1
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Guelfi S, Hodivala-Dilke K, Bergers G. Targeting the tumour vasculature: from vessel destruction to promotion. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:655-675. [PMID: 39210063 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
As angiogenesis was recognized as a core hallmark of cancer growth and survival, several strategies have been implemented to target the tumour vasculature. Yet to date, attempts have rarely been so diverse, ranging from vessel growth inhibition and destruction to vessel normalization, reprogramming and vessel growth promotion. Some of these strategies, combined with standard of care, have translated into improved cancer therapies, but their successes are constrained to certain cancer types. This Review provides an overview of these vascular targeting approaches and puts them into context based on our subsequent improved understanding of the tumour vasculature as an integral part of the tumour microenvironment with which it is functionally interlinked. This new knowledge has already led to dual targeting of the vascular and immune cell compartments and sets the scene for future investigations of possible alternative approaches that consider the vascular link with other tumour microenvironment components for improved cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Guelfi
- Department of Oncology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK.
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Department of Oncology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Gharib E, Robichaud GA. From Crypts to Cancer: A Holistic Perspective on Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9463. [PMID: 39273409 PMCID: PMC11395697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Recent progress in research highlights the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of colon versus rectal cancers, underscoring tumor location's importance in treatment approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CRC epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, and management strategies. We also present the intricate cellular architecture of colonic crypts and their roles in intestinal homeostasis. Colorectal carcinogenesis multistep processes are also described, covering the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence, alternative serrated pathways, and the influential Vogelstein model, which proposes sequential APC, KRAS, and TP53 alterations as drivers. The consensus molecular CRC subtypes (CMS1-CMS4) are examined, shedding light on disease heterogeneity and personalized therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharib
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
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3
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Stassart RM, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Lloyd AC. Schwann Cells as Orchestrators of Nerve Repair: Implications for Tissue Regeneration and Pathologies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041363. [PMID: 38199866 PMCID: PMC11146315 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves exist in a stable state in adulthood providing a rapid bidirectional signaling system to control tissue structure and function. However, following injury, peripheral nerves can regenerate much more effectively than those of the central nervous system (CNS). This multicellular process is coordinated by peripheral glia, in particular Schwann cells, which have multiple roles in stimulating and nurturing the regrowth of damaged axons back to their targets. Aside from the repair of damaged nerves themselves, nerve regenerative processes have been linked to the repair of other tissues and de novo innervation appears important in establishing an environment conducive for the development and spread of tumors. In contrast, defects in these processes are linked to neuropathies, aging, and pain. In this review, we focus on the role of peripheral glia, especially Schwann cells, in multiple aspects of nerve regeneration and discuss how these findings may be relevant for pathologies associated with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Stassart
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante 03010, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, Sant Joan de Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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4
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Lee SE, Koo BS, Sun P, Yi S, Choi NR, Yoon J, Kim SY, Kim SK, Park S, Lakhani A, O'Keeffe S, Park JO, Kang DH, Kang YE. Neutrophil diversity is associated with T-cell immunity and clinical relevance in patients with thyroid cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:222. [PMID: 38719807 PMCID: PMC11078953 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil heterogeneity is involved in autoimmune diseases, sepsis, and several cancers. However, the link between neutrophil heterogeneity and T-cell immunity in thyroid cancer is incompletely understood. We investigated the circulating neutrophil heterogeneity in 3 undifferentiated thyroid cancer (UTC), 14 differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) (4 Stage IV, 10 Stage I-II), and healthy controls (n = 10) by transcriptomic data and cytometry. Participants with UTC had a significantly higher proportion of immature high-density neutrophils (HDN) and lower proportion of mature HDN in peripheral blood compared to DTC. The proportion of circulating PD-L1+ immature neutrophils were significantly increased in advanced cancer patients. Unsupervised analysis of transcriptomics data from circulating HDN revealed downregulation of innate immune response and T-cell receptor signaling pathway in cancer patients. Moreover, UTC patients revealed the upregulation of glycolytic process and glutamate receptor signaling pathway. Comparative analysis across tumor types and stages revealed the downregulation of various T-cell-related pathways, such as T-cell receptor signaling pathway and T-cell proliferation in advanced cancer patients. Moreover, the proportions of CD8+ and CD4+ T effector memory CD45RA+ (TEMRA) cells from peripheral blood were significantly decreased in UTC patients compared to DTC patients. Finally, we demonstrated that proportions of tumor-infiltrated neutrophils were increased and related with poor prognosis in advanced thyroid cancer using data from our RNA-seq and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data. In conclusion, observed prevalence of circulating immature high-density neutrophils and their immunosuppressive features in undifferentiated thyroid cancers underscore the importance of understanding neutrophil dynamics in the context of tumor progression in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Lee
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Seok Koo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital & College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Sun
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinae Yi
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Rae Choi
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yoon
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongyeol Park
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aliya Lakhani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Samantha O'Keeffe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junyoung O Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Da Hyun Kang
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital & College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital & College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Li Z, Saravanakumar K, Yao L, Kim Y, Choi SY, Yoo G, Keon K, Lee CM, Youn B, Lee D, Cho N. Acer tegmentosum extract-mediated silver nanoparticles loaded chitosan/alginic acid scaffolds enhance healing of E. coli-infected wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131389. [PMID: 38582461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This work developed Acer tegmentosum extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded chitosan (CS)/alginic acid (AL) scaffolds (CS/AL-AgNPs) to enhance the healing of E. coli-infected wounds. The SEM-EDS and XRD results revealed the successful formation of the CS/AL-AgNPs. FTIR analysis evidenced that the anionic group of AL (-COO-) and cationic amine groups of CS (-NH3+) were ionically crosslinked to form scaffold (CS/AL). The CS/AL-AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacterial pathogens, while being non-toxic to red blood cells (RBCs), the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM), and a non-cancerous cell line (NIH3T3). Treatment with CS/AL-AgNPs significantly accelerated the healing of E. coli-infected wounds by regulating the collagen deposition and blood parameters as evidenced by in vivo experiments. Overall, these findings suggest that CS/AL-AgNPs are promising for the treatment of infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Li
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lulu Yao
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yebon Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Guijae Yoo
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kim Keon
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| | - Byungwook Youn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| | - Doojin Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| | - Namki Cho
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zand H, Pourvali K. The Function of the Immune System, Beyond Strategies Based on Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms, Determines Cancer Development: Immune Response and Cancer Development. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300528. [PMID: 38221702 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Although cancer remains a challenging disease to treat, early detection and removal of primary tumors through surgery or chemotherapy/radiotherapy can offer hope for patients. The privilege paradigm in cancer biology suggests that cell-autonomous mechanisms play a central role in tumorigenesis. According to this paradigm, these cellular mechanisms are the primary focus for the prevention and treatment of cancers. However, this point of view does not present a comprehensive theory for the initiation of cancer and an effective therapeutic strategy. Having an incomplete understanding of the etiology of cancer, it is essential to re-examine previous assumptions about carcinogenesis and develop new, practical theories that can account for all available clinical and experimental evidence. This will not only help to gain a better understanding of the disease, but also offer new avenues for treatment. This review provides evidence suggesting a shift in focus from a cell-autonomous mechanism to systemic mechanisms, particularly the immune system, that are involved in cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Zand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Katayoun Pourvali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
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7
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Yan S, Qian Y, Haghayegh M, Xia Y, Yang S, Cao R, Zhu M. Electrospun organic/inorganic hybrid nanofibers for accelerating wound healing: a review. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3171-3190. [PMID: 38488129 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofiber membranes hold great promise as scaffolds for tissue reconstruction, mirroring the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) in their structure. However, their limited bioactive functions have hindered their effectiveness in fostering wound healing. Inorganic nanoparticles possess commendable biocompatibility, which can expedite wound healing; nevertheless, deploying them in the particle form presents challenges associated with removal or collection. To capitalize on the strengths of both components, electrospun organic/inorganic hybrid nanofibers (HNFs) have emerged as a groundbreaking solution for accelerating wound healing and maintaining stability throughout the healing process. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements in the utilization of HNFs for wound treatment. The review begins by elucidating various fabrication methods for hybrid nanofibers, encompassing direct electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning, and electrospinning with subsequent loading. These techniques facilitate the construction of micro-nano structures and the controlled release of inorganic ions. Subsequently, we delve into the manifold applications of HNFs in promoting the wound regeneration process. These applications encompass hemostasis, antibacterial properties, anti-inflammatory effects, stimulation of cell proliferation, and facilitation of angiogenesis. Finally, we offer insights into the prospective trends in the utilization of hybrid nanofiber-based wound dressings, charting the path forward in this dynamic field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqi Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Marjan Haghayegh
