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Sun Z, Zhang B, Zhou J, Luo Y, Zhu X, Wang Y, He Y, Zheng P, Zhang L, Yang J, Wang G. Integrated Single-Cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq Reveals Heterogeneous Differentiation of CD4 + Naive T Cell Subsets is Associated with Response to Antidepressant Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308393. [PMID: 38867657 PMCID: PMC11321657 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism involved in major depressive disorder (MDD) is well-studied but the mechanistic origin of the heterogeneous antidepressant effect remains largely unknown. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 8 healthy individuals and 8 MDD patients before or after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment is performed. scRNA-seq analysis reveals a lower proportion of naive T cells, particularly CD4+ naive T cells, in MDD patients compared to controls, and in nonresponders versus responders at the baseline. Flow cytometry data analysis of an independent cohort of 35 patients and 40 healthy individuals confirms the findings. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated obvious immune activation in responders. A specific activated CD4+ naive T population in responders characterized by enhanced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway is identified. E-twenty six (ETS) is proposed as an upstream regulator of the MAPK pathway and heterogeneous differentiation in activated CD4+ naive T population is associated with the response to antidepressant treatment in MDD patients. A distinct immune feature manifested by CD4+ naive T cells during antidepressant treatment in MDD is identified. Collectively, this proposes the molecular mechanism that underlies the heterogeneous antidepressant outcomes for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
| | - Yanting Luo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
| | - Xuequan Zhu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
| | - Yaping Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Ling Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental DisordersBeijing Anding HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100088China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China
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Song Z, Li J, He Y, Wang X, Tian J, Wu Y. A novel PROTAC molecule dBET1 alleviates pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by degrading BRD4. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112646. [PMID: 39002520 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) protein family member, is indispensable for the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, inhibiting BRD4 may be a prospective therapeutic approach for modulating the inflammatory response and regulating the course of MS. dBET1, a newly synthesized proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), exhibits effectively degrades of BRD4. However, the precise effects of dBET1 on MS require further investigation. Therefore, we assessed the effect of dBET1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a typical MS experimental model. Our findings revealed that BRD4 is mainly expressed in astrocytes and neurons of the spinal cords, and is up-regulated in the spinal cords of EAE mice. The dBET1 attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of astrocytic pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibited deleterious molecular activity in astrocytes. Correspondingly, dBET1, used in preventive and therapeutic settings, alleviated the behavioral symptoms in EAE mice, as demonstrated by decreased demyelination, alleviated leukocyte infiltration, reduced microglial and astrocyte activation, and diminished inflammatory mediator levels. In addition, dBET1 corrected the imbalance in peripheral T cells and protected blood-brain barrier integrity in EAE mice. The underlying mechanism involved suppressing the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase /extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. In summary, our data strongly suggests that dBET1 is a promising treatment option for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yijie He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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Metzler AD, Tang H. Zika Virus Neuropathogenesis-Research and Understanding. Pathogens 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 39057782 PMCID: PMC11279898 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is prominently associated with microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers as well as Guillain-Barré Syndrome in adults. Each cell type infected by ZIKV-neuronal cells (radial glial cells, neuronal progenitor cells, astrocytes, microglia cells, and glioblastoma stem cells) and non-neuronal cells (primary fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and Sertoli cells)-displays its own characteristic changes to their cell physiology and has various impacts on disease. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the ZIKV life cycle and its cellular targets, and discuss the current knowledge of how infections cause neuropathologies, as well as what approaches researchers are currently taking to further advance such knowledge. A key aspect of ZIKV neuropathogenesis is virus-induced neuronal apoptosis via numerous mechanisms including cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial fragmentation, ER stress, and the unfolded protein response. These, in turn, result in the activation of p53-mediated intrinsic cell death pathways. A full spectrum of infection models including stem cells and co-cultures, transwells to simulate blood-tissue barriers, brain-region-specific organoids, and animal models have been developed for ZIKV research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Onos KD, Lin PB, Pandey RS, Persohn SA, Burton CP, Miner EW, Eldridge K, Kanyinda JN, Foley KE, Carter GW, Howell GR, Territo PR. Assessment of neurovascular uncoupling: APOE status is a key driver of early metabolic and vascular dysfunction. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:4951-4969. [PMID: 38713704 PMCID: PMC11247674 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, with apolipoprotein Eε4 (APOEε4) being the strongest genetic risk factor. Current clinical diagnostic imaging focuses on amyloid and tau; however, new methods are needed for earlier detection. METHODS PET imaging was used to assess metabolism-perfusion in both sexes of aging C57BL/6J, and hAPOE mice, and were verified by transcriptomics, and immunopathology. RESULTS All hAPOE strains showed AD phenotype progression by 8 months, with females exhibiting the regional changes, which correlated with GO-term enrichments for glucose metabolism, perfusion, and immunity. Uncoupling analysis revealed APOEε4/ε4 exhibited significant Type-1 uncoupling (↓ glucose uptake, ↑ perfusion) at 8 and 12 months, while APOEε3/ε4 demonstrated Type-2 uncoupling (↑ glucose uptake, ↓ perfusion), while immunopathology confirmed cell specific contributions. DISCUSSION This work highlights APOEε4 status in AD progression manifests as neurovascular uncoupling driven by immunological activation, and may serve as an early diagnostic biomarker. HIGHLIGHTS We developed a novel analytical method to analyze PET imaging of 18F-FDG and 64Cu-PTSM data in both sexes of aging C57BL/6J, and hAPOEε3/ε3, hAPOEε4/ε4, and hAPOEε3/ε4 mice to assess metabolism-perfusion profiles termed neurovascular uncoupling. This analysis revealed APOEε4/ε4 exhibited significant Type-1 uncoupling (decreased glucose uptake, increased perfusion) at 8 and 12 months, while APOEε3/ε4 demonstrated significant Type-2 uncoupling (increased glucose uptake, decreased perfusion) by 8 months which aligns with immunopathology and transcriptomic signatures. This work highlights that there may be different mechanisms underlying age related changes in APOEε4/ε4 compared with APOEε3/ε4. We predict that these changes may be driven by immunological activation and response, and may serve as an early diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter B. Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ravi S. Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic MedicineFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
| | - Scott A. Persohn
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Charles P. Burton
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Ethan W. Miner
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Kierra Eldridge
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Kate E. Foley
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMaineUSA
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Gregory W. Carter
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMaineUSA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic MedicineFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Paul R. Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Clinical PharmacologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Kellermair L, Höfer C, Zeller MWG, Kubasta C, Bandke D, Weis S, Kellermair J, Forstner T, Helbok R, Vosko MR. Endothelial receptor proteins in acute venous thrombosis and delayed thrombus resolution in cerebral sinus vein thrombosis. J Neurol 2024; 271:4095-4104. [PMID: 38578497 PMCID: PMC11233310 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare but life-threatening disease and its diagnosis remains challenging. Blood biomarkers, including D-Dimer are currently not recommended in guidelines. Soluble endothelial receptor proteins (sICAM-1, sPECAM-1 and sVCAM-1) have been shown to be promising diagnostic biomarkers in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, we examined endothelial receptor proteins as potential biomarkers for detecting CSVT. METHODS In this bi-centre, prospective study, we quantified D-Dimer as well as sICAM-1, sPECAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in plasma of patients with clinically suspected CSVT managed in the neurological emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care hospital. All patients underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were followed up after 3, 6 and 12 months to detect thrombus resolution. RESULTS Twenty-four out of 75 (32%) patients with clinically suspected CSVT presenting with headache to the ED were diagnosed with acute CSVT. These patients had a mean age of 45 ± 16 years and 78% were female. In patients with CSVT, mean baseline D-dimer (p < 0.001) and sPECAM-1 (p < 0.001) were significantly higher compared to patients without CSVT. The combination of D-Dimer and sPECAM-1 yielded the best ROC-AUC (0.994; < 0.001) with a negative predictive value of 95.7% and a positive predictive value of 95.5%. In addition, higher baseline sPECAM-1 levels (> 198 ng/ml) on admission were associated with delayed venous thrombus resolution at 3 months (AUC = 0.83). CONCLUSION sPECAM-1 in combination with D-Dimer should be used to improve the diagnostic accuracy of acute CSVT and sPECAM-1 may predict long-term outcome of CSVT. Confirmatory results are needed in other settings in order to show their value in the management concept of CSVT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kellermair
- Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Krankenhausstr. 9, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Höfer
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital of the Brothers of Saint John of God, Linz, Austria
| | - Matthias W G Zeller
- Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Krankenhausstr. 9, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Christa Kubasta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Dave Bandke
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Kepler University Hospital, Neuromed Campus, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Serge Weis
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Kepler University Hospital, Neuromed Campus, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Jörg Kellermair
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus III, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Forstner
- Department of Applied Systems Research and Statistics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Krankenhausstr. 9, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Milan R Vosko
- Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Krankenhausstr. 9, 4021, Linz, Austria.
