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Symmonds J, Gaufin T, Xu C, Raehtz KD, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38932264 PMCID: PMC11209256 DOI: 10.3390/v16060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Symmonds
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Holloway AJ, Saito TB, Naqvi KF, Huante MB, Fan X, Lisinicchia JG, Gelman BB, Endsley JJ, Endsley MA. Inhibition of caspase pathways limits CD4 + T cell loss and restores host anti-retroviral function in HIV-1 infected humanized mice with augmented lymphoid tissue. Retrovirology 2024; 21:8. [PMID: 38693565 PMCID: PMC11064318 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of HIV infection and pathogenicity in physical reservoirs requires a biologically relevant model. The human immune system (HIS) mouse is an established model of HIV infection, but defects in immune tissue reconstitution remain a challenge for examining pathology in tissues. We utilized exogenous injection of the human recombinant FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (rFLT-3 L) into the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cord blood HIS mouse model to significantly expand the total area of lymph node (LN) and the number of circulating human T cells. The results enabled visualization and quantification of HIV infectivity, CD4 T cell depletion and other measures of pathogenesis in the secondary lymphoid tissues of the spleen and LN. Treatment with the Caspase-1/4 inhibitor VX-765 limited CD4+ T cell loss in the spleen and reduced viral load in both the spleen and axillary LN. In situ hybridization further demonstrated a decrease in viral RNA in both the spleen and LN. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that in vivo inhibition of caspase-1/4 led to an upregulation in host HIV restriction factors including SAMHD1 and APOBEC3A. These findings highlight the use of rFLT-3 L to augment human immune system characteristics in HIS mice to support investigations of HIV pathogenesis and test host directed therapies, though further refinements are needed to further augment LN architecture and cellular populations. The results further provide in vivo evidence of the potential to target inflammasome pathways as an avenue of host-directed therapy to limit immune dysfunction and virus replication in tissue compartments of HIV+ persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Holloway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
- Current at the Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 59840, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, 43614, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Joshua G Lisinicchia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Burdo TH, Chen C, Kaminski R, Sariyer IK, Mancuso P, Donadoni M, Smith MD, Sariyer R, Caocci M, Liao S, Liu H, Huo W, Zhao H, Misamore J, Lewis MG, Simonyan V, Thompson EE, Xu EY, Cradick TJ, Gordon J, Khalili K. Preclinical safety and biodistribution of CRISPR targeting SIV in non-human primates. Gene Ther 2024; 31:224-233. [PMID: 37587230 PMCID: PMC11090835 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the safety and utility of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology for in vivo editing of proviral DNA in ART-treated, virally controlled simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaques, an established model for HIV infection. EBT-001 is an AAV9-based vector delivering SaCas9 and dual guide RNAs designed to target multiple regions of the SIV genome: the viral LTRs, and the Gag gene. The results presented here demonstrate that a single IV inoculation of EBT-001 at each of 3 dose levels (1.4 × 1012, 1.4 × 1013 and 1.4 × 1014 genome copies/kg) resulted in broad and functional biodistribution of AAV9-EBT-001 to known tissue reservoirs of SIV. No off-target effects or abnormal pathology were observed, and animals returned to their normal body weight after receiving EBT-001. Importantly, the macaques that received the 2 highest doses of EBT-001 showed improved absolute lymphocyte counts as compared to antiretroviral-treated controls. Taken together, these results demonstrate safety, biodistribution, and in vivo proviral DNA editing following IV administration of EBT-001, supporting the further development of CRISPR-based gene editing as a potential therapeutic approach for HIV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pietro Mancuso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mandy D Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rahsan Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Maurizio Caocci
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Shuren Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Wenwen Huo
- Excision BioTherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ethan Y Xu
- Excision BioTherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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4
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Wilk AJ, Marceau JO, Kazer SW, Fleming I, Miao VN, Galvez-Reyes J, Kimata JT, Shalek AK, Holmes S, Overbaugh J, Blish CA. Pro-inflammatory feedback loops define immune responses to pathogenic Lentivirus infection. Genome Med 2024; 16:24. [PMID: 38317183 PMCID: PMC10840164 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes chronic inflammation and AIDS in humans, with variable rates of disease progression between individuals driven by both host and viral factors. Similarly, simian lentiviruses vary in their pathogenicity based on characteristics of both the host species and the virus strain, yet the immune underpinnings that drive differential Lentivirus pathogenicity remain incompletely understood. METHODS We profile immune responses in a unique model of differential lentiviral pathogenicity where pig-tailed macaques are infected with highly genetically similar variants of SIV that differ in virulence. We apply longitudinal single-cell transcriptomics to this cohort, along with single-cell resolution cell-cell communication techniques, to understand the immune mechanisms underlying lentiviral pathogenicity. RESULTS Compared to a minimally pathogenic lentiviral variant, infection with a highly pathogenic variant results in a more delayed, broad, and sustained activation of inflammatory pathways, including an extensive global interferon signature. Conversely, individual cells infected with highly pathogenic Lentivirus upregulated fewer interferon-stimulated genes at a lower magnitude, indicating that highly pathogenic Lentivirus has evolved to partially escape from interferon responses. Further, we identify CXCL10 and CXCL16 as important molecular drivers of inflammatory pathways specifically in response to highly pathogenic Lentivirus infection. Immune responses to highly pathogenic Lentivirus infection are characterized by amplifying regulatory circuits of pro-inflammatory cytokines with dense longitudinal connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our work presents a model of lentiviral pathogenicity where failures in early viral control mechanisms lead to delayed, sustained, and amplifying pro-inflammatory circuits, which in turn drives disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Wilk
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joshua O Marceau
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Vincent N Miao
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School & MIT, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jennyfer Galvez-Reyes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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5
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Passaes C, Desjardins D, Chapel A, Monceaux V, Lemaitre J, Mélard A, Perdomo-Celis F, Planchais C, Gourvès M, Dimant N, David A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Barrail-Tran A, Gouget H, Guillaume C, Relouzat F, Lambotte O, Guedj J, Müller-Trutwin M, Mouquet H, Rouzioux C, Avettand-Fenoël V, Le Grand R, Sáez-Cirión A. Early antiretroviral therapy favors post-treatment SIV control associated with the expansion of enhanced memory CD8 + T-cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:178. [PMID: 38212337 PMCID: PMC10784587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV remission can be achieved in some people, called post-treatment HIV controllers, after antiretroviral treatment discontinuation. Treatment initiation close to the time of infection was suggested to favor post-treatment control, but the circumstances and mechanisms leading to this outcome remain unclear. Here we evaluate the impact of early (week 4) vs. late (week 24 post-infection) treatment initiation in SIVmac251-infected male cynomolgus macaques receiving 2 years of therapy before analytical treatment interruption. We show that early treatment strongly promotes post-treatment control, which is not related to a lower frequency of infected cells at treatment interruption. Rather, early treatment favors the development of long-term memory CD8+ T cells with enhanced proliferative and SIV suppressive capacity that are able to mediate a robust secondary-like response upon viral rebound. Our model allows us to formally demonstrate a link between treatment initiation during primary infection and the promotion of post-treatment control and provides results that may guide the development of new immunotherapies for HIV remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anaïs Chapel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Adeline Mélard
- Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maël Gourvès
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nastasia Dimant
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Aurélie Barrail-Tran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Pharmacie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Hélène Gouget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Guillaume
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP. Hôpital Bicêtre, Clinical Immunology Department, 94270, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérémie Guedj
- Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Université Paris Cité/APHP Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- APHP Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France.
