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Lai W, Huang S, Liu J, Zhou B, Yu Z, Brown J, Hong G. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent innate immune responses are mediated by intracrine corticosteroids and activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in astrocytes. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23781. [PMID: 38941212 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301923rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are important pathophysiologically and synthesize neurosteroids. We observed that LPS increased immunoreactive TLR4 and key steroidogenic enzymes in cortical astrocytes of rats and investigated whether corticosteroids are produced and mediate astrocytic TLR4-dependent innate immune responses. We found that LPS increased steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and StAR-dependent aldosterone production in purified astrocytes. Both increases were blocked by the TLR4 antagonist TAK242. LPS also increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and corticosterone production, and both were prevented by TAK242 and by siRNAs against 11β-HSD1, StAR, or aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Knockdown of 11β-HSD1, StAR, or CYP11B2 or blocking either mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) or glucocorticoid receptors (GR) prevented dephosphorylation of p-Ser9GSK-3β, activation of NF-κB, and the GSK-3β-dependent increases of C3, IL-1β, and TNF-α caused by LPS. Exogenous aldosterone mimicked the MR- and GSK-3β-dependent pro-inflammatory effects of LPS in astrocytes, but corticosterone did not. Supernatants from astrocytes treated with LPS reduced MAP2 and viability of cultured neurons except when astrocytic StAR or MR was inhibited. In adrenalectomized rats, intracerebroventricular injection of LPS increased astrocytic TLR4, StAR, CYP11B2, and 11β-HSD1, NF-κB, C3 and IL-1β, decreased astrocytic p-Ser9GSK-3β in the cortex and was neurotoxic, except when spironolactone was co-injected, consistent with the in vitro results. LPS also activated NF-κB in some NeuN+ and CD11b+ cells in the cortex, and these effects were prevented by spironolactone. We conclude that intracrine aldosterone may be involved in the TLR4-dependent innate immune responses of astrocytes and can trigger paracrine effects by activating astrocytic MR/GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lai
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siying Huang
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengshuang Yu
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - John Brown
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guizhu Hong
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Cui C, Zhao Y, Bai Z, Yan J, Qin D, Peng H, Liu Y, Tong J, Sun L, Wu X, Li B. The Effect of Antibacterial-Osteogenic Surface Modification on the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants: A Static and Dynamic Strategy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4093-4113. [PMID: 38829538 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used biomaterials in bone repair. Although these biomaterials possess stable properties and good biocompatibility, the high elastic modulus and low surface activity of Ti implants have often been associated with infection, inflammation, and poor osteogenesis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to modify the surface of Ti implants, where changes in surface morphology or coatings loading can confer specific functions to help them adapt to the osseointegration formation phase and resist bacterial infection. This can further ensure a healthy microenvironment for bone regeneration as well as the promotion of immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we evaluated various functional Ti implants after surface modification, both in terms of static modifications and dynamic response strategies, mainly focusing on the synergistic effects of antimicrobial activities and functionalized osteogenic. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are summarized to provide innovative and effective solutions for osseointegration and bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Cui
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ziyang Bai
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Danlei Qin
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongyi Peng
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiahui Tong
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingxiang Sun
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
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3
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Guadalupi L, Mandolesi G, Vanni V, Balletta S, Caioli S, Pavlovic A, De Vito F, Fresegna D, Sanna K, Vitiello L, Nencini M, Tartacca A, Mariani F, Rovella V, Schippling S, Ruf I, Collin L, Centonze D, Musella A. Pharmacological blockade of 2-AG degradation ameliorates clinical, neuroinflammatory and synaptic alterations in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuropharmacology 2024; 252:109940. [PMID: 38570068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is critically involved in the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Over the past decade, researchers have extensively studied the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of the ECS. Inhibiting the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate brain damage in MS. In this study, we investigated the effects of a novel reversible MAGL inhibitor (MAGLi 432) on C57/BL6 female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. We assessed its implications on motor disability, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. Systemic in vivo treatment with MAGLi 432 resulted in a less severe EAE disease, accompanied by increased 2-AG levels and decreased levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandins (PGs) in the brain. Additionally, MAGLi 432 reduced both astrogliosis and microgliosis, as evidenced by decreased microglia/macrophage density and a less reactive morphology. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed fewer infiltrating CD45+ and CD3+ cells in the brains of MAGLi 432-treated EAE mice. Finally, MAGLi treatment counteracted the striatal synaptic hyperexcitability promoted by EAE neuroinflammation. In conclusion, MAGL inhibition significantly ameliorated EAE clinical disability and striatal inflammatory synaptopathy through potent anti-inflammatory effects. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective role of the ECS during neuroinflammation and highlight the therapeutic potential of MAGLi-based drugs in mitigating MS-related inflammatory and neurodegenerative brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Guadalupi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Silvia Caioli
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Vito
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Nencini
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Tartacca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mariani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven Schippling
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris Ruf
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
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Di Martino E, Ambikan A, Ramsköld D, Umekawa T, Giatrellis S, Vacondio D, Romero AL, Galán MG, Sandberg R, Ådén U, Lauschke VM, Neogi U, Blomgren K, Kele J. Inflammatory, metabolic, and sex-dependent gene-regulatory dynamics of microglia and macrophages in neonatal hippocampus after hypoxia-ischemia. iScience 2024; 27:109346. [PMID: 38500830 PMCID: PMC10945260 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of perinatal death and long-term disabilities worldwide. Post-ischemic neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in HI pathophysiology. In the present study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of microglia (CX3CR1GFP/+) and infiltrating macrophages (CCR2RFP/+) in the hippocampi of mice subjected to HI at postnatal day 9. Using inflammatory pathway and transcription factor (TF) analyses, we identified a distinct post-ischemic response in CCR2RFP/+ cells characterized by differential gene expression in sensome, homeostatic, matrisome, lipid metabolic, and inflammatory molecular signatures. Three days after injury, transcriptomic signatures of CX3CR1GFP/+ and CCR2RFP/+ cells isolated from hippocampi showed a partial convergence. Interestingly, microglia-specific genes in CX3CR1GFP/+ cells showed a sexual dimorphism, where expression returned to control levels in males but not in females during the experimental time frame. These results highlight the importance of further investigations on metabolic rewiring to pave the way for future interventions in asphyxiated neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Martino
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anoop Ambikan
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ramsköld
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Umekawa
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarantis Giatrellis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Vacondio
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marta Gómez Galán
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ådén
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julianna Kele
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Team Neurovascular Biology and Health, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
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5
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Pallarés-Moratalla C, Bergers G. The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1305087. [PMID: 38665919 PMCID: PMC11043497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's resident macrophages that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance and maintaining homeostasis of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Microglia are functionally implicated in various cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke, aneurysm, and tumorigenesis as they regulate neuroinflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. Here, we review the manifold functions of microglia in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, primarily focusing on the implication of microglia in glioma propagation and progression. We further review the current status of therapies targeting microglial cells, including their re-education, depletion, and re-population approaches as therapeutic options to improve patient outcomes for various neurological and neuroinflammatory disorders, including cancer.