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Yuhan Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Shengyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Ran Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
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8
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Laureano RS, Vanmeerbeek I, Sprooten J, Govaerts J, Naulaerts S, Garg AD. The cell stress and immunity cycle in cancer: Toward next generation of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:71-93. [PMID: 37937803 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The cellular stress and immunity cycle is a cornerstone of organismal homeostasis. Stress activates intracellular and intercellular communications within a tissue or organ to initiate adaptive responses aiming to resolve the origin of this stress. If such local measures are unable to ameliorate this stress, then intercellular communications expand toward immune activation with the aim of recruiting immune cells to effectively resolve the situation while executing tissue repair to ameliorate any damage and facilitate homeostasis. This cellular stress-immunity cycle is severely dysregulated in diseased contexts like cancer. On one hand, cancer cells dysregulate the normal cellular stress responses to reorient them toward upholding growth at all costs, even at the expense of organismal integrity and homeostasis. On the other hand, the tumors severely dysregulate or inhibit various components of organismal immunity, for example, by facilitating immunosuppressive tumor landscape, lowering antigenicity, and increasing T-cell dysfunction. In this review we aim to comprehensively discuss the basis behind tumoral dysregulation of cellular stress-immunity cycle. We also offer insights into current understanding of the regulators and deregulators of this cycle and how they can be targeted for conceptualizing successful cancer immunotherapy regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Laureano
- Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isaure Vanmeerbeek
- Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Sprooten
- Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jannes Govaerts
- Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Naulaerts
- Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Liu B, Zhang B, Qi J, Zhou H, Tan L, Huang J, Huang J, Fang X, Gong L, Luo J, Liu S, Fu L, Ling F, Ma S, Lai-wan Kwong D, Wang X, Guan XY. Targeting MFGE8 secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts blocks angiogenesis and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307914120. [PMID: 37816055 PMCID: PMC10589644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307914120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play vital roles in establishing a suitable tumor microenvironment. In this study, RNA sequencing data revealed that CAFs could promote cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and ECM reconstitution by binding to integrin families and activating PI3K/AKT pathways in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The secretions of CAFs play an important role in regulating these biological activities. Among these secretions, we found that MFGE8 is specifically secreted by CAFs in ESCC. Additionally, the secreted MFGE8 protein is essential in CAF-regulated vascularization, tumor proliferation, drug resistance, and metastasis. By binding to Integrin αVβ3/αVβ5 receptors, MFGE8 promotes tumor progression by activating both the PI3K/AKT and ERK/AKT pathways. Interestingly, the biological function of MFGE8 secreted by CAFs fully demonstrated the major role of CAFs in ESCC and its mode of mechanism, showing that MFGE8 could be a driver factor of CAFs in remodeling the tumor environment. In vivo treatment targeting CAFs-secreting MFGE8 or its receptor produced significant inhibitory effects on ESCC growth and metastasis, which provides an approach for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518053, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Baifeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518053, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Jiali Qi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Licheng Tan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Xiaona Fang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518053, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Lanqi Gong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518053, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Fei Ling
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Stephianie Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518053, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Dora Lai-wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518053, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Hong Kong510060, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518053, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong852, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou528200, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou510275, China
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10
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Mitchell MI, Loudig O. Communicator Extraordinaire: Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumor Microenvironment Are Essential Local and Long-Distance Mediators of Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2534. [PMID: 37760975 PMCID: PMC10526527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumors are increasingly being described as a complex "ecosystem", that includes many different cell types, secreted growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microvessels, that altogether create the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, epithelial cancer cells control the function of surrounding stromal cells and the non-cellular ECM components in an intricate orchestra of signaling networks specifically designed for cancer cells to exploit surrounding cells for their own benefit. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the tumor microenvironment are essential mediators in the reprogramming of surrounding stromal cells, which include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and tumor endothelial cells (TECs), which are responsible for the promotion of neo-angiogenesis, immune cell evasion, and invasion which are essential for cancer progression. Perhaps most importantly, tumor-derived EVs play critical roles in the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells through their two-fold role in initiating cancer cell invasion and the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche, both of which are vital for tumor cell migration, homing, and colonization at secondary tumor sites. This review discusses extracellular vesicle trafficking within the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche formation, focusing on the complex role that EVs play in orchestrating cancer-to-stromal cell communication in order to promote the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
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11
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Pozzi G, Carubbi C, Cerreto GM, Scacchi C, Cortellazzi S, Vitale M, Masselli E. Functionally Relevant Cytokine/Receptor Axes in Myelofibrosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2462. [PMID: 37760903 PMCID: PMC10525259 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated inflammatory signaling is a key feature of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), most notably of myelofibrosis (MF). Indeed, MF is considered the prototype of onco-inflammatory hematologic cancers. While increased levels of circulatory and bone marrow cytokines are a well-established feature of all MPNs, a very recent body of literature is intriguingly pinpointing the selective overexpression of cytokine receptors by MF hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), which, by contrast, are nearly absent or scarcely expressed in essential thrombocythemia (ET) or polycythemia vera (PV) cells. This new evidence suggests that MF CD34+ cells are uniquely capable of sensing inflammation, and that activation of specific cytokine signaling axes may contribute to the peculiar aggressive phenotype and biological behavior of this disorder. In this review, we will cover the main cytokine systems peculiarly activated in MF and how cytokine receptor targeting is shaping a novel therapeutic avenue in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pozzi
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Maria Cerreto
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Scacchi
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Samuele Cortellazzi
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Masselli
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, 43126 Parma, Italy
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12
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Saha S, Müller D, Clark AG. Mechanosensory feedback loops during chronic inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225677. [PMID: 37492225 PMCID: PMC10365287 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are crucial to maintaining healthy organization and compartmentalization in various organs and act as a first line of defense against infection in barrier organs such as the skin, lungs and intestine. Disruption or injury to these barriers can lead to infiltration of resident or foreign microbes, initiating local inflammation. One often overlooked aspect of this response is local changes in tissue mechanics during inflammation. In this mini-review, we summarize known molecular mechanisms linking disruption of epithelial barrier function to mechanical changes in epithelial tissues. We consider direct mechanisms, such as changes in the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM)-modulating enzymes by immune cells as well as indirect mechanisms including local activation of fibroblasts. We discuss how these mechanical changes can modulate local immune cell activity and inflammation and perturb epithelial homeostasis, further dysregulating epithelial barrier function. We propose that this two-way relationship between loss of barrier function and altered tissue mechanics can lead to a positive feedback loop that further perpetuates inflammation. We discuss this cycle in the context of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver disease and cancer, and we present the modulation of tissue mechanics as a new framework for combating chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbari Saha
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Center for Personalized Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dafne Müller
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Center for Personalized Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Talavera Guillén NC, Barboza de Nardi A, Noleto de Paiva F, Dias QC, Pinheiro Fantinatti A, Fávaro WJ. Clinical Implications of Immune Checkpoints and the RANK/RANK-L Signaling Pathway in High-Grade Canine Mast Cell Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1888. [PMID: 37370399 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common malignant cutaneous tumors in dogs, and they present extremely variable biological behavior. The interaction between RANK, RANK-L, and immune checkpoints is frequently detected in the tumor microenvironment, and, together, they participate in every stage of cancer development. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the molecular profiles of PD-L1, CTLA-4, RANK/RANK-L signaling pathway, and IFN-γ in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides of MCTs and metastatic lymph nodes of ten dogs were submitted to immunohistochemical investigations. The results demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment of the high-grade mast cell tumors showed moderate or intense immunolabeling of all proteins, and the lymph node metastases also showed moderate or intense immunolabeling of checkpoint proteins. In addition, MCTs larger than 3 cm were associated with intensified PD-L1 (p = 0.03) in metastatic lymph nodes and RANK-L (p = 0.049) immunoreactivity in the tumor. Furthermore, dogs with a survival time of less than 6 months showed higher PD-L1 immunoreactivity (p = 0.042). In conclusion, high-grade MCT is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment that exhibits elevated RANK/RANK-L signaling and enhanced immune checkpoint immunoreactivity, potentially facilitating intratumorally immune escape. These biomarkers show promise as clinical indicators of disease progression and might response to immunotherapy in dogs with high-grade MCTs, thus emphasizing their importance for guiding treatment decisions and improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia C Talavera Guillén