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L’Estrange-Stranieri E, Gottschalk TA, Wright MD, Hibbs ML. The dualistic role of Lyn tyrosine kinase in immune cell signaling: implications for systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395427. [PMID: 39007135 PMCID: PMC11239442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is a debilitating, multisystem autoimmune disease that can affect any organ in the body. The disease is characterized by circulating autoantibodies that accumulate in organs and tissues, which triggers an inflammatory response that can cause permanent damage leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Lyn, a member of the Src family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, is highly implicated in SLE as remarkably both mice lacking Lyn or expressing a gain-of-function mutation in Lyn develop spontaneous lupus-like disease due to altered signaling in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, suggesting its expression or activation state plays a critical role in maintaining tolerance. The past 30 years of research has begun to elucidate the role of Lyn in a duplicitous signaling network of activating and inhibitory immunoreceptors and related targets, including interactions with the interferon regulatory factor family in the toll-like receptor pathway. Gain-of-function mutations in Lyn have now been identified in human cases and like mouse models, cause severe systemic autoinflammation. Studies of Lyn in SLE patients have presented mixed findings, which may reflect the heterogeneity of disease processes in SLE, with impairment or enhancement in Lyn function affecting subsets of SLE patients that may be a means of stratification. In this review, we present an overview of the phosphorylation and protein-binding targets of Lyn in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, highlighting the structural domains of the protein that are involved in its function, and provide an update on studies of Lyn in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan L’Estrange-Stranieri
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D. Wright
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ritson M, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Stolp HB. Endothelial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Is endothelial inflammation an overlooked druggable target? J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578363. [PMID: 38728929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurological diseases with a neurodegenerative component have been associated with alterations in the cerebrovasculature. At the anatomical level, these are centred around changes in cerebral blood flow and vessel organisation. At the molecular level, there is extensive expression of cellular adhesion molecules and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Together, these has been found to negatively impact blood-brain barrier integrity. Systemic inflammation has been found to accelerate and exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and degeneration. Here, we review the role of cerebrovasculature dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease and discuss the potential contribution of intermittent pro-inflammatory systemic disease in causing endothelial pathology, highlighting a possible mechanism that may allow broad-spectrum therapeutic targeting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ritson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | - Helen B Stolp
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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Dokic I, Tessonnier T, Meister S, Moustafa M, Ciamarone F, Krunic D, Haberer T, Debus J, Mairani A, Abdollahi A. Ultra-High Dose Rate Helium Ion Beams: First In Vivo Evidence for Neuroprotective FLASH Effect. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.13.598785. [PMID: 38915610 PMCID: PMC11195254 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.13.598785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate ultra-high-dose rate helium ion irradiation and its potential FLASH sparing effect with the endpoint acute brain injury in preclinical in vivo settings. Material and methods Raster-scanned helium ion beams were administered to explore and compare the impact of dose rate variations between standard dose rate (SDR at 0.2 Gy/s) and FLASH (at 141 Gy/s) radiotherapy (RT). Irradiation-induced brain injury was investigated in healthy C57BL/6 mice via DNA damage response kinetic studies using nuclear γH2AX as a surrogate for double-strand breaks (DSB). The integrity of the neurovascular and immune compartments was assessed via CD31+ microvascular density and microglia/macrophages activation. Iba1+ ramified and CD68+ phagocytic microglia/macrophages were quantified, together with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS). Results Helium FLASH RT significantly prevented acute brain tissue injury compared with SDR. This was demonstrated by reduced levels of DSB and structural preservation of the neurovascular endothelium after FLASH RT. Moreover, FLASH RT exhibited reduced activation of neuroinflammatory signals compared with SDR, as detected by quantification of CD68+ iNOS+ microglia/macrophages. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report on the FLASH-sparing neuroprotective effect of raster scanning helium ion radiotherapy in vivo.
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Boles J, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Peripheral endotoxin exposure in mice activates crosstalk between phagocytes in the brain and periphery. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4478250. [PMID: 38883776 PMCID: PMC11177977 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4478250/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a central process of many neurological diseases, and a growing number of studies suggest that non-brain-resident immune cells may contribute to this neuroinflammation. However, the unique contributions of specific immune cell subsets to neuroinflammation are presently unknown, and it is unclear how communication between brain-resident and non-resident immune cells underlies peripheral immune cell involvement in neuroinflammation. Methods In this study, we employed the well-established model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and captured brain-resident and non-resident immune cells from the brain and its vasculature by magnetically enriching cell suspensions from the non-perfused brain for CD45 + cells. Then, we identified immune subtype-specific neuroinflammatory processes using single-cell genomics and predicted the crosstalk between immune cell subtypes by analyzing the simultaneous expression of ligands and receptors. Results We observed a greater abundance of peripheral phagocytes associated with the brain in this model of neuroinflammation, and report that these professional phagocytes activated similar transcriptional profiles to microglia during LPS-induced neuroinflammation. And, we observed that the probable crosstalk between microglia and peripheral phagocytes was activated in this model while homotypic microglial communication was likely to be decreased. Conclusions Our novel findings reveal that microglia signaling to non-brain-resident peripheral phagocytes is preferentially triggered by peripheral inflammation, which is associated with brain infiltration of peripheral cells. Overall, our study supports the involvement of peripheral immune cells in neuroinflammation and suggests several possible molecular signaling pathways between microglia and peripheral cells that may facilitate central-peripheral crosstalk during inflammation. Examining these molecular mediators in human disease and other rodent models may reveal novel targets that modify brain health, especially in comorbidities characterized by peripheral inflammation.
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Berve K, Michel J, Tietz S, Blatti C, Ivan D, Enzmann G, Lyck R, Deutsch U, Locatelli G, Engelhardt B. Junctional adhesion molecule-A deficient mice are protected from severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350761. [PMID: 38566526 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), early pathological features include immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We investigated the role of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), a tight junction protein, in active EAE (aEAE) pathogenesis. Our study confirms JAM-A expression at the blood-brain barrier and its luminal redistribution during aEAE. JAM-A deficient (JAM-A-/-) C57BL/6J mice exhibited milder aEAE, unrelated to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific CD4+ T-cell priming. While JAM-A absence influenced macrophage behavior on primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) under flow in vitro, it did not impact T-cell extravasation across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. At aEAE onset, we observed reduced lymphocyte and CCR2+ macrophage infiltration into the spinal cord of JAM-A-/- mice compared to control littermates. This correlated with increased CD3+ T-cell accumulation in spinal cord perivascular spaces and brain leptomeninges, suggesting JAM-A absence leads to T-cell trapping in central nervous system border compartments. In summary, JAM-A plays a role in immune cell infiltration and clinical disease progression in aEAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Berve
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Michel
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Blatti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ivan
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Winschel I, Willing A, Engler JB, Walkenhorst M, Meurs N, Binkle-Ladisch L, Woo MS, Pfeffer LK, Sonner JK, Borgmeyer U, Hagen SH, Grünhagel B, Claussen JM, Altfeld M, Friese MA. Sex- and species-specific contribution of CD99 to T cell costimulation during multiple sclerosis. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38750588 PMCID: PMC11097467 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in immune responses between women and men are leading to a strong sex bias in the incidence of autoimmune diseases that predominantly affect women, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS manifests in more than twice as many women, making sex one of the most important risk factor. However, it is incompletely understood which genes contribute to sex differences in autoimmune incidence. To address that, we conducted a gene expression analysis in female and male human spleen and identified the transmembrane protein CD99 as one of the most significantly differentially expressed genes with marked increase in men. CD99 has been reported to participate in immune cell transmigration and T cell regulation, but sex-specific implications have not been comprehensively investigated. METHODS In this study, we conducted a gene expression analysis in female and male human spleen using the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project dataset to identify differentially expressed genes between women and men. After successful validation on protein level of human immune cell subsets, we assessed hormonal regulation of CD99 as well as its implication on T cell regulation in primary human T cells and Jurkat T cells. In addition, we performed in vivo assays in wildtype mice and in Cd99-deficient mice to further analyze functional consequences of differential CD99 expression. RESULTS Here, we found higher CD99 gene expression in male human spleens compared to females and confirmed this expression difference on protein level on the surface of T cells and pDCs. Androgens are likely dispensable as the cause shown by in vitro assays and ex vivo analysis of trans men samples. In cerebrospinal fluid, CD99 was higher on T cells compared to blood. Of note, male MS patients had lower CD99 levels on CD4+ T cells in the CSF, unlike controls. By contrast, both sexes had similar CD99 expression in mice and Cd99-deficient mice showed equal susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis compared to wildtypes. Functionally, CD99 increased upon human T cell activation and inhibited T cell proliferation after blockade. Accordingly, CD99-deficient Jurkat T cells showed decreased cell proliferation and cluster formation, rescued by CD99 reintroduction. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CD99 is sex-specifically regulated in healthy individuals and MS patients and that it is involved in T cell costimulation in humans but not in mice. CD99 could potentially contribute to MS incidence and susceptibility in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Winschel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Willing
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Walkenhorst
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Meurs
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Binkle-Ladisch
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel S Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Kristina Pfeffer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana K Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Borgmeyer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrik Hagen
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grünhagel
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janna M Claussen
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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White AR. The firestorm within: A narrative review of extreme heat and wildfire smoke effects on brain health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171239. [PMID: 38417511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is generating increased heatwaves and wildfires across much of the world. With these escalating environmental changes comes greater impacts on human health leading to increased numbers of people suffering from heat- and wildfire smoke-associated respiratory and cardiovascular impairment. One area of health impact of climate change that has received far less attention is the effects of extreme heat and wildfire smoke exposure on human brain health. As elevated temperatures, and wildfire-associated smoke, are increasingly experienced simultaneously over summer periods, understanding this combined impact is critical to management of human health especially in the elderly, and people with dementia, and other neurological disorders. Both extreme heat and wildfire smoke air pollution (especially particulate matter, PM) induce neuroinflammatory and cerebrovascular effects, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment, however the combined effect of these impacts are not well understood. In this narrative review, a comprehensive examination of extreme heat and wildfire smoke impact on human brain health is presented, with a focus on how these factors contribute to cognitive impairment, and dementia, one of the leading health issues today. Also discussed is the potential impact of combined heat and wildfire smoke on brain health, and where future efforts should be applied to help advance knowledge in this rapidly growing and critical field of health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia.
