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Ricketts OMA, Isaac SR, Lara RA, Mendela TS, Enzor LA, Silver AC. Elevated temperature and decreased salinity impacts on exogenous Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1388511. [PMID: 39027095 PMCID: PMC11257037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1388511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon emissions have resulted in drastic oceanic changes, including increased acidity, increased temperature, and decreased salinity. Anthropogenic carbon emissions have resulted in drastic oceanic changes, including increased acidity, increased temperature, and decreased salinity. Few studies have directly assessed the compounded impact of alterations to oceanic conditions on oyster physiology and the relation to the presence of V. parahaemolyticus. This project investigated the relationship between projected climate scenarios and their influence on both eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the aquatic bacteria, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Specifically, we examined whether an increase in water temperature and/or decrease in salinity would impair oyster resistance to V. parahaemolyticus, a human food and waterborne pathogen. Using a culture-dependent approach, our data revealed that the alterations in environmental conditions did not significantly impact the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus numbers within oyster hemolymph or tissues. However, we did observe a dramatic increase in the total amount of bacteria and pathogenic native Vibrio species, Vibrio aestuarianus and Vibrio harveyi. Despite detecting V. parahaemolyticus in most tissues at 7 days post-challenge, oysters were able to reduce bacterial levels below our limit of detection by 28 days of exposure. Furthermore, in our second experimental trial exploring single vs. multiple inoculation of bacteria, we observed that oysters were either able to reduce total bacterial levels to pre-treatment burdens (i.e., below our limit of detection) or die. This study demonstrates that the synergistic effects of elevated temperature and decreased salinity do not inhibit oysters from preventing the long-term colonization of exogenous V. parahaemolyticus. However, our data do show these environmental stressors impact oyster physiology and the native microbiota. This can lead to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens, which could have impacts on oyster population numbers and ecosystem and human health.
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Sun F, Wang C, Xu Z, Song X, Cui H, Wang Z, Ouyang Z, Fu X. Temporal variations of bacterial and eukaryotic community in coastal waters-implications for aquaculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:388. [PMID: 38900314 PMCID: PMC11189975 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite increased attention to the aquaculture environment, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the significance of water quality. To address this knowledge gap, this study utilized high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA to examine microbial communities (bacteria and eukaryotes) in coastal water over different months through long-term observations. The goal was to explore interaction patterns in the microbial community and identify potential pathogenic bacteria and red tide organisms. The results revealed significant differences in composition, diversity, and richness of bacterial and eukaryotic operational taxonomic units (OTUs) across various months. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) demonstrated distinct temporal variations in bacterial and eukaryotic communities, with significant differences (P = 0.001) among four groups: F (January-April), M (May), S (June-September), and T (October-December). Moreover, a strong association was observed between microbial communities and months, with most OTUs showing a distinct temporal preference. The Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05) indicated significant differences in dominant bacterial and eukaryotic taxa among months, with each group exhibiting unique dominant taxa, including potential pathogenic bacteria and red tide organisms. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring changes in potentially harmful microorganisms in aquaculture. Network analysis highlighted positive correlations between bacteria and eukaryotes, with bacteria playing a key role in network interactions. The key bacterial genera associated with other microorganisms varied significantly (P < 0.05) across different groups. In summary, this study deepens the understanding of aquaculture water quality and offers valuable insights for maintaining healthy aquaculture practices. KEY POINTS: • Bacterial and eukaryotic communities displayed distinct temporal variations. • Different months exhibited unique potential pathogenic bacteria and red tide organisms. • Bacteria are key taxonomic taxa involved in microbial network interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Sun
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
| | - Chunzhong Wang
- Putian Institute of Aquaculture Science of Fujian Province, Putian, China
| | - Zhantang Xu
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xingyu Song
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China
| | - Haiping Cui
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ouyang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China
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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Montagnani C, Dantan L, Nicolas NDS, Travers MA, Duperret L, Charrière GM, Toulza E, Mitta G, Cosseau C, Escoubas JM. Cross-talk and mutual shaping between the immune system and the microbiota during an oyster's life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230065. [PMID: 38497271 PMCID: PMC10945412 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas lives in microbe-rich marine coastal systems subjected to rapid environmental changes. It harbours a diversified and fluctuating microbiota that cohabits with immune cells expressing a diversified immune gene repertoire. In the early stages of oyster development, just after fertilization, the microbiota plays a key role in educating the immune system. Exposure to a rich microbial environment at the larval stage leads to an increase in immune competence throughout the life of the oyster, conferring a better protection against pathogenic infections at later juvenile/adult stages. This beneficial effect, which is intergenerational, is associated with epigenetic remodelling. At juvenile stages, the educated immune system participates in the control of the homeostasis. In particular, the microbiota is fine-tuned by oyster antimicrobial peptides acting through specific and synergistic effects. However, this balance is fragile, as illustrated by the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome, a disease causing mass mortalities in oysters worldwide. In this disease, the weakening of oyster immune defences by OsHV-1 µVar virus induces a dysbiosis leading to fatal sepsis. This review illustrates the continuous interaction between the highly diversified oyster immune system and its dynamic microbiota throughout its life, and the importance of this cross-talk for oyster health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Dantan