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6
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Moțățăianu A, Andone S, Stoian A, Bălașa R, Huțanu A, Sărmășan E. A Potential Role of Interleukin-5 in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A New Molecular Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3782. [PMID: 38612591 PMCID: PMC11011909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cumulative data suggest that neuroinflammation plays a prominent role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. The purpose of this work was to assess if patients with ALS present a specific peripheral cytokine profile and if it correlates with neurological disability assessed by ALSFRS-R, the rate of disease progression, and the pattern of disease progression (horizontal spreading [HSP] versus vertical spreading [VSP]). We determined the levels of 15 cytokines in the blood of 59 patients with ALS and 40 controls. We identified a positive correlation between levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-17F, IL-33, IL-31) and the age of ALS patients, as well as a positive correlation between IL-12p/70 and survival from ALS onset and ALS diagnosis. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the ALSFRS-R score in the upper limb and respiratory domain and IL-5 levels. In our ALS cohort, the spreading pattern was 42% horizontal and 58% vertical, with patients with VSP showing a faster rate of ALS progression. Furthermore, we identified a negative correlation between IL-5 levels and the rate of disease progression, as well as a positive correlation between IL-5 and HSP of ALS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a "protective" role of IL-5 in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Moțățăianu
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Sebastian Andone
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adina Stoian
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Rodica Bălașa
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adina Huțanu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Emanuela Sărmășan
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
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Chen Y, Mateski J, Gerace L, Wheeler J, Burl J, Prakash B, Svedin C, Amrick R, Adams BD. Non-coding RNAs and neuroinflammation: implications for neurological disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10120. [PMID: 38463392 PMCID: PMC10911137 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered a balanced inflammatory response important in the intrinsic repair process after injury or infection. Under chronic states of disease, injury, or infection, persistent neuroinflammation results in a heightened presence of cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species that result in tissue damage. In the CNS, the surrounding microglia normally contain macrophages and other innate immune cells that perform active immune surveillance. The resulting cytokines produced by these macrophages affect the growth, development, and responsiveness of the microglia present in both white and gray matter regions of the CNS. Controlling the levels of these cytokines ultimately improves neurocognitive function and results in the repair of lesions associated with neurologic disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are master regulators of the genome and subsequently control the activity of inflammatory responses crucial in sustaining a robust and acute immunological response towards an acute infection while dampening pathways that result in heightened levels of cytokines and chemokines associated with chronic neuroinflammation. Numerous reports have directly implicated miRNAs in controlling the abundance and activity of interleukins, TGF-B, NF-kB, and toll-like receptor-signaling intrinsically linked with the development of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's, ALS, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and neuromuscular degeneration. This review is focused on discussing the role miRNAs play in regulating or initiating these chronic neurological states, many of which maintain the level and/or activity of neuron-specific secondary messengers. Dysregulated miRNAs present in the microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and epididymal cells, contribute to an overall glial-specific inflammatory niche that impacts the activity of neuronal conductivity, signaling action potentials, neurotransmitter robustness, neuron-neuron specific communication, and neuron-muscular connections. Understanding which miRNAs regulate microglial activation is a crucial step forward in developing non-coding RNA-based therapeutics to treat and potentially correct the behavioral and cognitive deficits typically found in patients suffering from chronic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chen
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Julia Mateski
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN, United States
| | - Linda Gerace
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of English, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
| | - Jonathan Wheeler
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Tech, New York Institute of Tech, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Jan Burl
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of English, Southern New Hampshire University, Manchester, NH, United States
| | - Bhavna Prakash
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Cherie Svedin
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biology, Utah Tech University, St. George, UT, United States
| | - Rebecca Amrick
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of English, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Brian D Adams
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
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8
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Sun L, Wang X, Guan S, Chi L, Liang M, Lu X, Luo T. Inhibition of voltage-gated Hv1 alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via regulation of microglial metabolic reprogramming. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111361. [PMID: 38145600 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence highlights the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in activated immune cells, significantly contributing to both the initiation and progression of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The voltage-gated H channel (Hv1) has been reported to be involved in microglial activation and acts as a key driver of neuroinflammation. This study aimed to explore how Hv1-mediated metabolic reprogramming contributes to neuroinflammation and to assess the therapeutic potential of the Hv1 inhibitor 2-GBI in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. We investigated the influence of 2-GBI on the generation of ROS, metabolic reprogramming, and pro-inflammatory mediator production in vitro and examined the therapeutic effect of 2-GBI on microglial activation and hippocampal neuroinflammation in vivo. The results indicated that 2-GBI attenuated the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response and aerobic glycolysis in microglia, specifically mitigating HIF1α-mediated upregulation of glycolysis. 2-GBI exerted a protective effect against LPS-induced neuroinflammation through HIF1α pathway-regulated aerobic glycolysis. Using a transwell coculture system, we demonstrated that 2-GBI reversed PC12 cell death caused by BV2-mediated neuroinflammation. In vivo experiments further suggested that 2-GBI mitigated neuroinflammatory processes and cognitive dysfunction via microglial metabolic reprogramming. Collectively, our results highlight the potential of Hv1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for alleviating LPS-induced neuroinflammation by modulating microglial metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xihua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Shuyuan Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Laiting Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Mingjin Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
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9
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Lima IS, Soares ÉN, Nonaka CKV, Souza BSDF, dos Santos BL, Costa SL. Flavonoid Rutin Presented Anti-Glioblastoma Activity Related to the Modulation of Onco miRNA-125b Expression and STAT3 Signaling and Impact on Microglia Inflammatory Profile. Brain Sci 2024; 14:90. [PMID: 38248305 PMCID: PMC10814059 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumor. In the GBM microenvironment, interaction with microglia is associated with the dysregulation of cytokines, chemokines, and miRNAs, contributing to angiogenesis, proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and chemoresistance. The flavonoid rutin can inhibit glioma cell growth associated with microglial activation and production of pro-inflammatory mediators by mechanisms that are still poorly understood. The present study investigated the effect of rutin on viability, regulation of miRNA-125b, and the STAT3 expression in GBM cells, as well as the effects on the modulation of the inflammatory profile and STAT3 expression in microglia during indirect interaction with GBM cells. Human GL15-GBM cells and human C20 microglia were treated or not with rutin for 24 h. Rutin (30-50 μM) significantly reduced the viability of GL15 cells; however, it did not affect the viability of microglia. Rutin (30 μM) significantly reduced the expression of miRNA-125b in the cells and secretome and STAT3 expression. Microglia submitted to the conditioned medium from GBM cells treated with rutin showed reactive morphology associated with reduced expression of IL-6, TNF, and STAT3. These results reiterate the anti-glioma effects of the flavonoid, which may also modulate microglia towards a more responsive anti-tumor phenotype, constituting a promising molecule for adjuvant therapy to GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlã Santos Lima
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (I.S.L.); (É.N.S.)
| | - Érica Novaes Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (I.S.L.); (É.N.S.)
| | - Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka
- Center of Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, D’Or Institute for Research and Teaching (IDOR), Salvador 41253-190, Brazil; (C.K.V.N.); (B.S.d.F.S.)
| | - Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Center of Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, D’Or Institute for Research and Teaching (IDOR), Salvador 41253-190, Brazil; (C.K.V.N.); (B.S.d.F.S.)
| | - Balbino Lino dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (I.S.L.); (É.N.S.)
- College of Nursing, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (I.S.L.); (É.N.S.)
- National Institute of Translation Neuroscience (INNT), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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10
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Cao M, Wang Z, Lan W, Xiang B, Liao W, Zhou J, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Lu S, Lang J, Zhao Y. The roles of tissue resident macrophages in health and cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38229178 PMCID: PMC10790434 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As integral components of the immune microenvironment, tissue resident macrophages (TRMs) represent a self-renewing and long-lived cell population that plays crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, promoting tissue remodeling after damage, defending against inflammation and even orchestrating cancer progression. However, the exact functions and roles of TRMs in cancer are not yet well understood. TRMs exhibit either pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic effects by engaging in phagocytosis and secreting diverse cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors to modulate the adaptive immune system. The life-span, turnover kinetics and monocyte replenishment of TRMs vary among different organs, adding to the complexity and controversial findings in TRMs studies. Considering the complexity of tissue associated macrophage origin, macrophages targeting strategy of each ontogeny should be carefully evaluated. Consequently, acquiring a comprehensive understanding of TRMs' origin, function, homeostasis, characteristics, and their roles in cancer for each specific organ holds significant research value. In this review, we aim to provide an outline of homeostasis and characteristics of resident macrophages in the lung, liver, brain, skin and intestinal, as well as their roles in modulating primary and metastatic cancer, which may inform and serve the future design of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanying Lan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Guixi Community Health Center of the Chengdu High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, China
| | - Binghua Xiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyi Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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11
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Wies Mancini VSB, Mattera VS, Pasquini JM, Pasquini LA, Correale JD. Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles in homeostasis and demyelination/remyelination processes. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3-25. [PMID: 38055776 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia (MG) play a crucial role as the predominant myeloid cells in the central nervous system and are commonly activated in multiple sclerosis. They perform essential functions under normal conditions, such as actively surveying the surrounding parenchyma, facilitating synaptic remodeling, engulfing dead cells and debris, and protecting the brain against infectious pathogens and harmful self-proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse structures enclosed by a lipid bilayer that originate from intracellular endocytic trafficking or the plasma membrane. They are released by cells into the extracellular space and can be found in various bodily fluids. EVs have recently emerged as a communication mechanism between cells, enabling the transfer of functional proteins, lipids, different RNA species, and even fragments of DNA from donor cells. MG act as both source and recipient of EVs. Consequently, MG-derived EVs are involved in regulating synapse development and maintaining homeostasis. These EVs also directly influence astrocytes, significantly increasing the release of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. Furthermore, EVs derived from inflammatory MG have been found to inhibit remyelination, whereas Evs produced by pro-regenerative MG effectively promote myelin repair. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of MG-derived Evs, their impact on neighboring cells, and the cellular microenvironment in normal conditions and pathological states, specifically focusing on demyelination and remyelination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S B Wies Mancini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V S Mattera
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J D Correale