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13
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Dziedzic A, Maciak K, Miller ED, Starosta M, Saluk J. Targeting Vascular Impairment, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress Dynamics with Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3858. [PMID: 38612668 PMCID: PMC11011409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), traditionally perceived as a neurodegenerative disease, exhibits significant vascular alternations, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which may predispose patients to increased cardiovascular risks. This vascular dysfunction is intricately linked with the infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS), which plays a significant role in perpetuating neuroinflammation. Additionally, oxidative stress serves not only as a byproduct of inflammatory processes but also as an active contributor to neural damage. The synthesis of these multifaceted aspects highlights the importance of understanding their cumulative impact on MS progression. This review reveals that the triad of vascular damage, chronic inflammation, and oxidative imbalance may be considered interdependent processes that exacerbate each other, underscoring the need for holistic and multi-targeted therapeutic approaches in MS management. There is a necessity for reevaluating MS treatment strategies to encompass these overlapping pathologies, offering insights for future research and potential therapeutic interventions. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBCT) emerges as one of the potential avenues for holistic MS management approaches which may alleviate the triad of MS progression factors in multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Karina Maciak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Dorota Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland; (E.D.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Starosta
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland; (E.D.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
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14
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Hernandez C, Gorska AM, Eugenin E. Mechanisms of HIV-mediated blood-brain barrier compromise and leukocyte transmigration under the current antiretroviral era. iScience 2024; 27:109236. [PMID: 38487019 PMCID: PMC10937838 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological compromise is observed in more than half of all people with HIV (PWH), even under antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mechanism has been associated with the early transmigration of HIV-infected monocytes across the BBB in a CCL2 and HIV replication-dependent manner. However, the mechanisms of chronic brain damage are unknown. We demonstrate that all PWH under ART have elevated circulating ATP levels that correlate with the onset of cognitive impairment even in the absence of a circulating virus. Serum ATP levels found in PWH with the most severe neurocognitive impairment trigger the transcellular migration of HIV-infected leukocytes across the BBB in a JAM-A and LFA-1-dependent manner. We propose that targeting transcellular leukocyte transmigration could reduce or prevent the devastating consequences of HIV within the brains of PWH under ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Hernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anna Maria Gorska
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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15
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Onos K, Lin PB, Pandey RS, Persohn SA, Burton CP, Miner EW, Eldridge K, Kanyinda JN, Foley KE, Carter GW, Howell GR, Territo PR. Assessment of Neurovascular Uncoupling: APOE Status is a Key Driver of Early Metabolic and Vascular Dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.13.571584. [PMID: 38168292 PMCID: PMC10760108 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, with apolipoprotein ε4 (APOEε4) being the strongest genetic risk factor. Current clinical diagnostic imaging focuses on amyloid and tau; however, new methods are needed for earlier detection. METHODS PET imaging was used to assess metabolism-perfusion in both sexes of aging C57BL/6J, and hAPOE mice, and were verified by transcriptomics, and immunopathology. RESULTS All hAPOE strains showed AD phenotype progression by 8 mo, with females exhibiting the regional changes, which correlated with GO-term enrichments for glucose metabolism, perfusion, and immunity. Uncoupling analysis revealed APOEε4/ε4 exhibited significant Type-1 uncoupling (↓ glucose uptake, ↑ perfusion) at 8 and 12 mo, while APOEε3/ε4 demonstrated Type-2 uncoupling (↑ glucose uptake, ↓ perfusion), while immunopathology confirmed cell specific contributions. DISCUSSION This work highlights APOEε4 status in AD progression manifest as neurovascular uncoupling driven by immunological activation, and may serve as an early diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Onos
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Peter B. Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ravi S. Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
| | - Scott A. Persohn
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Charles P. Burton
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ethan W. Miner
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Kierra Eldridge
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | | | - Kate E. Foley
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Gregory W. Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
| | | | - Paul R. Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
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16
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Wang J, Wang X, Ren J, Lin J, Yu Z, Huang S, Hu Y, Fu J, Wang M, Zhang Y, Wang X, Guo J, Xiao J, Zhou H. S-9-PAHSA's neuroprotective effect mediated by CAIII suppresses apoptosis and oxidative stress in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14594. [PMID: 38332538 PMCID: PMC10853598 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapidly increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neuronal complications associated with these diseases have resulted in significant burdens on healthcare systems. Meanwhile, effective therapies have remained insufficient. A novel fatty acid called S-9-PAHSA has been reported to provide metabolic benefits in T2DM by regulating glucose metabolism. However, whether S-9-PAHSA has a neuroprotective effect in mouse models of T2DM remains unclear. METHODS This in vivo study in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 months used fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance tests to examine the effect of S-9-PAHSA on glucose metabolism. The Morris water maze test was also used to assess the impact of S-9-PAHSA on cognition in the mice, while the neuroprotective effect of S-9-PAHSA was evaluated by measuring the expression of proteins related to apoptosis and oxidative stress. In addition, an in vitro study in PC12 cells assessed apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial membrane potential with or without CAIII knockdown to determine the role of CAIII in the neuroprotective effect of S-9-PAHSA. RESULTS S-9-PAHSA reduced fasting blood glucose levels significantly, increased insulin sensitivity in the HFD mice and also suppressed apoptosis and oxidative stress in the cortex of the mice and PC12 cells in a diabetic setting. By suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis, S-9-PAHSA protected both neuronal cells and microvascular endothelial cells in in vivo and in vitro diabetic environments. Interestingly, this protective effect of S-9-PAHSA was reduced significantly when CAIII was knocked down in the PC12 cells, suggesting that CAIII has a major role in the neuroprotective effect of S-9-PAHSA. However, overexpression of CAIII did not significantly enhance the protective effect of S-9-PAHSA. CONCLUSION S-9-PAHSA mediated by CAIII has the potential to exert a neuroprotective effect by suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress in neuronal cells exposed to diabetic conditions. Furthermore, S-9-PAHSA has the capability to reduce fasting blood glucose and LDL levels and enhance insulin sensitivity in mice fed with HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐tao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of General PracticeAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Xin‐ru Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiao‐qi Ren
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jin‐hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Zhong‐yu Yu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shan‐shan Huang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jia‐yu Fu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yan‐li Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xue‐chun Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing‐chun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience of Shanghai Jing'an District Centre HospitalInstitutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ji‐chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hou‐guang Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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17
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Lv W, Jiang X, Zhang Y. The role of platelets in the blood-brain barrier during brain pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1298314. [PMID: 38259501 PMCID: PMC10800710 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1298314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets play critical roles in maintaining hemostasis. The blood brain barrier (BBB), a significant physical and metabolic barrier, helps maintain physiological stability by limiting transportations between the blood and neural tissues. When the brain undergoes inflammation, tumor, trauma, or bleeding, the platelet responses to help with maintaining BBB homeostasis. In the traditional point of view, activated platelets aggregate to form thrombi which cover the gaps of the blood vessels to protect BBB. However, increasing evidences indicate that platelets may harm BBB by enhancing vascular permeability. Hereby, we reviewed recently published articles with a special focus on the platelet-mediated damage of BBB. Factors released by platelets can induce BBB permeability, which involve platelet-activating factors (PAF), P-selectin, ADP, platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) superfamily proteins, especially PDGF-AA and PDGF-CC, etc. Platelets can also secrete Amyloid-β (Aβ), which triggers neuroinflammation and downregulates the expression of tight junction molecules such as claudin-5 to damage BBB. Additionally, platelets can form aggregates with neutrophils to release reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can destroy the DNA, proteins, and lipids of endothelial cells (ECs). Moreover, platelets participate in neuroinflammation to affect BBB. Conversely, some of the platelet released factors such as PDGF-BB, protects BBB. In summary, platelets play dual roles in BBB integrity and the related mechanisms are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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18
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Zierfuss B, Larochelle C, Prat A. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: causes, consequences, and potential effects of therapies. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:95-109. [PMID: 38101906 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Established by brain endothelial cells, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the trafficking of molecules, restricts immune cell entry into the CNS, and has an active role in neurovascular coupling (the regulation of cerebral blood flow to support neuronal activity). In the early stages of multiple sclerosis, around the time of symptom onset, inflammatory BBB damage is accompanied by pathogenic immune cell infiltration into the CNS. In the later stages of multiple sclerosis, dysregulation of neurovascular coupling is associated with grey matter atrophy. Genetic and environmental factors associated with multiple sclerosis, including dietary habits, the gut microbiome, and vitamin D concentrations, might contribute directly and indirectly to brain endothelial cell dysfunction. Damage to brain endothelial cells leads to an influx of deleterious molecules into the CNS, accelerating leakage across the BBB. Potential future therapeutic approaches might help to prevent BBB damage (eg, monoclonal antibodies targeting cell adhesion molecules and fibrinogen) and help to repair BBB dysfunction (eg, mesenchymal stromal cells) in people with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zierfuss
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
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19
