for intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania How dermal TRMs proliferate and maintain their M2 properties even in the strong TH1 environment of the L. major infected dermis is not clear. Here, we show that, in infected mice lacking IL-4/13 from eosinophils, dermal TRMs shifted to a proinflammatory state, their numbers declined, and disease was attenuated. Intravital microscopy revealed a rapid infiltration of eosinophils followed by their tight interaction with dermal TRMs. IL-4-stimulated dermal TRMs, in concert with IL-10, produced a large amount of CCL24, which functioned to amplify eosinophil influx and their interaction with dermal TRMs. An intraperitoneal helminth infection model also demonstrated a requirement for eosinophil-derived IL-4 to maintain tissue macrophages through a CCL24-mediated amplification loop. CCL24 secretion was confined to resident macrophages in other tissues, implicating eosinophil-TRM cooperative interactions in diverse inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariana M Chaves
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Byunghyun Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabriela Pessenda
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry and World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry and World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, SC Johnson Medical Research Center, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Williams TL, Rada B, Tandon E, Gestal MC. "NETs and EETs, a Whole Web of Mess". Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1925. [PMID: 33291570 PMCID: PMC7761834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils are granulocytes that have very distinct functions. Neutrophils are first responders to external threats, and they use different mechanisms to control pathogens. Phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are some of the mechanisms that neutrophils utilize to fight pathogens. Although there is some controversy as to whether NETs are in fact beneficial or detrimental to the host, it mainly depends on the biological context. NETs can contribute to disease pathogenesis in certain types of diseases, while they are also undeniably critical components of the innate immune response. On the contrary, the role of eosinophils during host immune responses remains to be better elucidated. Eosinophils play an important role during helminthic infections and allergic responses. Eosinophils can function as effector cells in viral respiratory infections, gut bacterial infections, and as modulators of immune responses by driving the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses. In particular, eosinophils have biological activities that appear to be quite similar to those of neutrophils. Both possess bactericidal activity, can activate proinflammatory responses, can modulate adaptive immune responses, can form extracellular traps, and can be beneficial or detrimental to the host according to the underlying pathology. In this review we compare these two cell types with a focus on highlighting their numerous similarities related to extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30302, USA;
| | - Eshaan Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
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Kim HJ, Jung Y. The Emerging Role of Eosinophils as Multifunctional Leukocytes in Health and Disease. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e24. [PMID: 32655972 PMCID: PMC7327148 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are terminally differentiated cytotoxic effector cells that have a role in parasitic infections and allergy by releasing their granule-derived cytotoxic proteins. However, an increasing number of recent observations indicate that eosinophils are not only associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, but also contribute to the maintenance of homeostatic responses in previously underappreciated diverse tissues, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and adipose tissue. In this review, we describe biological characteristics of eosinophils, as their developmental properties, permissive proliferation and survival, degranulation activity, and migration properties enable them to distribute to both homeostatic and inflamed tissues. We describe pathologic aspects of eosinophils with a role in asthma and in various GI diseases, including eosinophilic GI disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and radiation-induced enteropathy. Finally, we discuss the beneficial role of eosinophils, which contribute to the resolution of pathogenic conditions and to the modulation of homeostatic biologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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Morphological and phenotypical diversity of eosinophils in the rat ileum. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:439-450. [PMID: 32424506 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are abundantly present in intestinal mucosa. However, the morphological characteristics of their cellular population are still largely unknown. In this study, we examine their characteristics in the rat ileal mucosa using histological and ultrastructural methods. The results indicated that ileal eosinophils could be distinguished into two main groups based on their nuclear shapes and distribution: eosinophils with spheric or reniform nuclei mainly localized in the villous region and eosinophils with annular or bacilliform nuclei as the major population around crypts. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that all eosinophils in the lamina propria (LP) were immunopositive for CD11b, whereas eosinophils in LP of the intestinal villus but not those in LP around the crypt, were immunopositive for CD11c. Three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy showed that the eosinophils with spheric or reniform nuclei were abundant in the upper portions of the intestinal villus, whereas those with annular nuclei were abundant in the lower portions of the intestinal villus and around crypts. The eosinophils with spheric or reniform nuclei possessed broader cellular bodies with greater abundance of surface projections compared with those with annular nuclei. Eosinophils in the upper portions of intestinal villus frequently extended their cellular bodies into the intraepithelial space. The number of total and eosinophil-specific granules was positively correlated with the minor axis of the nuclear holes in the annular nuclei. These data suggest that ileal eosinophils exhibit not homogenous but rather diverse characteristics, possible due to the mixture of eosinophils at different maturation and/or activation stages.