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Li N, Huang Y, Wu Y, Wang Q, Ji P. Extracellular vesicles derived from monomeric α-synuclein-treated microglia ameliorate neuroinflammation by delivery of miRNAs targeting PRAK. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137562. [PMID: 37984486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of Lewy body, which mainly contains misfolded α-synuclein. Microglial activation plays a role in neurodegeneration. The pathologically oligomeric α-synuclein promotes inflammatory microglia, while physiologically monomeric α-synuclein induces anti-inflammatory microglia, the relationship between these two forms in activating microglia and the molecular mechanism is essentially unknown. In this study, using in vivo and in vitro models, we challenged primary or BV2 microglia with exogenous stimuli including α-synuclein. We examined microglial activation and the underlying mechanism by Western blot, RT-PCR, ELISA, IF, FCM, miRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Oligomeric α-synuclein activatedmicroglia via theinvolvement of the PRAK/MK5 pathway. The specific PRAK inhibitor GLPG0259 could mitigate microglial activation insulted by oligomeric α-synuclein. Monomeric α-synuclein regulated theanti-inflammatory microglia by delivering microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vitro and in vivo. Furthersequencingand bioinformatic analysis of microglial EVs-associated miRNAs indicatedthatmost of these miRNAs targeted PRAK. These results suggest that PRAK serves as an intersection in microglial activation when challenged with conformationally different α-synuclein. EVs derived from microglia treated with monomeric α-synuclein promote anti-inflammatory microglia by delivering miRNAs that target PRAK into recipient microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pengyu Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
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13
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Liang N, Harsch BA, Zhou S, Borkowska A, Shearer GC, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Newman JW, Borkowski K. Oxylipin transport by lipoprotein particles and its functional implications for cardiometabolic and neurological disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101265. [PMID: 37979798 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein metabolism is critical to inflammation. While the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) have separate yet connected lipoprotein systems, impaired lipoprotein metabolism is implicated in both cardiometabolic and neurological disorders. Despite the substantial investigation into the composition, structure and function of lipoproteins, the lipoprotein oxylipin profiles, their influence on lipoprotein functions, and their potential biological implications are unclear. Lipoproteins carry most of the circulating oxylipins. Importantly, lipoprotein-mediated oxylipin transport allows for endocrine signaling by these lipid mediators, long considered to have only autocrine and paracrine functions. Alterations in plasma lipoprotein oxylipin composition can directly impact inflammatory responses of lipoprotein metabolizing cells. Similar investigations of CNS lipoprotein oxylipins are non-existent to date. However, as APOE4 is associated with Alzheimer's disease-related microglia dysfunction and oxylipin dysregulation, ApoE4-dependent lipoprotein oxylipin modulation in neurological pathologies is suggested. Such investigations are crucial to bridge knowledge gaps linking oxylipin- and lipoprotein-related disorders in both periphery and CNS. Here, after providing a summary of existent literatures on lipoprotein oxylipin analysis methods, we emphasize the importance of lipoproteins in oxylipin transport and argue that understanding the compartmentalization and distribution of lipoprotein oxylipins may fundamentally alter our consideration of the roles of lipoprotein in cardiometabolic and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuanyi Liang
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian A Harsch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sitong Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alison Borkowska
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences and Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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14
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Simon Machado R, Mathias K, Joaquim L, Willig de Quadros R, Petronilho F, Tezza Rezin G. From diabetic hyperglycemia to cerebrovascular Damage: A narrative review. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148611. [PMID: 37793604 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a globally significant disease that can lead to systemic complications, particularly vascular damage, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of relevance. The physiological changes resulting from the imbalance in blood glucose levels play a crucial role in initiating vascular endothelial damage. Elevated glucose levels can also penetrate the central nervous system, triggering diabetic encephalopathy characterized by oxidative damage to brain components and activation of alternative and neurotoxic pathways. This brain damage increases the risk of ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality worldwide and a major cause of disability among surviving patients. The aim of this review is to highlight important pathways related to hyperglycemic damage that extend to the brain and result in vascular dysfunction, ultimately leading to the occurrence of a stroke. Understanding how diabetes mellitus contributes to the development of ischemic stroke and its impact on patient outcomes is crucial for implementing therapeutic strategies that reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus and its complications, ultimately decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Willig de Quadros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
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15
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Ni D, Zhou H, Wang P, Xu F, Li C. Visualizing Macrophage Phenotypes and Polarization in Diseases: From Biomarkers to Molecular Probes. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:613-638. [PMID: 38223685 PMCID: PMC10781933 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage is a kind of immune cell and performs multiple functions including pathogen phagocytosis, antigen presentation and tissue remodeling. To fulfill their functionally distinct roles, macrophages undergo polarization towards a spectrum of phenotypes, particularly the classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) subtypes. However, the binary M1/M2 phenotype fails to capture the complexity of macrophages subpopulations in vivo. Hence, it is crucial to employ spatiotemporal imaging techniques to visualize macrophage phenotypes and polarization, enabling the monitoring of disease progression and assessment of therapeutic responses to drug candidates. This review begins by discussing the origin, function and diversity of macrophage under physiological and pathological conditions. Subsequently, we summarize the identified macrophage phenotypes and their specific biomarkers. In addition, we present the imaging probes locating the lesions by visualizing macrophages with specific phenotype in vivo. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects associated with monitoring immune microenvironment and disease progression through imaging of macrophage phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Heqing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Fulin Xu
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199 China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203 China
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16
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Haghmorad D, Khaleghian A, Eslami M, Sadeghnejad A, Tarahomi M, Yousefi B. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via modifying expression patterns of miRNAs. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9971-9984. [PMID: 37897611 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical and experimental studies highlighted the significant therapeutic role of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in neurodegenerative diseases. MSCs possess potent immunomodulatory properties by releasing exosomes, which generate a suitable microenvironment. microRNAs (miRNAs), as one of several effective bioactive molecules of exosomes, influence cellular communication and activities in recipient cells. Recent studies revealed that miRNAs could control the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) via differentiation and function of T helper cells (Th). METHODS Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of syngeneic-derived BM-MSC in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS by evaluating expression profile of miRNAs, pro- and anti-inflammatory in serum and brain tissues. Three-time scheme groups (6th day, 6th & 12th days, and 12th day, of post-EAE induction) were applied to determine the therapeutic effects of intraperitoneally received 1*106 of BM-MSCs. RESULTS The expression levels of mature isoforms of miR-193, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-21, and miR-326 showed that BM-MSCs treatment attenuated the EAE clinical score and reduced clinical inflammation as well as demyelination. The improved neurological functional outcome associated with enhanced expression of miR-193 and miR-146a, but decreased expression levels of miR-155, miR-21, and miR-326 were followed by suppressing effects on Th1/Th17 immune responses (reduced levels of IFN-γand IL-17 cytokine expression) and induction of Treg cells, immunoregulatory responses (increase of IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-4) in treatment groups. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BM-MSCs administration might change expression patterns of miRNAs and downstream interactions followed by immune system modulation. However, there is a need to carry out future human clinical trials and complementary experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Haghmorad
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Mahdieh Tarahomi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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17
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Chen H, Guo Z, Sun Y, Dai X. The immunometabolic reprogramming of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105614. [PMID: 37748710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder (NDD). In the central nervous system (CNS), immune cells like microglia could reprogram intracellular metabolism to alter or exert cellular immune functions in response to environmental stimuli. In AD, microglia could be activated and differentiated into pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and these differences in cellular phenotypes resulted in variance in cellular energy metabolism. Considering the enormous energy requirement of microglia for immune functions, the changes in mitochondria-centered energy metabolism and substrates of microglia are crucial for the cellular regulation of immune responses. Here we reviewed the mechanisms of microglial metabolic reprogramming by analyzing their flexible metabolic patterns and changes that occurred in their metabolism during the development of AD. Further, we summarized the role of drugs in modulating immunometabolic reprogramming to prevent neuroinflammation, which may shed light on a new research direction for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Zichen Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
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18
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Okhovatian S, Shakeri A, Huyer LD, Radisic M. Elastomeric Polyesters in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering and Organs-on-a-Chip. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4511-4531. [PMID: 37639715 PMCID: PMC10915885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular tissue constructs provide unique design requirements due to their functional responses to substrate mechanical properties and cyclic stretching behavior of cardiac tissue that requires the use of durable elastic materials. Given the diversity of polyester synthesis approaches, an opportunity exists to develop a new class of biocompatible, elastic, and immunomodulatory cardiovascular polymers. Furthermore, elastomeric polyester materials have the capability to provide tailored biomechanical synergy with native tissue and hence reduce inflammatory response in vivo and better support tissue maturation in vitro. In this review, we highlight underlying chemistry and design strategies of polyester elastomers optimized for cardiac tissue scaffolds. The major advantages of these materials such as their tunable elasticity, desirable biodegradation, and potential for incorporation of bioactive compounds are further expanded. Unique fabrication methods using polyester materials such as micromolding, 3D stamping, electrospinning, laser ablation, and 3D printing are discussed. Moreover, applications of these biomaterials in cardiovascular organ-on-a-chip devices and patches are analyzed. Finally, we outline unaddressed challenges in the field that need further study to enable the impactful translation of soft polyesters to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargol Okhovatian
- Institute of Biomaterials Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario, M5S 3G9; Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto; Ontario, M5G 2C4; Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- Institute of Biomaterials Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario, M5S 3G9; Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto; Ontario, M5G 2C4; Canada
| | - Locke Davenport Huyer
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Medicine and Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario, M5S 3G9; Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto; Ontario, M5G 2C4; Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario, M5S 3E5; Canada
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19
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de Castro Leão M, di Piazza I, Caria SJ, Broering MF, Farsky SHP, Uchiyama MK, Araki K, Bonjour K, Cogliati B, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Castro IA. Effect of nanocapsules containing docosahexaenoic acid in mice with chronic inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115474. [PMID: 37741249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega 3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been widely consumed as supplements to control chronic inflammation. Nanocapsules containing DHA (MLNC-DHA-a1) were developed and showed excellent stability. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effect of MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules on biomarkers of chronic inflammation. METHODS Cells viability was determined by flow cytometry. The uptake of MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules by macrophages and their polarization were determined. In vivo, LDLr(-,-) mice were fed a Western diet to promote chronic inflammation and were treated with MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules, intravenously injected via the caudal vein once a week for 8 weeks. RESULTS MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules decreased the concentration of TNFα (p = 0.02) in RAW 264.7 cells compared to the non-treated group (NT), with no changes in IL-10 (p = 0.29). The nanocapsules also exhibited an increase in the M2 (F4/80+ CD206) phenotype (p < 0.01) in BMDM cells. In vivo, no difference in body weight was observed among the groups, suggesting that the intervention was well tolerated. However, compared to the CONT group, MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules led to an increase in IL-6 (90.45 ×13.31 pg/mL), IL-1β (2.76 ×1.34 pg/mL) and IL-10 (149.88 ×2.51 pg/mL) levels in plasma. CONCLUSION MLNC-DHA-a1 nanocapsules showed the potential to promote in vitro macrophage polarization and were well-tolerated in vivo. However, they also increased systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, considering that this immune response presents a limitation for clinical trials, further studies are needed to identify the specific compound in MLNC-DHA-a1 that triggered the immune response. Addressing this issue is essential, as MLNC-DHA-a1 tissue target nanocapsules could contribute to reducing chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Castro Leão