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Reckelkamm SL, Kamińska I, Baumeister SE, Ponce-de-Leon M, Ehmke B, Rodakowska E, Baginska J, Nolde M, Kamiński KA. Targeted proteomics in a population-based study identifies serum PECAM-1 and TRIM21 as inflammation markers for periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:59. [PMID: 38157091 PMCID: PMC10756891 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontitis (PD) can cause systematic inflammation and is associated with various metabolic processes in the body. However, robust serum markers for these relationships are still lacking. This study aims to identify novel circulating inflammation-related proteins associated with PD using targeted proteomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used population-based, cross-sectional data from 619 participants of the Polish Longitudinal University Study (Bialystok PLUS). Mean pocket probing depth (mPPD) and proportion of bleeding on probing (pBOP) served as exposure variables. Fifty-two inflammation-related proteins were measured using the Olink Target 96 Cardiovascular III and the Olink Target 96 Immune Response panels. Associations between periodontal measures and proteins were tested using covariate-adjusted linear regression models. RESULTS At a false discovery rate of < 0.05, we identified associations of mPPD and pBOP with platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21). CONCLUSION This study revealed novel associations between PD and serum levels of PECAM-1 and TRIM21. Our results suggest that these proteins might be affected by molecular processes that take place in the inflamed periodontium. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Novel associations of PECAM-1 and TRIM21 with PD indicate promising serum markers for understanding the disease's pathophysiological processes and call for further biomedical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lars Reckelkamm
- Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Clinic for Periodontology and Conservative Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Inga Kamińska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sebastian-Edgar Baumeister
- Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mariana Ponce-de-Leon
- Chair of Epidemiology at the University Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ehmke
- Clinic for Periodontology and Conservative Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ewa Rodakowska
- Department of Clinical Dentistry-Cariology Section, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joanna Baginska
- Department of Dentistry Propaedeutics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295, Białystok, Poland
| | - Michael Nolde
- Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Karol Adam Kamiński
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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20
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Lam MS, Aw JJ, Tan D, Vijayakumar R, Lim HYG, Yada S, Pang QY, Barker N, Tang C, Ang BT, Sobota RM, Pavesi A. Unveiling the Influence of Tumor Microenvironment and Spatial Heterogeneity on Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma Using an Advanced Human In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Glioblastoma. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302280. [PMID: 37649234 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain cancer in adults with a dismal prognosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-in-line chemotherapeutic; however, resistance is frequent and multifactorial. While many molecular and genetic factors have been linked to TMZ resistance, the role of the solid tumor morphology and the tumor microenvironment, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is unknown. Here, the authors investigate these using a complex in vitro model for GBM and its surrounding BBB. The model recapitulates important clinical features such as a dense tumor core with tumor cells that invade along the perivascular space; and a perfusable BBB with a physiological permeability and morphology that is altered in the presence of a tumor spheroid. It is demonstrated that TMZ sensitivity decreases with increasing cancer cell spatial organization, and that the BBB can contribute to TMZ resistance. Proteomic analysis with next-generation low volume sample workflows of these cultured microtissues revealed potential clinically relevant proteins involved in tumor aggressiveness and TMZ resistance, demonstrating the utility of complex in vitro models for interrogating the tumor microenvironment and therapy validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Sy Lam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Joey Jy Aw
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Damien Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Ragavi Vijayakumar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Grace Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Swathi Yada
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Qing You Pang
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Carol Tang
- Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Beng Ti Ang
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
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21
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Przybylowicz PK, Sokolowska KE, Rola H, Wojdacz TK. DNA Methylation Changes in Blood Cells of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients. J Pain Res 2023; 16:4025-4036. [PMID: 38054109 PMCID: PMC10695140 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s439412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fibromyalgia (FM) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) affect 0.4% and 1% of society, respectively, and the prevalence of these pain syndromes is increasing. To date, no strong association between these syndromes and the genetic background of affected individuals has been shown. Therefore, it is plausible that epigenetic changes might play a role in the development of these syndromes. Patients and Methods Three previous studies have attempted to elaborate the involvement of genome-wide methylation changes in blood cells in the development of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. These studies included 22 patients with fibromyalgia and 127 patients with CFS, and the results of the studies were largely discrepant. Contradicting results of those studies may be attributed to differences in the omics data analysis approaches used in each study. We reanalyzed the data collected in these studies using an updated and coherent data-analysis framework. Results Overall, the methylation changes that we observed overlapped with previous results only to some extent. However, the gene set enrichment analyses based on genes annotated to methylation changes identified in each of the analyzed datasets were surprisingly coherent and uniformly associated with the physiological processes that, when affected, may result in symptoms characteristic of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Conclusion Methylomes of the blood cells of patients with FM and CFS in three independent studies have shown methylation changes that appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hubert Rola
- Independent Clinical Epigenetics Laboratory, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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22
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Stierschneider A, Wiesner C. Shedding light on the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in endothelial cells under physiological and inflamed conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264889. [PMID: 38077393 PMCID: PMC10704247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are part of the innate immune system. They are capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of microbes, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of damaged tissues. Activation of TLR4 initiates downstream signaling pathways that trigger the secretion of cytokines, type I interferons, and other pro-inflammatory mediators that are necessary for an immediate immune response. However, the systemic release of pro-inflammatory proteins is a powerful driver of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Over the past decades, immense progress has been made in clarifying the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in inflammation. However, the most common strategies used to study TLR4 signaling rely on genetic manipulation of the TLR4 or the treatment with agonists such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which are often associated with the generation of irreversible phenotypes in the target cells or unintended cytotoxicity and signaling crosstalk due to off-target or pleiotropic effects. Here, optogenetics offers an alternative strategy to control and monitor cellular signaling in an unprecedented spatiotemporally precise, dose-dependent, and non-invasive manner. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and signaling pathways of the TLR4 and its fundamental role in endothelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, as well as the advances in TLR4 modulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department Science & Technology, Institute Biotechnology, IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
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Mora P, Chapouly C. Astrogliosis in multiple sclerosis and neuro-inflammation: what role for the notch pathway? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254586. [PMID: 37936690 PMCID: PMC10627009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system leading to neurodegeneration. It affects 2.3 million people worldwide, generally younger than 50. There is no known cure for the disease, and current treatment options - mainly immunotherapies to limit disease progression - are few and associated with serious side effects. In multiple sclerosis, disruption of the blood-brain barrier is an early event in the pathogenesis of lesions, predisposing to edema, excito-toxicity and inflammatory infiltration into the central nervous system. Recently, the vision of the blood brain barrier structure and integrity has changed and include contributions from all components of the neurovascular unit, among which astrocytes. During neuro-inflammation, astrocytes become reactive. They undergo morphological and molecular changes named "astrogliosis" driving the conversion from acute inflammatory injury to a chronic neurodegenerative state. Astrogliosis mechanisms are minimally explored despite their significance in regulating the autoimmune response during multiple sclerosis. Therefore, in this review, we take stock of the state of knowledge regarding astrogliosis in neuro-inflammation and highlight the central role of NOTCH signaling in the process of astrocyte reactivity. Indeed, a very detailed nomenclature published in nature neurosciences in 2021, listing all the reactive astrocyte markers fully identified in the literature, doesn't cover the NOTCH signaling. Hence, we discuss evidence supporting NOTCH1 receptor as a central regulator of astrogliosis in the pathophysiology of neuro-inflammation, notably multiple sclerosis, in human and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mora
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pessac, France
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24
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Saltarin F, Wegmüller A, Bejarano L, Ildiz ES, Zwicky P, Vianin A, Spadin F, Soukup K, Wischnewski V, Engelhardt B, Deutsch U, J. Marques I, Frenz M, Joyce JA, Lyck R. Compromised Blood-Brain Barrier Junctions Enhance Melanoma Cell Intercalation and Extravasation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5071. [PMID: 37894438 PMCID: PMC10605101 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma frequently metastasises to the brain, and a detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying melanoma cell extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is important for preventing brain metastasis formation. Making use of primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) as an in vitro BBB model, we imaged the interaction of melanoma cells into pMBMEC monolayers. We observed exclusive junctional intercalation of melanoma cells and confirmed that melanoma-induced pMBMEC barrier disruption can be rescued by protease inhibition. Interleukin (IL)-1β stimulated pMBMECs or PECAM-1-knockout (-ko) pMBMECs were employed to model compromised BBB barrier properties in vitro and to determine increased melanoma cell intercalation compared to pMBMECs with intact junctions. The newly generated brain-homing melanoma cell line YUMM1.1-BrM4 was used to reveal increased in vivo extravasation of melanoma cells across the BBB of barrier-compromised PECAM-1-deficient mice compared to controls. Taken together, our data indicate that preserving BBB integrity is an important measure to limit the formation of melanoma-brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Saltarin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Adrian Wegmüller
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Leire Bejarano
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (V.W.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ece Su Ildiz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Andréj Vianin
- Department of Developmental Biology and Regeneration, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florentin Spadin
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.)
| | - Klara Soukup
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (V.W.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Wischnewski
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (V.W.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ines J. Marques
- Department of Developmental Biology and Regeneration, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.)
| | - Johanna A. Joyce
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (V.W.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.S.); (P.Z.)
