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Khongpraphan S, Ekchariyawat P, Sanongkiet S, Luangjindarat C, Sirisinha S, Ponpuak M, Midoeng P, Pudla M, Utaisincharoen P. Differentiation in pyroptosis induction by Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis in primary human monocytes, a possible cause of sepsis in acute melioidosis patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012368. [PMID: 39042701 PMCID: PMC11296640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei is an infectious disease with a high mortality rate. In acute melioidosis, sepsis is a major cause of death among patients. Once the bacterium enters the bloodstream, immune system dysregulation ensues, leading to cytokine storms. In contrast to B. pseudomallei, a closely related but non-virulent strain B. thailandensis has rarely been reported to cause cytokine storms or death in patients. However, the mechanisms in which the virulent B. pseudomallei causes sepsis are not fully elucidated. It is well-documented that monocytes play an essential role in cytokine production in the bloodstream. The present study, therefore, determined whether there is a difference in the innate immune response to B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis during infection of primary human monocytes and THP-1 monocytic cells by investigating pyroptosis, an inflammatory death pathway known to play a pivotal role in sepsis. Our results showed that although both bacterial species exhibited a similar ability to invade human monocytes, only B. pseudomallei can significantly increase the release of cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the increases in caspase-1 and gasdermin D activations in both cell types. The results were consistent with the significant increase in IL-1β and IL-18 production, key cytokines involved in pyroptosis. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in other cytokine secretion, such as IL-1RA, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-8, and IL-23 in cells infected by both bacterial species. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that ROS production played a crucial role in controlling pyroptosis activation during B. pseudomallei infection in primary human monocytes. These findings suggested that pyroptosis induced by B. pseudomallei in the human monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis in acute melioidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peeraya Ekchariyawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sucharat Sanongkiet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Stitaya Sirisinha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Midoeng
- Division of Pathology, Army Institute of Pathology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matsayapan Pudla
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Utaisincharoen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Badten AJ, Torres AG. Burkholderia pseudomallei Complex Subunit and Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Their Potential to Elicit Cross-Protection to Burkholderia cepacia Complex. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:313. [PMID: 38543947 PMCID: PMC10975474 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia are a group of Gram-negative bacteria that can cause a variety of diseases in at-risk populations. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei, the etiological agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively, are the two clinically relevant members of the B. pseudomallei complex (Bpc). The development of vaccines against Bpc species has been accelerated in recent years, resulting in numerous promising subunits and glycoconjugate vaccines incorporating a variety of antigens. However, a second group of pathogenic Burkholderia species exists known as the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a group of opportunistic bacteria which tend to affect individuals with weakened immunity or cystic fibrosis. To date, there have been few attempts to develop vaccines to Bcc species. Therefore, the primary goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the various subunit antigens that have been tested in Bpc species, their protective efficacy, study limitations, and known or suspected mechanisms of protection. Then, we assess the reviewed Bpc antigens for their amino acid sequence conservation to homologous proteins found in Bcc species. We propose that protective Bpc antigens with a high degree of Bpc-to-Bcc sequence conservation could serve as components of a pan-Burkholderia vaccine capable of protecting against both disease-causing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Badten
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Hermanns T, Uthoff M, Baumann U, Hofmann K. The structural basis for deubiquitination by the fingerless USP-type effector TssM. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302422. [PMID: 38170641 PMCID: PMC10719079 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria are threatened by ubiquitin-mediated autophagy, whenever the bacterial surface or enclosing membrane structures become targets of host ubiquitin ligases. As a countermeasure, many intracellular pathogens encode deubiquitinase (DUB) effectors to keep their surfaces free of ubiquitin. Most bacterial DUBs belong to the OTU or CE-clan families. The betaproteobacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively, encode the TssM effector, the only known bacterial DUB belonging to the USP class. TssM is much shorter than typical eukaryotic USP enzymes and lacks the canonical ubiquitin-recognition region. By solving the crystal structures of isolated TssM and its complex with ubiquitin, we found that TssM lacks the entire "Fingers" subdomain of the USP fold. Instead, the TssM family has evolved the functionally analog "Littlefinger" loop, which is located towards the end of the USP domain and recognizes different ubiquitin interfaces than those used by USPs. The structures revealed the presence of an N-terminal immunoglobulin-fold domain, which is able to form a strand-exchange dimer and might mediate TssM localization to the bacterial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hermanns
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Uthoff
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Yadav PK, Paul M, Singh S, Kumar S, Ponmariappan S, Thavaselvam D. Development of a Novel Internally Controlled HrpB1 Gene-Based Real-Time qPCR Assay for Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:101-112. [PMID: 38085447 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis, caused by category B bioterrorism agent Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a seasonal disease of tropical and subtropical regions with a high mortality rate. An early and culture-independent detection of B. pseudomallei is required for the appropriate disease management and prevention. The present study is designed to identify novel and unique sequences of B. pseudomallei and development of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. METHODS A novel B. pseudomallei-specific target sequence was identified by in silico analysis for the qPCR assay development. The specificity of the developed assay was assessed using purified DNA of 65 different bacterial cultures, and the sensitivity was estimated using a cloned target gene. Further, a type III secretion protein HrpB1 (HrpB1) gene-based duplex qPCR assay incorporating suitable extraction and amplification control was developed, and its viability was assessed in different clinical and environmental matrices for the detection of B. pseudomallei. RESULTS In this study, an 80-nucleotide-long B. pseudomallei-specific region within the gene HrpB1 was identified by computational analysis. The developed HrpB1-based qPCR assay was highly specific for B. pseudomallei detection when evaluated with 65 different bacterial cultures. The sensitivity of the qPCR assay with the HrpB1-recombinant plasmid was found to be five copies per qPCR reaction. The assay's detection limit was found to be 5 × 102 CFU/mL for human blood and urine, 5 × 101 CFU/mL in river water, and 2 × 103 CFU/gm in paddy field soil. CONCLUSION The results of the study showed the applicability of a novel HrpB1-based qPCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of B. pseudomallei in diverse clinical and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Kumar Yadav
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Moumita Paul
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Suchetna Singh
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India.
| | - S Ponmariappan
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Duraipandian Thavaselvam
- O/o Director General Life Science (DGLS), Defence Research and Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, SSPL Campus, Timarpur, New Delhi, 110 054, India.
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Bunma C, Noinarin P, Phetcharaburanin J, Chareonsudjai S. Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilm resists Acanthamoeba sp. grazing and produces 8-O-4'-diferulic acid, a superoxide scavenging metabolite after passage through the amoeba. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16578. [PMID: 37789212 PMCID: PMC10547685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, an etiological agent of melioidosis is an environmental bacterium that can survive as an intracellular pathogen. The biofilm produced by B. pseudomallei is crucial for cellular pathogenesis of melioidosis. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the role of biofilm in survival of B. pseudomallei during encounters with Acanthamoeba sp. using B. pseudomallei H777 (a biofilm wild type), M10 (a biofilm defect mutant) and C17 (a biofilm-complemented strain). The results demonstrated similar adhesion to amoebae by both the biofilm wild type and biofilm mutant strains. There was higher initial internalisation, but the difference diminished after longer encounter with the amoeba. Interestingly, confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that pre-formed biofilm of B. pseudomallei H777 and C17 were markedly more persistent in the face of Acanthamoeba sp. grazing than that of M10. Metabolomic analysis revealed a significant increased level of 8-O-4'-diferulic acid, a superoxide scavenger metabolite, in B. pseudomallei H777 serially passaged in Acanthamoeba sp. The interaction between B. pseudomallei with a free-living amoeba may indicate the evolutionary pathway that enables the bacterium to withstand superoxide radicals in intracellular environments. This study supports the hypothesis that B. pseudomallei biofilm persists under grazing by amoebae and suggests a strategy of metabolite production that turns this bacterium from saprophyte to intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Bunma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Parumon Noinarin
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Systems Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University Phenome Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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6
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Chang CY. Melioidosis-Related Acute Cholangitis and Septic Arthritis. J Glob Infect Dis 2023; 15:175-176. [PMID: 38292688 PMCID: PMC10824232 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_46_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Yik Chang
- Medical Department, Kapit Hospital, Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Thom RE, Williamson ED, Casulli J, Butcher WA, Burgess G, Laws TR, Huxley P, Ashfield R, Travis MA, D’Elia RV. Assessment of CD200R Activation in Combination with Doxycycline in a Model of Melioidosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0401622. [PMID: 37199641 PMCID: PMC10269878 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04016-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a global issue. Pathogens, such as Burkholderia pseudomallei, have evolved mechanisms to efflux certain antibiotics and manipulate the host response. New treatment strategies are therefore required, such as a layered defense approach. Here, we demonstrate, using biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) and BSL-3 in vivo murine models, that combining the antibiotic doxycycline with an immunomodulatory drug that targets the CD200 axis is superior to antibiotic treatment in combination with an isotype control. CD200-Fc treatment alone significantly reduces bacterial burden in lung tissue in both the BSL-2 and BSL-3 models. When CD200-Fc treatment is combined with doxycycline to treat the acute BSL-3 model of melioidosis, there is a 50% increase in survival compared with relevant controls. This benefit is not due to increasing the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of the antibiotic, suggesting the immunomodulatory nature of CD200-Fc treatment is playing an important role by potentially controlling the overactive immune response seen with many lethal bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE Traditional treatments for infectious disease have focused on the use of antimicrobial compounds (e.g. antibiotics) that target the infecting organism. However, timely diagnosis and administration of antibiotics remain crucial to ensure efficacy of these treatments especially for the highly virulent biothreat organisms. The need for early antibiotic treatment, combined with the increasing emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, means that new therapeutic strategies are required for organisms that cause rapid, acute infections. Here, we show that a layered defense approach, where an immunomodulatory compound is combined with an antibiotic, is better than an antibiotic combined with a relevant isotype control following infection with the biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei. This approach has the potential to be truly broad spectrum and since the strategy includes manipulation of the host response it's application could be used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Thom