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella di Piazza
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Jorge Caria
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Fronza Broering
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Klimuk Uchiyama
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kennedy Bonjour
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department of Production and Drugs Control, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Inar Alves Castro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Radpour M, Khoshkroodian B, Asgari T, Pourbadie HG, Sayyah M. Interleukin 4 Reduces Brain Hyperexcitability after Traumatic Injury by Downregulating TNF-α, Upregulating IL-10/TGF-β, and Potential Directing Macrophage/Microglia to the M2 Anti-inflammatory Phenotype. Inflammation 2023; 46:1810-1831. [PMID: 37259014 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage/microglia are activated after Traumatic brain injury (TBI), transform to inflammatory phenotype (M1) and trigger neuroinflammation, which provokes epileptogenesis. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a well-known drive of macrophage/microglia to the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2). We tested effect of IL-4 on speed of epileptogenesis, brain expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and lesion size in TBI-injured male rats. Rats underwent TBI by Controlled Cortical Impact. Then 100 ng IL-4 was injected into cerebral ventricles. One day after TBI, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling started and development of generalized seizures was recorded. The lesion size, cell survival rate, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, and Arginase1 (Arg1) was measured in the brain 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 5 days after TBI. Astrocytes and macrophage/microglia activation/polarization was assessed by GFAP/Arg1 and Iba1/Arg1 immunostaining. TBI-injured rats were kindled by 50% less PTZ injections than control and sham-operated rats. IL-4 did not change kindling rate in sham-operated rats but inhibited acceleration of kindling rate in the TBI-injured rats. IL-4 decreased damage volume and number of destroyed neurons. IL-4 stopped TNF-α whereas upregulated TGF-β, IL-10, and Arg1 expressions. Iba1/Arg1 positive macrophage/microglia was notably increased 48 h after IL-4 administration. IL-4 suppresses TBI-induced acceleration of epileptogenesis in rats by directing TBI neuroinflammation toward an anti-inflammatory tone and inhibition of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Radpour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Khoshkroodian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Asgari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Shosha E, Shahror RA, Morris CA, Xu Z, Lucas R, McGee-Lawrence ME, Rusch NJ, Caldwell RB, Fouda AY. The arginase 1/ornithine decarboxylase pathway suppresses HDAC3 to ameliorate the myeloid cell inflammatory response: implications for retinal ischemic injury. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:621. [PMID: 37735154 PMCID: PMC10514323 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme arginase 1 (A1) hydrolyzes the amino acid arginine to form L-ornithine and urea. Ornithine is further converted to polyamines by the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzyme. We previously reported that deletion of myeloid A1 in mice exacerbates retinal damage after ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Furthermore, treatment with A1 protects against retinal IR injury in wild-type mice. PEG-A1 also mitigates the exaggerated inflammatory response of A1 knockout (KO) macrophages in vitro. Here, we sought to identify the anti-inflammatory pathway that confers macrophage A1-mediated protection against retinal IR injury. Acute elevation of intraocular pressure was used to induce retinal IR injury in mice. A multiplex cytokine assay revealed a marked increase in the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the retina at day 5 after IR injury. In vitro, blocking the A1/ODC pathway augmented IL-1β and TNF-α production in stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, A1 treatment attenuated the stimulated macrophage metabolic switch to a pro-inflammatory glycolytic phenotype, whereas A1 deletion had the opposite effect. Screening for histone deacetylases (HDACs) which play a role in macrophage inflammatory response showed that A1 deletion or ODC inhibition increased the expression of HDAC3. We further showed the involvement of HDAC3 in the upregulation of TNF-α but not IL-1β in stimulated macrophages deficient in the A1/ODC pathway. Investigating HDAC3 KO macrophages showed a reduced inflammatory response and a less glycolytic phenotype upon stimulation. In vivo, HDAC3 co-localized with microglia/macrophages at day 2 after IR in WT retinas and was further increased in A1-deficient retinas. Collectively, our data provide initial evidence that A1 exerts its anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages via ODC-mediated suppression of HDAC3 and IL-1β. Collectively we propose that interventions that augment the A1/ODC pathway and inhibit HDAC3 may confer therapeutic benefits for the treatment of retinal ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Shosha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami A Shahror
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Carol A Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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22
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Kagawa Y, Low YL, Pyun J, Doglione U, Short JL, Pan Y, Nicolazzo JA. Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 is Essential for the Inflammatory and Metabolic Response of Microglia to Lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:448-461. [PMID: 37555918 PMCID: PMC10577108 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged activation of microglia leads to excessive release of proinflammatory mediators, which are detrimental to brain health. Therefore, there are significant efforts to identify pathways mediating microglial activation. Recent studies have demonstrated that fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), a lipid binding protein, is a critical player in macrophage-mediated inflammation. Given that we have previously identified FABP4 in microglia, the aim of this study was to assess whether FABP4 activity contributed to inflammation, metabolism and immune function (i.e. immunometabolism) in immortalised mouse microglia (BV-2 cells) using the proinflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce general microglial activation. Microglial FABP4 expression was significantly increased following exposure to LPS, an outcome associated with a significant increase in microglial proliferation rate. LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia demonstrated a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and reduced expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), all of which were reversed following FABP4 genetic silencing and chemical inhibition with BMS309403. The oxidation rate of 3H-oleic acid and microglial uptake of 3H-2-deoxy-D-glucose were modulated with LPS activation, processes which were restored with genetic and chemical inhibition of FABP4. This is the first study to report on the critical role of FABP4 in mediating the deleterious effects of LPS on microglial immunometabolism, suggesting that FABP4 may present as a novel therapeutic target to alleviate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, a commonly reported factor in multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Kagawa
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yi Ling Low
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jae Pyun
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Umberto Doglione
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Short
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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23
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Carata E, Muci M, Di Giulio S, Mariano S, Panzarini E. Looking to the Future of the Role of Macrophages and Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroinflammation in ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11251. [PMID: 37511010 PMCID: PMC10379393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common pathological feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although scientific evidence to date does not allow defining neuroinflammation as an ALS trigger, its role in exacerbating motor neuron (MNs) degeneration and disease progression is attracting research interest. Activated CNS (Central Nervous System) glial cells, proinflammatory peripheral and infiltrated T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, as well as the immunoreactive molecules they release, represent the active players for the role of immune dysregulation enhancing neuroinflammation. The crosstalk between the peripheral and CNS immune cells significantly correlates with the survival of ALS patients since the modification of peripheral macrophages can downregulate inflammation at the periphery along the nerves and in the CNS. As putative vehicles for misfolded protein and inflammatory mediators between cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also drawn particular attention in the field of ALS. Both CNS and peripheral immune cells release EVs, which are able to modulate the behavior of neighboring recipient cells; unfortunately, the mechanisms involved in EVs-mediated communication in neuroinflammation remain unclear. This review aims to synthesize the current literature regarding EV-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the brain under ALS, with a particular point of view on the role of peripheral macrophages in responding to inflammation to understand the biological process and exploit it for ALS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Carata
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Muci
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Simona Di Giulio
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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24
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Bennet BM, Pardo ID, Assaf BT, Buza E, Cramer SD, Crawford LK, Engelhardt JA, Galbreath EJ, Grubor B, Morrison JP, Osborne TS, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Technical Review: Biology and Pathology of Ganglia in Animal Species Used for Nonclinical Safety Testing. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:278-305. [PMID: 38047294 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), trigeminal ganglia (TG), other sensory ganglia, and autonomic ganglia may be injured by some test article classes, including anti-neoplastic chemotherapeutics, adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, nerve growth factor inhibitors, and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This article reviews ganglion anatomy, cytology, and pathology (emphasizing sensory ganglia) among common nonclinical species used in assessing product safety for such test articles (TAs). Principal histopathologic findings associated with sensory ganglion injury include neuron degeneration, necrosis, and/or loss; increased satellite glial cell and/or Schwann cell numbers; and leukocyte infiltration and/or inflammation. Secondary nerve fiber degeneration and/or glial reactions may occur in nerves, dorsal spinal nerve roots, spinal cord (dorsal and occasionally lateral funiculi), and sometimes the brainstem. Ganglion findings related to TA administration may result from TA exposure and/or trauma related to direct TA delivery into the central nervous system or ganglia. In some cases, TA-related effects may need to be differentiated from a spectrum of artifactual and/or spontaneous background changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Buza
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James P Morrison
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Huang ZP, Liu SF, Zhuang JL, Li LY, Li MM, Huang YL, Chen YH, Chen XR, Lin S, Ye LC, Chen CN. Role of microglial metabolic reprogramming in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115619. [PMID: 37211170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by damage to nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Key pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD include alpha-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, impaired protein clearance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. However, to date, no study has confirmed the specific pathogenesis of PD. Similarly, current PD treatment methods still have shortcomings. Although some emerging therapies have proved effective for PD, the specific mechanism still needs further clarification. Metabolic reprogramming, a term first proposed by Warburg, is applied to the metabolic energy characteristics of tumor cells. Microglia have similar metabolic characteristics. Pro-inflammatory M1 type and anti-inflammatory M2 type are the two types of activated microglia, which exhibit different metabolic patterns in glucose, lipid, amino acid, and iron metabolism. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in microglial metabolic reprogramming by activating various signaling mechanisms. Functional changes in microglia resulting from metabolic reprogramming can cause changes in the brain microenvironment, thus playing an important role in neuroinflammation or tissue repair. The involvement of microglial metabolic reprogramming in PD pathogenesis has been confirmed. Neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neuronal death can effectively be reduced by inhibiting certain metabolic pathways in M1 microglia or reverting M1 cells to the M2 phenotype. This review summarizes the relationship between microglial metabolic reprogramming and PD and provides strategies for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ping Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhuang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Lin-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Mi-Mi Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Ya-Li Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Yan-Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shishi General Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Center of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China; Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Li-Chao Ye
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China.