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Andrigo Barboza de Nardi
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Noleto de Paiva
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Queila Cristina Dias
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
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14
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Kruglov O, Vats K, Soman V, Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Wang J, Williams L, Zhang J, Donahue Carey C, Jaklitsch E, Chandran UR, Bayir H, Kagan VE, Bunimovich YL. Melanoma-associated repair-like Schwann cells suppress anti-tumor T-cells via 12/15-LOX/COX2-associated eicosanoid production. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2192098. [PMID: 36998620 PMCID: PMC10044150 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2192098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral glia, specifically the Schwann cells (SCs), have been implicated in the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and in cancer progression. However, in vivo and ex vivo analyses of how cancers reprogram SC functions in different organs of tumor-bearing mice are lacking. We generated Plp1-CreERT/tdTomato mice which harbor fluorescently labeled myelinated and non-myelin forming SCs. We show that this model enables the isolation of the SCs with high purity from the skin and multiple other organs. We used this model to study phenotypic and functional reprogramming of the SCs in the skin adjacent to melanoma tumors. Transcriptomic analyses of the peritumoral skin SCs versus skin SCs from tumor-free mice revealed that the former existed in a repair-like state typically activated during nerve and tissue injury. Peritumoral skin SCs also downregulated pro-inflammatory genes and pathways related to protective anti-tumor responses. In vivo and ex vivo functional assays confirmed immunosuppressive activities of the peritumoral skin SCs. Specifically, melanoma-reprogrammed SCs upregulated 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and increased production of anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and lipoxins A4/B4. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX or COX2 in SCs, or EP4 receptor on lymphocytes reversed SC-dependent suppression of anti-tumor T-cell activation. Therefore, SCs within the skin adjacent to melanoma tumors demonstrate functional switching to repair-like immunosuppressive cells with dysregulated lipid oxidation. Our study suggests the involvement of the melanoma-associated repair-like peritumoral SCs in the modulation of locoregional and systemic anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kruglov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kavita Vats
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishal Soman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Li’an Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erik Jaklitsch
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uma R. Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuri L. Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Ruger L, Yang E, Gannon J, Sheppard H, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Ziemlewicz TJ, Dervisis N, Allen IC, Daniel GB, Tuohy J, Vlaisavljevich E, Klahn S. Mechanical High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (Histotripsy) in Dogs With Spontaneously Occurring Soft Tissue Sarcomas. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:768-779. [PMID: 36006886 PMCID: PMC9969335 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3201709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histotripsy is a non-invasive focused ultrasound therapy that uses controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue. To date, there are no reports investigating histotripsy for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the in vivo feasibility of ablating STS with histotripsy and to characterize the impact of partial histotripsy ablation on the acute immunologic response in canine patients with spontaneous STS. METHODS A custom 500 kHz histotripsy system was used to treat ten dogs with naturally occurring STS. Four to six days after histotripsy, tumors were surgically resected. Safety was determined by monitoring vital signs during treatment and post-treatment physical examinations, routine lab work, and owners' reports. Ablation was characterized using radiologic and histopathologic analyses. Systemic immunological impact was evaluated by measuring changes in cytokine concentrations, and tumor microenvironment changes were evaluated by characterizing changes in infiltration with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using multiplex immunohistochemistry and differential gene expression. RESULTS Results showed histotripsy ablation was achievable and well-tolerated in all ten dogs. Immunological results showed histotripsy induced pro-inflammatory changes in the tumor microenvironment. Conclusion & Significance: Overall, this study demonstrates histotripsy's potential as a precise, non-invasive treatment for STS.
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Guo J, Jiang G, Chen J, Zhang M, Xiang K, Wang C, Jiang T, Kang Y, Sun Y, Xu X, Yang X, Chen Z. Tumor tissue derived extracellular vesicles promote diabetic wound healing. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108435. [PMID: 36933279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The diabetic wound nowadays remains a major public health challenge, which is characterized by overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the current therapy for diabetic wounds is limited for reliable data in the general application. The growth of tumors has been revealed to share parallels with wound healing. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from breast cancer have been reported to promote cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. The tumor tissue-derived EVs (tTi-EVs) of breast cancer performance a feature inheritance from original tissue and might accelerate the diabetic wound healing. We wonder whether the tumor-derived EVs are able to accelerate diabetic wound healing. In this study, tTi-EVs were extracted from breast cancer tissue via ultracentrifugation and size exclusion. Subsequently, tTi-EVs reversed the H2O2-induced inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and migration. Moreover, tTi-EVs significantly accelerated wound closure, collagen deposition and neovascularization, and finally promoted wound healing in diabetic mice. The tTi-EVs also reduced the level of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Besides, the biosafety of tTi-EVs were preliminarily confirmed by blood tests and morphological analysis of major organs. Collectively, the present study proves that tTi-EVs can suppress oxidative stress and facilitate diabetic wound healing, which puts forward a novel function of tTi-EVs and provides potential treatment for diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guoyong Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Maojie Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kaituo Xiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yue Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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17
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Seledtsov VI, Darinskas A, Von Delwig A, Seledtsova GV. Inflammation Control and Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Comprehensive Cancer Treatment. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010123. [PMID: 36677048 PMCID: PMC9865335 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and expansion are determined by the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME). Typically, early tumorigenic stages are characterized by the immune system not responding or weakly responding to the tumor. However, subsequent tumorigenic stages witness the tumor promoting its growth and metastasis by stimulating tumor-protective (pro-tumor) inflammation to suppress anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we propose the pivotal role of inflammation control in a successful anti-cancer immunotherapy strategy, implying that available and novel immunotherapeutic modalities such as inflammation modulation, antibody (Ab)-based immunostimulation, drug-mediated immunomodulation, cancer vaccination as well as adoptive cell immunotherapy and donor leucocyte transfusion could be applied in cancer patients in a synergistic manner to amplify each other's clinical effects and achieve robust anti-tumor immune reactivity. In addition, the anti-tumor effects of immunotherapy could be enhanced by thermal and/or oxygen therapy. Herein, combined immune-based therapy could prove to be beneficial for patients with advanced cancers, as aiming to provide long-term tumor cell/mass dormancy by restraining compensatory proliferation of surviving cancer cells observed after traditional anti-cancer interventions such as surgery, radiotherapy, and metronomic (low-dose) chemotherapy. We propose the Inflammatory Prognostic Score based on the blood levels of C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase as well as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to effectively monitor the effectiveness of comprehensive anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ivanovich Seledtsov
- Innovita Research Company, 06116 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Russian Scientific Center of Surgery Named after Academician B.V. Petrovsky, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-915-2636027
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18
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Mu R, Zhang Z, Han C, Niu Y, Xing Z, Liao Z, Xu J, Shao N, Chen G, Zhang J, Dong L, Wang C. Tumor-associated macrophages-educated reparative macrophages promote diabetic wound healing. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16671. [PMID: 36541165 PMCID: PMC9906426 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhealing diabetic wounds, with persistent inflammation and damaged vasculature, have failed conventional treatments and require comprehensive interference. Here, inspired by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that produce abundant immunosuppressive and proliferative factors in tumor development, we generate macrophages to recapitulate TAMs' reparative functions, by culturing normal macrophages with TAMs' conditional medium (TAMs-CM). These TAMs-educated macrophages (TAMEMs) outperform major macrophage phenotypes (M0, M1, or M2) in suppressing inflammation, stimulating angiogenesis, and activating fibroblasts in vitro. When delivered to skin wounds in diabetic mice, TAMEMs efficiently promote healing. Based on TAMs-CM's composition, we further reconstitute a nine-factor cocktail to train human primary monocytes into TAMEMsC-h , which fully resemble TAMEMs' functions without using tumor components, thereby having increased safety and enabling the preparation of autologous cells. Our study demonstrates that recapitulating TAMs' unique reparative activities in nontumor cells can lead to an effective cell therapeutic approach with high translational potential for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Mu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina,Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research InstituteUniversity of MacauHengqinChina
| | - Congwei Han
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina,School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yiming Niu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina,School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhen Xing
- School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhencheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina
| | - Jinzhi Xu
- School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ningyi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina
| | - Guokai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chunming Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina,Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research InstituteUniversity of MacauHengqinChina,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina
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19
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Tumor-promoting aftermath post-chemotherapy: A focus on breast cancer. Life Sci 2022; 310:121125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Korlimarla A, Ps H, Prabhu J, Ragulan C, Patil Y, Vp S, Desai K, Mathews A, Appachu S, Diwakar RB, Bs S, Melcher A, Cheang M, Sadanandam A. Comprehensive characterization of immune landscape of Indian and Western triple negative breast cancers. Transl Oncol 2022; 25:101511. [PMID: 35964339 PMCID: PMC9386467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease with a significant challenge to effectively manage in the clinic worldwide. Immunotherapy may be beneficial to TNBC patients if responders can be effectively identified. Here we sought to elucidate the immune landscape of TNBCs by stratifying patients into immune-specific subtypes (immunotypes) to decipher the molecular and cellular presentations and signaling events of this heterogeneous disease and associating them with their clinical outcomes and potential treatment options. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We profiled 730 immune genes in 88 retrospective Indian TNBC samples using the NanoString platform, established immunotypes using non-negative matrix factorization-based machine learning approach, and validated them using Western TNBCs (n=422; public datasets). Immunotype-specific gene signatures were associated with clinicopathological features, immune cell types, biological pathways, acute/chronic inflammatory responses, and immunogenic cell death processes. Responses to different immunotherapies associated with TNBC immunotypes were assessed using cross-cancer comparison to melanoma (n=504). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and pan-macrophage spatial marker expression were evaluated. RESULTS We identified three robust transcriptome-based immunotypes in both Indian and Western TNBCs in similar proportions. Immunotype-1 tumors, mainly representing well-known claudin-low and immunomodulatory subgroups, harbored dense TIL infiltrates and T-helper-1 (Th1) response profiles associated with smaller tumors, pre-menopausal status, and a better prognosis. They displayed a cascade of events, including acute inflammation, damage-associated molecular patterns, T-cell receptor-related and chemokine-specific signaling, antigen presentation, and viral-mimicry pathways. On the other hand, immunotype-2 was enriched for Th2/Th17 responses, CD4+ regulatory cells, basal-like/mesenchymal immunotypes, and an intermediate prognosis. In contrast to the two T-cell enriched immunotypes, immunotype-3 patients expressed innate immune genes/proteins, including those representing myeloid infiltrations (validated by spatial immunohistochemistry), and had poor survival. Remarkably, a cross-cancer comparison analysis revealed the association of immunotype-1 with responses to anti-PD-L1 and MAGEA3 immunotherapies. CONCLUSION Overall, the TNBC immunotypes identified in TNBCs reveal different prognoses, immune infiltrations, signaling, acute/chronic inflammation leading to immunogenic cell death of cancer cells, and potentially distinct responses to immunotherapies. The overlap in immune characteristics in Indian and Western TNBCs suggests similar efficiency of immunotherapy in both populations if strategies to select patients according to immunotypes can be further optimized and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Korlimarla
- St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Hari Ps
- St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jyoti Prabhu
- St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Chanthirika Ragulan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Yatish Patil
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Snijesh Vp
- St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Krisha Desai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aju Mathews
- MOSC Medical College, Kolenchery, Kerala, India
| | - Sandhya Appachu
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi B Diwakar
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Srinath Bs
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Alan Melcher
- Centre for Translational Immunotherapy, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Maggie Cheang
- Clinical Trials and Statistical Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Centre for Translational Immunotherapy, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Centre for Global Oncology, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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21
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Yan M, Zheng M, Niu R, Yang X, Tian S, Fan L, Li Y, Zhang S. Roles of tumor-associated neutrophils in tumor metastasis and its clinical applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:938289. [PMID: 36060811 PMCID: PMC9428510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.938289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, a primary cause of death in patients with malignancies, is promoted by intrinsic changes in both tumor and non-malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). As major components of the TME, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) promote tumor progression and metastasis through communication with multiple growth factors, chemokines, inflammatory factors, and other immune cells, which together establish an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we describe the potential mechanisms by which TANs participate in tumor metastasis based on recent experimental evidence. We have focused on drugs in chemotherapeutic regimens that target TANs, thereby providing a promising future for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Niu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shifeng Tian
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Shiwu Zhang,
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22
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Kumar S, Chatterjee M, Ghosh P, Ganguly KK, Basu M, Ghosh MK. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy: an effective strategy for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Xanthatin Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Inhibiting NF-κB, MAPK and STATs Activation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144603. [PMID: 35889477 PMCID: PMC9322085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthatin (XT) is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Chinese herb Xanthium, which belongs to the Asteraceae family. In this study, we developed an inflammation model via stimulating macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7 cells) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was applied to assess the anti-inflammatory effect and probable mechanisms of xanthatin. When compared with the only LPS-induced group, cells that were pretreated with xanthatin were found to decrease the amount of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), and downregulate the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Interestingly, phosphorylated levels of related proteins (STAT3, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, IκBα, p65) were notably increased only with the LPS-activated cells, while the expression of these could be reverted by pre-treatment with xanthatin in a dose-dependent way. Meanwhile, xanthatin was also found to block NF-κB p65 from translocating into the nucleus and activating inflammatory gene transcription. Collectively, these results demonstrated that xanthatin suppresses the inflammatory effects through downregulating the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) signaling pathways. Taken together, xanthatin possesses the potential to act as a good anti-inflammatory medication candidate.
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24
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Li R, Jiang Q, Tang C, Chen L, Kong D, Zou C, Lin Y, Luo J, Zou D. Identification of Candidate Genes Associated With Prognosis in Glioblastoma. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:913328. [PMID: 35875673 PMCID: PMC9302577 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.913328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, which associated with extremely poor prognosis. Methods Data from datasets GSE16011, GSE7696, GSE50161, GSE90598 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between patients and controls. DEGs common to all five datasets were analyzed for functional enrichment and for association with overall survival using Cox regression. Candidate genes were further screened using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest algorithms, and the effects of candidate genes on prognosis were explored using a Gaussian mixed model, a risk model, and concordance cluster analysis. We also characterized the GBM landscape of immune cell infiltration, methylation, and somatic mutations. Results We identified 3,139 common DEGs, which were associated mainly with PI3K-Akt signaling, focal adhesion, and Hippo signaling. Cox regression identified 106 common DEGs that were significantly associated with overall survival. LASSO and random forest algorithms identified six candidate genes (AEBP1, ANXA2R, MAP1LC3A, TMEM60, PRRG3 and RPS4X) that predicted overall survival and GBM recurrence. AEBP1 showed the best prognostic performance. We found that GBM tissues were heavily infiltrated by T helper cells and macrophages, which correlated with higher AEBP1 expression. Stratifying patients based on the six candidate genes led to two groups with significantly different overall survival. Somatic mutations in AEBP1 and modified methylation of MAP1LC3A were associated with GBM. Conclusion We have identified candidate genes, particularly AEBP1, strongly associated with GBM prognosis, which may help in efforts to understand and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiulan Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Chunhai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liechun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Deyan Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chun Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jiefeng Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiefeng Luo,
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Donghua Zou,
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25
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Zhang H, Feng L, de Andrade Mello P, Mao C, Near R, Csizmadia E, Chan LLY, Enjyoji K, Gao W, Zhao H, Robson SC. Glycoengineered anti-CD39 promotes anticancer responses by depleting suppressive cells and inhibiting angiogenesis in tumor models. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e157431. [PMID: 35775486 PMCID: PMC9246388 DOI: 10.1172/jci157431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive cells accumulating in the tumor microenvironment constitute a formidable barrier that interferes with current immunotherapeutic approaches. A unifying feature of these tumor-associated immune and vascular endothelial cells appears to be the elevated expression of ectonucleotidase CD39, which in tandem with ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73, catalyzes the conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine. We glycoengineered an afucosylated anti-CD39 IgG2c and tested this reagent in mouse melanoma and colorectal tumor models. We identified major biological effects of this approach on cancer growth, associated with depletion of immunosuppressive cells, mediated through enhanced Fcγ receptor-directed (FcγR-directed), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Furthermore, regulatory/exhausted T cells lost CD39 expression, as a consequence of antibody-mediated trogocytosis. Most strikingly, tumor-associated macrophages and endothelial cells with high CD39 expression were effectively depleted following antibody treatment, thereby blocking angiogenesis. Tumor site-specific cellular modulation and lack of angiogenesis synergized with chemotherapy and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in experimental tumor models. We conclude that depleting suppressive cells and targeting tumor vasculature, through administration of afucosylated anti-CD39 antibody and the activation of ADCC, comprises an improved, purinergic system-modulating strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Zhang