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Taheri A, Bremmell KE, Joyce P, Prestidge CA. Battle of the milky way: Lymphatic targeted drug delivery for pathogen eradication. J Control Release 2023; 363:507-524. [PMID: 37797891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses, bacteria, and parasites rely on the lymphatic system for survival, replication, and dissemination. While conventional anti-infectives can combat infection-causing agents in the bloodstream, they do not reach the lymphatic system to eradicate the pathogens harboured there. This can result in ineffective drug exposure and reduce treatment effectiveness. By developing effective lymphatic delivery strategies for antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic drugs, their systemic pharmacokinetics may be improved, as would their ability to reach their target pathogens within the lymphatics, thereby improving clinical outcomes in a variety of acute and chronic infections with lymphatic involvement (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and filariasis). Here, we discuss approaches to targeting anti-infective drugs to the intestinal and dermal lymphatics, aiming to eliminate pathogen reservoirs and interfere with their survival and reproduction inside the lymphatic system. These include optimized lipophilic prodrugs and drug delivery systems that promote lymphatic transport after oral and dermal drug intake. For intestinal lymphatic delivery via the chylomicron pathway, molecules should have logP values >5 and long-chain triglyceride solubilities >50 mg/g, and for dermal lymphatic delivery via interstitial lymphatic drainage, nanoparticle formulations with particle size between 10 and 100 nm are generally preferred. Insight from this review may promote new and improved therapeutic solutions for pathogen eradication and combating infective diseases, as lymphatic system involvement in pathogen dissemination and drug resistance has been neglected compared to other pathways leading to treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taheri
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Kristen E Bremmell
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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7
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Ayuso JM, Farooqui M, Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Denecke K, Rehman S, Schmitz R, Guerrero JF, Sanchez-de-Diego C, Campo SA, Maly EM, Forsberg MH, Kerr SC, Striker R, Sherer NM, Harari PM, Capitini CM, Skala MC, Beebe DJ. Microphysiological model reveals the promise of memory-like natural killer cell immunotherapy for HIV ± cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6681. [PMID: 37865647 PMCID: PMC10590421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies are exploring the use of cell adoptive therapies to treat hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. However, there are numerous factors that dampen the immune response, including viruses like human immunodeficiency virus. In this study, we leverage human-derived microphysiological models to reverse-engineer the HIV-immune system interaction and evaluate the potential of memory-like natural killer cells for HIV+ head and neck cancer, one of the most common tumors in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus. Here, we evaluate multiple aspects of the memory-like natural killer cell response in human-derived bioengineered environments, including immune cell extravasation, tumor penetration, tumor killing, T cell dependence, virus suppression, and compatibility with retroviral medication. Overall, these results suggest that memory-like natural killer cells are capable of operating without T cell assistance and could simultaneously destroy head and neck cancer cells as well as reduce viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Mehtab Farooqui
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katheryn Denecke
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shujah Rehman
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard street, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca Schmitz
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard street, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jorge F Guerrero
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cristina Sanchez-de-Diego
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sara Abizanda Campo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Maly
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard street, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew H Forsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Sheena C Kerr
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert Striker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Vivent Health, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Nathan M Sherer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard street, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Ortiz AM, Castello Casta F, Rahmberg A, Markowitz TE, Brooks K, Simpson J, Brenchley JM. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Treatment Induces Modest Immune Activation in Healthy Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2023; 97:e0060023. [PMID: 37338342 PMCID: PMC10373544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00600-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Asian macaques is an excellent model for HIV disease progression and therapeutic development. Recent coformulations of nucleoside analogs and an integrase inhibitor have been used for parenteral antiretroviral (ARV) administration in SIV-infected macaques, successfully resulting in undetectable plasma SIV RNA. In a cohort of SIVmac239-infected macaques, we recently observed that administration of coformulated ARVs resulted in an unexpected increase in plasma levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), associated with stimulation of myeloid cells. We hypothesized that the coformulation solubilizing agent Kleptose (2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin [HPβCD]) may induce inflammation with myeloid cell activation and the release of sCD14. Herein, we stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy macaques with HPβCD from different commercial sources and evaluated inflammatory cytokine production in vitro. Treatment of PBMCs resulted in increased sCD14 release and myeloid cell interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production-with stimulation varying significantly by HPβCD source-and destabilized lymphocyte CCR5 surface expression. We further treated healthy macaques with Kleptose alone. In vivo, we observed modestly increased myeloid cell activation in response to Kleptose treatment without significant perturbation of the immunological transcriptome or epigenome. Our results demonstrate a need for vehicle-only controls and highlight immunological perturbations that can occur when using HPβCD in pharmaceutical coformulations. IMPORTANCE SIV infection of nonhuman primates is the principal model system for assessing HIV disease progression and therapeutic development. HPβCD has recently been incorporated as a solubilizing agent in coformulations of ARVs in SIV-infected nonhuman primates. Although HPβCD has historically been considered inert, recent findings suggest that HPβCD may contribute to inflammation. Herein, we investigate the contribution of HPβCD to healthy macaque inflammation in vitro and in vivo. We observe that HPβCD causes an induction of sCD14 and IL-1β from myeloid cells in vitro and demonstrate that HPβCD stimulatory capacity varies by commercial source. In vivo, we observe modest myeloid cell activation in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens absent systemic immune activation. From our findings, it is unclear whether HPβCD stimulation may improve or diminish immune reconstitution in ARV-treated lentiviral infections. Our results demonstrate a need for vehicle-only controls and highlight immunological perturbations that can occur when using HPβCD in pharmaceutical coformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabiola Castello Casta
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Rahmberg
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tovah E. Markowitz
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Simpson
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Riggs PK, Chaillon A, Jiang G, Letendre SL, Tang Y, Taylor J, Kaytes A, Smith DM, Dubé K, Gianella S. Lessons for Understanding Central Nervous System HIV Reservoirs from the Last Gift Program. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:566-579. [PMID: 36260191 PMCID: PMC9580451 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deep tissue HIV reservoirs, especially within the central nervous system (CNS), are understudied due to the challenges of sampling brain, spinal cord, and other tissues. Understanding the cellular characteristics and viral dynamics in CNS reservoirs is critical so that HIV cure trials can address them and monitor the direct and indirect effects of interventions. The Last Gift program was developed to address these needs by enrolling altruistic people with HIV (PWH) at the end of life who agree to rapid research autopsy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings from the Last Gift emphasize significant heterogeneity across CNS reservoirs, CNS compartmentalization including differential sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies, and bidirectional migration of HIV across the blood-brain barrier. Our findings add support for the potential of CNS reservoirs to be a source of rebounding viruses and reseeding of systemic sites if they are not targeted by cure strategies. This review highlights important scientific, practical, and ethical lessons learned from the Last Gift program in the context of recent advances in understanding the CNS reservoirs and key knowledge gaps in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guochun Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Yuyang Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeff Taylor
- AntiViral Research Center (AVRC) Community Advisory Board, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- HIV + Aging Research Project - Palm Springs (HARP-PS), Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kaytes
- AntiViral Research Center (AVRC) Community Advisory Board, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Karine Dubé
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
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10
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Mudra Rakshasa-Loots A, Whalley HC, Vera JH, Cox SR. Neuroinflammation in HIV-associated depression: evidence and future perspectives. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3619-3632. [PMID: 35618889 PMCID: PMC9708589 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV face a high risk of mental illness, especially depression. We do not yet know the precise neurobiological mechanisms underlying HIV-associated depression. Depression severity in the general population has been linked to acute and chronic markers of systemic inflammation. Given the associations between depression and peripheral inflammation, and since HIV infection in the brain elicits a neuroinflammatory response, it is possible that neuroinflammation contributes to the high prevalence of depression amongst people living with HIV. The purpose of this review was to synthesise existing evidence for associations between inflammation, depression, and HIV. While there is strong evidence for independent associations between these three conditions, few preclinical or clinical studies have attempted to characterise their interrelationship, representing a major gap in the literature. This review identifies key areas of debate in the field and offers perspectives for future investigations of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated depression. Reproducing findings across diverse populations will be crucial in obtaining robust and generalisable results to elucidate the precise role of neuroinflammation in this pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arish Mudra Rakshasa-Loots
- Edinburgh Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jaime H Vera