- CBR Division Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - E. D. Williamson
- CBR Division Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - J. Casulli
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - W. A. Butcher
- CBR Division Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - G. Burgess
- CBR Division Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - T. R. Laws
- CBR Division Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - P. Huxley
- Ducentis BioTherapeutics Ltd., Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - R. Ashfield
- Ducentis BioTherapeutics Ltd., Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - M. A. Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R. V. D’Elia
- CBR Division Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Fleeman R. Repurposing Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as Adjuvant Therapeutics for Bacterial Infections. FRONTIERS IN ANTIBIOTICS 2023; 2:1135485. [PMID: 38983593 PMCID: PMC11233138 DOI: 10.3389/frabi.2023.1135485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance and the decline in new antibiotics has created a great need for novel approaches to treat drug resistant bacterial infections. Increasing the burden of antimicrobial resistance, bacterial virulence factors allow for survival within the host, where they can evade host killing and antimicrobial therapy within their intracellular niches. Repurposing host directed therapeutics has great potential for adjuvants to allow for more effective bacterial killing by the host and antimicrobials. To this end, phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors are FDA approved for cancer therapy, but also have potential to eliminate intracellular survival of pathogens. This review describes the PI3K pathway and its potential as an adjuvant target to treat bacterial infections more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Fleeman
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida. Orlando, FL 32837
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Effective Therapeutic Options for Melioidosis: Antibiotics versus Phage Therapy. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010011. [PMID: 36678359 PMCID: PMC9863960 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, also known as Whitmore's disease, is a potentially fatal infection caused by the Gram-negative bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei with a mortality rate of 10-50%. The condition is a "glanders-like" illness prevalent in Southeast Asian and Northern Australian regions and can affect humans, animals, and sometimes plants. Melioidosis received the epithet "the great mimicker" owing to its vast spectrum of non-specific clinical manifestations, such as localised abscesses, septicaemia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and encephalomyelitis, which often lead to misdiagnosis and ineffective treatment. To date, antibiotics remain the backbone of melioidosis treatment, which includes intravenous therapy with ceftazidime or meropenem, followed by oral therapy with TMP-SMX or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and supported by adjunctive treatment. However, bacteria have developed resistance to a series of antibiotics, including clinically significant ones, during treatment. Therefore, phage therapy has gained unprecedented interest and has been proposed as an alternative treatment. Although no effective phage therapy has been published, the findings of experimental phage therapies suggest that the concept could be feasible. This article reviews the benefits and limitations of antibiotics and phage therapy in terms of established regimens, bacterial resistance, host specificity, and biofilm degradation.
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Cycle-Inhibiting Factor Is Associated with Burkholderia pseudomallei Invasion in Human Neuronal Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101439. [PMID: 36290346 PMCID: PMC9598235 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a pathogenic bacterium that causes human melioidosis, which is associated with a high mortality rate. However, the underlying mechanisms of B. pseudomallei pathogenesis are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the infection of human neuronal SH-Sy5y cells by several clinically relevant B. pseudomallei strains. We found that all tested B. pseudomallei strains can invade SH-Sy5y cells, undergo intracellular replication, cause actin-tail formation, and form multinucleated giant cells. Additionally, a deletion mutant of B. pseudomallei cycle-inhibiting factor (cif) was constructed that exhibited reduced invasion in SH-Sy5y cells. Complementation of cif restored invasion of the B. pseudomallei cif-deleted mutant. Our findings enhance understanding of B. pseudomallei pathogenicity in terms of the virulence factor Cif and demonstrate the function of Cif in neurological melioidosis. This may eventually lead to the discovery of novel targets for treatment and a strategy to control the disease.
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Development of Melioidosis Subunit Vaccines Using an Enzymatically Inactive Burkholderia pseudomallei AhpC. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0022222. [PMID: 35862715 PMCID: PMC9387246 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is a facultative intracellular, Gram-negative pathogen that is highly infectious via the respiratory route and can cause severe, debilitating, and often fatal diseases in humans and animals. At present, no licensed vaccines for immunization against this CDC Tier 1 select agent exist. Studies in our lab have previously demonstrated that subunit vaccine formulations consisting of a B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-based glycoconjugate (CPS-CRM197) combined with hemolysin-coregulated protein (Hcp1) provided C57BL/6 mice with high-level protection against an acute inhalational challenge of B. pseudomallei. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective capacity of B. pseudomallei alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC) in combination with CPS-CRM197. AhpC is a peroxiredoxin involved in oxidative stress reduction and is a potential protective antigen. To facilitate our studies and maximize safety in animals, recombinant B. pseudomallei AhpC harboring an active site mutation (AhpCC57G) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using tandem nickel-cobalt affinity chromatography. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with CPS-CRM197 combined with AhpCC57G stimulated high-titer IgG responses against the CPS component of the glycoconjugate as well as stimulated high-titer IgG and robust interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-, interleukin-5 (IL-5)-, and IL-17-secreting T cell responses against AhpCC57G. When challenged via an inhalational route with a high dose (~27 50% lethal doses [LD50s]) of B. pseudomallei, 70% of the immunized mice survived 35 days postchallenge. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that AhpCC57G is a potent activator of cellular and humoral immune responses and may be a promising candidate to include in future melioidosis subunit vaccines.
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12
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Harvest CK, Miao EA. Autophagy May Allow a Cell to Forbear Pyroptosis When Confronted With Cytosol-Invasive Bacteria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871190. [PMID: 35422805 PMCID: PMC9001894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases detect cytosol-invasive Gram-negative bacteria by monitoring for the presence of LPS in the cytosol. This should provide defense against the cytosol-invasive Burkholderia and Shigella species by lysing the infected cell via pyroptosis. However, recent evidence has shown caspase-11 and gasdermin D activation can result in two different outcomes: pyroptosis and autophagy. Burkholderia cepacia complex has the ability invade the cytosol but is unable to inhibit caspase-11 and gasdermin D. Yet instead of activating pyroptosis during infection with these bacteria, the autophagy pathway is stimulated through caspases and gasdermin D. In contrast, Burkholderia thailandensis can invade the cytosol where caspasae-11 and gasdermin D is activated but the result is pyroptosis of the infected cell. In this review we propose a hypothetical model to explain why autophagy would be the solution to kill one type of Burkholderia species, but another Burkholderia species is killed by pyroptosis. For pathogens with high virulence, pyroptosis is the only solution to kill bacteria. This explains why some pathogens, such as Shigella have evolved methods to inhibit caspase-11 and gasdermin D as well as autophagy. We also discuss similar regulatory steps that affect caspase-1 that may permit the cell to forbear undergoing pyroptosis after caspase-1 activates in response to bacteria with partially effective virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa K Harvest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetic and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Edward A Miao
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetic and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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13
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Kaewpan A, Duangurai T, Rungruengkitkun A, Muangkaew W, Kanjanapruthipong T, Jitprasutwit N, Ampawong S, Sukphopetch P, Chantratita N, Pumirat P. Burkholderia pseudomallei pathogenesis in human skin fibroblasts: A Bsa type III secretion system is involved in the invasion, multinucleated giant cell formation, and cellular damage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261961. [PMID: 35113856 PMCID: PMC8812868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei-a causative agent of melioidosis that is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia-is a Gram-negative bacterium transmitted to humans via inhalation, inoculation through skin abrasions, and ingestion. Melioidosis causes a range of clinical presentations including skin infection, pneumonia, and septicemia. Despite skin infection being one of the clinical symptoms of melioidosis, the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei in skin fibroblasts has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated B. pseudomallei pathogenesis in the HFF-1 human skin fibroblasts. On the basis of co-culture assays between different B. pseudomallei clinical strains and the HFF-1 human skin fibroblasts, we found that all B. pseudomallei strains have the ability to mediate invasion, intracellular replication, and multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) formation. Furthermore, all strains showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts, which coincides with the augmented expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Using B. pseudomallei mutants, we showed that the B. pseudomallei Bsa type III secretion system (T3SS) contributes to skin fibroblast pathogenesis, but O-polysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide, and short-chain dehydrogenase metabolism do not play a role in this process. Taken together, our findings reveal a probable connection for the Bsa T3SS in B. pseudomallei infection of skin fibroblasts, and this may be linked to the pathogenesis of cutaneous melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anek Kaewpan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taksaon Duangurai