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25
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Fernandez M, Nigro M, Travagli A, Pasquini S, Vincenzi F, Varani K, Borea PA, Merighi S, Gessi S. Strategies for Drug Delivery into the Brain: A Review on Adenosine Receptors Modulation for Central Nervous System Diseases Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2441. [PMID: 37896201 PMCID: PMC10610137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier that protects the central nervous system (CNS) by ensuring an appropriate microenvironment. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) control the passage of molecules from blood to brain tissue and regulate their concentration-versus-time profiles to guarantee proper neuronal activity, angiogenesis and neurogenesis, as well as to prevent the entry of immune cells into the brain. However, the BBB also restricts the penetration of drugs, thus presenting a challenge in the development of therapeutics for CNS diseases. On the other hand, adenosine, an endogenous purine-based nucleoside that is expressed in most body tissues, regulates different body functions by acting through its G-protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3). Adenosine receptors (ARs) are thus considered potential drug targets for treating different metabolic, inflammatory and neurological diseases. In the CNS, A1 and A2A are expressed by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, immune cells and ECs. Moreover, adenosine, by acting locally through its receptors A1 and/or A2A, may modulate BBB permeability, and this effect is potentiated when both receptors are simultaneously activated. This review showcases in vivo and in vitro evidence supporting AR signaling as a candidate for modifying endothelial barrier permeability in the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fernandez
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Manuela Nigro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Alessia Travagli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
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Wendt TS, Gonzales RJ. Ozanimod differentially preserves human cerebrovascular endothelial barrier proteins and attenuates matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity following in vitro acute ischemic injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C951-C971. [PMID: 37642239 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00342.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial integrity is critical in mitigating a vicious cascade of secondary injuries following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a contributor to endothelial integrity loss, is elevated during stroke and is associated with worsened stroke outcome. We investigated the FDA-approved selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) ligand, ozanimod, on the regulation/activity of MMP-9 as well as endothelial barrier components [platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), claudin-5, and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1)] in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) following hypoxia plus glucose deprivation (HGD). We previously reported that S1PR1 activation improves HBMEC integrity; however, mechanisms underlying S1PR1 involvement in endothelial cell barrier integrity have not been clearly elucidated. We hypothesized that ozanimod would attenuate an HGD-induced increase in MMP-9 activity that would concomitantly attenuate the loss of integral barrier components. Male HBMECs were treated with ozanimod or vehicle and exposed to 3 h of normoxia (21% O2) or HGD (1% O2). Immunoblotting, zymography, qRT-PCR, and immunocytochemical labeling techniques assessed processes related to MMP-9 and barrier markers. We observed that HGD acutely increased MMP-9 activity and reduced claudin-5 and PECAM-1 levels, and ozanimod attenuated these responses. In situ analysis, via PROSPER, suggested that attenuation of MMP-9 activity may be a primary factor in maintaining these integral barrier proteins. We also observed that HGD increased intracellular mechanisms associated with augmented MMP-9 activation; however, ozanimod had no effect on these select factors. Thus, we conclude that ozanimod has the potential to attenuate HGD-mediated decreases in HBMEC integrity in part by decreasing MMP-9 activity as well as preserving barrier properties.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have identified a potential novel mechanism by which ozanimod, a selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) agonist, attenuates hypoxia plus glucose deprivation (HGD)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and disruptions in integral human brain endothelial cell barrier proteins. Our results suggest that ischemic-like injury elicits increased MMP-9 activity and alterations of barrier integrity proteins in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and that ozanimod via S1PR1 attenuates these HGD-induced responses, adding to its therapeutic potential in cerebrovascular protection during the acute phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Wendt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Rayna J Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
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27
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Nair AL, Groenendijk L, Overdevest R, Fowke TM, Annida R, Mocellin O, de Vries HE, Wevers NR. Human BBB-on-a-chip reveals barrier disruption, endothelial inflammation, and T cell migration under neuroinflammatory conditions. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1250123. [PMID: 37818458 PMCID: PMC10561300 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1250123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective barrier that ensures a homeostatic environment for the central nervous system (CNS). BBB dysfunction, inflammation, and immune cell infiltration are hallmarks of many CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis and stroke. Physiologically relevant human in vitro models of the BBB are essential to improve our understanding of its function in health and disease, identify novel drug targets, and assess potential new therapies. We present a BBB-on-a-chip model comprising human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) cultured in a microfluidic platform that allows parallel culture of 40 chips. In each chip, a perfused HBMEC vessel was grown against an extracellular matrix gel in a membrane-free manner. BBBs-on-chips were exposed to varying concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to mimic inflammation. The effect of the inflammatory conditions was studied by assessing the BBBs-on-chips' barrier function, cell morphology, and expression of cell adhesion molecules. Primary human T cells were perfused through the lumen of the BBBs-on-chips to study T cell adhesion, extravasation, and migration. Under inflammatory conditions, the BBBs-on-chips showed decreased trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased permeability to sodium fluorescein, and aberrant cell morphology in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we observed increased expression of cell adhesion molecules and concomitant monocyte adhesion. T cells extravasated from the inflamed blood vessels and migrated towards a C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradient. T cell adhesion was significantly reduced and a trend towards decreased migration was observed in presence of Natalizumab, an antibody drug that blocks very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate a high-throughput microfluidic model of the human BBB that can be used to model neuroinflammation and assess anti-inflammatory and barrier-restoring interventions to fight neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Lekshmi Nair
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience – Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helga E. de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience – Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Lyck R, Nishihara H, Aydin S, Soldati S, Engelhardt B. Modeling Brain Vasculature Immune Interactions In Vitro. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041185. [PMID: 36617644 PMCID: PMC10513158 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects central nervous system (CNS) neurons from the changeable milieu of the bloodstream by strictly controlling the movement of molecules and immune cells between the blood and the CNS. Immune cell migration across the vascular wall is a multistep process regulated by the sequential interaction of different signaling and adhesion molecules on the endothelium and the immune cells. Accounting for its unique barrier properties and trafficking molecule expression profile, particular adaptions in immune cell migration across the BBB have been observed. Thus, in vitro models of the BBB are desirable to explore the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB. The challenge to overcome is that barrier properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells are not intrinsic and readily lost in culture. With a focus on human in vitro BBB models, we here discuss the suitability of available in vitro models for the BBB for exploring the specific mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Mishra P, Silva A, Sharma J, Nguyen J, Pizzo DP, Hinz D, Sahoo D, Cherqui S. Rescue of Alzheimer's disease phenotype in a mouse model by transplantation of wild-type hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112956. [PMID: 37561625 PMCID: PMC10617121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia; microglia have been implicated in AD pathogenesis, but their role is still matter of debate. Our study showed that single systemic wild-type (WT) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation rescued the AD phenotype in 5xFAD mice and that transplantation may prevent microglia activation. Indeed, complete prevention of memory loss and neurocognitive impairment and decrease of β-amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and cortex were observed in the WT HSPC-transplanted 5xFAD mice compared with untreated 5xFAD mice and with mice transplanted with 5xFAD HSPCs. Neuroinflammation was also significantly reduced. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a significant decrease in gene expression related to "disease-associated microglia" in the cortex and "neurodegeneration-associated endothelial cells" in the hippocampus of the WT HSPC-transplanted 5xFAD mice compared with diseased controls. This work shows that HSPC transplant has the potential to prevent AD-associated complications and represents a promising therapeutic avenue for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jay Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald P Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denise Hinz
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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30
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Chu Q, Song X, Xiao Y, Kang YJ. Alteration of endothelial permeability ensures cardiomyocyte survival from ischemic insult in the subendocardium of the heart. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1364-1372. [PMID: 37786370 PMCID: PMC10657589 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231194344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cardiomyocytes in the subendocardial region of myocardium survive from ischemic insult. This study was undertaken to explore possible mechanisms for the survival of these cardiomyocytes, focusing on changes in endothelial cells (ECs) and blood supply. C57/B6 mice were subjected to permanent ligation of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery to induce myocardial ischemia (MI). The hearts were harvested at 1, 4, and 7 days post MI and examined for histological changes. It was found that the survival of cardiomyocytes was associated with a preservation of ECs in the subendocardial region, as revealed by EC-specific tdTomato expression transgenic mice (Tie2tdTomato). However, the EC selective proteins, PECAM1 and VEGFR2, were significantly depressed in these ECs. Consequently, the ratio of PECAM1/tdTomato was significantly decreased, indicating a transformation from PECAM1+ ECs to PECAM1- ECs. Furthermore, EC junction protein, VE-cadherin, was not only depressed but also disassociated from PECAM1 in the same region. These changes led to an increase in EC permeability, as evidenced by increased blood infiltration in the subendocardial region. Thus, the increase in the permeability of ECs due to their transformation in the subendocardial region allows blood infiltration, creating a unique microenvironment and ensuring the survival of cardiomyocytes under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Song
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Tennessee Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Zhang Z, Gan Q, Han J, Tao Q, Qiu WQ, Madri JA. CD31 as a probable responding and gate-keeping protein of the blood-brain barrier and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1027-1041. [PMID: 37051650 PMCID: PMC10291450 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231170041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that an abnormal vascular-immunity link could increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk; however, the mechanism is unclear. CD31, also named platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), is a surface membrane protein of both endothelial and immune cells and plays important roles in the interaction between the vascular and immune systems. In this review, we focus on research regarding CD31 biological actions in the pathological process that may contribute to AD based on the following rationales. First, endothelial, leukocyte and soluble forms of CD31 play multi-roles in regulating transendothelial migration, increasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and resulting in neuroinflammation. Second, CD31 expressed by endothelial and immune cells dynamically modulates numbers of signaling pathways, including Src family kinases, selected G proteins, and β-catenin which in turn affect cell-matrix and cell-cell attachment, activation, permeability, survival, and ultimately neuronal cell injury. In endothelia and immune cells, these diverse CD31-mediated pathways act as a critical regulator in the immunity-endothelia-brain axis, thereby mediating AD pathogenesis in ApoE4 carriers, which is the major genetic risk factor for AD. This evidence suggests a novel mechanism and potential drug target for CD31 in the background of genetic vulnerabilities and peripheral inflammation for AD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qini Gan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyan Han