| | - Chun-Nuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362000, China.
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26
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Brito RMDM, da Silva MCM, Vieira-Santos F, de Almeida Lopes C, Souza JLN, Bastilho AL, de Barros Fernandes H, de Miranda AS, de Oliveira ACP, de Almeida Vitor RW, de Andrade-Neto VF, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Magalhães LMD. Chronic infection by atypical Toxoplasma gondii strain induces disturbance in microglia population and altered behaviour in mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100652. [PMID: 37396335 PMCID: PMC10308216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii chronic infection is characterized by the establishment of tissue cysts in the brain and increased levels of IFN-γ, which can lead to brain circuitry interference and consequently abnormal behaviour in mice. In this sense, the study presented here sought to investigate the impact of chronic infection by two T. gondii strains in the brain of infection-resistant mice, as a model for studying the involvement of chronic neuroinflammation with the development of behavioural alterations. For that, male BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: non-infected (Ni), infected with T. gondii ME49 clonal strain (ME49), and infected with TgCkBrRN2 atypical strain (CK2). Mice were monitored for 60 days to establish the chronic infection and then submitted to behavioural assessment. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for measurement of specific IgG in the blood and levels of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors in the brain, and the cell's immunophenotype was determined by multiparametric flow cytometry. Mice infected with ME49 clonal strain displayed hyperlocomotor activity and memory deficit, although no signs of depressive- and/or anxiety-like behaviour were detected; on the other hand, chronic infection with CK2 atypical strain induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour. During chronic infection by CK2 atypical strain, mice displayed a higher number of T. gondii brain tissue cysts and inflammatory infiltrate, composed mainly of CD3+ T lymphocytes and Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes, compared to mice infected with the ME49 clonal strain. Infected mice presented a marked decrease of microglia population compared to non-infected group. Chronic infection with CK2 strain produced elevated levels of IFN-γ and TNF-ɑ in the brain, decreased NGF levels in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, and altered levels of fractalkine (CX3CL1) in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The persistent inflammation and the disturbance in the cerebral homeostasis may contribute to altered behaviour in mice, as the levels of IFN-γ were shown to be correlated with the behavioural parameters assessed here. Considering the high incidence and life-long persistence of T. gondii infection, this approach can be considered a suitable model for studying the impact of chronic infections in the brain and how it impacts in behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramayana Morais de Medeiros Brito
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Vieira-Santos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila de Almeida Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jorge Lucas Nascimento Souza
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Lazoski Bastilho
- Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Heliana de Barros Fernandes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner de Almeida Vitor
- Laboratory of Toxoplasmosis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valter Ferreira de Andrade-Neto
- Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bennet BM, Pardo ID, Assaf BT, Buza E, Cramer S, Crawford LK, Engelhardt JA, Grubor B, Morrison JP, Osborne TS, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Sampling, Processing, Evaluation, Interpretation, and Reporting of Test Article-Related Ganglion Pathology for Nonclinical Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:176-204. [PMID: 37489508 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231179707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Certain biopharmaceutical products consistently affect dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglia, and/or autonomic ganglia. Product classes targeting ganglia include antineoplastic chemotherapeutics, adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, and anti-nerve growth factor agents. This article outlines "points to consider" for sample collection, processing, evaluation, interpretation, and reporting of ganglion findings; these points are consistent with published best practices for peripheral nervous system evaluation in nonclinical toxicity studies. Ganglion findings often occur as a combination of neuronal injury (e.g., degeneration, necrosis, and/or loss) and/or glial effects (e.g., increased satellite glial cell cellularity) with leukocyte accumulation (e.g., mononuclear cell infiltration or inflammation). Nerve fiber degeneration and/or glial reactions may be seen in nerves, dorsal spinal nerve roots, spinal cord, and occasionally brainstem. Interpretation of test article (TA)-associated effects may be confounded by incidental background changes or experimental procedure-related changes and limited historical control data. Reports should describe findings at these sites, any TA relationship, and the criteria used for assigning severity grades. Contextualizing adversity of ganglia findings can require a weight-of-evidence approach because morphologic changes of variable severity occur in ganglia but often are not accompanied by observable overt in-life functional alterations detectable by conventional behavioral and neurological testing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Buza
- University of Pennsylvania, Gene Therapy Program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - LaTasha K Crawford
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - James P Morrison
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA
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Vilca SJ, Margetts AV, Pollock TA, Tuesta LM. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in substance use disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103838. [PMID: 36893849 PMCID: PMC10247513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are widely known for their role in immune surveillance and for their ability to refine neurocircuitry during development, but a growing body of evidence suggests that microglia may also play a complementary role to neurons in regulating the behavioral aspects of substance use disorders. While many of these efforts have focused on changes in microglial gene expression associated with drug-taking, epigenetic regulation of these changes has yet to be fully understood. This review provides recent evidence supporting the role of microglia in various aspects of substance use disorder, with particular focus on changes to the microglial transcriptome and the potential epigenetic mechanisms driving these changes. Further, this review discusses the latest technical advances in low-input chromatin profiling and highlights the current challenges for studying these novel molecular mechanisms in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara J Vilca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Alexander V Margetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Tate A Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Luis M Tuesta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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Dutta S, Hornung S, Taha HB, Bitan G. Biomarkers for parkinsonian disorders in CNS-originating EVs: promise and challenges. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:515-540. [PMID: 37012443 PMCID: PMC10071251 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes, are nano-sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. EVs are released by virtually all eukaryotic cells and have been shown to contribute to intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, EVs may carry toxic, misfolded forms of amyloidogenic proteins and facilitate their spread to recipient cells in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS-originating EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier into the bloodstream and may be found in other body fluids, including saliva, tears, and urine. EVs originating in the CNS represent an attractive source of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, because they contain cell- and cell state-specific biological materials. In recent years, multiple papers have reported the use of this strategy for identification and quantitation of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders. However, certain technical issues have yet to be standardized, such as the best surface markers for isolation of cell type-specific EVs and validating the cellular origin of the EVs. Here, we review recent research using CNS-originating EVs for biomarker studies, primarily in parkinsonian disorders, highlight technical challenges, and propose strategies for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dutta
- International Institute of Innovation and Technology, New Town, Kolkata, India
| | - Simon Hornung
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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30
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Inflammasome activation in traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Transl Res 2023; 254:1-12. [PMID: 36070840 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) represent 2 of the largest sources of death and disability in the United States. Recent studies have identified TBI as a potential risk factor for AD development, and numerous reports have shown that TBI is linked with AD associated protein expression during the acute phase of injury, suggesting an interplay between the 2 pathologies. The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that plays a role in both TBI and AD pathologies, and is characterized by inflammatory cytokine release and pyroptotic cell death. Products of inflammasome signaling pathways activate microglia and astrocytes, which attempt to resolve pathological inflammation caused by inflammatory cytokine release and phagocytosis of cellular debris. Although the initial phase of the inflammatory response in the nervous system is beneficial, recent evidence has emerged that the heightened inflammatory response after trauma is self-perpetuating and results in additional damage in the central nervous system. Inflammasome-induced cytokines and inflammasome signaling proteins released from activated microglia interact with AD associated proteins and exacerbate AD pathological progression and cellular damage. Additionally, multiple genetic mutations associated with AD development alter microglia inflammatory activity, increasing and perpetuating inflammatory cell damage. In this review, we discuss the pathologies of TBI and AD and how they are impacted by and potentially interact through inflammasome activity and signaling proteins. We discuss current clinical trials that target the inflammasome to reduce heightened inflammation associated with these disorders.