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham S, Sette P, Sivanandham R, Policicchio BB, Xu C, Penn E, Brocca-Cofano E, Le Hingrat Q, Ma D, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Changes to the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Reservoir and Enhanced SIV-Specific Responses in a Rhesus Macaque Model of Functional Cure after Serial Rounds of Romidepsin Administrations. J Virol 2022; 96:e0044522. [PMID: 35638831 PMCID: PMC9215247 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00445-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV persistence requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART), calling for a cure. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, romidepsin, is used in the "shock and kill" approach with the goal of reactivating virus and subsequently clearing infected cells through cell-mediated immune responses. We tested serial and double infusions of romidepsin in a rhesus macaque (RM) model of SIV functional cure, which controls virus without ART. Off ART, romidepsin reactivated SIV in all RMs. Subsequent infusions resulted in diminished reactivation, and two RMs did not reactivate the virus after the second or third infusions. Therefore, those two RMs received CD8-depleting antibody to assess the replication competence of the residual reservoir. The remaining RMs received double infusions, i.e., two doses separated by 48-h. Double infusions were well tolerated, induced immune activation, and effectively reactivated SIV. Although reactivation was gradually diminished, cell-associated viral DNA was minimally changed, and viral outgrowth occurred in 4/5 RMs. In the RM which did not reactivate after CD8 depletion, viral outgrowth was not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)-derived CD4+ cells. The frequency of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells increased after romidepsin administration, and the increased SIV-specific immune responses were associated, although not statistically, with the diminished reactivation. Thus, our data showing sequential decreases in viral reactivation with repeated romidepsin administrations with all RMs and absence of viral reactivation after CD8+ T-cell depletion in one animal suggest that, in the context of healthy immune responses, romidepsin affected the inducible viral reservoir and gradually increased immune-mediated viral control. Given the disparities between the results of romidepsin administration to ART-suppressed SIVmac239-infected RMs and HIV-infected normal progressors compared to our immune-healthy model, our data suggest that improving immune function for greater SIV-specific responses should be the starting point of HIV cure strategies. IMPORTANCE HIV cure is sought after due to the prevalence of comorbidities that occur in persons with HIV. One of the most investigated HIV cure strategies is the "shock and kill" approach. Our study investigated the use of romidepsin, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in our rhesus macaque model of functional cure, which allows for better resolution of viral reactivation due to the lack of antiretroviral therapy. We found that repeated rounds of romidepsin resulted in gradually diminished viral reactivation. One animal inevitably lacked replication-competent virus in the blood. With the accompanying enhancement of the SIV-specific immune response, our data suggest that there is a reduction of the viral reservoir in one animal by the cell-mediated immune response. With the differences observed between our model and persons living with HIV (PWH) treated with romidepsin, specifically in the context of a healthy immune system in our model, our data thereby indicate the importance of restoring the immune system for cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sindhuja Sivanandham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen Penn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Welles HC, King HAD, Nettey L, Cavett N, Gorman J, Zhou T, Tsybovsky Y, Du R, Song K, Nguyen R, Ambrozak D, Ransier A, Schramm CA, Doria-Rose NA, Swanstrom AE, Hoxie JA, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Douek DC, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Roederer M, Mason RD. Broad coverage of neutralization-resistant SIV strains by second-generation SIV-specific antibodies targeting the region involved in binding CD4. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010574. [PMID: 35709309 PMCID: PMC9242510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both SIV and SHIV are powerful tools for evaluating antibody-mediated prevention and treatment of HIV-1. However, owing to a lack of rhesus-derived SIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), testing of bnAbs for HIV-1 prevention or treatment has thus far been performed exclusively in the SHIV NHP model using bnAbs from HIV-1-infected individuals. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of multiple rhesus-derived SIV bnAbs capable of neutralizing most isolates of SIV. Eight antibodies belonging to two clonal families, ITS102 and ITS103, which target unique epitopes in the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) region, were found to be broadly neutralizing and together neutralized all SIV strains tested. A rare feature of these bnAbs and two additional antibody families, ITS92 and ITS101, which mediate strain-specific neutralizing activity against SIV from sooty mangabeys (SIVsm), was their ability to achieve near complete (i.e. 100%) neutralization of moderately and highly neutralization-resistant SIV. Overall, these newly identified SIV bnAbs highlight the potential for evaluating HIV-1 prophylactic and therapeutic interventions using fully simian, rhesus-derived bnAbs in the SIV NHP model, thereby circumventing issues related to rapid antibody clearance of human-derived antibodies, Fc mismatch and limited genetic diversity of SHIV compared to SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C. Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hannah A. D. King
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonard Nettey
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole Cavett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Renguang Du
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaimei Song
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Ransier
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chaim A. Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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13
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HIV Latency in Myeloid Cells: Challenges for a Cure. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060611. [PMID: 35745465 PMCID: PMC9230125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment has been highly successful in controlling plasma viremia to undetectable levels. However, a complete cure for HIV is hindered by the presence of replication-competent HIV, integrated in the host genome, that can persist long term in a resting state called viral latency. Resting memory CD4+ T cells are considered the biggest reservoir of persistent HIV infection and are often studied exclusively as the main target for an HIV cure. However, other cell types, such as circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, can harbor integrated, replication-competent HIV. To develop a cure for HIV, focus is needed not only on the T cell compartment, but also on these myeloid reservoirs of persistent HIV infection. In this review, we summarize their importance when designing HIV cure strategies and challenges associated to their identification and specific targeting by the “shock and kill” approach.
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14
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Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:367-378. [PMID: 35246662 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human vaginal microbiota is a critical determinant of vaginal health. These communities live in close association with the vaginal epithelium and rely on host tissues for resources. Although often dominated by lactobacilli, the vaginal microbiota is also frequently composed of a collection of facultative and obligate anaerobes. The prevalence of these communities with a paucity of Lactobacillus species varies among women, and epidemiological studies have associated them with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes. The mechanisms that drive these associations have yet to be described in detail, with few studies establishing causative relationships. Here, we review our current understanding of the vaginal microbiota and its connection with host health. We centre our discussion around the biology of the vaginal microbiota when Lactobacillus species are dominant versus when they are not, including host factors that are implicated in shaping these microbial communities and the resulting adverse health outcomes. We discuss current approaches to modulate the vaginal microbiota, including probiotics and vaginal microbiome transplants, and argue that new model systems of the cervicovaginal environment that incorporate the vaginal microbiota are needed to progress from association to mechanism and this will prove invaluable for future research.
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15
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van Heuvel Y, Schatz S, Rosengarten JF, Stitz J. Infectious RNA: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Biology, Therapeutic Intervention, and the Quest for a Vaccine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020138. [PMID: 35202165 PMCID: PMC8876946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms mediate the toxicity of RNA. Genomic retroviral mRNA hijacks infected host cell factors to enable virus replication. The viral genomic RNA of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encompasses nine genes encoding in less than 10 kb all proteins needed for replication in susceptible host cells. To do so, the genomic RNA undergoes complex alternative splicing to facilitate the synthesis of the structural, accessory, and regulatory proteins. However, HIV strongly relies on the host cell machinery recruiting cellular factors to complete its replication cycle. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) targets different steps in the cycle, preventing disease progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The comprehension of the host immune system interaction with the virus has fostered the development of a variety of vaccine platforms. Despite encouraging provisional results in vaccine trials, no effective vaccine has been developed, yet. However, novel promising vaccine platforms are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin van Heuvel
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schatz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jamila Franca Rosengarten
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn Stitz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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17
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Observations of differing bacterial, intestinal microbiomes in people living with HIV have propelled interest in contributions of the microbiome to HIV disease. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV infection provide a controlled setting for assessing contributions of the microbiome by standardizing environmental confounders. We provide an overview of the findings of microbiome contributions to aspects of HIV disease derived from these animal models. Recent Findings Observations of differing bacterial, intestinal microbiomes are inconsistently observed in the NHP model following SIV infection. Differences in lentiviral susceptibility and vaccine efficacy have been attributed to variations in the intestinal microbiome; however, by-and-large, these differences have not been experimentally assessed. Summary Although compelling associations exist, clearly defined contributions of the microbiome to HIV and SIV disease are lacking. The empirical use of comprehensive multi-omics assessments and longitudinal and interventional study designs in NHP models is necessary to define this contribution more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.
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18
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Interests of the Non-Human Primate Models for HIV Cure Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090958. [PMID: 34579195 PMCID: PMC8472852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models are important for vaccine development and also contribute to HIV cure research. Although none of the animal models are perfect, NHPs enable the exploration of important questions about tissue viral reservoirs and the development of intervention strategies. In this review, we describe recent advances in the use of these models for HIV cure research and highlight the progress that has been made as well as limitations using these models. The main NHP models used are (i) the macaque, in which simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) infection displays similar replication profiles as to HIV in humans, and (ii) the macaque infected by a recombinant virus (SHIV) consisting of SIVmac expressing the HIV envelope gene serving for studies analyzing the impact of anti-HIV Env broadly neutralizing antibodies. Lessons for HIV cure that can be learned from studying the natural host of SIV are also presented here. An overview of the most promising and less well explored HIV cure strategies tested in NHP models will be given.