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amporn Rungruengkitkun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tapanee Kanjanapruthipong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niramol Jitprasutwit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Shafiq M, Ke B, Li X, Zeng M, Yuan Y, He D, Deng X, Jiao X. Genomic diversity of resistant and virulent factors of Burkholderia pseudomallei clinical strains recovered from Guangdong using whole genome sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980525. [PMID: 36386717 PMCID: PMC9649843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) is a highly infectious agent and causes melioidosis, in both humans and animals, which is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the molecular epidemiology, resistant determinants, and genomic diversity of the clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei to further elucidate the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of the strains with those in other endemic regions. METHODS In this study, we obtained eight clinical B. pseudomallei isolates from Guangdong province from 2018 to 2019. All the isolates were sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq platform. The draft genomes of B. pseudomallei were further used to find antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), virulence factors, and gene mutations. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis were performed to characterize the diversity and epidemiology of the strains. RESULTS All isolates were susceptible to antibiotics commonly used for melioidosis treatment. Class D beta-lactamases genes OXA-57 and OXA-59, as well as various mutation factors such as amrA, amrB, omp38, gyrA, and ceoB were identified. MLST analysis of the B. pseudomallei strains identified eight different sequence types (STs): ST1774, ST1775, ST271, ST562, ST46, ST830, ST1325, and ST10. Phylogenetic analysis found that the strains used in this study showed high genetic diversity. We also report 165 virulence factors among B. pseudomallei strains responsible for different neurological disorders, pneumonia, skin lesions, and abscesses. All strains recovered in this study were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics. However, high genetic diversity exists among the isolates. The surveillance, diagnosis, and clinical features of melioidosis varied in different geographical locations. These regional differences in the clinical manifestations have implications for the practical management of the disease. CONCLUSION The present study reports the identification of different mutation and virulence factors among B. pseudomallei strains responsible for different neurological disorders, pneumonia, skin lesions, and abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bixia Ke
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mi Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yumeng Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dongmei He
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoling Deng,
| | - Xiaoyang Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Xiaoyang Jiao,
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15
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Porges E, Jenner D, Taylor AW, Harrison JS, De Grazia A, Hailes AR, Wright KM, Whelan AO, Norville IH, Prior JL, Mahajan S, Rowland CA, Newman TA, Evans ND. Antibiotic-Loaded Polymersomes for Clearance of Intracellular Burkholderia thailandensis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19284-19297. [PMID: 34739227 PMCID: PMC7612142 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei is difficult to treat due to poor intracellular bioavailability of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. In the absence of novel compounds, polymersome (PM) encapsulation may increase the efficacy of existing antibiotics and reduce antibiotic resistance by promoting targeted, infection-specific intracellular uptake. In this study, we developed PMs composed of widely available poly(ethylene oxide)-polycaprolactone block copolymers and demonstrated their delivery to intracellular B. thailandensis infection using multispectral imaging flow cytometry (IFC) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Antibiotics were tightly sequestered in PMs and did not inhibit the growth of free-living B. thailandensis. However, on uptake of antibiotic-loaded PMs by infected macrophages, IFC demonstrated PM colocalization with intracellular B. thailandensis and a significant inhibition of their growth. We conclude that PMs are a viable approach for the targeted antibiotic treatment of persistent intracellular Burkholderia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Porges
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W. Taylor
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - James S.P. Harrison
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio De Grazia
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alethia R. Hailes
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M. Wright
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam O. Whelan
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel H. Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joann L. Prior
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Rowland
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey A. Newman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Evans
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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16
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Sontyana B, Shrivastava R, Battu S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Phagosome maturation and modulation of macrophage effector function by intracellular pathogens: target for therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:59-76. [PMID: 34877879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that regulate various innate functions. Macrophages after engulfment of pathogens proceed for phagosome maturation and finally fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens. Although pathogen degradation is one of the important functions of phagosomes, various immune-effector functions of macrophages are also dependent on the phagosome maturation process. This review discusses signaling processes regulating phagosome maturation as well as various effector functions of macrophages such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, autophagy and inflammasome that are dependent on the phagosome maturation process. It also discusses strategies adopted by various intracellular pathogens to counteract these functions to evade intracellular destruction mechanisms. These studies may give direction for the development of new therapeutics to control various intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaji Sontyana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
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17
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Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are lung-resident myeloid cells that sit at the interface of the airway and lung tissue. Under homeostatic conditions, their primary function is to clear debris, dead cells and excess surfactant from the airways. They also serve as innate pulmonary sentinels for respiratory pathogens and environmental airborne particles and as regulators of pulmonary inflammation. However, they have not typically been viewed as primary therapeutic targets for respiratory diseases. Here, we discuss the role of AMs in various lung diseases, explore the potential therapeutic strategies to target these innate cells and weigh the potential risks and challenges of such therapies. Additionally, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we examine the role AMs play in severe disease and the therapeutic strategies that have been harnessed to modulate their function and protect against severe lung damage. There are many novel approaches in development to target AMs, such as inhaled antibiotics, liposomal and microparticle delivery systems, and host-directed therapies, which have the potential to provide critical treatment to patients suffering from severe respiratory diseases, yet there is still much work to be done to fully understand the possible benefits and risks of such approaches.
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18
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Monoclonal Antibodies Opsonize Burkholderia spp. and Reduce Intracellular Actin Tail Formation in a Macrophage Infection Assay. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0024421. [PMID: 34460311 PMCID: PMC8508110 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00244-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. The bacterium is intrinsically resistant to various antibiotics, and melioidosis is therefore difficult to treat successfully without a relapse in infection. B. pseudomallei is an intracellular pathogen and therefore, to eradicate the infection, antimicrobials must be able to access bacteria in an intracellular niche. This study assessed the ability of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to opsonize Burkholderia species and determine the effect that each antibody has on bacterial virulence in vitro. Murine macrophage infection assays demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies against the capsule of B. pseudomallei are opsonizing. Furthermore, one of these monoclonal antibodies reduced bacterial actin tail formation in our in vitro assays, indicating that antibodies could reduce the intracellular spread of Burkholderia thailandensis. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies are opsonizing and can decrease bacterial actin tail formation, thus decreasing their intracellular spread. These data have informed selection of an antibody for development of an antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC) for melioidosis. IMPORTANCE Melioidosis is difficult to treat successfully due to the causal bacterium being resistant to many classes of antibiotics, therefore limiting available therapeutic options. New and improved therapies are urgently required to treat this disease. Here, we have investigated the potential of monoclonal antibodies to target this intracellular pathogen. We have demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies can target the bacterium, increase uptake into macrophages, and reduce actin tail formation required by the bacterium for spread between cells. Through targeting the bacterium with antibodies, we hope to disarm the pathogen, reducing the spread of infection. Ultimately, we aim to use an opsonizing antibody to deliver antibiotics intracellularly by developing an antibody-antibiotic conjugate therapeutic for melioidosis.
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19
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Formulation strategies for bacteriophages to target intracellular bacterial pathogens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113864. [PMID: 34271022 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (Phages) are antibacterial viruses that are unaffected by antibiotic drug resistance. Many Phase I and Phase II phage therapy clinical trials have shown acceptable safety profiles. However, none of the completed trials could yield data supporting the promising observations noted in the experimental phage therapy. These trials have mainly focused on phage suspensions without enough attention paid to the stability of phage during processing, storage, and administration. This is important because in vivo studies have shown that the effectiveness of phage therapy greatly depends on the ratio of phage to bacterial concentrations (multiplicity of infection) at the infection site. Additionally, bacteria can evade phages through the development of phage-resistance and intracellular residence. This review focuses on the use of phage therapy against bacteria that survive within the intracellular niches. Recent research on phage behavior reveals that some phage can directly interact with, get internalized into, and get transcytosed across mammalian cells, prompting further research on the governing mechanisms of these interactions and the feasibility of harnessing therapeutic phage to target intracellular bacteria. Advances to improve the capability of phage attacking intracellular bacteria using formulation approaches such as encapsulating/conjugating phages into/with vector carriers via liposomes, polymeric particles, inorganic nanoparticles, and cell penetrating peptides, are summarized. While promising progress has been achieved, research in this area is still in its infancy and warrants further attention.