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The Pathological Activation of Microglia Is Modulated by Sexually Dimorphic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054739. [PMID: 36902168 PMCID: PMC10003784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Their ability to survey, assess and respond to perturbations in their local environment is critical in their role of maintaining CNS homeostasis in health and disease. Microglia also have the capability of functioning in a heterogeneous manner depending on the nature of their local cues, as they can become activated on a spectrum from pro-inflammatory neurotoxic responses to anti-inflammatory protective responses. This review seeks to define the developmental and environmental cues that support microglial polarization towards these phenotypes, as well as discuss sexually dimorphic factors that can influence this process. Further, we describe a variety of CNS disorders including autoimmune disease, infection, and cancer that demonstrate disparities in disease severity or diagnosis rates between males and females, and posit that microglial sexual dimorphism underlies these differences. Understanding the mechanism behind differential CNS disease outcomes between men and women is crucial in the development of more effective targeted therapies.
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Small molecule inhibiting microglial nitric oxide release could become a potential treatment for neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278325. [PMID: 36745631 PMCID: PMC9901772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the immune effector cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and react to pathologic events with a complex process including the release of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a free radical, which is toxic for all cells at high concentrations. To target an exaggerated NO release, we tested a library of 16 544 chemical compounds for their effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO release in cell line and primary neonatal microglia. We identified a compound (C1) which significantly reduced NO release in a dose-dependent manner, with a low IC50 (252 nM) and no toxic side effects in vitro or in vivo. Target finding strategies such as in silico modelling and mass spectroscopy hint towards a direct interaction between C1 and the nitric oxide synthase making C1 a great candidate for specific intra-cellular interaction with the NO producing machinery.
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The Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040522. [PMID: 36831189 PMCID: PMC9954519 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of cell populations, including both immune and endothelial cells, participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Among these groups, macrophages deserve special attention because different populations of them can have completely different effects on atherogenesis and inflammation in atherosclerosis. In the current review, the significance of different phenotypes of macrophages in the progression or regression of atherosclerosis will be considered, including their ability to become the foam cells and the consequences of this event, as well as their ability to create a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory medium at the site of atherosclerotic lesions as a result of cytokine production. In addition, several therapeutic strategies directed to the modulation of macrophage activity, which can serve as useful ideas for future drug developments, will be considered.
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Pitts KM, Margeta MA. Myeloid masquerade: Microglial transcriptional signatures in retinal development and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1106547. [PMID: 36779012 PMCID: PMC9909491 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic guardians of neural tissue and the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The disease-associated microglial signature (DAM), also known as the microglial neurodegenerative phenotype (MGnD), has gained significant attention in recent years as a fundamental microglial response common to various neurodegenerative disease pathologies. Interestingly, this signature shares many features in common with developmental microglia, suggesting the existence of recycled gene programs which play a role both in early neural circuit formation as well as in response to aging and disease. In addition, recent advances in single cell RNA sequencing have revealed significant heterogeneity within the original DAM signature, with contributions from both yolk sac-derived microglia as well as bone marrow-derived macrophages. In this review, we examine the role of the DAM signature in retinal development and disease, highlighting crosstalk between resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes which may critically contribute to the underlying mechanisms of age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Pitts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Milica A. Margeta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
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Rau J, Weise L, Moore R, Terminel M, Brakel K, Cunningham R, Bryan J, Stefanov A, Hook MA. Intrathecal minocycline does not block the adverse effects of repeated, intravenous morphine administration on recovery of function after SCI. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114255. [PMID: 36279935 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are among the most effective analgesics for the management of pain in the acute phase of a spinal cord injury (SCI), and approximately 80% of patients are treated with morphine in the first 24 h following SCI. We have found that morphine treatment in the first 7 days after SCI increases symptoms of pain at 42 days post-injury and undermines the recovery of locomotor function in a rodent model. Prior research has implicated microglia/macrophages in opioid-induced hyperalgesia and the development of neuropathic pain. We hypothesized that glial activation may also underlie the development of morphine-induced pain and cell death after SCI. Supporting this hypothesis, our previous studies found that intrathecal and intravenous morphine increase the number of activated microglia and macrophages present at the spinal lesion site, and that the adverse effects of intrathecal morphine can be blocked with intrathecal minocycline. Recognizing that the cellular expression of opioid receptors, and the intracellular signaling pathways engaged, can change with repeated administration of opioids, the current study tested whether minocycline was also protective with repeated intravenous morphine administration, more closely simulating clinical treatment. Using a rat model of SCI, we co-administered intravenous morphine and intrathecal minocycline for the first 7 days post injury and monitored sensory and locomotor recovery. Contrary to our hypothesis and previous findings with intrathecal morphine, we found that minocycline did not prevent the negative effects of morphine. Surprisingly, we also found that intrathecal minocycline alone is detrimental for locomotor recovery after SCI. Using ex vivo cell cultures, we investigated how minocycline and morphine altered microglia/macrophage function. Commensurate with published studies, we found that minocycline blocked the effects of morphine on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines but, like morphine, it increased glial phagocytosis. While phagocytosis is critical for the removal of cellular and extracellular debris at the spinal injury site, increased phagocytosis after injury has been linked to the clearance of stressed but viable neurons and protracted inflammation. In sum, our data suggest that both morphine and minocycline alter the acute immune response, and reduce locomotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Rau
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Lara Weise
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Robbie Moore
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 2, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Mabel Terminel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kiralyn Brakel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rachel Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jessica Bryan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alexander Stefanov
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Michelle A Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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de Almeida MMA, Goodkey K, Voronova A. Regulation of microglia function by neural stem cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1130205. [PMID: 36937181 PMCID: PMC10014810 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1130205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem and precursor cells (NPCs) build and regenerate the central nervous system (CNS) by maintaining their pool (self-renewal) and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (multipotency) throughout life. This has inspired research into pro-regenerative therapies that utilize transplantation of exogenous NPCs or recruitment of endogenous adult NPCs for CNS regeneration and repair. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing and other "omics" have revealed that NPCs express not just traditional progenitor-related genes, but also genes involved in immune function. Here, we review how NPCs exert immunomodulatory function by regulating the biology of microglia, immune cells that are present in NPC niches and throughout the CNS. We discuss the role of transplanted and endogenous NPCs in regulating microglia fates, such as survival, proliferation, migration, phagocytosis and activation, in the developing, injured and degenerating CNS. We also provide a literature review on NPC-specific mediators that are responsible for modulating microglia biology. Our review highlights the immunomodulatory properties of NPCs and the significance of these findings in the context of designing pro-regenerative therapies for degenerating and diseased CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M. A. de Almeida
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kara Goodkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anastassia Voronova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Olivares-González L, Velasco S, Gallego I, Esteban-Medina M, Puras G, Loucera C, Martínez-Romero A, Peña-Chilet M, Pedraz JL, Rodrigo R. An SPM-Enriched Marine Oil Supplement Shifted Microglia Polarization toward M2, Ameliorating Retinal Degeneration in rd10 Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010098. [PMID: 36670960 PMCID: PMC9855087 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common inherited retinal dystrophy causing progressive vision loss. It is accompanied by chronic and sustained inflammation, including M1 microglia activation. This study evaluated the effect of an essential fatty acid (EFA) supplement containing specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), on retinal degeneration and microglia activation in rd10 mice, a model of RP, as well as on LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. The EFA supplement was orally administered to mice from postnatal day (P)9 to P18. At P18, the electrical activity of the retina was examined by electroretinography (ERG) and innate behavior in response to light were measured. Retinal degeneration was studied via histology including the TUNEL assay and microglia immunolabeling. Microglia polarization (M1/M2) was assessed by flow cytometry, qPCR, ELISA and histology. Redox status was analyzed by measuring antioxidant enzymes and markers of oxidative damage. Interestingly, the EFA supplement ameliorated retinal dysfunction and degeneration by improving ERG recording and sensitivity to light, and reducing photoreceptor cell loss. The EFA supplement reduced inflammation and microglia activation attenuating M1 markers as well as inducing a shift to the M2 phenotype in rd10 mouse retinas and LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. It also reduced oxidative stress markers of lipid peroxidation and carbonylation. These findings could open up new therapeutic opportunities based on resolving inflammation with oral supplementation with SPMs such as the EFA supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Olivares-González
- Group of Pathophysiology and Therapies for Vision Disorders, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sheyla Velasco
- Group of Pathophysiology and Therapies for Vision Disorders, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Idoia Gallego