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19
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Paredes AJ, Ramöller IK, McKenna PE, Abbate MT, Volpe-Zanutto F, Vora LK, Kilbourne-Brook M, Jarrahian C, Moffatt K, Zhang C, Tekko IA, Donnelly RF. Microarray patches: Breaking down the barriers to contraceptive care and HIV prevention for women across the globe. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:331-348. [PMID: 33831475 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of a variety of contraceptive products for women, as well as decades of research into the prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there is still a globally unmet need for easily accessible, acceptable, and affordable products to protect women's sexual and reproductive health. Microarray patches (MAPs) are a novel platform being developed for the delivery of hormonal contraception and antiretroviral drugs. MAPs provide enhanced drug delivery to the systemic circulation via the transdermal route when compared to transdermal patches, oral and injectable formulations. These minimally invasive patches can be self-administered by the user, reducing the burden on health care personnel. Since MAPs represent needle-free drug delivery, no sharps waste is generated after application, thereby eliminating possible MAP reuse and risk of needle-stick injuries. This review discusses the administration of contraceptive and antiretroviral drugs using MAPs, their acceptability by end-users, and the future perspective of the field.
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20
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Claiborne DT, Maldini CR, Phelps M, Vrbanac V, Karpel ME, Krupp KL, Power KA, Boutwell CL, Balazs AB, Tager AM, Altfeld M, Allen TM. Innate Immune Reconstitution in Humanized Bone Marrow-Liver-Thymus (HuBLT) Mice Governs Adaptive Cellular Immune Function and Responses to HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667393. [PMID: 34122425 PMCID: PMC8189152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (HuBLT) mice are a revolutionary small-animal model that has facilitated the study of human immune function and human-restricted pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). These mice recapitulate many aspects of acute and chronic HIV-1 infection, but exhibit weak and variable T-cell responses when challenged with HIV-1, hindering our ability to confidently detect HIV-1-specific responses or vaccine effects. To identify the cause of this, we comprehensively analyzed T-cell development, diversity, and function in HuBLT mice. We found that virtually all HuBLT were well-reconstituted with T cells and had intact TCRβ sequence diversity, thymic development, and differentiation to memory and effector cells. However, there was poor CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responsiveness to physiologic stimuli and decreased TH1 polarization that correlated with deficient reconstitution of innate immune cells, in particular monocytes. HIV-1 infection of HuBLT mice showed that mice with higher monocyte reconstitution exhibited greater CD8+ T cells responses and HIV-1 viral evolution within predicted HLA-restricted epitopes. Thus, T-cell responses to immune challenges are blunted in HuBLT mice due to a deficiency of innate immune cells, and future efforts to improve the model for HIV-1 immune response and vaccine studies need to be aimed at restoring innate immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel T. Claiborne
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Colby R. Maldini
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Meredith Phelps
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Human Immune System Mouse Program, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marshall E. Karpel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katharine L. Krupp
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Karen A. Power
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Christian L. Boutwell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Andrew M. Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
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21
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Kazer SW, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection. Immunity 2021; 53:908-924. [PMID: 33207216 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Sil S, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Niu F, Kannan M, Liao K, Silverstein PS, Periyasamy P, Buch S. HIV-1 and drug abuse comorbidity: Lessons learned from the animal models of NeuroHIV. Neurosci Lett 2021; 754:135863. [PMID: 33794296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various research studies that have investigated the association between HIV infection and addiction underpin the role of various drugs of abuse in impairing immunological and non-immunological pathways of the host system, ultimately leading to augmentation of HIV infection and disease progression. These studies have included both in vitro and in vivo animal models wherein investigators have assessed the effects of various drugs on several disease parameters to decipher the impact of drugs on both HIV infection and progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, given the inherent limitations in the existing animal models of HAND, these investigations only recapitulated specific aspects of the disease but not the complex human syndrome. Despite the inability of HIV to infect rodents over the last 30 years, multiple strategies have been employed to develop several rodent models of HAND. While none of these models can accurately mimic the overall pathophysiology of HAND, they serve the purpose of modeling some unique aspects of HAND. This review provides an overview of various animal models used in the field and a careful evaluation of methodological strengths and limitations inherent in both the model systems and study designs to understand better how the various animal models complement one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Muthukumar Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Peter S Silverstein
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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23
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Wolf G, Singh NJ. Modular Approaches to Understand the Immunobiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:365-375. [PMID: 33600238 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in slowing the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there is no viable cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The challenge toward a cure is mainly the formation and maintenance of a latent reservoir of cells that harbor the virus in both replication-competent and replication-defective states. This small niche of quiescent cells has been identified to reside primarily in quiescent and memory CD4+ T cells, but parameters that could reliably distinguish an infected T cell from an uninfected one, if any, are not clear. In addition, the migratory properties and specific anatomical reservoirs of latent T cells are difficult to measure at a high resolution in humans. A functional cure of HIV would require targeting this population using innovative new clinical strategies. One constraint toward the empirical development of such approaches is the absence of a native small animal model for AIDS. Since HIV does not efficiently infect murine cells, probing molecular-genetic questions involving latently infected T cells homing to deep tissue sites, interacting with stroma and persisting through different treatment regimens, is challenging. The goal of this article is to discuss how examining the dynamics of T cells in mouse models can provide a framework for effectively studying these questions, even without infecting mice with HIV. The inflammatory and cytokine milieu found in early human HIV infections are being increasingly understood as a result of clinical measurements. Mouse studies that recreate this milieu can potentially be used to subsequently map the fate of T cells activated in this context as well as their migratory routes. In essence, such a framework could allow complementary studies in mice to enhance our understanding of aspects of the biology of HIV latency. This can be the basis of a modular approach to small animal HIV modeling, amenable to preclinical curative strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Wolf
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nevil J Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Adams P, Fievez V, Schober R, Amand M, Iserentant G, Rutsaert S, Dessilly G, Vanham G, Hedin F, Cosma A, Moutschen M, Vandekerckhove L, Seguin-Devaux C. CD32 +CD4 + memory T cells are enriched for total HIV-1 DNA in tissues from humanized mice. iScience 2021; 24:101881. [PMID: 33364576 PMCID: PMC7753142 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD32 has raised conflicting results as a putative marker of the HIV-1 reservoir. We measured CD32 expression in tissues from viremic and virally suppressed humanized mice treated relatively early or late after HIV-1 infection with combined antiretroviral therapy. CD32 was expressed in a small fraction of the memory CD4+ T-cell subsets from different tissues in viremic and aviremic mice, regardless of treatment initiation time. CD32+ memory CD4+ T cells were enriched in cell-associated (CA) HIV-1 DNA but not in CA HIV-1 RNA as compared to the CD32-CD4+ fraction. Using multidimensional reduction analysis, several memory CD4+CD32+ T-cell clusters were identified expressing HLA-DR, TIGIT, or PD-1. Importantly, although tissue-resident CD32+CD4+ memory cells were enriched with translation-competent reservoirs, most of it was detected in memory CD32-CD4+ T cells. Our findings support that CD32 labels highly activated/exhausted memory CD4+ T-cell subsets that contain only a small proportion of the translation-competent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Adams
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Virginie Fievez
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Rafaëla Schober
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mathieu Amand
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Iserentant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Dessilly
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels 1348, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Fanny Hedin
- Quantitative Biology Unit, National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Cosma
- Quantitative Biology Unit, National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Michel Moutschen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
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25
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Mosa AI. Implications of viral transmitted/founder (T/F) dynamics on vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:2293-2297. [PMID: 33377822 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1861878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection typically originates from a limited number of virions known as transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. Studies of cross-species transmission, and intra-species transmission of antigenically variable viruses, indicates T/F variants may express distinct, transmissibility enhancing phenotypes. However, with evidence that transmissibility is associated with not only intrinsic virological features, such as virion composition, but also extrinsic factors, such as viral population structure, the challenge of resolving T/F signatures that can be targeted by rational vaccine or antiviral design is substantial. Nonetheless, failure to develop vaccines for antigenically variable viruses, such as HIV/HCV, and the ongoing risk of cross-species transmission with pandemic potential, recommends development of T/F targeting vaccines. In this commentary, the T/F phenomena is introduced, explored in both the classical (HIV) and non-canonical (coronaviruses) instances, and discussed in relation to rational and preemptive vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Mosa