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lili Feng
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Changchuin Mao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Near
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom from PerkinElmer, Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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LaRue MM, Parker S, Puccini J, Cammer M, Kimmelman AC, Bar-Sagi D. Metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages by collagen turnover promotes fibrosis in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119168119. [PMID: 35412885 PMCID: PMC9169723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119168119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of pancreatic tumors is their highly desmoplastic stroma composed of fibroblasts, immune cells, and a dense network of collagen fibers. Tumor-associated macrophages are one of the most abundant immune cell populations in the pancreatic tumor stroma. Their protumorigenic function has been attributed predominantly to their capacity to promote immune evasion and metastasis. Tumor-assoc iated macrophages are also well known for their role in the remodeling of the stroma via collagen production and degradation, with the latter being mediated by mannose receptor (MRC1)-dependent endocytosis of collagen. Here we show that MRC1-mediated collagen internalization and subsequent lysosomal degradation by macrophages harboring a tumor-associated phenotype are accompanied by the accumulation of collagen-derived intracellular free amino acids and increased arginine biosynthesis. The resulting increase in intracellular arginine levels leads to the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, reactive nitrogen species derived from internalized and degraded collagen promotes a profibrotic phenotype in pancreatic stellate cells resulting in enhanced intratumoral collagen deposition. Overall, our findings identify a role for extracellular matrix remodeling in the functional modulation of tumor-associated macrophages via metabolic rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine M. LaRue
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Seth Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Joseph Puccini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Core, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Alec C. Kimmelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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27
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Dong J, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Sun M. Breaking Immunosuppressive Barriers by Engineered Nanoplatforms for Turning Cold Tumor to Hot. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Zhanwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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28
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Das R, Langou S, Le TT, Prasad P, Lin F, Nguyen TD. Electrical Stimulation for Immune Modulation in Cancer Treatments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:795300. [PMID: 35087799 PMCID: PMC8788921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.795300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is becoming a very common treatment for cancer, using approaches like checkpoint inhibition, T cell transfer therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccination. However, these approaches involve high doses of immune therapeutics with problematic side effects. A promising approach to reducing the dose of immunotherapeutic agents given to a cancer patient is to combine it with electrical stimulation, which can act in two ways; it can either modulate the immune system to produce the immune cytokines and agents in the patient's body or it can increase the cellular uptake of these immune agents via electroporation. Electrical stimulation in form of direct current has been shown to reduce tumor sizes in immune-competent mice while having no effect on tumor sizes in immune-deficient mice. Several studies have used nano-pulsed electrical stimulations to activate the immune system and drive it against tumor cells. This approach has been utilized for different types of cancers, like fibrosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, human papillomavirus etc. Another common approach is to combine electrochemotherapy with immune modulation, either by inducing immunogenic cell death or injecting immunostimulants that increase the effectiveness of the treatments. Several therapies utilize electroporation to deliver immunostimulants (like genes encoded with cytokine producing sequences, cancer specific antigens or fragments of anti-tumor toxins) more effectively. Lastly, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can trigger production and activation of anti-tumor immune cells and immune reactions. Hence, the use of electrical stimulation to modulate the immune system in different ways can be a promising approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritopa Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Sofia Langou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Thinh T. Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Pooja Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
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29
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Stakheyeva M, Patysheva M, Kaigorodova E, Zavyalova M, Tarabanovskaya N, Choynzonov E, Cherdyntseva N. Tumor Properties Mediate the Relationship Between Peripheral Blood Monocytes and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Breast Cancer. Cancer Invest 2021; 40:442-456. [PMID: 34882039 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.2016803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In cancer patients, circulating monocytes show functional alterations. Since monocytes are precursors of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), TAMs ensuring tumor viability are potentially replenished through the recruitment of monocytes with specific properties. We demonstrated that locoregional metastasis and circulating factors, such as CD45-EpCAM + CD44 + CD24-/low circulating tumor cells, and serum MCP-1 and HMGB1 were statistically associated with modulation of the monocyte features in breast cancer patients. The count of circulating CD45-EpCAM + cells correlated with CD68+, CD163 + monocyte in blood, and with density of CD68 + TAM in breast cancer tumors. Overall, the relationship between monocytes and TAMs is mediated by the tumor in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stakheyeva
- Laboratory Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Patysheva
- Laboratory Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia Kaigorodova
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zavyalova
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Tarabanovskaya
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny Choynzonov
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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30
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Delitto D, Zabransky DJ, Chen F, Thompson ED, Zimmerman JW, Armstrong TD, Leatherman JM, Suri R, Lopez-Vidal TY, Huff AL, Lyman MR, Guinn SR, Baretti M, Kagohara LT, Ho WJ, Azad NS, Burns WR, He J, Wolfgang CL, Burkhart RA, Zheng L, Yarchoan M, Zaidi N, Jaffee EM. Implantation of a neoantigen-targeted hydrogel vaccine prevents recurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma after incomplete resection. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:2001159. [PMID: 34777919 PMCID: PMC8583296 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor involvement of major vascular structures limits surgical options in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which in turn limits opportunities for cure. Despite advances in locoregional approaches, there is currently no role for incomplete resection. This study evaluated a gelatinized neoantigen-targeted vaccine applied to a grossly positive resection margin in preventing local recurrence. Incomplete surgical resection was performed in mice bearing syngeneic flank Panc02 tumors, leaving a 1 mm rim adherent to the muscle bed. A previously validated vaccine consisting of neoantigen peptides, a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist and AddaVaxTM (termed PancVax) was embedded in a hyaluronic acid hydrogel and applied to the tumor bed. Tumor remnants, regional lymph nodes, and spleens were analyzed using histology, flow cytometry, gene expression profiling, and ELISPOT assays. The immune microenvironment at the tumor margin after surgery alone was characterized by a transient influx of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), prolonged neutrophil influx, and near complete loss of cytotoxic T cells. Application of PancVax gel was associated with enhanced T cell activation in the draining lymph node and expansion of neoantigen-specific T cells in the spleen. Mice implanted with PancVax gel demonstrated no evidence of residual tumor at two weeks postoperatively and healed incisions at two months postoperatively without local recurrence. In summary, application of PancVax gel at a grossly positive tumor margin led to systemic expansion of neoantigen-specific T cells and effectively prevented local recurrence. These findings support further work into locoregional adjuncts to immune modulation in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Delitto
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Fangluo Chen
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jacquelyn W Zimmerman
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - James M Leatherman
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Reecha Suri
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tamara Y Lopez-Vidal
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amanda L Huff
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Melissa R Lyman
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Samantha R Guinn
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Marina Baretti
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Luciane T Kagohara
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Won Jin Ho
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nilofer S Azad
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - William R Burns
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Richard A Burkhart
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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31