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Health Institute Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marina Esteban-Medina
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Systems and Computational Medicine Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Health Institute Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Loucera
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Systems and Computational Medicine Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - María Peña-Chilet
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Systems and Computational Medicine Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Health Institute Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Regina Rodrigo
- Group of Pathophysiology and Therapies for Vision Disorders, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia (UV), 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics UV-IIS La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-328-96-80
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Yang X, Diaz V, Huang H. The Role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 in Regulating Microglial Activation and Retinal Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14664. [PMID: 36498991 PMCID: PMC9739975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial activation plays a prominent role in neuroinflammation and CNS diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of microglial activation are not well understood. Here, we report that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) plays critical roles in microglial activation and retinal inflammation by regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression. IRF1 expression was upregulated in activated retinal microglia compared to those at the steady state. IRF1 knockout (KO) in BV2 microglia cells (BV2ΔIRF1) created by CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technique causes decreased microglia proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. IRF1-KO decreased pro-inflammatory M1 marker gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), such as IL-6, COX-2, and CCL5, but increased anti-inflammatory M2 marker gene expression by IL-4/13, such as Arg-1, CD206, and TGF-β. Compared to the wild-type cells, microglial-conditioned media (MCM) of activated BV2ΔIRF1 cell cultures reduced toxicity or death to several retinal cells, including mouse cone photoreceptor-like 661 W cells, rat retinal neuron precursor R28 cells, and human ARPE-19 cells. IRF1 knockdown by siRNA alleviated microglial activation and retinal inflammation induced by LPS in mice. Together, the findings suggest that IRF1 plays a vital role in regulating microglial activation and retinal inflammation and, therefore, may be targeted for treating inflammatory and degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Aier Eye Institute, Changsha 410015, China
| | - Valeria Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Boucher T, Liang S, Brown AM. Advancing basic and translational research to deepen understanding of the molecular immune-mediated mechanisms regulating long-term persistence of HIV-1 in microglia in the adult human brain. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1223-1231. [PMID: 35612272 PMCID: PMC9613482 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0422-620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the diversity microglia (MG) type and function in the rodent and human brain has advanced significantly in the last few years. Nevertheless, we have known for 40 years that MG, monocytes, and macrophages in the brain play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the HIV-1 in all tissues. HIV enters and spreads in the brain early, long before the initiation of antiviral therapy. As a result, many people with HIV continue to experience neurologic and neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HIV pathogenic sequelae in the CNS pose a challenge for cure strategies. Detailed understanding at a mechanistic level of how low-level and latent HIV-1 infection in MG negatively impacts neuroglial function has remained somewhat elusive. Direct rigorous in vivo experimental validation that the virus can integrate into MG and assume a latent but reactivatable state has remained constrained. However, there is much excitement that human in vitro models for MG can now help close the gap. This review will provide a brief background to place the role of MG in the ongoing neurologic complications of HIV infection of the CNS, then focus on the use and refinement of human postmitotic monocyte-derived MG-like cells and how they are being applied to advance research on HIV persistence and proinflammatory signaling in the CNS. Critically, an understanding of myeloid plasticity and heterogeneity and rigorous attention to all aspects of cell handling is essential for reproducibility. Summary Sentence: This review focuses on human postmitotic monocyte-derived microglia-like cells as tools to advance research on HIV persistence and neuroinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boucher
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Shijun Liang
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Grubić Kezele T, Ćurko-Cofek B. Neuroprotective Panel of Olive Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action, Anti-Demyelination, and Anti-Stroke Properties. Nutrients 2022; 14:4533. [PMID: 36364796 PMCID: PMC9654510 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as stroke and multiple sclerosis are associated with high morbidity and mortality, long-term disability, and social and economic burden. Therefore, they represent a major challenge for medical treatment. Numerous evidences support the beneficial effects of polyphenols from olive trees, which can alleviate or even prevent demyelination, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular diseases, and stroke. Polyphenols from olive oils, especially extra virgin olive oil, olive leaves, olive leaf extract, and from other olive tree derivatives, alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress, two major factors in demyelination. In addition, they reduce the risk of stroke due to their multiple anti-stroke effects, such as anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-thrombotic effects. In addition, olive polyphenols have beneficial effects on the plasma lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. This review provides an updated version of the beneficial properties and mechanisms of action of olive polyphenols against demyelination in the prevention/mitigation of multiple sclerosis, the most common non-traumatic neurological cause of impairment in younger adults, and against cerebral insult with increasing incidence, that has already reached epidemic proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Lisi L, Marinelli S, Ciotti GMP, Pizzoferrato M, Palmerio F, Chiavari M, Cattaneo A, Navarra P. The effects of painless nerve growth factor on human microglia polarization. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:969058. [PMID: 36339818 PMCID: PMC9633670 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.969058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the rat suggest that microglial cells represent a potential druggable target for nerve growth factor (NGF) in the brain. The painless human Nerve Growth Factor (hNGFp) is a recombinant mutated form of human nerve growth factor (hNGF) that shows identical neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of wild-type NGF but displays at least 10-fold lower algogenic activity. From the pharmacological point of view, hNGFp is a biased tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) agonist and displays a significantly lower affinity for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). This study aimed to evaluate the expression of TrkA and p75NTR NGF receptors in two different human microglia cell lines, and to investigate the effects of hNGFp and wild-type NGF (NGF) on L-arginine metabolism, taken as a marker of microglia polarization. Both NGF receptors are expressed in human microglia cell lines and are effective in transducing signals triggered by NGF and hNGFp. The latter and, to a lesser extent, NGF inhibit cytokine-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in these cells. Conversely NGF but not hNGFp stimulates arginase-mediated urea production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lisi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Marinelli
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Maria Pia Ciotti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Pizzoferrato
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Palmerio
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Chiavari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Rome, Italy
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Sharifiaghdam M, Shaabani E, Faridi-Majidi R, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, Fraire JC. Macrophages as a therapeutic target to promote diabetic wound healing. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2891-2908. [PMID: 35918892 PMCID: PMC9482022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that macrophages are key regulators of wound healing, displaying impressive plasticity and an evolving phenotype, from an aggressive pro-inflammatory or "M1" phenotype to a pro-healing or "M2" phenotype, depending on the wound healing stage, to ensure proper healing. Because dysregulated macrophage responses have been linked to impaired healing of diabetic wounds, macrophages are being considered as a therapeutic target for improved wound healing. In this review, we first discuss the role of macrophages in a normal skin wound healing process and discuss the aberrations that occur in macrophages under diabetic conditions. Next we provide an overview of recent macrophage-based therapeutic approaches, including delivery of ex-vivo-activated macrophages and delivery of pharmacological strategies aimed at eliminating or re-educating local skin macrophages. In particular, we focus on strategies to silence key regulator genes to repolarize wound macrophages to the M2 phenotype, and we provide a discussion of their potential future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sharifiaghdam
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Shaabani
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Faridi-Majidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Naoun AA, Raphael I, Forsthuber TG. Immunoregulation via Cell Density and Quorum Sensing-like Mechanisms: An Underexplored Emerging Field with Potential Translational Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152442. [PMID: 35954285 PMCID: PMC9368058 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) was historically described as a mechanism by which bacteria detect and optimize their population density via gene regulation based on dynamic environmental cues. Recently, it was proposed that QS or similar mechanisms may have broader applications across different species and cell types. Indeed, emerging evidence shows that the mammalian immune system can also elicit coordinated responses on a population level to regulate cell density and function, thus suggesting that QS-like mechanisms may also be a beneficial trait of the immune system. In this review, we explore and discuss potential QS-like mechanisms deployed by the immune system to coordinate cellular-level responses, such as T cell responses mediated via the common gamma chain (γc) receptor cytokines and the aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). We present evidence regarding a novel role of QS as a multifunctional mechanism coordinating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell behavior during steady state and in response to infection, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Successful clinical therapies such as adoptive cell transfer for cancer treatment may be re-evaluated to harness the effects of the QS mechanism(s) and enhance treatment responsiveness. Moreover, we discuss how signaling threshold perturbations through QS-like mediators may result in disturbances of the complex crosstalk between immune cell populations, undesired T cell responses, and induction of autoimmune pathology. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic role of modulating immune-system-related QS as a promising avenue to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Naoun
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.G.F.)
| | - Thomas G. Forsthuber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.G.F.)