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Kleinman AJ, Xu C, Cottrell ML, Sivanandham R, Brocca-Cofano E, Dunsmore T, Kashuba A, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Pharmacokinetics and Immunological Effects of Romidepsin in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579158. [PMID: 33362765 PMCID: PMC7759686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/SIV persistence in latent reservoirs requires lifelong antiretroviral treatment and calls for effective cure strategies. Romidepsin (RMD), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, was reported to reactivate HIV/SIV from reservoirs in virus-suppressed individuals. We characterized in detail the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of RMD in three SIV-naïve rhesus macaques which received two rounds of treatment. In plasma, RMD mean terminal half-life was 15.3 h. In comparison, RMD mean terminal half-life was much longer in tissues: 110 h in the lymph nodes (LNs) and 28 h in gastrointestinal tract. RMD administration was accompanied by transient liver and systemic toxicity. Isoflurane anesthesia induced near-immediate transient lymphopenia, which was further exacerbated and extended with the extensive immune modifications by RMD. The effect of RMD on circulating immune cells was complex: (i) slight increase in lymphocyte death rates; (ii) transient, robust increase in neutrophils; (iii) massive downregulation of lymphocyte surface markers; (iv) important migration of CD3+ T cells to the gut and LNs; and (v) hindrance to CD8+ T cell functionality, yet without reaching significance. Our results show that, in contrast to transient plasma concentrations, RMD has a long-term presence in tissues, with multiple immunomodulatory effects and minimal to moderate kidney, liver, and lymphocyte toxicities. As such, we concluded that RMD can be used for “shock and kill” approaches, preferentially in combination with other latency reversal agents or cytotoxic T lymphocyte boosting strategies with consideration taken for adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie L Cottrell
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tammy Dunsmore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Angela Kashuba
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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27
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Patasic L, Seifried J, Bezler V, Kaljanac M, Schneider IC, Schmitz H, Tondera C, Hartmann J, Hombach A, Buchholz CJ, Abken H, König R, Cichutek K. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) to target chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells towards CD4 + T cells to reduce the latent HIV + cell reservoir. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:681-691. [PMID: 32918599 PMCID: PMC7568711 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells show great efficacy in the patient-specific therapy of hematologic malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that a DARPin with specificity for CD4 specifically redirects and triggers the activation of CAR engineered T cells resulting in the depletion of CD4+ target cells aiming for elimination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Patasic
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Janna Seifried
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Valerie Bezler
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Department of Genetic Immunotherapy, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcell Kaljanac
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Department of Genetic Immunotherapy, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Irene C Schneider
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Heike Schmitz
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Hartmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hombach
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, and Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, and Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Department of Genetic Immunotherapy, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Langen, Germany
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Cichutek
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Langen, Germany.
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28
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Sperber HS, Togarrati PP, Raymond KA, Bouzidi MS, Gilfanova R, Gutierrez AG, Muench MO, Pillai SK. μ-Lat: A mouse model to evaluate human immunodeficiency virus eradication strategies. FASEB J 2020; 34:14615-14630. [PMID: 32901981 PMCID: PMC8787083 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001612rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A critical barrier to the development of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure is the lack of a scalable animal model that enables robust evaluation of eradication approaches prior to testing in humans. We established a humanized mouse model of latent HIV infection by transplanting "J-Lat" cells, Jurkat cells harboring a latent HIV provirus encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter, into irradiated adult NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice. J-Lat cells exhibited successful engraftment in several tissues including spleen, bone barrow, peripheral blood, and lung, in line with the diverse natural tissue tropism of HIV. Administration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, an established HIV latency reversal agent, significantly induced GFP expression in engrafted cells across tissues, reflecting viral reactivation. These data suggest that our murine latency ("μ-Lat") model enables efficient determination of how effectively viral eradication agents, including latency reversal agents, penetrate, and function in diverse anatomical sites harboring HIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S. Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Free University of Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Kyle A. Raymond
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed S. Bouzidi
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Renata Gilfanova
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alan G. Gutierrez
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Bricker KM, Obregon-Perko V, Uddin F, Williams B, Uffman EA, Garrido C, Fouda GG, Geleziunas R, Robb M, Michael N, Barouch DH, Chahroudi A. Therapeutic vaccination of SIV-infected, ART-treated infant rhesus macaques using Ad48/MVA in combination with TLR-7 stimulation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008954. [PMID: 33104758 PMCID: PMC7644092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, 1.8 million children are living with HIV-1. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved disease outcomes, it does not eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir. Interventions to delay or prevent viral rebound in the absence of ART would be highly beneficial for HIV-1-infected children who now must remain on daily ART throughout their lifespan. Here, we evaluated therapeutic Ad48-SIV prime, MVA-SIV boost immunization in combination with the TLR-7 agonist GS-986 in rhesus macaque (RM) infants orally infected with SIVmac251 at 4 weeks of age and treated with a triple ART regimen beginning 4 weeks after infection. We hypothesized immunization would enhance SIV-specific T cell responses during ART-mediated suppression of viremia. Compared to controls, vaccinated infants had greater magnitude SIV-specific T cell responses (mean of 3475 vs 69 IFN-γ spot forming cells (SFC) per 106 PBMCs, respectively, P = 0.01) with enhanced breadth of epitope recognition and increased CD8+ and CD4+ T cell polyfunctionality (P = 0.004 and P = 0.005, respectively). Additionally, SIV-specific gp120 antibodies against challenge and vaccine virus strains were significantly elevated following MVA boost (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively). GS-986 led to expected immune stimulation demonstrated by activation of monocytes and T cells 24 hours post-dose. Despite the vaccine-induced immune responses, levels of SIV DNA in peripheral and lymph node CD4+ T cells were not significantly different from controls and a similar time to viral rebound and viral load set point were observed following ART interruption in both groups. We demonstrate infant RMs mount a robust immunological response to this immunization, but vaccination alone was not sufficient to impact viral reservoir size or modulate rebound dynamics following ART release. Our findings hold promise for therapeutic vaccination as a part of a combination cure approach in children and highlight the importance of a pediatric model to evaluate HIV-1 cure interventions in this unique setting of immune development. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved disease outcome and reduced HIV-1 transmission, it is not a cure, as interruption of ART results in rapid viral rebound due to the persistent latent reservoir. Interventions to induce HIV-1 remission in the absence of ART would be highly beneficial to children living with HIV-1, sparing them from the associated adherence requirements, side effects, and cost of ART. Here, we used our previously established pediatric model of oral SIV infection and ART suppression of viremia in infant rhesus macaques (RMs) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an Ad48-SIV prime, MVA-SIV boost therapeutic vaccine approach plus TLR-7 stimulation. Our study demonstrates this vaccination strategy is immunogenic in infants; however, unlike previously reported results in adult RMs using a similar approach, vaccination did not result in a difference in the level of CD4+ T cell-associated SIV DNA or viral rebound dynamics after ART interruption when compared to control infant RMs. These results highlight the importance of pre-clinical studies using pediatric models and indicate potential HIV-1 cure strategies may differentially impact adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Bricker
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Veronica Obregon-Perko
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ferzan Uddin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brianna Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Emilie A. Uffman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Romas Geleziunas
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States of America
| | - Merlin Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Nelson Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00533-20. [PMID: 32669326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00533-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be key contributors to the HIV/SIV latent reservoir, since they harbor high levels of HIV/SIV; reverse CD4+ T cell immune activation status, increasing the pool of resting CD4+ T cells; and impair CD8+ T cell function, favoring HIV persistence. We tested the hypothesis that Treg depletion is a valid intervention toward an HIV cure by depleted Tregs in 14 rhesus macaque (RM) controllers infected with SIVsab, the virus that naturally infects sabaeus monkeys, through different strategies: administration of an anti-CCR4 immunotoxin, two doses of an anti-CD25 immunotoxin (interleukin-2 with diphtheria toxin [IL-2-DT]), or two combinations of both. All of these treatments resulted in significant depletion of the circulating Tregs (>70%) and their partial depletion in the gut (25%) and lymph nodes (>50%). The fractions of CD4+ T cells expressing Ki -67 increased up to 80% in experiments containing IL-2-DT and only 30% in anti-CCR4-treated RMs, paralleled by increases in the inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of ART, plasma virus rebounded to 103 vRNA copies/ml by day 10 after IL-2-DT administration. A large but transient boost of the SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses occurred in IL-2-DT-treated RMs. Such increases were minimal in the RMs receiving anti-CCR4-based regimens. Five RMs received IL-2-DT on ART, but treatment was discontinued because of high toxicity and lymphopenia. As such, while all treatments depleted a significant proportion of Tregs, the side effects in the presence of ART prevent their clinical use and call for different Treg depletion approaches. Thus, based on our data, Treg targeting as a strategy for HIV cure cannot be discarded.IMPORTANCE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can decisively contribute to the establishment and persistence of the HIV reservoir, since they harbor high levels of HIV/SIV, increase the pool of resting CD4+ T cells by reversing their immune activation status, and impair CD8+ T cell function, favoring HIV persistence. We tested multiple Treg depletion strategies and showed that all of them are at least partially successful in depleting Tregs. As such, Treg depletion appears to be a valid intervention toward an HIV cure, reducing the size of the reservoir, reactivating the virus, and boosting cell-mediated immune responses. Yet, when Treg depletion was attempted in ART-suppressed animals, the treatment had to be discontinued due to high toxicity and lymphopenia. Therefore, while Treg targeting as a strategy for HIV cure cannot be discarded, the methodology for Treg depletion has to be revisited.