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Kim KH, Chang JS, Byun HK, Kim YB. A novel gene signature associated with poor response to chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2021; 33:e7. [PMID: 34783210 PMCID: PMC8728662 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2022.33.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate the distinct transcriptional landscape in poor responders to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and to gain mechanistic insights into treatment resistance in cervical cancer. Methods RNA sequencing was performed in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with platinum-based CCRT. Transcriptome data of no durable benefit (NDB; progression-free period <3 years) and durable clinical benefit (DCB; progression-free period >5 years) patients were compared. The NDB score was estimated for each patient using differentially expressed genes between NDB and DCB patients. The potential response to programmed death-1 blockade was estimated using the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score and T-cell-inflamed gene expression profile (GEP). Results NDB patients exhibited a distinct transcriptional profile compared to DCB patients, such as higher signatures of extracellular matrix organization and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The fraction of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within the tumor was significantly higher in NDB patients than in DCB patients. High NDB scores were significantly associated with poor survival in the Cancer Genome Atlas cervical cancer cohort (n=274; p=0.015) but only in patients who received curative aim radiotherapy (p=0.002). Patients with high NDB scores displayed significantly higher TIDE prediction scores and lower T-cell-inflamed GEP scores than those with low NDB scores. Conclusion Patients with cervical cancer having poor CCRT or RT outcomes exhibited a distinct gene signature that could predict treatment outcomes. For poor responders, immune checkpoint inhibitors may be less effective whereas CAF-targeting treatments may be a promising approach. • A subgroup of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer exhibit no durable benefit (NDB) after chemoradiotherapy. • NDB patients exhibited a distinct transcriptional profile • NDB signature score predicted poor outcome in independent cohorts. • NDB patients may have poor response to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Suk Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Kyung Byun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Bae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Blanchard AM, Staley CE, Shaw L, Wattegedera SR, Baumbach CM, Michler JK, Rutland C, Back C, Newbold N, Entrican G, Tötemeyer S. A Trifecta of New Insights into Ovine Footrot for Infection Drivers, Immune Response, and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0027021. [PMID: 34227837 PMCID: PMC8445190 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00270-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Footrot is a polymicrobial infectious disease in sheep causing severe lameness, leading to one of the industry's largest welfare problems. The complex etiology of footrot makes in situ or in vitro investigations difficult. Computational methods offer a solution to understanding the bacteria involved and how they may interact with the host, ultimately providing a way to identify targets for future hypothesis-driven investigative work. Here, we present the first combined global analysis of bacterial community transcripts together with the host immune response in healthy and diseased ovine feet during a natural polymicrobial infection state using metatranscriptomics. The intratissue and surface bacterial populations and the most abundant bacterial transcriptomes were analyzed, demonstrating that footrot-affected skin has reduced diversity and increased abundances of not only the causative bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus but also other species such as Mycoplasma fermentans and Porphyromonas asaccharolytica. Host transcriptomics reveals the suppression of biological processes related to skin barrier function, vascular functions, and immunosurveillance in unhealthy interdigital skin, supported by histological findings that type I collagen (associated with scar tissue formation) is significantly increased in footrot-affected interdigital skin compared to outwardly healthy skin. Finally, we provide some interesting indications of host and pathogen interactions associated with virulence genes and the host spliceosome, which could lead to the identification of future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Blanchard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri E. Staley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Shaw
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sean R. Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
| | - Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule K. Michler
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catrin Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Back
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Nerissa Newbold
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
| | - Sabine Tötemeyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Vella G, Guelfi S, Bergers G. High Endothelial Venules: A Vascular Perspective on Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736670. [PMID: 34484246 PMCID: PMC8416033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized postcapillary venules composed of cuboidal blood endothelial cells that express high levels of sulfated sialomucins to bind L-Selectin/CD62L on lymphocytes, thereby facilitating their transmigration from the blood into the lymph nodes (LN) and other secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). HEVs have also been identified in human and murine tumors in predominantly CD3+T cell-enriched areas with fewer CD20+B-cell aggregates that are reminiscent of tertiary lymphoid-like structures (TLS). While HEV/TLS areas in human tumors are predominantly associated with increased survival, tumoral HEVs (TU-HEV) in mice have shown to foster lymphocyte-enriched immune centers and boost an immune response combined with different immunotherapies. Here, we discuss the current insight into TU-HEV formation, function, and regulation in tumors and elaborate on the functional implication, opportunities, and challenges of TU-HEV formation for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlanda Vella
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Guelfi
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
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Pulido T, Velarde MC, Alimirah F. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: Fueling a wound that never heals. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111561. [PMID: 34411604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is impaired with advanced age and certain chronic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity. Moreover, common cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation, can cause unintended tissue damage and impair wound healing. Available wound care treatments are not always effective, as some wounds fail to heal or recur after treatment. Hence, a more thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic, nonhealing wounds may offer new ideas for the development of effective wound care treatments. Cancers are sometimes referred to as wounds that never heal, sharing mechanisms similar to wound healing. We describe in this review how cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) contribute to chronic wounds versus cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Pulido
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Michael C Velarde
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines.
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35
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Huinen ZR, Huijbers EJM, van Beijnum JR, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Griffioen AW. Anti-angiogenic agents - overcoming tumour endothelial cell anergy and improving immunotherapy outcomes. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:527-540. [PMID: 33833434 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized medical oncology, although currently only a subset of patients has a response to such treatment. A compelling body of evidence indicates that anti-angiogenic therapy has the capacity to ameliorate antitumour immunity owing to the inhibition of various immunosuppressive features of angiogenesis. Hence, combinations of anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy are currently being tested in >90 clinical trials and 5 such combinations have been approved by the FDA in the past few years. In this Perspective, we describe how the angiogenesis-induced endothelial immune cell barrier hampers antitumour immunity and the role of endothelial cell anergy as the vascular counterpart of immune checkpoints. We review the antitumour immunity-promoting effects of anti-angiogenic agents and provide an update on the current clinical successes achieved when these agents are combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we propose that anti-angiogenic agents are immunotherapies - and vice versa - and discuss future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zowi R Huinen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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36
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Bukkuri A, Adler FR. Viewing Cancer Through the Lens of Corruption: Using Behavioral Ecology to Understand Cancer. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.678533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All biological systems depend on signals for coordination: signals which pass information among agents that run the gamut from cells to organisms. However, their very importance makes signals vulnerable to subversion. How can a receiver know whether a signal is honest or deceptive? In other words, are signals necessarily a reliable indicator of agent quality or need? By drawing parallels to ecological phenomena ranging from begging by nestlings to social insects, we investigate the role of signal degradation in cancer. We thus think of cancer as a form of corruption, in which cells command huge resource investment through relatively cheap signals, just as relatively small bribes can leverage large profits. We discuss various mechanisms which prevent deceptive signaling in the natural world and within tissues. We show how cancers evolve ways to escape these controls and relate these back to evasion mechanisms in ecology. We next introduce two related concepts, co-option and collusion, and show how they play critical roles in ecology and cancer. Drawing on public policy, we propose new approaches to view treatment based on taxation, changing the incentive structure, and the recognition of corrupted signaling networks.
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Tang F, Tie Y, Hong W, Wei Y, Tu C, Wei X. Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells for Premetastatic Niche Disruption After Tumor Resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:4030-4048. [PMID: 33258011 PMCID: PMC7703739 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection is a common therapeutic option for primary solid tumors. However, high cancer recurrence and metastatic rates after resection are the main cause of cancer related mortalities. This implies the existence of a "fertile soil" following surgery that facilitates colonization by circulating cancer cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are essential for premetastatic niche formation, and may persist in distant organs for up to 2 weeks after surgery. These postsurgical persistent lung MDSCs exhibit stronger immunosuppression compared with presurgical MDSCs, suggesting that surgery enhances MDSC function. Surgical stress and trauma trigger the secretion of systemic inflammatory cytokines, which enhance MDSC mobilization and proliferation. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) directly activate MDSCs through pattern recognition receptor-mediated signals. Surgery also increases vascular permeability, induces an increase in lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix remodeling in lungs, that enhances MDSC mobilization. Postsurgical therapies that inhibit the induction of premetastatic niches by MDSCs promote the long-term survival of patients. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and β-blockade, or their combination, may minimize the impact of surgical stress on MDSCs. Anti-DAMPs and associated inflammatory signaling inhibitors also are potential therapies. Existing therapies under tumor-bearing conditions, such as MDSCs depletion with low-dose chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MDSCs differentiation using all-trans retinoic acid, and STAT3 inhibition merit clinical evaluation during the perioperative period. In addition, combining low-dose epigenetic drugs with chemokine receptors, reversing immunosuppression through the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol, repairing vascular leakage, or inhibiting extracellular matrix remodeling also may enhance the long-term survival of curative resection patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopeadics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopeadics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Ackerman RS, Luddy KA, Icard BE, Piñeiro Fernández J, Gatenby RA, Muncey AR. The Effects of Anesthetics and Perioperative Medications on Immune Function: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:676-689. [PMID: 34100781 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have sought to better understand the effect of anesthetic agents, both volatile and intravenous, and perioperative adjuvant medications on immune function. The immune system has evolved to incorporate both innate and adaptive components, which are delicately interwoven and essential for host defense from pathogens and malignancy. This review summarizes the complex and nuanced relationship that exists between each anesthetic agent or perioperative adjuvant medication studied and innate and adaptive immune function with resultant clinical implications. The most commonly used anesthetic agents were chosen for review including volatile agents (sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, and halothane), intravenous agents (propofol, ketamine, etomidate, and dexmedetomidine), and perioperative adjuvant medications (benzodiazepines, opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], and local anesthetic agents). Patients who undergo surgery experience varying combinations of the aforementioned anesthetic agents and adjuncts, depending on the type of surgery and their comorbidities. Each has unique effects on immunity, which may be more or less ideal depending on the clinical situation. Further study is needed to better understand the clinical effects of these relationships so that patient-specific strategies can be developed to improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Ackerman