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20
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Choh LC, Ong GH, Chua EG, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Khan AM, Wise MJ, Wong KT, Vadivelu J. Absence of BapA type III effector protein affects Burkholderia pseudomallei intracellular lifecycle in human host cells. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Barathan M, Girija ASS, Shankar EM, Vadivelu J. Hijacking of the Host's Immune Surveillance Radars by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718719. [PMID: 34456925 PMCID: PMC8384953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease for which no licensed vaccine is available thus far. The host-pathogen interactions in B. pseudomallei infection largely remain the tip of the iceberg. The pathological manifestations are protean ranging from acute to chronic involving one or more visceral organs leading to septic shock, especially in individuals with underlying conditions similar to COVID-19. Pathogenesis is attributed to the intracellular ability of the bacterium to ‘step into’ the host cell’s cytoplasm from the endocytotic vacuole, where it appears to polymerize actin filaments to spread across cells in the closer vicinity. B. pseudomallei effectively evades the host’s surveillance armory to remain latent for prolonged duration also causing relapses despite antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, eradication of intracellular B. pseudomallei is highly dependent on robust cellular immune responses. However, it remains ambiguous why certain individuals in endemic areas experience asymptomatic seroconversion, whereas others succumb to sepsis-associated sequelae. Here, we propose key insights on how the host’s surveillance radars get commandeered by B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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Hierarchical Cell Death Program Disrupts the Intracellular Niche Required for Burkholderia thailandensis Pathogenesis. mBio 2021; 12:e0105921. [PMID: 34154417 PMCID: PMC8262894 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01059-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia infections can result in serious diseases with high mortality, such as melioidosis, and they are difficult to treat with antibiotics. Innate immunity is critical for cell-autonomous clearance of intracellular pathogens like Burkholderia by regulating programmed cell death. Inflammasome-dependent inflammatory cytokine release and cell death contribute to host protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis; however, the contribution of apoptosis and necroptosis to protection is not known. Here, we found that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) lacking key components of pyroptosis died via apoptosis during infection. BMDMs lacking molecules required for pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis), however, were significantly resistant to B. thailandensis-induced cell death until later stages of infection. Consequently, PANoptosis-deficient BMDMs failed to limit B. thailandensis-induced cell-cell fusion, which permits increased intercellular spread and replication compared to wild-type or pyroptosis-deficient BMDMs. Respiratory B. thailandensis infection resulted in higher mortality in PANoptosis-deficient mice than in pyroptosis-deficient mice, indicating that, in the absence of pyroptosis, apoptosis is essential for efficient control of infection in vivo. Together, these findings suggest both pyroptosis and apoptosis are necessary for host-mediated control of Burkholderia infection. IMPORTANCE Burkholderia infections result in a high degree of mortality when left untreated; therefore, understanding the host immune response required to control infection is critical. In this study, we found a hierarchical cell death program utilized by infected cells to disrupt the intracellular niche of Burkholderia thailandensis, which limits bacterial intercellular spread, host cell-cell fusion, and bacterial replication. In macrophages, combined loss of key PANoptosis components results in extensive B. thailandensis infection-induced cell-cell fusion, bacterial replication, and increased cell death at later stages of infection compared with both wild-type (WT) and pyroptosis-deficient cells. During respiratory infection, mortality was increased in PANoptosis-deficient mice compared to pyroptosis-deficient mice, identifying an essential role for multiple cell death pathways in controlling B. thailandensis infection. These findings advance our understanding of the physiological role of programmed cell death in controlling Burkholderia infection.
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23
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Mannam P, Arvind VH, Koshy M, Varghese GM, Alexander M, Elizabeth SM. Neuromelioidosis: A Single-Center Experience with Emphasis on Imaging. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31:57-64. [PMID: 34316112 PMCID: PMC8299505 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Infection with
Burkholderia pseudomallei
, a gram-negative bacterium found in soil and surface water, is termed melioidosis and is commonly reported to occur in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, where it is endemic. It is being increasingly reported in India, and transmission occurs through inhalation, inoculation, and ingestion. The neuroparenchyma, the adjacent soft tissue, and bone are known to be affected in both the acute and chronic disease forms. Involvement of these structures is rare but causes significant mortality and morbidity.
Material and Methods
Eighteen culture-proven cases of neuromelioidosis were identified between January 2008 and December 2019. The patients were retrospectively identified via search of the hospital’s electronic database.
Results
Cranial disease was in the form of parenchymal abscesses (
n
= 4), cerebritis/encephalitis (
n
= 5), and extradural (
n
= 4) and dural disease (
n
= 1). Acute myelitis (
n
= 1) and spondylodiscitis (
n
= 3) were seen in the spinal disease form. Neuroparenchymal involvement ranged from cerebritis/encephalitis to early and mature parenchymal abscesses. Extradural involvement was in the form of extradural abscesses and/or thick irregular enhancement in the extradural region. Early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate therapy had favorable outcomes in 15 out of 18 patients. Two patients with parenchymal abscesses and one with myelitis succumbed to the illness.
Conclusion
Neuromelioidosis is a rare manifestation of melioidosis with significant morbidity and mortality, necessitating a high index of clinical suspicion, especially if there has been travel to endemic regions. Imaging plays a key role in facilitating early diagnosis and initiation of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Mannam
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanjare H Arvind
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maria Koshy
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George M Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathew Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunithi M Elizabeth
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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24
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Trevino SR, Dankmeyer JL, Fetterer DP, Klimko CP, Raymond JLW, Moreau AM, Soffler C, Waag DM, Worsham PL, Amemiya K, Ruiz SI, Cote CK, Krakauer T. Comparative virulence of three different strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei in an aerosol non-human primate model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009125. [PMID: 33571211 PMCID: PMC7904162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a major cause of sepsis and mortality in endemic regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. B. pseudomallei is a potential bioterrorism agent due to its high infectivity, especially via inhalation, and its inherent resistance to antimicrobials. There is currently no vaccine for melioidosis and antibiotic treatment can fail due to innate drug resistance, delayed diagnosis and treatment, or insufficient duration of treatment. A well-characterized animal model that mimics human melioidosis is needed for the development of new medical countermeasures. This study first characterized the disease progression of melioidosis in the African green monkey (AGM) and rhesus macaque (RM) for non-human primate model down-selection. All AGMs developed acute lethal disease similar to that described in human acute infection following exposure to aerosolized B. pseudomallei strain HBPUB10134a. Only 20% of RMs succumbed to acute disease. Disease progression, immune response and pathology of two other strains of B. pseudomallei, K96243 and MSHR5855, were also compared using AGMs. These three B. pseudomallei strains represent a highly virulent strain from Thailand (HBPUB101034a), a highly virulent strains from Australia (MSHR5855), and a commonly used laboratory strains originating from Thailand (K96243). Animals were observed for clinical signs of infection and blood samples were analyzed for cytokine responses, blood chemistry and leukocyte changes in order to characterize bacterial infection. AGMs experienced fever after exposure to aerosolized B. pseudomallei at the onset of acute disease. Inflammation, abscesses and/or pyogranulomas were observed in lung with all three strains of B. pseudomallei. Inflammation, abscesses and/or pyogranulomas were observed in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and/or kidney with B. pseudomallei, HBPUB10134a and K96243. Additionally, the Australian strain MSHR5855 induced brain lesions in one AGM similar to clinical cases of melioidosis seen in Australia. Elevated serum levels of IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, MCP-1, G-CSF, HGF, IFNγ, MIG, I-TAC, and MIP-1β at terminal end points can be significantly correlated with non-survivors with B. pseudomallei infection in AGM. The AGM model represents an acute model of B. pseudomallei infection for all three strains from two geographical locations and will be useful for efficacy testing of vaccines and therapeutics against melioidosis. In summary, a dysregulated immune response leading to excessive persistent inflammation and inflammatory cell death is the key driver of acute melioidosis. Early intervention in these pathways will be necessary to counter B. pseudomallei and mitigate the pathological consequences of melioidosis. Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in tropical regions globally and is an emerging threat in non-tropical areas worldwide. Its mortality rate is high in endemic areas due to its high infectivity, antimicrobial resistance, lack of available vaccines and limited treatment options. Animal model development and pathogenicity studies of various isolates are critical for the development of countermeasures against this pathogen. In this study, we compared the virulence of three different isolates of B. pseudomallei from two geographical locations in an aerosol non-human primate model. We found that early elevations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as the persistence of these mediators in the terminal phase of bacterial infection correlate with mortality. Histopathological analysis showed that the severity of lesions in various organs also correlates with the virulence of the B. pseudomallei strains, HBPUB10134a, MSHR5855 and K96243. Thus, a dysregulated immune response leading to excessive IL-1β and IL-6 at terminal end points and necrosis are key drivers of acute melioidosis. Development of drugs targeting these host response processes will be necessary to counter B. pseudomallei and mitigate the pathological consequences of melioidosis. This non-human primate model will facilitate the screening of vaccines and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jo Lynne W. Raymond
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Moreau
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara I. Ruiz
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CKC); (TK)
| | - Teresa Krakauer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CKC); (TK)
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Chavas TEJ, Su FY, Srinivasan S, Roy D, Lee B, Lovelace-Macon L, Rerolle GF, Limqueco E, Skerrett SJ, Ratner DM, West TE, Stayton PS. A macrophage-targeted platform for extending drug dosing with polymer prodrugs for pulmonary infection prophylaxis. J Control Release 2021; 330:284-292. [PMID: 33221351 PMCID: PMC7909327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary melioidosis is a bacterial disease with high morbidity and a mortality rate that can be as high as 40% in resource-poor regions of South Asia. This disease burden is linked to the pathogen's intrinsic antibiotic resistance and protected intracellular localization in alveolar macrophages. Current treatment regimens require several antibiotics with multi-month oral and intravenous administrations that are difficult to implement in under-resourced settings. Herein, we report that a macrophage-targeted polyciprofloxacin prodrug acts as a surprisingly effective pre-exposure prophylactic in highly lethal murine models of aerosolized human pulmonary melioidosis. A single dose of the polymeric prodrug maintained high lung drug levels and targeted an intracellular depot of ciprofloxacin to the alveolar macrophage compartment that was sustained over a period of 7 days above minimal inhibitory concentrations. This intracellular pharmacokinetic profile provided complete pre-exposure protection in a BSL-3 model with an aerosolized clinical isolate of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand. This total protection was achieved despite the bacteria's relative resistance to ciprofloxacin and where an equivalent dose of pulmonary-administered ciprofloxacin was ineffective. For the first time, we demonstrate that targeting the intracellular macrophage compartment with extended antibiotic dosing can achieve pre-exposure prophylaxis in a model of pulmonary melioidosis. This fully synthetic and modular therapeutic platform could be an important therapeutic approach with new or re-purposed antibiotics for melioidosis prevention and treatment, especially as portable inhalation devices in high-risk, resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E J Chavas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fang-Yi Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Debashish Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Lara Lovelace-Macon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Guilhem F Rerolle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elaine Limqueco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shawn J Skerrett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States.