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31
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Rawlings SA, Gianella S. Tissue is the issue: how altruistic people with HIV are changing the HIV tissue reservoir landscape. Future Virol 2020; 15:397-400. [PMID: 32868981 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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32
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Cunha-Santos C, Perdigao PRL, Martin F, Oliveira JG, Cardoso M, Manuel A, Taveira N, Goncalves J. Inhibition of HIV replication through siRNA carried by CXCR4-targeted chimeric nanobody. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2859-2870. [PMID: 31641784 PMCID: PMC11104913 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) application in therapy still faces a major challenge with the lack of an efficient and specific delivery system. Current vehicles are often responsible for poor efficacy, safety concerns, and burden costs of siRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we describe a novel strategy for targeted delivery of siRNA molecules to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Specific membrane translocation of siRNA inhibitor was addressed by an engineered nanobody targeting the HIV co-receptor CXCR4 (NbCXCR4) in fusion with a single-chain variable fragment (4M5.3) that carried the FITC-conjugated siRNA. 4M5.3-NbCXCR4 conjugate (4M5.3X4) efficiently targeted CXCR4+ T lymphocytes, specifically translocating siRNA by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Targeted delivery of siRNA directed to the mRNA of HIV transactivator tat silenced Tat-driven viral transcription and inhibited the replication of distinct virus clades. In summary, we have shown that the engineered nanobody chimera developed in this study constitutes an efficient and specific delivery method of siRNAs through CXCR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Cunha-Santos
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ricardo Lucas Perdigao
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martin
- HIV Evolution, Epidemiology and Prevention Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes Oliveira
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cardoso
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Manuel
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- HIV Evolution, Epidemiology and Prevention Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Lewis PE, Poteet EC, Liu D, Chen C, LaBranche CC, Stanfield-Oakley SA, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Yao Q. CTLA-4 Blockade, during HIV Virus-Like Particles Immunization, Alters HIV-Specific B-Cell Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E284. [PMID: 32517277 PMCID: PMC7349993 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that blockade of CTLA-4 promoted the expansion of germinal center B-cells in viral infection or immunization with model antigens. Few studies have evaluated the immunological consequences of CTLA-4 blockade during immunization against relevant vaccine candidates. Here, we investigated the effects of CTLA-4 blockade on HIV virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccination in a C57BL/6J mouse model. We found that CTLA-4 blockade during HIV VLP immunization resulted in increased CD4+ T-cell activation, promoted the expansion of HIV envelope (Env)-specific follicular helper T cell (Tfh) cells, and significantly increased HIV Gag- and Env-specific IgG with higher avidity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capabilities. Furthermore, after only a single immunization, CTLA-4 blockade accelerated T-cell dependent IgG class switching and the induction of significantly high serum levels of the B-cell survival factor, A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). Although no significant increase in neutralizing antibodies was observed, increased levels of class-switched Env- and Gag-specific IgG are indicative of increased polyclonal B-cell activation, which demonstrated the ability to mediate and enhance ADCC in this study. Altogether, our findings show that CTLA-4 blockade can increase the levels of HIV antigen-specific B-cell and antigen-specific Tfh cell activity and impact humoral immune responses when combined with a clinically relevant HIV VLP-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe E. Lewis
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ethan C. Poteet
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Dongliang Liu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Changyi Chen
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Sherry A. Stanfield-Oakley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Qizhi Yao
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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34
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Recent advances in long-acting nanoformulations for delivery of antiretroviral drugs. J Control Release 2020; 324:379-404. [PMID: 32461114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In spite of introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; inaccessibility and poor adherence to oral cART costs 10 in 100,000 death worldwide. Failure in adherence leads to viral rebound, emergence of drug resistance and anticipated HIV infection in high risk individuals. Various Long-acting antiretroviral (LA ARV) nanoformulations including nano-prodrug, solid drug nanoparticles (SDN), nanocrystals, aspherical nanoparticles, polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles have shown plasma/tissue drug concentration in the therapeutic range for several weeks during pre-clinical evaluation. LA ARV nanoformulations therefore have replaced cART as better alternative for the treatment of HIV infection. Cabenuva™ is recently approved by Health Canada containing LA cabotegravir+LA rilpivirine nanocrystals (ViiV healthcare) for once monthly administration by intramuscular route. The LA nanoformulation due to its nanosize insist on better stability, delivery to lymphatic, slow release into systemic circulation via lymphatic-circulatory system conjoint and secondary drug depot within infiltered immune cells at site of administration and systemic circulation in contrast to conventional drugs. However, the pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and efficacy of LA nanoformulations hinge onto physicochemical properties of the drugs and route of administration. Therefore, current review emphasizes on these contradistinctive factors that affects the reproducibility, safety, efficacy and toxicity of LA anti-HIV nanoformulations. Moreover, it expatiates on application of profuse nanoformulations for long-acting effect with promising preclinical discoveries and two clinical leads. To add on, utilization of physiology-based and mechanism-based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo animal models which could lead to enhanced safety and efficacy of LA ARV nanoformulations in humans have been included.
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35
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Kalidasan V, Theva Das K. Lessons Learned From Failures and Success Stories of HIV Breakthroughs: Are We Getting Closer to an HIV Cure? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:46. [PMID: 32082282 PMCID: PMC7005723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continuous search for an HIV cure as the success of ART in blocking HIV replication and the role of CD4+ T cells in HIV pathogenesis and immunity do not entirely eradicate HIV. The Berlin patient, who is virus-free, serves as the best model for a 'sterilizing cure' and many experts are trying to mimic this approach in other patients. Although failures were reported among Boston and Essen patients, the setbacks have provided valuable lessons to strengthen cure strategies. Following the Berlin patient, two more patients known as London and Düsseldorf patients might be the second and third person to be cured of HIV. In all the cases, the patients underwent chemotherapy regimen due to malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) which required matching donors for CCR5Δ32 mutation - an approach that may not always be feasible. The emergence of newer technologies, such as long-acting slow-effective release ART (LASER ART) and CRISPR/Cas9 could potentially overcome the barriers due to HIV latency and persistency and eliminate the need for CCR5Δ32 mutation donor. Appreciating the failure and success stories learned from these HIV breakthroughs would provide some insight for future HIV eradication and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumitaa Theva Das
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
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36
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Tsukamoto T, Nakamura K, Okada S. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection and flow cytometric characterization of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) hematopoietic cells. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:116-120. [PMID: 31907946 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We characterized Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) hematopoietic cells using flow cytometry and identified 28 cross-reactive anti-human antibody clones. Furthermore, productive infection of peripheral T lymphocytes with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vitro was confirmed by intracellular SIV p27 staining. This study could facilitate using Japanese macaques as models for human hematological and immunological disorders and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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37
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Faia C, Plaisance-Bonstaff K, Peruzzi F. In vitro models of HIV-1 infection of the Central Nervous System. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MODELS 2020; 32:5-11. [PMID: 33692833 PMCID: PMC7938360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV-1 infection affect more than half of persons living with HIV (PLWH) under retroviral therapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and the complex cellular network communication underlying neurological dysfunction is critical for the development of an effective therapy. As with other neurological disorders, challenges to studying HIV infection of the brain include limited access to clinical samples and proper reproducibility of the complexity of brain networks in cellular and animal models. This review focuses on cellular models used to investigate various aspects of neurological dysfunction associated with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Faia
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
| | | | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
- Department of Medicine
- Corresponding author: Francesca Peruzzi, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, Tel: (504) 210-2978,
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38
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O’Connell P, Amalfitano A, Aldhamen YA. SLAM Family Receptor Signaling in Viral Infections: HIV and Beyond. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E184. [PMID: 31744090 PMCID: PMC6963180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors are expressed on the majority of immune cells. These receptors often serve as self-ligands, and play important roles in cellular communication and adhesion, thus modulating immune responses. SLAM family receptor signaling is differentially regulated in various immune cell types, with responses generally being determined by the presence or absence of two SLAM family adaptor proteins-Ewing's sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2) and SLAM-associated adaptor protein (SAP). In addition to serving as direct regulators of the immune system, certain SLAM family members have also been identified as direct targets for specific microbes and viruses. Here, we will discuss the known roles for these receptors in the setting of viral infection, with special emphasis placed on HIV infection. Because HIV causes such complex dysregulation of the immune system, studies of the roles for SLAM family receptors in this context are particularly exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O’Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, (A.A.)