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Research Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- The Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph A Madri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Aydin S, Pareja J, Schallenberg VM, Klopstein A, Gruber T, Page N, Bouillet E, Blanchard N, Liblau R, Körbelin J, Schwaninger M, Johnson AJ, Schenk M, Deutsch U, Merkler D, Engelhardt B. Antigen recognition detains CD8 + T cells at the blood-brain barrier and contributes to its breakdown. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3106. [PMID: 37253744 PMCID: PMC10229608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). High numbers of CD8+ T cells are found in MS lesions, and antigen (Ag) presentation at the BBB has been proposed to promote CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS. Here, we show that brain endothelial cells process and cross-present Ag, leading to effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. Under physiological flow in vitro, endothelial Ag presentation prevented CD8+ T cell crawling and diapedesis resulting in brain endothelial cell apoptosis and BBB breakdown. Brain endothelial Ag presentation in vivo was limited due to Ag uptake by CNS-resident macrophages but still reduced motility of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells within CNS microvessels. MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation at the BBB during neuroinflammation thus prohibits CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS and triggers CD8+ T cell-mediated focal BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pareja
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Soldati S, Bär A, Vladymyrov M, Glavin D, McGrath JL, Gosselet F, Nishihara H, Goelz S, Engelhardt B. High levels of endothelial ICAM-1 prohibit natalizumab mediated abrogation of CD4 + T cell arrest on the inflamed BBB under flow in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:123. [PMID: 37221552 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The humanized anti-α4 integrin blocking antibody natalizumab (NTZ) is an effective treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) that is associated with the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). While extended interval dosing (EID) of NTZ reduces the risk for PML, the minimal dose of NTZ required to maintain its therapeutic efficacy remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Here we aimed to identify the minimal NTZ concentration required to inhibit the arrest of human effector/memory CD4+ T cell subsets or of PBMCs to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under physiological flow in vitro. RESULTS Making use of three different human in vitro BBB models and in vitro live-cell imaging we observed that NTZ mediated inhibition of α4-integrins failed to abrogate T cell arrest to the inflamed BBB under physiological flow. Complete inhibition of shear resistant T cell arrest required additional inhibition of β2-integrins, which correlated with a strong upregulation of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 on the respective BBB models investigated. Indeed, NTZ mediated inhibition of shear resistant T cell arrest to combinations of immobilized recombinant vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and ICAM-1 was abrogated in the presence of tenfold higher molar concentrations of ICAM-1 over VCAM-1. Also, monovalent NTZ was less potent than bivalent NTZ in inhibiting T cell arrest to VCAM-1 under physiological flow. In accordance with our previous observations ICAM-1 but not VCAM-1 mediated T cell crawling against the direction of flow. CONCLUSION Taken together, our in vitro observations show that high levels of endothelial ICAM-1 abrogate NTZ mediated inhibition of T cell interaction with the BBB. EID of NTZ in MS patients may thus require consideration of the inflammatory status of the BBB as high levels of ICAM-1 may provide an alternative molecular cue allowing for pathogenic T cell entry into the CNS in the presence of NTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bär
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mykhailo Vladymyrov
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dale Glavin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, University of Artois, Lens, France
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Modvig S, Jeyakumar J, Marquart HV, Christensen C. Integrins and the Metastasis-like Dissemination of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to the Central Nervous System. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092504. [PMID: 37173970 PMCID: PMC10177281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) disseminates with high prevalence to the central nervous system (CNS) in a process resembling aspects of the CNS surveillance of normal immune cells as well as aspects of brain metastasis from solid cancers. Importantly, inside the CNS, the ALL blasts are typically confined within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cavities of the subarachnoid space, which they use as a sanctuary protected from both chemotherapy and immune cells. At present, high cumulative doses of intrathecal chemotherapy are administered to patients, but this is associated with neurotoxicity and CNS relapse still occurs. Thus, it is imperative to identify markers and novel therapy targets specific to CNS ALL. Integrins represent a family of adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, implicated in the adhesion and migration of metastatic cancer cells, normal immune cells, and leukemic blasts. The ability of integrins to also facilitate cell-adhesion mediated drug resistance, combined with recent discoveries of integrin-dependent routes of leukemic cells into the CNS, have sparked a renewed interest in integrins as markers and therapeutic targets in CNS leukemia. Here, we review the roles of integrins in CNS surveillance by normal lymphocytes, dissemination to the CNS by ALL cells, and brain metastasis from solid cancers. Furthermore, we discuss whether ALL dissemination to the CNS abides by known hallmarks of metastasis, and the potential roles of integrins in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Modvig
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenani Jeyakumar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vibeke Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Christensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Ji X. Immune and inflammatory mechanism of remote ischemic conditioning: A narrative review. Brain Circ 2023; 9:77-87. [PMID: 37576576 PMCID: PMC10419737 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_57_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) on multiple organs have been extensively investigated. According to existing research, suppressing the immune inflammatory response is an essential mechanism of RIC. Based on the extensive effects of RIC on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, this article reviews the immune and inflammatory mechanisms of RIC and summarizes the effects of RIC on immunity and inflammation from three perspectives: (1) the mechanisms of the impact of RIC on inflammation and immunity; (2) evidence of the effects of RIC on immune and inflammatory processes in ischaemic stroke; and (3) possible future applications of this effect, especially in systemic infectious diseases such as sepsis and sepsis-associated encephalopathy. This review explores the possibility of using RIC as a treatment in more inflammation-related diseases, which will provide new ideas for the treatment of this kind of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Chandra PK, Braun SE, Maity S, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Kim H, Shaffer JG, Cikic S, Rutkai I, Fan J, Guidry JJ, Worthylake DK, Li C, Abdel-Mageed AB, Busija DW. Circulating Plasma Exosomal Proteins of Either SHIV-Infected Rhesus Macaque or HIV-Infected Patient Indicates a Link to Neuropathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:794. [PMID: 36992502 PMCID: PMC10058833 DOI: 10.3390/v15030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), 50-60% of HIV-infected patients suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies are uncovering the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, in the central nervous system (CNS) due to HIV infection. We investigated links among circulating plasma exosomal (crExo) proteins and neuropathogenesis in simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RM) and HIV-infected and cART treated patients (Patient-Exo). Isolated EVs from SHIV-infected (SHIV-Exo) and uninfected (CTL-Exo) RM were predominantly exosomes (particle size < 150 nm). Proteomic analysis quantified 5654 proteins, of which 236 proteins (~4%) were significantly, differentially expressed (DE) between SHIV-/CTL-Exo. Interestingly, different CNS cell specific markers were abundantly expressed in crExo. Proteins involved in latent viral reactivation, neuroinflammation, neuropathology-associated interactive as well as signaling molecules were expressed at significantly higher levels in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. However, proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, autophagy, endocytosis, exocytosis, and cytoskeleton organization were significantly less expressed in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. Interestingly, proteins involved in oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, and autophagy were significantly downregulated in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed with HIV+/cART+ Patient-Exo. We showed that Patient-Exo significantly increased blood-brain barrier permeability, possibly due to loss of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 protein and actin cytoskeleton structure. Our novel findings suggest that circulating exosomal proteins expressed CNS cell markers-possibly associated with viral reactivation and neuropathogenesis-that may elucidate the etiology of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha K. Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Stephen E. Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Sudipa Maity
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sinisa Cikic
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jessie J. Guidry
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David K. Worthylake
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David W. Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Henn RE, Guo K, Elzinga SE, Noureldein MH, Mendelson FE, Hayes JM, Rigan DM, Savelieff MG, Hur J, Feldman EL. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies hippocampal microglial dysregulation in diet-induced obesity. iScience 2023; 26:106164. [PMID: 36915697 PMCID: PMC10006681 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global concern in adults and youth with a parallel rise in associated complications, including cognitive impairment. Obesity induces brain inflammation and activates microglia, which contribute to cognitive impairment by aberrantly phagocytosing synaptic spines. Local and systemic signals, such as inflammatory cytokines and metabolites likely participate in obesity-induced microglial activation. However, the precise mechanisms mediating microglial activation during obesity remain incompletely understood. Herein, we leveraged our mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, which mirrors human obesity, and develops hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment. We assessed hippocampal microglial activation by morphological and single-cell transcriptomic analysis to evaluate this heterogeneous, functionally diverse, and dynamic class of cells over time after 1 and 3 months of HFD. HFD altered cell-to-cell communication, particularly immune modulation and cellular adhesion signaling, and induced a differential gene expression signature of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary E. Henn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E. Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohamed H. Noureldein
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Faye E. Mendelson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John M. Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diana M. Rigan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Byrnes SJ, Busman-Sahay K, Angelovich TA, Younger S, Taylor-Brill S, Nekorchuk M, Bondoc S, Dannay R, Terry M, Cochrane CR, Jenkins TA, Roche M, Deleage C, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Brew BJ, Estes JD, Churchill MJ. Chronic immune activation and gut barrier dysfunction is associated with neuroinflammation in ART-suppressed SIV+ rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011290. [PMID: 36989320 PMCID: PMC10085024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affect ~40% of virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH), however, the precise viral dependent and independent changes to the brain are unclear. Here we characterized the CNS reservoir and immune environment of SIV-infected (SIV+) rhesus macaques during acute (n = 4), chronic (n = 12) or ART-suppressed SIV infection (n = 11). Multiplex immunofluorescence for markers of SIV infection (vRNA/vDNA) and immune activation was performed on frontal cortex and matched colon tissue. SIV+ animals contained detectable viral DNA+ cells that were not reduced in the frontal cortex or the gut by ART, supporting the presence of a stable viral reservoir in these compartments. SIV+ animals had impaired blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and heightened levels of astrocytes or myeloid cells expressing antiviral, anti-inflammatory or oxidative stress markers which were not abrogated by ART. Neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction correlated with measures of viremia and immune activation in the gut. Furthermore, SIV-uninfected animals with experimentally induced gut damage and colitis showed a similar immune activation profile in the frontal cortex to those of SIV-infected animals, supporting the role of chronic gut damage as an independent source of neuroinflammation. Together, these findings implicate gut-associated immune activation/damage as a significant contributor to neuroinflammation in ART-suppressed HIV/SIV infection which may drive HAND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Byrnes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Life Science, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Skyler Younger