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Xia W, Xu Y, Gong Y, Cheng X, Yu T, Yu G. Microglia Involves in the Immune Inflammatory Response of Poststroke Depression: A Review of Evidence. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2049371. [PMID: 35958023 PMCID: PMC9363171 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2049371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poststroke depression (PSD) does not exist before and occurs after the stroke. PSD can appear shortly after the onset of stroke or be observed in the weeks and months after the acute or subacute phase of stroke. The pathogenesis of PSD is unclear, resulting in poor treatment effects. With research advancement, immunoactive cells in the central nervous system, particularly microglia, play a role in the occurrence and development of PSD. Microglia affects the homeostasis of the central nervous system through various factors, leading to the occurrence of depression. The research progress of microglia in PSD has been summarized to review the evidence regarding the pathogenesis and treatment target of PSD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xia
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yuandong Gong
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xiaojing Cheng
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Tiangui Yu
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Gongchang Yu
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
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45
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Oizumi H, Yamasaki K, Suzuki H, Ohshiro S, Saito Y, Murayama S, Sugimura Y, Hasegawa T, Fukunaga K, Takeda A. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in Iba1-positive macrophages in the skin of patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1136-1146. [PMID: 35750465 PMCID: PMC9380156 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein (αSyn) accumulation in cholinergic and adrenergic fibers in the skin is a useful biomarker to diagnose idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). It has been widely reported that phosphorylated αSyn (p-αSyn) deposits in autonomic fibers in IPD are a biomarker in the skin, but other tissue localizations have not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE It has been previously suggested that αSyn aggregates activate peripheral macrophages and that peripheral macrophages ingest pathological αsyn aggregates in aged rats or IPD patients. However, it remains to be elucidated whether peripheral macrophages in the skin of IPD patients accumulate αSyn. We evaluated whether (1) p-αSyn deposits in dermal macrophages might represent a useful biomarker for IPD and (2) dermal macrophages play a role in the underlying pathogenesis of IPD. METHODS We performed an immunohistological analysis of skin biopsy specimens from IPD patients and controls. RESULTS We found that (1) p-αSyn accumulation is present in dermal macrophages in skin biopsy specimens from patients with IPD, (2) not only dermal adrenergic fibers with p-αSyn deposits but also dermal macrophages with p-αSyn deposits are useful biomarkers for IPD patients and (3) the number of macrophages was significantly positively correlated with the number of macrophages with p-αSyn deposits in the dermis of IPD patients. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that dermal macrophages, which are innate immune cells, play an important role in IPD patients and are a novel biomarker for IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Oizumi
- Department of NeurologyNational Hospital Organization Sendai Nishitaga HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of DermatologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineNational Hospital Organization Sendai Medical CenterSendaiJapan
| | - Saki Ohshiro
- Department of NeurologyNational Hospital Organization Sendai Nishitaga HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Sugimura
- Department of NeurologyNational Hospital Organization Sendai Nishitaga HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Department of NeurologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of PharmacologyTohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSendaiJapan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of NeurologyNational Hospital Organization Sendai Nishitaga HospitalSendaiJapan
- Department of Cognitive and Motor AgingTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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Oatis D, Simon-Repolski E, Balta C, Mihu A, Pieretti G, Alfano R, Peluso L, Trotta MC, D’Amico M, Hermenean A. Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Pulmonary Fibrosis Post-COVID-19: Focus on Galectin-1, -3, -8, -9. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8210. [PMID: 35897786 PMCID: PMC9332679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a consequence of the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which finally leads to lung scarring. Although the pulmonary fibrogenesis is almost known, the last two years of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its post effects added new particularities which need to be explored. Many questions remain about how pulmonary fibrotic changes occur within the lungs of COVID-19 patients, and whether the changes will persist long term or are capable of resolving. This review brings together existing knowledge on both COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis, starting with the main key players in promoting pulmonary fibrosis, such as alveolar and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lipofibroblasts, and macrophages. Further, we provide an overview of the main molecular mechanisms driving the fibrotic process in connection with Galactin-1, -3, -8, and -9, together with the currently approved and newly proposed clinical therapeutic solutions given for the treatment of fibrosis, based on their inhibition. The work underlines the particular pathways and processes that may be implicated in pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis post-SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The recent data suggest that galectin-1, -3, -8, and -9 could become valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of lung fibrosis post-COVID-19 and promising molecular targets for the development of new and original therapeutic tools to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Oatis
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biology, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Erika Simon-Repolski
- Doctoral School of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania;
- Department of Pneumology, Arad Clinical Emergency Hospital, 310031 Arad, Romania
| | - Cornel Balta
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania;
| | - Alin Mihu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania;
| | - Gorizio Pieretti
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences “DAMSS”, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luisa Peluso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Anca Hermenean
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania;
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania
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Raffaele S, Fumagalli M. Dynamics of Microglia Activation in the Ischemic Brain: Implications for Myelin Repair and Functional Recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:950819. [PMID: 35899017 PMCID: PMC9309466 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.950819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a neurological disorder representing a leading cause of death and permanent disability world-wide, for which effective regenerative treatments are missing. Oligodendrocyte degeneration and consequent myelin disruption are considered major contributing factors to stroke-associated neurological deficits. Therefore, fostering myelin reconstruction by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to enhance functional recovery in stroke patients. A pivotal role in regulating remyelination is played by microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. Early after stroke, microglial cells exert beneficial functions, promoting OPC recruitment toward the ischemic lesion and preserving myelin integrity. However, the protective features of microglia are lost during disease progression, contributing to remyelination failure. Unveiling the mechanisms driving the pro-remyelination properties of microglia may provide important opportunities for both reducing myelin damage and promoting its regeneration. Here, we summarize recent evidence describing microglia activation kinetics in experimental models of ischemic injury, focusing on the contribution of these innate immune cells to myelin damage and repair. Some molecular signals regulating the pro-regenerative functions of microglia after stroke have been highlighted to provide new possible therapeutic targets involved in the protective functions of these cells. Finally, we analyzed the impact of microglia-to-OPCs communication via extracellular vesicles on post-stroke remyelination and functional recovery. The results collected in this review underline the importance of supporting the pro-remyelination functions of microglial cells after stroke.
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Joshi P, Bisht A, Joshi S, Semwal D, Nema NK, Dwivedi J, Sharma S. Ameliorating potential of curcumin and its analogue in central nervous system disorders and related conditions: A review of molecular pathways. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3143-3180. [PMID: 35790042 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is one of the broadly studied phytomolecule owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and has been considered a promising therapeutic candidate in a wide range of disorders. Considering, its low bioavailability, different curcumin analogs have been developed to afford desired pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic outcome in varied pathological states. Several preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that curcumin ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress apoptosis-mediated neural cell degeneration and could effectively be utilized in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, in this review, we have summarized key findings of experimental and clinical studies conducted on curcumin and its analogues with special emphasis on molecular pathways, viz. NF-kB, Nrf2-ARE, glial activation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, SOCS/JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 /MyD88 /p38 MAPK, JNK, iNOS/NO, and MMP pathways involved in imparting ameliorative effects in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders and associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Joshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.,R & D, Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, Patanjali Food and Herbal Park, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Akansha Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushil Joshi
- R & D, Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, Patanjali Food and Herbal Park, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Semwal
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Nema
- Paramount Kumkum Private Limited, Prestige Meridian-1, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
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Wendimu MY, Hooks SB. Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:2091. [PMID: 35805174 PMCID: PMC9266143 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which function as first-line immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), are the central drivers of neuroinflammation. Numerous human postmortem studies and in vivo imaging analyses have shown chronically activated microglia in patients with various acute and chronic neuropathological diseases. While microglial activation is a common feature of many NDs, the exact role of microglia in various pathological states is complex and often contradictory. However, there is a consensus that microglia play a biphasic role in pathological conditions, with detrimental and protective phenotypes, and the overall response of microglia and the activation of different phenotypes depends on the nature and duration of the inflammatory insult, as well as the stage of disease development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on the various microglia phenotypes and inflammatory responses in health, aging, and NDs, with a special emphasis on the heterogeneous phenotypic response of microglia in acute and chronic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke (HS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). The primary focus is translational research in preclinical animal models and bulk/single-cell transcriptome studies in human postmortem samples. Additionally, this review covers key microglial receptors and signaling pathways that are potential therapeutic targets to regulate microglial inflammatory responses during aging and in NDs. Additionally, age-, sex-, and species-specific microglial differences will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelley B. Hooks
- Hooks Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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50
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Wicks EE, Ran KR, Kim JE, Xu R, Lee RP, Jackson CM. The Translational Potential of Microglia and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897022. [PMID: 35795678 PMCID: PMC9251541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to ischemic stroke is an area of study that is at the forefront of stroke research and presents promising new avenues for treatment development. Upon cerebral vessel occlusion, the innate immune system is activated by danger-associated molecular signals from stressed and dying neurons. Microglia, an immune cell population within the central nervous system which phagocytose cell debris and modulate the immune response via cytokine signaling, are the first cell population to become activated. Soon after, monocytes arrive from the peripheral immune system, differentiate into macrophages, and further aid in the immune response. Upon activation, both microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages are capable of polarizing into phenotypes which can either promote or attenuate the inflammatory response. Phenotypes which promote the inflammatory response are hypothesized to increase neuronal damage and impair recovery of neuronal function during the later phases of ischemic stroke. Therefore, modulating neuroimmune cells to adopt an anti-inflammatory response post ischemic stroke is an area of current research interest and potential treatment development. In this review, we outline the biology of microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages, further explain their roles in the acute, subacute, and chronic stages of ischemic stroke, and highlight current treatment development efforts which target these cells in the context of ischemic stroke.
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