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, (A.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yasser A. Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, (A.A.)
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39
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Denton PW, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M. Impacts of HIV Cure Interventions on Viral Reservoirs in Tissues. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1956. [PMID: 31497010 PMCID: PMC6712158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV reservoirs persist in infected individuals despite combination antiretroviral therapy and can be identified in secondary lymphoid tissues, in intestinal tissues, in the central nervous system as well as in blood. Clinical trials have begun to explore effects of small molecule interventions to perturb the latent viral infection, but only limited information is available regarding the impacts of HIV cure-related clinical interventions on viral reservoirs found in tissues. Of the 14 HIV cure-related clinical trials since 2012 that have evaluated the effects of small molecule interventions in vivo, four trials have examined the impacts of the interventions in peripheral blood as well as other tissues that harbor persistent HIV. The additional tissues examined include cerebral spinal fluid, intestines and lymph nodes. We provide a comparison contrast analyses of the data across anatomical compartments tested in these studies to reveal where peripheral blood analyses reflect outcomes in other tissues as well as where the data reveal differences between tissue outcomes. We also summarize the current knowledge on these topics and highlight key open questions that need to be addressed experimentally to move the HIV cure research field closer to the development of an intervention strategy capable of eliciting long-term antiretroviral free remission of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Denton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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40
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Latinovic OS, Neal LM, Tagaya Y, Heredia A, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC, Reitz M, Bryant J, Redfield RR. Suppression of Active HIV-1 Infection in CD34 + Hematopoietic Humanized NSG Mice by a Combination of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy and CCR5 Targeting Drugs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:718-728. [PMID: 31099257 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the diagnostics and treatment of AIDS since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983. The remarkable effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is evidenced by mortality reduction, control of peripheral blood viral load, and in a nearly normal quality of HIV patients' lives. Remaining obstacles in treatment and cure are drug toxicities and side effects, viral resistance, persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs on termination of cART treatment, the cost of lifelong antiretroviral therapy, and the stigma associated with taking antiretroviral drugs. As determined by plasma viral RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proviral DNA, we show improved suppression of productive HIV infection in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-engrafted NOD (nonobese diabetic)-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)-il2rg-/- (NSG) mice by combined treatment with cART and CCR5 targeting drugs, compared with cART alone, as well as an increased preservation of human CD4+ T cells (defined as CD45+ CD3+ CD4+ cells) and CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios in infected mice. The data also suggest a possible reduction in viral reservoirs. Our data confirm that this animal model is suitable for detection of productive HIV infection, replication, and establishment of viral reservoirs. The data also provide proof of principle for the utility of combining CCR5 targeting drugs, maraviroc and rapamycin, with traditional cART to improve control of viremia and reduce viral reservoirs. This study thus serves as a model for future HIV-1 studies that could lead to the clinical development of new generations of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren M. Neal
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan C. Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert R. Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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41
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Wong ME, Jaworowski A, Hearps AC. The HIV Reservoir in Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1435. [PMID: 31297114 PMCID: PMC6607932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV (PLWH) who are failing or unable to access combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), monocytes and macrophages are important drivers of pathogenesis and progression to AIDS. The relevance of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir in PLWH receiving cART is debatable as in vivo evidence for infected cells is limited and suggests the reservoir is small. Macrophages were assumed to have a moderate life span and lack self-renewing potential, but recent discoveries challenge this dogma and suggest a potentially important role of these cells as long-lived HIV reservoirs. This, combined with new HIV infection animal models, has led to a resurgence of interest in monocyte/macrophage reservoirs. Infection of non-human primates with myeloid-tropic SIV implicates monocyte/macrophage activation and infection in the brain with neurocognitive disorders, and infection of myeloid-only humanized mouse models are consistent with the potential of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir to sustain infection and be a source of rebound viremia following cART cessation. An increased resistance to HIV-induced cytopathic effects and a reduced susceptibility to some antiretroviral drugs implies macrophages may be relevant to residual replication under cART and to rebound viremia. With a reappraisal of monocyte circulation dynamics, and the development of techniques to differentiate between self-renewing tissue-resident, and monocyte-derived macrophages in different tissues, a new framework exists to contextualize and evaluate the significance and relevance of the monocyte/macrophage HIV reservoir. In this review, we discuss recent developments in monocyte and macrophage biology and appraise current and emerging techniques to quantify the reservoir. We discuss how this knowledge influences our evaluation of the myeloid HIV reservoir, the implications for HIV pathogenesis in both viremic and virologically-suppressed PLWH and the need to address the myeloid reservoir in future treatment and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Wong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Chronic Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C Hearps
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Lemaitre J, Cosma A, Desjardins D, Lambotte O, Le Grand R. Mass Cytometry Reveals the Immaturity of Circulating Neutrophils during SIV Infection. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:170-181. [PMID: 31230057 DOI: 10.1159/000499841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The infected host fails to eradicate HIV-1, despite significant control of viral replication by combinational antiretroviral therapy. Here, we assessed the impact of HIV infection on immune-cell compartments in a SIVmac251 nonhuman primate infection model, which allowed the choice of contamination route, time of infection, and treatment follow-up. We performed high-throughput multiparameter single-cell phenotyping by mass cytometry to obtain a global vision of the immune system in blood and bone marrow. Circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) with impaired phagocytosis had altered surface expression of CD62L and CD11b during early chronic infection. The initiation of combinational antiretroviral treatment during primary infection did not restore PMN function. The maturation state of PMNs was highly altered during late chronic SIV infection, showing a primarily immature phenotype. Our results provide new insights into PMN involvement in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and may play a role in the establishment and maintenance of chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lemaitre
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA - Université Paris-Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA - Université Paris-Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA - Université Paris-Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA - Université Paris-Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA - Université Paris-Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
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43
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Gawron MA, Duval M, Carbone C, Jaiswal S, Wallace A, Martin JC, Dauphin A, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Luban J, Cavacini LA. Human Anti-HIV-1 gp120 Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity Cloned from Humanized Mice Infected with HIV-1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:799-804. [PMID: 30593536 PMCID: PMC6344273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing, anti-HIV-1 gp120 mAbs have been isolated from infected individuals, and there is considerable interest in developing these reagents for Ab-based immunoprophylaxis and treatment. As a means to identify potentially new anti-HIV Abs, we exploited humanized NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice systemically infected with HIV-1 to generate a wide variety of Ag-specific human mAbs. The Abs were encoded by a diverse range of variable gene families and Ig classes, including IgA, and several showed significant levels of somatic mutation. Moreover, the isolated Abs not only bound target Ags with similar affinity as broadly neutralizing Abs, they also demonstrated neutralizing ability against multiple HIV-1 clades. The use of humanized mice will allow us to use our knowledge of HIV-1 gp120 structure and function, and the immune response targeting this protein, to generate native human prophylactic Abs to reduce the infection and spread of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Gawron
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Mark Duval
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Smita Jaiswal
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Aaron Wallace
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Joseph C Martin
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Ann Dauphin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | | | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Lisa A Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126;
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44
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Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Infection and Pathogenesis of Human Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110643. [PMID: 30453598 PMCID: PMC6266013 DOI: 10.3390/v10110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of infectious pathogens in humans proved to be a global health problem. Technological advancements over the last 50 years have allowed better means of identifying novel therapeutics to either prevent or combat these infectious diseases. The development of humanized mouse models offers a preclinical in vivo platform for further characterization of human viral infections and human immune responses triggered by these virus particles. Multiple strains of immunocompromised mice reconstituted with a human immune system and/or human hepatocytes are susceptible to infectious pathogens as evidenced by establishment of full viral life cycles in hope of investigating viral–host interactions observed in patients and discovering potential immunotherapies. This review highlights recent progress in utilizing humanized mice to decipher human specific immune responses against viral tropism.