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Benjamin E Icard
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Robert A Gatenby
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Evolution.,Department of Radiology
| | - Aaron R Muncey
- Department of Anesthesiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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Ozga AJ, Chow MT, Luster AD. Chemokines and the immune response to cancer. Immunity 2021; 54:859-874. [PMID: 33838745 PMCID: PMC8434759 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that regulate the migration of immune cells. Chemokines function as cues for the coordinated recruitment of immune cells into and out of tissue and also guide the spatial organization and cellular interactions of immune cells within tissues. Chemokines are critical in directing immune cell migration necessary to mount and then deliver an effective anti-tumor immune response; however, chemokines also participate in the generation and recruitment of immune cells that contribute to a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Here, we review the role of the chemokine system in anti-tumor and pro-tumor immune responses and discuss how malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment regulate the overall chemokine landscape to shape the type and outcome of immune responses to cancer and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J Ozga
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Melvyn T. Chow
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew D. Luster
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Correspondence:
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40
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Shigeoka M, Koma YI, Nishio M, Akashi M, Yokozaki H. Alteration of Macrophage Infiltrating Compartment: A Novel View on Oral Carcinogenesis. Pathobiology 2021; 88:327-337. [PMID: 33965948 DOI: 10.1159/000515922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has remained high for decades; therefore, methods for early detection of OSCC are warranted. However, in the oral cavity, various mucosal diseases may be encountered, including reactive lesions and oral potentially malignant disorders, and it is difficult to differentiate OSCC from these lesions based on both clinical and histopathological findings. It is well known that chronic inflammation contributes to oral cancer development. Macrophages are among the most common inflammatory cells in cancer stromal tissue and have various roles in cancer aggressiveness. Although the roles of macrophages in cancer development have attracted attention, only a few studies have linked macrophages to carcinogenesis, particularly, oral precancerous lesions. SUMMARY This review article consists of 3 parts: first, we summarize current knowledge on macrophages in human various epithelial precancerous lesions, excluding the oral cavity, to show the importance and gaps in knowledge regarding macrophages in carcinogenesis; second, we review published data related to the role of macrophages in oral carcinogenesis; finally, we present a novel view on oral carcinogenesis, focusing on crosstalk between epithelial cells and macrophages. Key Messages: The biological features of macrophages in oral carcinogenesis differ drastically depending on the anatomical compartment that they infiltrate. Focusing on the alteration of macrophage infiltrating compartment may serve as a useful novel approach for studying the role of the macrophages in oral carcinogenesis and for gaining further insight into cancer prevention and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaya Akashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Harikrishnan A, Khanna S, Veena V. Design of New Improved Curcumin Derivatives to Multi-targets of Cancer and Inflammation. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:573-589. [PMID: 32753008 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200804113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin is a major active principle of Curcuma longa. There are more than 1700 citations in the Medline, reflecting various biological effects of curcumin. Most of these biological activities are associated with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity of the molecule. Several reports suggest various targets of natural curcumin that include growth factors, growth factor receptor, cytokines, enzymes and gene regulators of apoptosis. This review focuses on the improved curcumin derivatives that target the cancer and inflammation. METHODOLOGY In this present review, we explored the anticancer drugs with curcumin-based drugs under pre-clinical and clinical studies with critical examination. Based on the strong scientific reports of patentable and non-patented literature survey, we have investigated the mode of the interactions of curcumin-based molecules with the target molecules. RESULTS Advanced studies have added new dimensions of the molecular response of cancer cells to curcumin at the genomic level. However, poor bioavailability of the molecule seems to be the major limitation of the curcumin. Several researchers have been involved to improve the curcumin derivatives to overcome this limitation. Sufficient data of clinical trials to various cancers that include multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer and colon cancer, have also been discussed. CONCLUSION The detailed analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and common synthesis of curcumin-based derivatives have been discussed in the review. Utilising the predictions of in silico coupled with validation reports of in vitro and in vivo studies have concluded many targets for curcumin. Among them, cancer-related inflammation genes regulating curcumin-based molecules are a very promising target to overcome hurdles in the multimodality therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation-Aarupadai Veedu (VMRF-AV) campus, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunali Khanna
- Nair Hospital Dental College, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai, 400 008, India
| | - V Veena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Rukmini knowledge park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 5600 064. Karnataka State, India
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Barbosa LC, Gonçalves TL, de Araujo LP, Rosario LVDO, Ferrer VP. Endothelial cells and SARS-CoV-2: An intimate relationship. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 137:106829. [PMID: 33422689 PMCID: PMC7834309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important player of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating the conversion of angiotensin II into angiotensin (1-7). While expressed on the surface of human cells, such as lung, heart, kidney, neurons, and endothelial cells (EC), ACE2 is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we would like to highlight that ACE2 is predominant on the EC membrane. Many of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms have been associated with the large recruitment of immune cells, directly affecting EC. Additionally, cytokines, hypoxia, and complement activation can trigger the activation of EC leading to the coagulation cascade. The EC dysfunction plus the inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to abnormal coagulation, actively participating in thrombo-inflammatory processes resulting in vasculopathy and indicating poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Considering the intrinsic relationship between EC and the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, EC-associated therapies such as anticoagulants, fibrinolytic drugs, immunomodulators, and molecular therapies have been proposed. In this review, we will discuss the role of EC in the lung inflammation and edema, in the disseminate coagulation process, ACE2 positive cancer patients, and current and future EC-associated therapies to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cunha Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Medicine - Pathological Anatomy, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brain's Biomedicine Lab, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valéria Pereira Ferrer
- Graduate Program in Medicine - Pathological Anatomy, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil.
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Similarities between Tumour Immune Response and Chronic Wound Microenvironment: Influence of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6649314. [PMID: 33860061 PMCID: PMC8024060 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6649314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumours are characterized by a state of chronic inflammation and are regarded as wounds that never heal. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are being considered as a possible treatment option. While MSCs can regulate the immune system, migrate to sites of inflammation, and are naturally immune-privileged, there have been contradictory reports on the role of these cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Some studies have suggested that MSCs promote tumourigenesis while others have suggested the contrary. To better evaluate the role of MSCs in the TME, it may be helpful to understand the role of MSCs in chronic wounds. Here, we discuss the role of MSCs in chronic wounds and extrapolate this to the TME. Chronic wounds are stuck in the inflammatory phase of wound healing, while in the case of the TME, both the inflammatory and proliferative phases are exploited. MSCs in chronic wounds promote a switch in macrophage phenotype from proinflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2), thereby suppressing T, B, and natural killer cells, consequently promoting wound healing. In the case of the TME, MSCs are reported to promote tumorigenesis by suppressing T, B, and natural killer cells in addition to dendritic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and Th1-associated cytokines, thereby promoting tumour growth. Some studies have however suggested that MSCs inhibit tumourigenesis, depending on the source of the MSCs and the specific mediators involved. Therefore, the role of MSCs in the TME appears to be complex and may result in variable outcomes. Compelling evidence to suggest that MSCs are an effective treatment option against tumour progression is lacking.
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Graney PL, Tavakol DN, Chramiec A, Ronaldson-Bouchard K, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Engineered models of tumor metastasis with immune cell contributions. iScience 2021; 24:102179. [PMID: 33718831 PMCID: PMC7921600 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to tumor metastasis rather than the primary tumor. Metastasis is a highly complex and dynamic process that requires orchestration of signaling between the tumor, its local environment, distant tissue sites, and immune system. Animal models of cancer metastasis provide the necessary systemic environment but lack control over factors that regulate cancer progression and often do not recapitulate the properties of human cancers. Bioengineered "organs-on-a-chip" that incorporate the primary tumor, metastatic tissue targets, and microfluidic perfusion are now emerging as quantitative human models of tumor metastasis. The ability of these systems to model tumor metastasis in individualized, patient-specific settings makes them uniquely suitable for studies of cancer biology and developmental testing of new treatments. In this review, we focus on human multi-organ platforms that incorporate circulating and tissue-resident immune cells in studies of tumor metastasis.