| | - Daniel M Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
| | - T Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
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Rao C, Mao C, Xia Y, Zhang M, Hu Z, Yuan S, Yang W, Yan J, Deng L, Cai X, Mao X, Li Q, Liao Y. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Unfolded Protein Response Was Induced During the Early Stage of Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection in A549 Cells. Front Genet 2020; 11:585203. [PMID: 33363569 PMCID: PMC7753206 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.585203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a zoonotic pathogen that usually affects patients' lungs and causes serious melioidosis. The interaction of B. pseudomallei with its hosts is complex, and cellular response to B. pseudomallei infection in humans still remains to be elucidated. In this study, transcriptomic profiling of B. pseudomallei-infected human lung epithelial A549 cells was performed to characterize the cellular response dynamics during the early infection (EI) stage. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed by using the online databases DAVID 6.8 and KOBAS 3.0. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were used for validation experiments. Compared with the negative control group (NC), a set of 36 common genes varied over time with a cut-off level of 1.5-fold change, and a P-value < 0.05 was identified. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) was enriched as the most noteworthy biological process category, which was enriched as a branch of UPR in the signaling pathway of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Other categories, such as inflammatory responses, cell migration, and apoptosis, were also focused. The molecular chaperone Bip (GRP78), PERK, and PERK sensor-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2α (p-eIF2α) and ATF4 were verified to be increasing over time during the EI stage, suggesting that B. pseudomallei infection activated the PERK-mediated UPR in A549 cells. Collectively, these results provide important initial insights into the intimate interaction between B. pseudomallei and lung epithelial cells, which can be further explored toward the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms of B. pseudomallei infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Rao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chan Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yupei Xia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jingmin Yan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Deng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xuhu Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yaling Liao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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27
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Berry SB, Haack AJ, Theberge AB, Brighenti S, Svensson M. Host and Pathogen Communication in the Respiratory Tract: Mechanisms and Models of a Complex Signaling Microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:537. [PMID: 33015094 PMCID: PMC7511576 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, encompassing a diverse range of conditions from infections with pathogenic microorganisms to underlying genetic disorders. The respiratory tract represents an active interface with the external environment having the primary immune function of resisting pathogen intrusion and maintaining homeostasis in response to the myriad of stimuli encountered within its microenvironment. To perform these vital functions and prevent lung disorders, a chemical and biological cross-talk occurs in the complex milieu of the lung that mediates and regulates the numerous cellular processes contributing to lung health. In this review, we will focus on the role of cross-talk in chronic lung infections, and discuss how different cell types and signaling pathways contribute to the chronicity of infection(s) and prevent effective immune clearance of pathogens. In the lung microenvironment, pathogens have developed the capacity to evade mucosal immunity using different mechanisms or virulence factors, leading to colonization and infection of the host; such mechanisms include the release of soluble and volatile factors, as well as contact dependent (juxtracrine) interactions. We explore the diverse modes of communication between the host and pathogen in the lung tissue milieu in the context of chronic lung infections. Lastly, we review current methods and approaches used to model and study these host-pathogen interactions in vitro, and the role of these technological platforms in advancing our knowledge about chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Susanna Brighenti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Pomposello MM, Nemes K, Mosovsky K. Dietary antioxidant seleno-L-methionine protects macrophages infected with Burkholderia thailandensis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238174. [PMID: 32881891 PMCID: PMC7470333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially life-threatening disease endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Treatment of melioidosis is a long and costly process and the pathogen is inherently resistant to several classes of antibiotics, therefore there is a need for new treatments that can help combat the pathogen. Previous work has shown that the combination of interferon-gamma, an immune system activator, and the antibiotic ceftazidime synergistically reduced the bacterial burden of RAW 264.7 macrophages that had been infected with either B. pseudomallei or Burkholderia thailandensis. The mechanism of the interaction was found to be partially dependent on interferon-gamma-induced production of reactive oxygen species inside the macrophages. To further confirm the role of reactive oxygen species in the effectiveness of the combination treatment, we investigated the impact of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenger, seleno-L-methionine, on intracellular and extracellular bacterial burden of the infected macrophages. In a dose-dependent manner, high concentrations of seleno-L-methionine (1000 μM) were protective towards infected macrophages, resulting in a reduction of bacteria, on its own, that exceeded the reduction caused by the antibiotic alone and rivaled the effect of ceftazidime and interferon-gamma combined. Seleno-L-methionine treatment also resulted in improved viability of infected macrophages compared to untreated controls. We show that the protective effect of seleno-L-methionine was partly due to its inhibition of bacterial growth. In summary, our study shows a role for high dose seleno-L-methionine to protect and treat macrophages infected with B. thailandensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Pomposello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn Nemes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kara Mosovsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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29
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Tang M, Hu Z, Rao C, Chen J, Yuan S, Zhang J, Mao C, Yan J, Xia Y, Zhang M, Yue J, Xiang Y, Xie J, Mao X, Li Q. Burkholderia pseudomallei interferes with host lipid metabolism via NR1D2-mediated PNPLA2/ATGL suppression to block autophagy-dependent inhibition of infection. Autophagy 2020; 17:1918-1933. [PMID: 32777979 PMCID: PMC8386627 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1801270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei: which causes melioidosis with high mortality in humans, has become a global public health concern. Recently, infection-driven lipid droplet accumulation has been related to the progression of host-pathogen interactions, and its contribution to the pathogenesis of infectious disease has been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that B. pseudomallei infection actively induced a time-dependent increase in the number and size of lipid droplets in human lung epithelial cells and macrophages. We also found that lipid droplet accumulation following B. pseudomallei infection was associated with downregulation of PNPLA2/ATGL (patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2) and lipophagy inhibition. Functionally, lipid droplet accumulation, facilitated via PNPLA2 downregulation, inhibited macroautophagic/autophagic flux and, thus, hindered autophagy-dependent inhibition of B. pseudomallei infection in lung epithelial cells. Mechanistically, we further revealed that nuclear receptor NR1D2 might be involved in the suppression of PNPLA2 after cell exposure to B. pseudomallei. Taken together, our findings unraveled an evolutionary strategy, by which B. pseudomallei interferes with the host lipid metabolism, to block autophagy-dependent suppression of infection. This study proposes potential targets for clinical therapy of melioidosis.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG7: autophagy related 7; B. pseudomallei: Burkholderia pseudomallei; CFU: colony-forming unit; DG: diglyceride; FASN: fatty acid synthase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LD: lipid droplet; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MG: monoglyceride; MOI: multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; NR1D2: nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 2; p.i., post-infection; PLIN2/ADRP: perilipin 2; PNPLA2/ATGL: patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2; Rapa: rapamycin; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; shRNA: short hairpin RNA; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TG: triglyceride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Tang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chenglong Rao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangao Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of General Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangang Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chan Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jingmin Yan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yupei Xia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Yue
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuhu Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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30
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Burkholderia pseudomallei pathogenesis and survival in different niches. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:569-579. [PMID: 32167134 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease of the tropics with high clinical mortality rates. To date, no vaccines are approved for melioidosis and current treatment relies on antibiotics. Conversely, common misdiagnosis and high pathogenicity of Bp hamper efforts to fight melioidosis. This bacterium can be isolated from a wide range of niches such as waterlogged fields, stagnant water bodies, salt water bodies and from human and animal clinical specimens. Although extensive studies have been undertaken to elucidate pathogenesis mechanisms of Bp, little is known about how a harmless soil bacterium adapts to different environmental conditions, in particular, the shift to a human host to become a highly virulent pathogen. The bacterium has a large genome encoding an armory of factors that assist the pathogen in surviving under stressful conditions and assuming its role as a deadly intracellular pathogen. This review presents an overview of what is currently known about how the pathogen adapts to different environments. With in-depth understanding of Bp adaptation and survival, more effective therapies for melioidosis can be developed by targeting related genes or proteins that play a major role in the bacteria's survival.