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sol Taylor-Brill
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen Bondoc
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel Dannay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Margaret Terry
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Trisha A. Jenkins
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, Departments of Neurology and Immunology St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales and University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Life Science, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Fan Y, Liu X, Wu J, Ni J, Liang J, Hou Y, Dou H. Small molecule compound K-7174 attenuates neuropsychiatric manifestations in lupus-prone mice. Brain Res 2023; 1801:148203. [PMID: 36521514 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) present significant morbidity and mortality due to frequent non-response or adverse effects of the current clinical drugs. The disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes to inflammatory NPSLE disease progression. K-7174, a highly piperazine-derived compound, inhibits leukocyte adhesion and inflammatory factor expression. The present study aimed to comprehensively assess the treatment effect of neurobehavioral deficits in MRL/lpr mice, a validated neuropsychiatric lupus model. The intraperitoneal injection of K-7174 alleviated lupus-like symptoms and improved cognitive dysfunction in MRL/lpr mice. Also, it significantly attenuated neuronal degeneration and decreased serum albumin deposition in the hippocampus. Furthermore, K-7174 acted directly on the brain microvascular endothelial bEnd.3 cells and reduced the BBB permeability, manifested by inhibiting the activation of brain microvascular endothelial cells and increasing the expression of tight junctions (TJs). Notably, in vitro experiments showed that K-7174 alleviates the decreased ZO1 and Occludin expression in bEnd.3 cells caused by lactate increase, improving cell permeability via the MCT4/NKAP/CREB signaling pathway. These findings suggested that K-7174 mediates the attenuation of NPSLE in MRL/lpr mice, indicating a promising therapeutic strategy for NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinjin Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiali Ni
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Spatio-temporal dynamics enhance cellular diversity, neuronal function and further maturation of human cerebral organoids. Commun Biol 2023; 6:173. [PMID: 36788328 PMCID: PMC9926461 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioengineerined and whole matured human brain organoids stand as highly valuable three-dimensional in vitro brain-mimetic models to recapitulate in vivo brain development, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Various instructive signals affecting multiple biological processes including morphogenesis, developmental stages, cell fate transitions, cell migration, stem cell function and immune responses have been employed for generation of physiologically functional cerebral organoids. However, the current approaches for maturation require improvement for highly harvestable and functional cerebral organoids with reduced batch-to-batch variabilities. Here, we demonstrate two different engineering approaches, the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) microgravity bioreactor and a newly designed microfluidic platform (µ-platform) to improve harvestability, reproducibility and the survival of high-quality cerebral organoids and compare with those of traditional spinner and shaker systems. RCCS and µ-platform organoids have reached ideal sizes, approximately 95% harvestability, prolonged culture time with Ki-67 + /CD31 + /β-catenin+ proliferative, adhesive and endothelial-like cells and exhibited enriched cellular diversity (abundant neural/glial/ endothelial cell population), structural brain morphogenesis, further functional neuronal identities (glutamate secreting glutamatergic, GABAergic and hippocampal neurons) and synaptogenesis (presynaptic-postsynaptic interaction) during whole human brain development. Both organoids expressed CD11b + /IBA1 + microglia and MBP + /OLIG2 + oligodendrocytes at high levels as of day 60. RCCS and µ-platform organoids showing high levels of physiological fidelity a high level of physiological fidelity can serve as functional preclinical models to test new therapeutic regimens for neurological diseases and benefit from multiplexing.
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41
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Angelini G, Bani A, Constantin G, Rossi B. The interplay between T helper cells and brain barriers in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1101379. [PMID: 36874213 PMCID: PMC9975172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent two complex structures protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against potentially harmful agents and circulating immune cells. The immunosurveillance of the CNS is governed by immune cells that constantly patrol the BCSFB, whereas during neuroinflammatory disorders, both BBB and BCSFB undergo morphological and functional alterations, promoting leukocyte intravascular adhesion and transmigration from the blood circulation into the CNS. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype of neuroinflammatory disorders in which peripheral T helper (Th) lymphocytes, particularly Th1 and Th17 cells, infiltrate the CNS and contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Th1 and Th17 cells are considered key players in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. They can actively interact with CNS borders by complex adhesion mechanisms and secretion of a variety of molecules contributing to barrier dysfunction. In this review, we describe the molecular basis involved in the interactions between Th cells and CNS barriers and discuss the emerging roles of dura mater and arachnoid layer as neuroimmune interfaces contributing to the development of CNS inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bani
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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42
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Taniguchi Y, Ouhara K, Kitagawa M, Akutagawa K, Kawada-Matsuo M, Tamura T, Zhai R, Hamamoto Y, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Maruyama H, Komatsuzawa H, Shiba H, Mizuno N. Periapical lesion following Cnm-positive Streptococcus mutans pulp infection worsens cerebral hemorrhage onset in an SHRSP rat model. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:321-330. [PMID: 36368020 PMCID: PMC9985173 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral hemorrhage severely affects the daily life of affected individuals. Streptococcus mutans and its adhesion factor Cnm increase the adverse effects of cerebral hemorrhages. However, the mechanism by which Cnm-positive bacteria migrate from apical lesions to cerebral hemorrhage sites is unclear. Therefore, we established an S. mutans-infected apical lesion in a rat model of hypertension and investigated the neurological symptoms associated with cerebral hemorrhage. Eighteen 12-week-old stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into three groups, i.e. the no infection (control), dental infection with S. mutans KSM153 wild type (Cnm positive), and KSM153 Δcnm groups. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to visualize S. mutans protein. Serum interleukin-1β levels were measured. The adhesion of S. mutans to the extracellular matrix and human fibroblast cells was also analyzed. Serum antibody titers against S. mutans were comparable between Cnm positive and knockout mutants. However, 3-10 days post-infection, neurological symptom scores and cerebral hemorrhage scores were higher in Cnm-positive rats than in knockout mutants. The localization of S. mutans-derived protein was observed in the vicinity of disrupted blood vessels. Serum interleukin-1β levels significantly increased post-KSM153 WT infection. Cnm-positive S. mutans clinical isolates showed increased adhesion to the extracellular matrix, human dental pulp cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells compared with the Cnm-negative S. mutans isolates. In conclusion, Cnm-positive bacteria colonize the apical lesion site using the extracellular matrix as a foothold and affect cerebral hemorrhage via the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Taniguchi
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masae Kitagawa
- Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akutagawa
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tamura
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ruoqi Zhai
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuta Hamamoto
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Innovation and Precision Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Nishihara H, Perriot S, Gastfriend BD, Steinfort M, Cibien C, Soldati S, Matsuo K, Guimbal S, Mathias A, Palecek SP, Shusta EV, Pasquier RD, Engelhardt B. Intrinsic blood-brain barrier dysfunction contributes to multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Brain 2022; 145:4334-4348. [PMID: 35085379 PMCID: PMC10200307 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the CNS are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanisms leading to BBB dysfunction are incompletely understood and generally thought to be a consequence of neuroinflammation. Here, we have challenged this view and asked if intrinsic alterations in the BBB of MS patients contribute to MS pathogenesis. To this end, we made use of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from healthy controls and MS patients and differentiated them into brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC)-like cells as in vitro model of the BBB. MS-derived BMEC-like cells showed impaired junctional integrity, barrier properties and efflux pump activity when compared to healthy controls. Also, MS-derived BMEC-like cells displayed an inflammatory phenotype with increased adhesion molecule expression and immune cell interactions. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in MS-derived endothelial progenitor cells enhanced barrier characteristics and reduced the inflammatory phenotype. Our study provides evidence for an intrinsic impairment of BBB function in MS patients that can be modelled in vitro. Human iPSC-derived BMEC-like cells are thus suitable to explore the molecular underpinnings of BBB dysfunction in MS and will assist in the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets for BBB stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marel Steinfort
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Celine Cibien
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kinya Matsuo
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Guimbal
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Mehta A, Desai A, Rudd D, Siddiqui G, Nowell CJ, Tong Z, Creek DJ, Tayalia P, Gandhi PS, Voelcker NH. Bio-Mimicking Brain Vasculature to Investigate the Role of Heterogeneous Shear Stress in Regulating Barrier Integrity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200152. [PMID: 35999436 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A continuous, sealed endothelial membrane is essential for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to protect neurons from toxins present in systemic circulation. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of the capillary environment, where factors like fluid shear stress (FSS) and systemic signaling molecules activate intracellular pathways that either promote or disrupt the BBB. The brain vasculature exhibits complex heterogeneity across the bed, which is challenging to recapitulate in BBB microfluidic models with fixed dimensions and rectangular cross-section microchannels. Here, a Cayley-tree pattern, fabricated using lithography-less, fluid shaping technique in a modified Hele-Shaw cell is used to emulate the brain vasculature in a microfluidic chip. This geometry generates an inherent distribution of heterogeneous FSS, due to smooth variations in branch height and width. hCMEC/D3 endothelial cells cultured in the Cayley-tree designed chip generate a 3D monolayer of brain endothelium with branching hierarchy, enabling the study of the effect of heterogeneous FSS on the brain endothelium. The model is employed to study neuroinflammatory conditions by stimulating the brain endothelium with tumor necrosis factor-α under heterogeneous FSS conditions. The model has immense potential for studies involving drug transport across the BBB, which can be misrepresented in fixed dimension models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Mehta
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.,IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anal Desai
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Rudd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ghizal Siddiqui
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Prakriti Tayalia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Prasanna S Gandhi
- Suman Mashruwala Advanced Microengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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45