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Nagase H, Ueki S, Fujieda S. The roles of IL-5 and anti-IL-5 treatment in eosinophilic diseases: Asthma, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergol Int 2020; 69:178-186. [PMID: 32139163 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-5 is the most potent activator of eosinophils and is produced by Th2 cells and ILC2s. A role for IL-5 in eosinophil extracellular trap cell death, i.e., a proinflammatory cell death, has also been reported. Mepolizumab and benralizumab are humanized mAbs that target IL-5 and the IL-5 receptor α, respectively, and their therapeutic efficacy for severe asthma has been established. Although consistent differences in the efficacies of those drugs have not been proven, benralizumab extensively depleted eosinophils via Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Blood eosinophil count, but not FeNO or IgE, is the best-established predictive biomarker of the efficacy of anti-IL-5 treatment. Regarding the choice of biologics, the balance between blood eosinophil count and FeNO, indication of comorbidities, longitudinal safety, and interval of injection should be considered. Mepolizumab was also effective in maintaining the remission of refractory eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis. Moreover, mepolizumab decreased the proportion of patients who required surgery and lowered the nasal polyp score in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; a further extensive trial is currently under way. In a phase II benralizumab study performed in Japan, no significant effect on nasal polyp score at week 12 was observed, suggesting a requirement for longer treatment. In this review, the role of IL-5 in eosinophil biology and the current status of anti-IL-5 therapy are discussed. The longitudinal safety of anti-IL-5 therapy has been increasingly established, and this strategy will be continuously indicated for eosinophilic diseases as a specific treatment for eosinophilic inflammation.
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49
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Abstract
Physicians may encounter blood or tissue eosinophilia through a routine complete blood count with differential or a tissue pathology report. In this article, the basic biology of eosinophils is reviewed and definitions of blood eosinophilia, as well as the challenges of defining tissue eosinophilia, are discussed. Conditions associated with eosinophilia are briefly discussed as well as a general approach to evaluating eosinophilia. Future challenges include determining which eosinophil-associated diseases benefit from eosinophil-targeted therapy and identifying biomarkers for disease activity and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li Kuang
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, B1-27, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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50
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Esnault S, Leet JP, Johansson MW, Barretto KT, Fichtinger PS, Fogerty FJ, Bernau K, Mathur SK, Mosher DF, Sandbo N, Jarjour NN. Eosinophil cytolysis on Immunoglobulin G is associated with microtubule formation and suppression of rho-associated protein kinase signalling. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 50:198-212. [PMID: 31750580 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of eosinophils in the airway is associated with asthma severity and risk of exacerbations. Cell-free eosinophil granules are found in tissues in eosinophilic diseases, including asthma. This suggests that eosinophils have lysed and released cellular content, likely harming tissues. OBJECTIVE The present study explores the mechanism of CD32- and αMß2 integrin-dependent eosinophil cytolysis of IL3-primed blood eosinophils seeded on heat-aggregated immunoglobulin G (HA-IgG). METHODS Cytoskeletal events and signalling pathways potentially involved in cytolysis were assessed using inhibitors. The level of activation of the identified events and pathways involved in cytolysis was measured. In addition, the links between these identified pathways and changes in degranulation (exocytosis) and adhesion were analysed. RESULTS Cytolysis of IL3-primed eosinophils was dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downstream phosphorylation of p-38 MAPK. In addition, formation of microtubule (MT) arrays was necessary for cytolysis and was accompanied by changes in MT dynamics as measured by phosphorylation status of stathmin and microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4), the latter of which was regulated by ROS production. Reduced ROCK signalling preceded cytolysis, which was associated with eosinophil adhesion and reduced migration. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this CD32- and αMß2 integrin-dependent adhesion model, lysing eosinophils exhibit reduced migration and ROCK signalling, as well as both MT dynamic changes and p-38 phosphorylation downstream of ROS production. We propose that interfering with these pathways would modulate eosinophil cytolysis and subsequent eosinophil-driven tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Esnault
- Department of medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan P Leet
- Department of medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mats W Johansson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karina T Barretto
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul S Fichtinger
- Department of medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Frances J Fogerty
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ksenija Bernau
- Department of medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sameer K Mathur
- Department of medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Deane F Mosher
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nathan Sandbo
- Department of medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Department of medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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