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31
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Abstract
The causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a tier 1 select agent, is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with increased incidence associated with high levels of rainfall. Increasing reports of this condition have occurred worldwide, with estimates of up to 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths per year. The ecological niche of the organism has yet to be clearly defined, although the organism is associated with soil and water. The culture of appropriate clinical material remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Identification is best done by phenotypic methods, although mass spectrometric methods have been described. Serology has a limited diagnostic role. Direct molecular and antigen detection methods have limited availability and sensitivity. Clinical presentations of melioidosis range from acute bacteremic pneumonia to disseminated visceral abscesses and localized infections. Transmission is by direct inoculation, inhalation, or ingestion. Risk factors for melioidosis include male sex, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, and immunosuppression. The organism is well adapted to intracellular survival, with numerous virulence mechanisms. Immunity likely requires innate and adaptive responses. The principles of management of this condition are drainage and debridement of infected material and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Global mortality rates vary between 9% and 70%. Research into vaccine development is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gassiep
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Armstrong
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Norton
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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32
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Amemiya K, Dankmeyer JL, Bearss JJ, Zeng X, Stonier SW, Soffler C, Cote CK, Welkos SL, Fetterer DP, Chance TB, Trevino SR, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Dysregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ expression is a common host immune response in a chronically infected mouse model of melioidosis when comparing multiple human strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:5. [PMID: 32013893 PMCID: PMC6998218 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and is caused by the Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. Diagnosis of melioidosis is often difficult because of the protean clinical presentation of the disease, and it may mimic other diseases, such as tuberculosis. There are many different strains of B. pseudomallei that have been isolated from patients with melioidosis, but it was not clear if they could cause a similar disease in a chronic BALB/c murine model of melioidosis. Hence, we wanted to examine chronically infected mice exposed to different strains of B. pseudomallei to determine if there were differences in the host immune response to the pathogen. RESULTS We identified common host immune responses exhibited in chronically infected BALB/c mice, although there was some heterogeneity in the host response in chronically infected mice after exposure to different strains of B. pseudomallei. They all displayed pyogranulomatous lesions in their spleens with a large influx of monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils identified by flow cytometry. Sera from chronically infected mice by ELISA exhibited elevated IgG titers to the pathogen, and we detected by Luminex micro-bead array technology a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, KC, and MIG. By immunohistochemical and in situ RNA hybridization analysis we found that the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) was confined primarily to the area with the pathogen within pyogranulomatous lesions. We also found that cultured splenocytes from chronically infected mice could express IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1α ex vivo without the need for additional exogenous stimulation. In addition by flow cytometry, we detected significant amounts of intracellular expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ without a protein transport blocker in monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils but not in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in splenocytes from chronically infected mice. CONCLUSION Taken together the common features we have identified in chronically infected mice when 10 different human clinical strains of B. pseudomallei were examined could serve as biomarkers when evaluating potential therapeutic agents in mice for the treatment of chronic melioidosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susan L Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia R Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase ppiB Is Essential for Proteome Homeostasis and Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00528-19. [PMID: 31331957 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Mortality rates in these areas are high even with antimicrobial treatment, and there are few options for effective therapy. Therefore, there is a need to identify antibacterial targets for the development of novel treatments. Cyclophilins are a family of highly conserved enzymes important in multiple cellular processes. Cyclophilins catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of xaa-proline bonds, a rate-limiting step in protein folding which has been shown to be important for bacterial virulence. B. pseudomallei carries a putative cyclophilin B gene, ppiB, the role of which was investigated. A B. pseudomallei ΔppiB (BpsΔppiB) mutant strain demonstrates impaired biofilm formation and reduced motility. Macrophage invasion and survival assays showed that although the BpsΔppiB strain retained the ability to infect macrophages, it had reduced survival and lacked the ability to spread cell to cell, indicating ppiB is essential for B. pseudomallei virulence. This is reflected in the BALB/c mouse infection model, demonstrating the requirement of ppiB for in vivo disease dissemination and progression. Proteomic analysis demonstrates that the loss of PpiB leads to pleiotropic effects, supporting the role of PpiB in maintaining proteome homeostasis. The loss of PpiB leads to decreased abundance of multiple virulence determinants, including flagellar machinery and alterations in type VI secretion system proteins. In addition, the loss of ppiB leads to increased sensitivity toward multiple antibiotics, including meropenem and doxycycline, highlighting ppiB inhibition as a promising antivirulence target to both treat B. pseudomallei infections and increase antibiotic efficacy.
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Hu W, Chan H, Lu L, Wong KT, Wong SH, Li MX, Xiao ZG, Cho CH, Gin T, Chan MTV, Wu WKK, Zhang L. Autophagy in intracellular bacterial infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:41-50. [PMID: 31408699 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation process enclosing the bulk of cytosolic components for lysosomal degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidences showed that a specialized form of autophagy, known as xenophagy, could serve as an innate immune response to defend against pathogens invading inside the host cells. Correspondingly, infectious pathogens have developed a variety of strategies to disarm xenophagy, leading to a prolonged and persistent intracellular colonization. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge about the general mechanisms of intracellular bacterial infections and xenophagy. We then focus on the ongoing battle between these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Chan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lan Lu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kam Tak Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming X Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhan G Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chi H Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Ross BN, Micheva-Viteva S, Hong-Geller E, Torres AG. Evaluating the role of Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 toxins BPSS0390, BPSS0395, and BPSS1584 in persistent infection. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13096. [PMID: 31400259 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease with a mortality rate of up to 40% even with treatment. Despite the ability of certain antibiotics to control initial infection, relapse occurs in treated patients. The inability of antibiotics to clear this bacterial infection is in part due to persistence, an evasion mechanism against antibiotics and the effect of host defenses. Evaluation of antibiotic efficacy against B. pseudomallei revealed that up to 48% of in vitro grown populations can survive in a persister state. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been previously implicated in modulating bacterial persistence. We generated three isogenic TA mutants and found that loss of each toxin gene did not alter antibiotic persistence or macrophage survival. In response to macrophage-induced persistence, all three toxin mutants demonstrated increased intracellular susceptibility to levofloxacin which in part was due to the inability of the mutants to induce persistence after nitric oxide or nutrient starvation. In an inhalational model of murine melioidosis, both ΔBPSS0395 and ΔBPSS1584 strains were attenuated, and treatment with levofloxacin led to significant reduction in lung colonisation and reduced splenic colonisation by ΔBPSS0395. Based on our findings, these toxins deserve additional evaluation as putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | | | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Khan MM, Chattagul S, Tran BQ, Freiberg JA, Nita-Lazar A, Shirtliff ME, Sermswan RW, Ernst RK, Goodlett DR. Temporal proteomic profiling reveals changes that support Burkholderia biofilms. Pathog Dis 2019; 77:ftz005. [PMID: 30759239 PMCID: PMC6482045 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis associated with opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei imparts a huge medical burden in Southeast Asia and Australia. At present there is no available human vaccine that protects against B. pseudomallei infection and antibiotic treatments are limited particularly for drug-resistant strains and bacteria in biofilm forms. Biofilm forming bacteria exhibit phenotypic features drastically different to their planktonic states, often exhibiting a diminished response to antimicrobial therapies. Our earlier work on global profiling of bacterial biofilms using transcriptomics and proteomics revealed transcript-decoupled protein abundance in bacterial biofilms. Here we employed reverse phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to deduce temporal proteomic differences in planktonic and biofilm forms of Burkholderia thailandensis, which is weakly surrogate model of pathogenic B. pseudomallei as sharing a key element in genomic similarity. The proteomic analysis of B. thailandensis in biofilm versus planktonic states revealed that proteome changes support biofilm survival through decreased abundance of metabolic proteins while increased abundance of stress-related proteins. Interestingly, the protein abundance including for the transcription protein TEX, outer periplasmic TolB protein, and the exopolyphosphatase reveal adaption in bacterial biofilms that facilitate antibiotic tolerance through a non-specific mechanism. The present proteomics study of B. thailandensis biofilms provides a global snapshot of protein abundance differences and antimicrobial sensitivities in planktonic and sessile bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd M Khan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Supaksorn Chattagul
- Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Bao Q Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Freiberg
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rasana W Sermswan
- Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Exploitation of the bilosome platform technology to formulate antibiotics and enhance efficacy of melioidosis treatments. J Control Release 2019; 298:202-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lennings J, West TE, Schwarz S. The Burkholderia Type VI Secretion System 5: Composition, Regulation and Role in Virulence. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3339. [PMID: 30687298 PMCID: PMC6335564 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil saprophyte and Tier I select agent Burkholderia pseudomallei can cause rapidly fatal infections in humans and animals. The capability of switching to an intracellular life cycle during infection appears to be a decisive trait of B. pseudomallei for causing disease. B. pseudomallei harbors multiple type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) orthologs of which are present in the surrogate organism Burkholderia thailandensis. Upon host cell entry and vacuolar escape into the cytoplasm, B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis manipulate host cells by utilizing the T6SS-5 (also termed T6SS1) to form multinucleated giant cells for intercellular spread. Disruption of the T6SS-5 in B. thailandensis causes a drastic attenuation of virulence in wildtype but not in mice lacking the central innate immune adapter protein MyD88. This result suggests that the T6SS-5 is deployed by the bacteria to overcome innate immune responses. However, important questions in this field remain unsolved including the mechanism underlying T6SS-5 activity and its physiological role during infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the components and regulation of the T6SS-5 as well as its role in virulence in mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lennings
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sandra Schwarz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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A mouse model of binge alcohol consumption and Burkholderia infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208061. [PMID: 30485380 PMCID: PMC6261616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking, an increasingly common form of alcohol consumption, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; yet, its effects on the immune system's ability to defend against infectious agents are poorly understood. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis can occur in healthy humans, yet binge alcohol use is progressively being recognized as a major risk factor. Although our previous studies demonstrated that binge alcohol exposure results in reduced alveolar macrophage function and increased Burkholderia virulence in vitro, no experimental studies have investigated the outcomes of binge alcohol on Burkholderia spp. infection in vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we used the close genetic relatives of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis E264 and B. vietnamiensis, as useful BSL-2 model systems. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were administered alcohol comparable to human binge drinking episodes (4.4 g/kg) or PBS intraperitoneally 30 min before a non-lethal intranasal infection. In an initial B. thailandensis infection (3 x 105), bacteria accumulated in the lungs and disseminated to the spleen in alcohol administered mice only, compared with PBS treated mice at 24 h PI. The greatest bacterial load occurred with B. vietnamiensis (1 x 106) in lungs, spleen, and brain tissue by 72 h PI. Pulmonary cytokine expression (TNF-α, GM-CSF) decreased, while splenic cytokine (IL-10) increased in binge drunk mice. Increased lung and brain permeability was observed as early as 2 h post alcohol administration in vivo. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly decreased, while intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells increased with 0.2% v/v alcohol exposure in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a single binge alcohol dose suppressed innate immune functions and increased the ability of less virulent Burkholderia strains to disseminate through increased barrier permeability and intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells.
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Krakauer T. Living dangerously: Burkholderia pseudomallei modulates phagocyte cell death to survive. Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:64-69. [PMID: 30396496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a major cause of sepsis and mortality in endemic regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. As a facultative intracellular pathogen, B. pseudomallei produces virulence factors to evade innate host response and survive within host cells. Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that play critical roles in host defense against pathogens by their ability to detect and eliminate microbes. Host defense processes against B. pseudomallei including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, autophagy, apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokine release are all initiated by these two phagocytes in the fight against this bacterium. In vitro studies with mouse macrophage cell lines revealed multiple evasion strategies used by B. pseudomallei to counteract these innate processes. B. pseudomallei invades and replicates in neutrophils but little is known regarding its evasion mechanisms. The bidirectional interaction of neutrophils and macrophages in controlling B. pseudomallei infection has also been overlooked. Here the hypothesis that B. pseudomallei hijacks neutrophils and uses them to transport and infect new phagocytes is proposed as an evasion strategy to survive and persist in host phagocytes. This two-pronged approach by B. pseudomallei to replicate in two different types of phagocytes and to modulate their cell death modes is effective in promoting persistence and survival of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, United States.
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Rossi E, Paroni M, Landini P. Biofilm and motility in response to environmental and host-related signals in Gram negative opportunistic pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1587-1602. [PMID: 30153375 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most bacteria can switch between a planktonic, sometimes motile, form and a biofilm mode, in which bacterial cells can aggregate and attach to a solid surface. The transition between these two forms represents an example of bacterial adaptation to environmental signals and stresses. In 'environmental pathogens', namely, environmental bacteria that are also able to cause disease in animals and humans, signals associated either with the host or with the external environment, such as temperature, oxygen availability, nutrient concentrations etc., play a major role in triggering the switch between the motile and the biofilm mode, via complex regulatory mechanisms that control flagellar synthesis and motility, and production of adhesion factors. In this review article, we present examples of how environmental signals can impact biofilm formation and cell motility in the Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and in the Burkholderia genus, and how the switch between motile and biofilm mode can be an essential part of a more general process of adaptation either to the host or to the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rossi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, København, Denmark
| | - M Paroni
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - P Landini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Vigliani MB, Cunha CB. Multiple recurrent abscesses in a patient with undiagnosed IL-12 deficiency and infection by Burkholderia gladioli. IDCases 2018; 12:80-83. [PMID: 29942756 PMCID: PMC6010958 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the occurrence of two severe illnesses experienced by one patient over a 19 year period of time. Both illnesses were characterized by severe inflammation and tissue destruction. Signs and symptoms of the first illness were characteristic of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). The second illness mimicked scrofula. During the second illness the patient was discovered to have a rare immunodeficiency due to auto-antibodies to Interleukin (IL)-12 and infection by Burkholderia gladioli, a plant pathogen usually harmless in humans. We were able to retrieve biopsies from the first illness to establish that B. gladioli was already present during the original presentation. That first illness lasted 5 year s, but she survived without the correct pathogen ever being identified, and without a diagnosis of immunodeficiency. After a remission of 10 year s, she experienced her second illness. The responses to treatment before and after the correct diagnoses were established provide us with an excellent opportunity to consider and discuss how disease expression reflects complex relationships between host defenses and microbial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite B Vigliani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence RI, USA.,Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cheston B Cunha
- Division of Infectious Disease, Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium and the aetiological agent of melioidosis, a life-threatening infection that is estimated to account for ∼89,000 deaths per year worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for melioidosis, and the global diabetes pandemic could increase the number of fatalities caused by melioidosis. Melioidosis is endemic across tropical areas, especially in southeast Asia and northern Australia. Disease manifestations can range from acute septicaemia to chronic infection, as the facultative intracellular lifestyle and virulence factors of B. pseudomallei promote survival and persistence of the pathogen within a broad range of cells, and the bacteria can manipulate the host's immune responses and signalling pathways to escape surveillance. The majority of patients present with sepsis, but specific clinical presentations and their severity vary depending on the route of bacterial entry (skin penetration, inhalation or ingestion), host immune function and bacterial strain and load. Diagnosis is based on clinical and epidemiological features as well as bacterial culture. Treatment requires long-term intravenous and oral antibiotic courses. Delays in treatment due to difficulties in clinical recognition and laboratory diagnosis often lead to poor outcomes and mortality can exceed 40% in some regions. Research into B. pseudomallei is increasing, owing to the biothreat potential of this pathogen and increasing awareness of the disease and its burden; however, better diagnostic tests are needed to improve early confirmation of diagnosis, which would enable better therapeutic efficacy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Rm. G2-132, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harjeet S Virk
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David A B Dance
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Tropical Hygiene and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Abstract
Purpose of review Burkholderia mallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the highly contagious and often the fatal disease, glanders. With its high rate of infectivity via aerosol and recalcitrance toward antibiotics, this pathogen is considered a potential biological threat agent. This review focuses on the most recent literature highlighting host innate immune response to B. mallei. Recent findings Recent studies focused on elucidating host innate immune responses to the novel mechanisms and virulence factors employed by B. mallei for survival. Studies suggest that pathogen proteins manipulate various cellular processes, including host ubiquitination pathways, phagosomal escape, and actin–cytoskeleton rearrangement. Immune-signaling molecules such as Toll-like receptors, nucleotode-binding oligomerization domain, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, and proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-α, play key roles in the induction of innate immune responses. Modifications in B. mallei lipopolysaccharide, in particular, the lipid A acyl groups, stimulate immune responses via Toll-like receptor4 activation that may contribute to persistent infection. Summary Mortality is high because of septicemia and immune pathogenesis with B. mallei exposure. An effective innate immune response is critical to controlling the acute phase of the infection. Both vaccination and therapeutic approaches are necessary for complete protection against B. mallei.