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Nadkarni NA, Arias E, Fang R, Haynes ME, Zhang HF, Muller WA, Batra A, Sullivan DP. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM/CD31) Blockade Modulates Neutrophil Recruitment Patterns and Reduces Infarct Size in Experimental Ischemic Stroke. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1619-1632. [PMID: 35952762 PMCID: PMC9667712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI) has been implicated as a critical component of inflammatory damage following ischemic stroke. However, successful blockade of PMN transendothelial migration (TEM) in preclinical studies has not translated to meaningful clinical outcomes. To investigate this further, leukocyte infiltration patterns were quantified, and these patterns were modulated by blocking platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM), a key regulator of TEM. LysM-eGFP mice and microscopy were used to visualize all myeloid leukocyte recruitment following ischemia/reperfusion. Visual examination showed heterogeneous leukocyte distribution across the infarct at both 24 and 72 hours after I/RI. A semiautomated process was designed to precisely map PMN position across brain sections. Treatment with PECAM function-blocking antibodies did not significantly affect total leukocyte recruitment but did alter their distribution, with more observed at the cortex at both early and later time points (24 hours: 89% PECAM blocked vs. 72% control; 72 hours: 69% PECAM blocked vs. 51% control). This correlated with a decrease in infarct volume. These findings suggest that TEM, in the setting of I/RI in the cerebrovasculature, occurs primarily at the cortical surface. The reduction of stroke size with PECAM blockade suggests that infiltrating PMNs may exacerbate I/RI and indicate the potential therapeutic benefit of regulating the timing and pattern of leukocyte infiltration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Nadkarni
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erika Arias
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Raymond Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maureen E Haynes
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ayush Batra
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David P Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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46
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Li W, Shan M, Hao Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Qiu J. Skin endothelial cell and microcirculation function study in recurred keloids patients after keloid surgery and radiotherapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31286. [PMID: 36316928 PMCID: PMC9622619 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keloid is a type of benign tumor of the skin with abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue. We sought to observe the changes in skin microcirculation and endothelial cell function around the recurred keloid and explore the skin microcirculation characters in recurred keloid patients. METHODS Six patients with recurred keloid were treated with keloid surgery and radiotherapy for the second time. Microcirculation of recurred keloids and their surrounding normal skin tissue was observed with laser Doppler flowmeter before operation. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31, and HIF-1α were identified by several assay. RESULTS The local blood flow of group RN was enhanced. The average strength of group N is 0.87. The average strength of group RN is 2.08. The expression of VEGF, CD31, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein in the keloid-recurred skin (RN) group was higher than the normal skin group via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting analysis. The relative expression of VEGF and CD31 mRNA was significantly increased in RN group samples (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the expression of VEGF, CD31, and HIF-1α in the recurred keloid skin after radiotherapy and normal skin. They may be used as potential biomarkers and targets for future research on keloid recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Shan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youbin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Qiu, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng district, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing 100730, China and Youbin Wang, Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng district, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing 100730, China (e-mail: and )
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Qiu, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng district, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing 100730, China and Youbin Wang, Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng district, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Beijing 100730, China (e-mail: and )
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47
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Versele R, Sevin E, Gosselet F, Fenart L, Candela P. TNF-α and IL-1β Modulate Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Decrease Amyloid-β Peptide Efflux in a Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810235. [PMID: 36142143 PMCID: PMC9499506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selective barrier and a functional gatekeeper for the central nervous system (CNS), essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. The BBB is composed of specialized brain endothelial cells (BECs) lining the brain capillaries. The tight junctions formed by BECs regulate paracellular transport, whereas transcellular transport is regulated by specialized transporters, pumps and receptors. Cytokine-induced neuroinflammation, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), appear to play a role in BBB dysfunction and contribute to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by contributing to amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide accumulation. Here, we investigated whether TNF-α and IL-1β modulate the permeability of the BBB and alter Aβ peptide transport across BECs. We used a human BBB in vitro model based on the use of brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs) obtained from endothelial cells derived from CD34+ stem cells cocultivated with brain pericytes. We demonstrated that TNF-α and IL-1β differentially induced changes in BLECs’ permeability by inducing alterations in the organization of junctional complexes as well as in transcelluar trafficking. Further, TNF-α and IL-1β act directly on BLECs by decreasing LRP1 and BCRP protein expression as well as the specific efflux of Aβ peptide. These results provide mechanisms by which CNS inflammation might modulate BBB permeability and promote Aβ peptide accumulation. A future therapeutic intervention targeting vascular inflammation at the BBB may have the therapeutic potential to slow down the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Versele
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, Université d’Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Sevin
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, Université d’Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, Université d’Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Laurence Fenart
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, Université d’Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Pietra Candela
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, Université d’Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
- Correspondence:
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48
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Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG. Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:578-600. [PMID: 35668103 PMCID: PMC9169033 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive neurological disability. Fuelled by an evolving understanding of MS immunopathogenesis, the range of available immunotherapies for clinical use has expanded over the past two decades. However, MS remains an incurable disease and even targeted immunotherapies often fail to control insidious disease progression, indicating the need for new and exceptional therapeutic options beyond the established immunological landscape. In this Review, we highlight such non-canonical targets in preclinical MS research with a focus on five highly promising areas: oligodendrocytes; the blood-brain barrier; metabolites and cellular metabolism; the coagulation system; and tolerance induction. Recent findings in these areas may guide the field towards novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bierhansl
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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49
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Li M, Gao F, Ren X, Dong G, Chen H, Lin AY, Wang DD, Liu M, Lin PP, Shen S, Jiang H, Yang C, Zhang X, Zhao X, Zhu Q, Li M, Cui Y, Lin S. Non‐hematogenic circulating aneuploid cells confer inferior prognosis and therapeutic resistance in gliomas. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3535-3546. [PMID: 35940591 PMCID: PMC9530864 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is the hallmark of malignancy. Our previous study successfully detected nonhematogenic circulating aneuploidy cells (CACs) in types of gliomas. The current prospective clinical study aims to further precisely subcategorize aneuploid CACs, including CD31− circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CD31+ circulating tumor endothelial cells, and thoroughly investigate the clinical utilities of these different subtypes of cells. Co‐detection and analysis of CTCs and circulating tumor‐derived endothelial cells (CTECs) expressing CD133, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFR vIII) were performed by integrated subtraction enrichment and immunostaining fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE‐iFISH) in 111 preoperative primary diffuse glioma patients. Aneuploid CACs could be detected in most de novo glioma patients. Among detected CACs, 45.6% were CD31−/CD45− aneuploid CTCs and the remaining 54.4% were CD31+/CD45− aneuploid CTECs. Positive detection of CTECs significantly correlated with disruption of the blood–brain barrier. The median number of large CTCs (LCTCs, >5 μm, 2) in low‐grade glioma (WHO grade 2) was less than high‐grade glioma (WHO grades 3 and 4) (3, p = 0.044), but this difference was not observed in small CTCs (SCTCs, ≤5 μm), CTECs or CACs (CTCs + CTECs). The numbers of CTCs, CTECs, or CACs in patients with contrast‐enhancing (CE) lesions considerably exceeded that of non‐CE lesions (p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that CD31+ CTECs, especially LCTECs, exhibited a close positive relationship with CE lesions. Survival analysis revealed that the high number of CD31− CTCs could be an adverse factor for compromised progression‐free survival and overall survival. Longitudinal surveillance of CD31− CTCs was suitable for evaluating the therapeutic response and for monitoring potential emerging treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Faliang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Gehong Dong
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | | | | | - Mingyang Liu
- Department of Medicine University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Oklahoma City OK USA
| | | | - Shaoping Shen
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Haihui Jiang
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xuzhe Zhao
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Qinghui Zhu
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Neuro‐surgical Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Center of Brain Tumor Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor Beijing China
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50
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Dokic I, Meister S, Bojcevski J, Tessonnier T, Walsh D, Knoll M, Mein S, Tang Z, Vogelbacher L, Rittmueller C, Moustafa M, Krunic D, Brons S, Haberer T, Debus J, Mairani A, Abdollahi A. Neuroprotective Effects of Ultra-High Dose Rate FLASH Bragg Peak Proton Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:614-623. [PMID: 35196536 PMCID: PMC11034835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate brain tissue response to ultra-high dose rate (uHDR, FLASH) and standard dose rate (SDR) proton irradiations in the Bragg peak region. METHODS AND MATERIALS Active scanning uHDR delivery was established for proton beams for investigation of dose rate effects between clinical SDR and uHDR at ∼10 Gy in the Bragg peak region (dose-averaged linear energy transfer [LETD] ranging from 4.5 to 10.2 keV µm-1 ). Radiation- induced injury of neuronal tissue was assessed by studying the DNA double strand break repair kinetics surrogated by nuclear γH2AX staining (radiation induced foci [RIF]), microvascular density and structural integrity (MVD, CD31+ endothelium), and inflammatory microenvironmental response (CD68+ microglia/macrophages and high mobility group box protein 1[HMGB]) in healthy C57BL/6 mouse brains. RESULTS Averaged dose rates achieved were 0.17 Gy/s (SDR) and 120 Gy/s (uHDR). The fraction of RIF-positive cells increased after SDR ∼10-fold, whereas a significantly lower fraction of RIF-positive cells was found after uHDR versus SDR (∼2 fold, P < .0001). Moreover, uHDR substantially preserved the microvascular architecture and reduced microglia/macrophage regulated associated inflammation as compared with SDR. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of uHDR raster scanning proton irradiation is demonstrated to elicit FLASH sparing neuroprotective effects compared to SDR in a preclinical in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Dokic
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Meister
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jovana Bojcevski
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Dietrich Walsh
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Knoll
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stewart Mein
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zili Tang
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Vogelbacher
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Rittmueller
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pathology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Brons
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haberer
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Mairani
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO), Pavia, Italy
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
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