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Thanabalasuriar A, Chiang AJ, Morehouse C, Camara M, Hawkins S, Keller AE, Koksal AC, Caceres CS, Berlin AA, Holoweckyj N, Takahashi VN, Cheng L, de Los Reyes M, Pelletier M, Patera AC, Sellman B, Hess S, Marelli M, Boo CC, Cohen TS, DiGiandomenico A. PD-L1 + neutrophils contribute to injury-induced infection susceptibility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/10/eabd9436. [PMID: 33674305 PMCID: PMC7935370 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms contributing to injury-induced infection susceptibility remain poorly understood. Here, we describe a rapid increase in neutrophil cell numbers in the lungs following induction of thermal injury. These neutrophils expressed elevated levels of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and exhibited altered gene expression profiles indicative of a reparative population. Upon injury, neutrophils migrate from the bone marrow to the skin but transiently arrest in the lung vasculature. Arrested neutrophils interact with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on lung endothelial cells. A period of susceptibility to infection is linked to PD-L1+ neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Systemic treatment of injured animals with an anti-PD-L1 antibody prevented neutrophil accumulation in the lung and reduced susceptibility to infection but augmented skin healing, resulting in increased epidermal growth. This work provides evidence that injury promotes changes to neutrophils that are important for wound healing but contribute to infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- McGill University, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Abby J Chiang
- Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Margarita Camara
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Shonda Hawkins
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ashley E Keller
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Adem C Koksal
- Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Carolina S Caceres
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A Berlin
- Respiratory and Immunology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Holoweckyj
- Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Lily Cheng
- Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Melissa de Los Reyes
- Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark Pelletier
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Andriani C Patera
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chelsea C Boo
- Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Taylor S Cohen
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Fleszar MG, Fortuna P, Zawadzki M, Hodurek P, Bednarz-Misa I, Witkiewicz W, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Sex, Type of Surgery, and Surgical Site Infections Are Associated with Perioperative Cortisol in Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040589. [PMID: 33557291 PMCID: PMC7914878 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive endocrine response to trauma negatively affects patients’ well-being. Cortisol dynamics following robot-assisted colorectal surgery are unknown. We aimed at determining the impact of cancer pathology and surgery-related factors on baseline cortisol levels and analyzed its time-profile in colorectal cancer patients undergoing open or robot-assisted surgery. Cortisol levels were measured using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Baseline cortisol was not associated with any patient- or disease-related factors. Post-surgery cortisol increased by 36% at 8 h and returned to baseline on postoperative day three. The cortisol time profile was significantly affected by surgery type, estimated blood loss, and length of surgery. Baseline-adjusted cortisol increase was greater in females at hour 8 and in both females and patients from open surgery group at hour 24. Solely in the open surgery group, cortisol dynamics paralleled changes in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-1ra, IL-7, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α but did not correlate with changes in IL-6 or interferon (IFN)-γ at any time-point. Cortisol co-examined with C-reactive protein was predictive of surgical site infections (SSI) with high accuracy. In conclusion, patient’s sex and surgery invasiveness affect cortisol dynamics. Surgery-induced elevation can be reduced by minimally invasive robot-assisted procedures. Cortisol and C-reactive protein as SSI biomarkers might be of value in the evaluation of safety of early discharge of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz G. Fleszar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (P.H.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Paulina Fortuna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (P.H.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Marek Zawadzki
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.W.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Hodurek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (P.H.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (P.H.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.W.)
- Research and Development Centre at Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (P.H.); (I.B.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-1375
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Menzel L, Höpken UE, Rehm A. Angiogenesis in Lymph Nodes Is a Critical Regulator of Immune Response and Lymphoma Growth. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591741. [PMID: 33343570 PMCID: PMC7744479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-induced remodeling of the microenvironment in lymph nodes (LNs) includes the formation of blood vessels, which goes beyond the regulation of metabolism, and shaping a survival niche for tumor cells. In contrast to solid tumors, which primarily rely on neo-angiogenesis, hematopoietic malignancies usually grow within pre-vascularized autochthonous niches in secondary lymphatic organs or the bone marrow. The mechanisms of vascular remodeling in expanding LNs during infection-induced responses have been studied in more detail; in contrast, insights into the conditions of lymphoma growth and lodging remain enigmatic. Based on previous murine studies and clinical trials in human, we conclude that there is not a universal LN-specific angiogenic program applicable. Instead, signaling pathways that are tightly connected to autochthonous and infiltrating cell types contribute variably to LN vascular expansion. Inflammation related angiogenesis within LNs relies on dendritic cell derived pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression in fibroblastic reticular cells, which in turn triggers vessel growth. In high-grade B cell lymphoma, angiogenesis correlates with poor prognosis. Lymphoma cells immigrate and grow in LNs and provide pro-angiogenic growth factors themselves. In contrast to infectious stimuli that impact on LN vasculature, they do not trigger the typical inflammatory and hypoxia-related stroma-remodeling cascade. Blood vessels in LNs are unique in selective recruitment of lymphocytes via high endothelial venules (HEVs). The dissemination routes of neoplastic lymphocytes are usually disease stage dependent. Early seeding via the blood stream requires the expression of the homeostatic chemokine receptor CCR7 and of L-selectin, both cooperate to facilitate transmigration of tumor and also of protective tumor-reactive lymphocytes via HEV structures. In this view, the HEV route is not only relevant for lymphoma cell homing, but also for a continuous immunosurveillance. We envision that HEV functional and structural alterations during lymphomagenesis are not only key to vascular remodeling, but also impact on tumor cell accessibility when targeted by T cell-mediated immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Menzel
- Translational Tumor Immunology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E. Höpken
- Microenvironmental Regulation in Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Translational Tumor Immunology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Piipponen M, Li D, Landén NX. The Immune Functions of Keratinocytes in Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8790. [PMID: 33233704 PMCID: PMC7699912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most dominant cell type in the skin, keratinocytes play critical roles in wound repair not only as structural cells but also exerting important immune functions. This review focuses on the communications between keratinocytes and immune cells in wound healing, which are mediated by various cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles. Keratinocytes can also directly interact with T cells via antigen presentation. Moreover, keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides that can directly kill the invading pathogens and contribute to wound repair in many aspects. We also reviewed the epigenetic mechanisms known to regulate keratinocyte immune functions, including histone modifications, non-protein-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs), and chromatin dynamics. Lastly, we summarized the current evidence on the dysregulated immune functions of keratinocytes in chronic nonhealing wounds. Based on their crucial immune functions in skin wound healing, we propose that keratinocytes significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic wound inflammation. We hope this review will trigger an interest in investigating the immune roles of keratinocytes in chronic wound pathology, which may open up new avenues for developing innovative wound treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ning Xu Landén
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Division, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (D.L.)
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49
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Masselli E, Pozzi G, Gobbi G, Merighi S, Gessi S, Vitale M, Carubbi C. Cytokine Profiling in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Overview on Phenotype Correlation, Outcome Prediction, and Role of Genetic Variants. Cells 2020. [PMID: 32967342 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092136.pmid:32967342;pmcid:pmc7564952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Among hematologic malignancies, the classic Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are considered a model of inflammation-related cancer development. In this context, the use of immune-modulating agents has recently expanded the MPN therapeutic scenario. Cytokines are key mediators of an auto-amplifying, detrimental cross-talk between the MPN clone and the tumor microenvironment represented by immune, stromal, and endothelial cells. This review focuses on recent advances in cytokine-profiling of MPN patients, analyzing different expression patterns among the three main Philadelphia-negative (Ph-negative) MPNs, as well as correlations with disease molecular profile, phenotype, progression, and outcome. The role of the megakaryocytic clone as the main source of cytokines, particularly in myelofibrosis, is also reviewed. Finally, we report emerging intriguing evidence on the contribution of host genetic variants to the chronic pro-inflammatory state that typifies MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Masselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Pozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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50
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Masselli E, Pozzi G, Gobbi G, Merighi S, Gessi S, Vitale M, Carubbi C. Cytokine Profiling in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Overview on Phenotype Correlation, Outcome Prediction, and Role of Genetic Variants. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092136. [PMID: 32967342 PMCID: PMC7564952 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among hematologic malignancies, the classic Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are considered a model of inflammation-related cancer development. In this context, the use of immune-modulating agents has recently expanded the MPN therapeutic scenario. Cytokines are key mediators of an auto-amplifying, detrimental cross-talk between the MPN clone and the tumor microenvironment represented by immune, stromal, and endothelial cells. This review focuses on recent advances in cytokine-profiling of MPN patients, analyzing different expression patterns among the three main Philadelphia-negative (Ph-negative) MPNs, as well as correlations with disease molecular profile, phenotype, progression, and outcome. The role of the megakaryocytic clone as the main source of cytokines, particularly in myelofibrosis, is also reviewed. Finally, we report emerging intriguing evidence on the contribution of host genetic variants to the chronic pro-inflammatory state that typifies MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Masselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (C.C.)
- University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-052-190-6655 (E.M.); +39-052-103-3032 (M.V.)
| | - Giulia Pozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (C.C.)
- University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-052-190-6655 (E.M.); +39-052-103-3032 (M.V.)
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (C.C.)
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