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Vadivelu J. Host-Adaptation of Burkholderia pseudomallei Alters Metabolism and Virulence: a Global Proteome Analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9015. [PMID: 28827633 PMCID: PMC5567125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the evolution, adaptation and pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei within host during acute melioidosis infection. Melioidosis is a potential life threatening disease contracted through inhalation, ingestion, inoculation or direct entry of the organism into the blood stream via wounds or skin abrasions from contaminated soil and water. Environmental B. pseudomallei strain (BpMARAN), isolated during a melioidosis outbreak in Pahang, Malaysia was injected intra-peritoneally into a mouse and passaged strain was recovered from spleen (Bpmouse-adapted). A gel-based comparative proteomics profiling approach was used, to map and identify differentially expressed proteins (fold-change ≥ 2; p-value ≤ 0.05) between the strains. A total of 730 and 685 spots were visualised in the BpMARAN and Bpmouse-adapted strains, respectively. Of the 730 spots (BpMARAN as reference gel), 87 spots were differentially regulated (44 up- and 43 down-regulated). The identified proteins were classified as proteins related to metabolism, stress response, virulence, signal transduction, or adhesion. In comparison, it was found that those proteins related to adhesins, virulence factors and stress- response were up-regulated and could possibly explain the adaptation of the bacteria in the host. Investigating the differentially expressed proteins may provide better perspective of bacterial factors which aid survivability of B. pseudomallei in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Pumirat P, Vanaporn M, Boonyuen U, Indrawattana N, Rungruengkitkun A, Chantratita N. Effects of sodium chloride on heat resistance, oxidative susceptibility, motility, biofilm and plaque formation of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Microbiologyopen 2017. [PMID: 28643413 PMCID: PMC5552950 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental saprophyte and the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease prevalent in tropical areas, including southeast Asia and northern Australia. In Thailand, the highest incidence of melioidosis is in the northeast region, where saline soil and water are abundant. We hypothesized that B. pseudomallei develops an ability to thrive in saline conditions and gains a selective ecological advantage over other soil-dwelling microorganisms. However, little is known about how an elevated NaCl concentration affects survival and adaptive changes in this pathogen. In this study, we examined the adaptive changes in six isolates of B. pseudomallei after growth in Luria-Bertani medium containing different concentrations of NaCl at 37°C for 6 hr. The bacteria were then investigated for resistance to heat at 50°C and killing by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). In addition, flagellar production, biofilm formation, and the plaque formation efficiency of B. pseudomallei after culture in saline conditions were observed. In response to exposure to 150 and 300 mmol L-1 NaCl, all B. pseudomallei isolates showed significantly increased thermal tolerance, oxidative resistance, and plaque-forming efficiency. However, NaCl exposure notably decreased the number of B. pseudomallei flagella. Taken together, these results provide insight into the adaptations of B. pseudomallei that might be crucial for survival and persistence in the host and/or endemic environments with high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Muthita Vanaporn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amporn Rungruengkitkun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pumpuang A, Dunachie SJ, Phokrai P, Jenjaroen K, Sintiprungrat K, Boonsilp S, Brett PJ, Burtnick MN, Chantratita N. Comparison of O-polysaccharide and hemolysin co-regulated protein as target antigens for serodiagnosis of melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005499. [PMID: 28358816 PMCID: PMC5395236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis is a severe disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Clinical manifestations are diverse and acute infections require immediate treatment with effective antibiotics. While culture is the current diagnostic standard, it is time-consuming and has low sensitivity. In endemic areas, inaccessibility to biosafety level 3 facilities and a lack of good serodiagnostic tools can impede diagnosis and disease surveillance. Recent studies have suggested that O-polysaccharide (OPS) and hemolysin co-regulated protein 1 (Hcp1) are promising target antigens for serodiagnosis of melioidosis. Methodology/Principle findings We evaluated rapid ELISAs using crude antigens, purified OPS and Hcp1 to measure antibody levels in three sets of sera: (i) 419 serum samples from melioidosis patients, Thai and U.S. healthy donors, (ii) 120 serum samples from patients with other bacterial infections, and (iii) 423 serum samples from 200 melioidosis patients obtained upon admission and at 12 and 52 weeks post-recovery. We observed significantly higher antibody levels using the crude antigen prepared from wild type B. pseudomallei K96243 compared to that of an OPS-mutant. The areas under receiver operator characteristics (AUROCCs) for diagnosis were compared for individual Hcp1-ELISA or OPS-ELISA or combined Hcp1/OPS-ELISA. For Thai donors, AUROCCs were highest and comparable between the Hcp1-ELISA and the combined Hcp1/OPS-ELISA (0.95 versus 0.94). For U.S. donors, the AUROCC was highest for the combined Hcp1/OPS-ELISA (0.96). Significantly higher seropositivity was observed in diabetic patients compared to those without diabetes for both the Hcp1-ELISA (87.3% versus 69.7%) and OPS-ELISA (88.1% versus 60.6%). Although antibody levels for Hcp1 were highest upon admission, the titers declined by week 52 post-recovery. Conclusions/Significance Hcp1 and OPS are promising candidates for serodiagnosis of melioidosis in different groups of patients. The Hcp1-ELISA performed better than the OPS-ELISA in endemic areas, thus, Hcp1 represents a promising target antigen for the development of POC tests for acute melioidosis. Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a life-threatening infection endemic in tropical countries. Definitive diagnosis of melioidosis relies upon bacterial culture which requires suitable laboratory facilities and reliable antibody testing. To obtain an effective target antigen for use in a simple point-of-care (POC) test, rapid ELISAs using crude B. pseudomallei antigen preparations or purified O-polysaccharide (OPS) and hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp1) were compared using serum samples from three large collections obtained from melioidosis patients and patients with other bacterial infections. We detected high levels of antibodies to Hcp1 and OPS in serum from melioidosis patients upon admission and showed that anti-Hcp1 levels declined post-recovery. When serum samples from endemic areas were tested, the performance of the Hcp1-ELISA and combined Hcp1/OPS-ELISA were higher than the OPS-ELISA. When serum from non-endemic areas was tested, the combined Hcp1/OPS-ELISA gave the highest performance. Both the OPS- and Hcp1-based ELISAs were useful for detection of antibodies in various groups of patients including diabetics. Since anti-Hcp1 titers in melioidosis patient serum were higher than anti-OPS titers, Hcp1 is an attractive candidate for further development of a rapid POC test for use in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Pumpuang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Phornpun Phokrai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kemajittra Jenjaroen
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kitisak Sintiprungrat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriphan Boonsilp
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J. Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mary N. Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Bearss JJ, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Fritts KA, Klimko CP, Weaver CH, Shoe JL, Quirk AV, Toothman RG, Webster WM, Fetterer DP, Bozue JA, Worsham PL, Welkos SL, Amemiya K, Cote CK. Characterization of pathogenesis of and immune response to Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 using both inhalational and intraperitoneal infection models in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172627. [PMID: 28235018 PMCID: PMC5325312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a Gram negative bacterium designated as a Tier 1 threat. This bacterium is known to be endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. Inhalational melioidosis has been associated with monsoonal rains in endemic areas and is also a significant concern in the biodefense community. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by non-specific symptomology and also the high rate of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains. Well-characterized animal models will be essential when selecting novel medical countermeasures for evaluation prior to human clinical trials. Here, we further characterize differences between the responses of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice when challenged with low doses of a low-passage and well-defined stock of B. pseudomallei K96243 via either intraperitoneal or aerosol routes of exposure. Before challenge, mice were implanted with a transponder to collect body temperature readings, and daily body weights were also recorded. Mice were euthanized on select days for pathological analyses and determination of the bacterial burden in selected tissues (blood, lungs, liver, and spleen). Additionally, spleen homogenate and sera samples were analyzed to better characterize the host immune response after infection with aerosolized bacteria. These clinical, pathological, and immunological data highlighted and confirmed important similarities and differences between these murine models and exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Fritts
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris H. Weaver
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Avery V. Quirk
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Webster
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- BioStatisitics Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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50
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pH Alkalinization by Chloroquine Suppresses Pathogenic Burkholderia Type 6 Secretion System 1 and Multinucleated Giant Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00586-16. [PMID: 27799332 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00586-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively, in humans and animals. A hallmark of pathogenesis is the formation of granulomas containing multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) and cell death. These processes depend on type 6 secretion system 1 (T6SS-1), which is required for virulence in animals. We examined the cell biology of MNGC formation and cell death. We found that chloroquine diphosphate (CLQ), an antimalarial drug, inhibits Burkholderia growth, phagosomal escape, and subsequent MNGC formation. This depends on CLQ's ability to neutralize the acid pH because other alkalinizing compounds similarly inhibit escape and MNGC formation. CLQ inhibits bacterial virulence protein expression because T6SS-1 and some effectors of type 3 secretion system 3 (T3SS-3), which is also required for virulence, are expressed at acid pH. We show that acid pH upregulates the expression of Hcp1 of T6SS-1 and TssM, a protein coregulated with T6SS-1. Finally, we demonstrate that CLQ treatment of Burkholderia-infected Madagascar hissing cockroaches (HCs) increases their survival. This study highlights the multiple mechanisms by which CLQ inhibits growth and virulence and suggests that CLQ be further tested and considered, in conjunction with antibiotic use, for the treatment of diseases caused by Burkholderia.
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