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45
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Capone A, Lo Presti A, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Ferrantelli F, Maggiorella MT, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Cella E, Ciccozzi M, Ensoli B, Borsetti A. Genetic diversity in the env V1-V2 region of proviral quasispecies from long-term controller MHC-typed cynomolgus macaques infected with SHIVSF162P4cy. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1717-1728. [PMID: 30311877 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-host evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been shown by viral RNA analysis in subjects who naturally suppress plasma viremia to low levels, known as controllers. However, little is known about the variability of proviral DNA and the inter-relationships among contained systemic viremia, rate of reservoir reseeding and specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes, in controllers. Here, we analysed the proviral DNA quasispecies of the env V1-V2 region, in PBMCs and in anatomical compartments of 13 long-term controller monkeys after 3.2 years of infection with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)SF162P4cy. A considerable variation in the genetic diversity of proviral quasispecies was present among animals. Seven monkeys exhibited env V1-V2 proviral populations composed of both clusters of identical ancestral sequences and new variants, whereas the other six monkeys displayed relatively high env V1-V2 genetic diversity with a large proportion of diverse novel sequences. Our results demonstrate that in SHIVSF162P4cy-infected monkeys there exists a disparate pattern of intra-host viral diversity and that reseeding of the proviral reservoir occurs in some animals. Moreover, even though no particular association has been observed between MHC haplotypes and the long-term control of infection, a remarkably similar pattern of intra-host viral diversity and divergence was found within animals carrying the M3 haplotype. This suggests that in animals bearing the same MHC haplotype and infected with the same virus, viral diversity follows a similar pattern with similar outcomes and control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Capone
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.,2Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,3Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- 5National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria T Maggiorella
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edward T Mee
- 6Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare product Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Nicola J Rose
- 6Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare product Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Eleonora Cella
- 7Medical statistic and molecular epidemiology unit, University campus bio medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- 7Medical statistic and molecular epidemiology unit, University campus bio medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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46
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Hard GC. Critical review of renal tubule karyomegaly in non-clinical safety evaluation studies and its significance for human risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:575-595. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1503641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Samal J, Kelly S, Na-Shatal A, Elhakiem A, Das A, Ding M, Sanyal A, Gupta P, Melody K, Roland B, Ahmed W, Zakir A, Bility M. Human immunodeficiency virus infection induces lymphoid fibrosis in the BM-liver-thymus-spleen humanized mouse model. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120430. [PMID: 30232273 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A major pathogenic feature associated with HIV infection is lymphoid fibrosis, which persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Lymphoid tissues play critical roles in the generation of antigen-specific immune response, and fibrosis disrupts the stromal network of lymphoid tissues, resulting in impaired immune cell trafficking and function, as well as immunodeficiency. Developing an animal model for investigating the impact of HIV infection-induced lymphoid tissue fibrosis on immunodeficiency and immune cell impairment is critical for therapeutics development and clinical translation. Said model will enable in vivo mechanistic studies, thus complementing the well-established surrogate model of SIV infection-induced lymphoid tissue fibrosis in macaques. We developed a potentially novel human immune system-humanized mouse model by coengrafting autologous fetal thymus, spleen, and liver organoids under the kidney capsule, along with i.v. injection of autologous fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem cells, thus termed the BM-liver-thymus-spleen (BLTS) humanized mouse model. BLTS humanized mouse model supports development of human immune cells and human lymphoid organoids (human thymus and spleen organoids). HIV infection in BLTS humanized mice results in progressive fibrosis in human lymphoid tissues, which was associated with immunodeficiency in the lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid tissue fibrosis persists during ART, thus recapitulating clinical outcomes.
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48
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Modulatory Effects of Nicotine on neuroHIV/neuroAIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:467-478. [PMID: 30215204 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, one of the key active ingredients in tobacco smoke, exerts its effects via binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Although both negative and positive pharmacological effects of nicotine have been shown in numerous animals and human studies, its interaction with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) have not been fully elucidated. Even though combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) limits the progression of HIV-1 to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent. There is thus a compelling need to enhance our understanding of HAND-related neurologic dysfunction. Some biochemical pathways and physiological dysfunctions have been found to be shared by HAND and Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's (PD) diseases, and nicotine may exert the same neuroprotection in HAND that has been observed in both AD and PD. In the past dozen years, various potential therapeutic effects of nicotine such as neuroprotection have been revealed in both in vivo and in vitro studies, including using HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat model, which mimics HIV-infected patients receiving cART. In the current review, we describe recent progress in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS with and without cigarette smoking, some animal models for studying neural dysfunction associated with HIV-1 infection, elucidating the modulatory effects of cigarette smoking/nicotine on HIV/AIDS, the anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine, and the neuroprotective effects observed in HIV-1Tg rat model. Taken together, these findings suggest the following: although tobacco smoking does cause deleterious effects in both health and disease conditions such as HIV infection, nicotine, the significant component of tobacco smoke, has been shown to possess some neuroprotective effects in HIV patients, possible via its anti-inflammatory activities. It is therefore necessary to study nicotine's dual effects on neuroHIV/neuroAIDS in hope of better defining the potential medical uses of nicotine or its analogues, and to make them available in a purer and less dangerous form.
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49
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Ortiz AM, Flynn JK, DiNapoli SR, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Starke CE, Lai SH, Long ME, Sortino O, Vinton CL, Mudd JC, Johnston L, Busman-Sahay K, Belkaid Y, Estes JD, Brenchley JM. Experimental microbial dysbiosis does not promote disease progression in SIV-infected macaques. Nat Med 2018; 24:1313-1316. [PMID: 30061696 PMCID: PMC6129204 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microbial dysbiosis has been described in individuals with an HIV-1 infection and may underlie persistent inflammation in chronic infection, thereby contributing to disease progression. Herein, we induced an HIV-1-like intestinal dysbiosis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with vancomycin treatment and assessed the contribution of dysbiosis to SIV disease progression. Dysbiotic and control animals had similar disease progression, indicating that intestinal microbial dysbiosis similar to that observed in individuals with HIV is not sufficient to accelerate untreated lentiviral disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob K Flynn
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah R DiNapoli
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carly E Starke
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen H Lai
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - MacKenzie E Long
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ornella Sortino
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carol L Vinton
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leslie Johnston
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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50
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Colomer-Lluch M, Serra-Moreno R. Barriers for HIV Cure: The Latent Reservoir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:739-759. [PMID: 30056745 PMCID: PMC6152859 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years after the identification of HIV-1 as the causative agent of AIDS, we are still in search of vaccines and treatments to eradicate this devastating infectious disease. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this infection, which has been crucial for the development of the current therapy regimens. However, despite their efficacy at limiting active viral replication, these drugs are unable to purge the latent reservoir: a pool of cells that harbor transcriptionally inactive, but replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses, and that represent the main barrier to eradicate HIV-1 from affected individuals. In this review, we discuss advances in the field that have allowed a better understanding of HIV-1 latency, including the diverse cell types that constitute the latent reservoir, factors influencing latency, tools to study HIV-1 latency, as well as current and prospective therapeutic approaches to target these latently infected cells, so a functional cure for HIV/AIDS can become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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