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Noémie de San Nicolas
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Léo Duperret
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M. Charrière
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Ifremer, IRD, ILM, Université de Polynésie Française, UMR EIO, Vairao 98179, French Polynesia
| | - Céline Cosseau
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
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Nuttall RA, Moisander PH. Vibrio cyclitrophicus population-specific biofilm formation and epibiotic growth on marine copepods. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2534-2548. [PMID: 37612139 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio spp. form a part of the microbiome of copepods-an abundant component of marine mesozooplankton. The biological mechanisms of the Vibrio-copepod association are largely unknown. In this study we compared biofilm formation of V. cyclitrophicus isolated from copepods (L-strains related to other particle-associated strains) and closely related strains originating from seawater (S-strains), and visualized and quantified their attachment and growth on copepods. The S- and L-strains formed similar biofilms in the presence of complete sea salts, suggesting previously unknown biofilm mechanisms in the S-strains. No biofilms formed if sodium chloride was present as the only salt but added calcium significantly enhanced biofilms in the L-strains. GFP-L-strain cells attached to live copepods at higher numbers than the S-strains, suggesting distinct mechanisms, potentially including calcium, support their colonization of copepods. The cells grew on live copepods after attachment, demonstrating that copepods sustain epibiotic V. cyclitrophicus growth in situ. The results demonstrate that in spite of their 99.1% average nucleotide identity, these V. cyclitrophicus strains have a differential capacity to colonize marine copepods. The introduced V. cyclitrophicus-A. tonsa model could be informative in future studies on Vibrio-copepod association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Nuttall
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pia H Moisander
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
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Oyanedel D, Lagorce A, Bruto M, Haffner P, Morot A, Labreuche Y, Dorant Y, de La Forest Divonne S, Delavat F, Inguimbert N, Montagnani C, Morga B, Toulza E, Chaparro C, Escoubas JM, Gueguen Y, Vidal-Dupiol J, de Lorgeril J, Petton B, Degremont L, Tourbiez D, Pimparé LL, Leroy M, Romatif O, Pouzadoux J, Mitta G, Le Roux F, Charrière GM, Travers MA, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Cooperation and cheating orchestrate Vibrio assemblages and polymicrobial synergy in oysters infected with OsHV-1 virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305195120. [PMID: 37751557 PMCID: PMC10556616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305195120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections threaten the health of humans and animals but remain understudied in natural systems. We recently described the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS), a polymicrobial disease affecting oyster production worldwide. In the French Atlantic coast, the disease involves coinfection with ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and virulent Vibrio. However, it is unknown whether consistent Vibrio populations are associated with POMS in different regions, how Vibrio contribute to POMS, and how they interact with OsHV-1 during pathogenesis. By connecting field-based approaches in a Mediterranean ecosystem, laboratory infection assays and functional genomics, we uncovered a web of interdependencies that shape the structure and function of the POMS pathobiota. We show that Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio rotiferianus are predominant in OsHV-1-diseased oysters and that OsHV-1 drives the partition of the Vibrio community observed in the field. However only V. harveyi synergizes with OsHV-1 by promoting mutual growth and accelerating oyster death. V. harveyi shows high-virulence potential and dampens oyster cellular defenses through a type 3 secretion system, making oysters a more favorable niche for microbe colonization. In addition, V. harveyi produces a key siderophore called vibrioferrin. This important resource promotes the growth of V. rotiferianus, which cooccurs with V. harveyi in diseased oysters, and behaves as a cheater by benefiting from V. harveyi metabolite sharing. Our data show that cooperative behaviors contribute to synergy between bacterial and viral coinfecting partners. Additional cheating behaviors further shape the polymicrobial consortium. Controlling cooperative behaviors or countering their effects opens avenues for mitigating polymicrobial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oyanedel
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Arnaud Lagorce
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Maxime Bruto
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, PlouzanéF-29280, France
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, RoscoffF-29680, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Amandine Morot
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Ifremer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin (LEMAR), Plouzané,F-29280, France
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LorientF-56100, France
| | - Yannick Labreuche
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, PlouzanéF-29280, France
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, RoscoffF-29680, France
| | - Yann Dorant
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Sébastien de La Forest Divonne
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - François Delavat
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Unité en Sciences Biologiques et Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR6286, Nantes,F-44000, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- Centre de Recherches Insulaires et OBservatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE), UAR3278, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, PerpignanF-66860, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés Marins (ASIM), La TrembladeF-17390, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
- MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC) Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, SèteF-34200, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie,F-98800, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, PlouzanéF-29280, France
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Ifremer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin (LEMAR), Plouzané,F-29280, France
| | - Lionel Degremont
- Ifremer, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés Marins (ASIM), La TrembladeF-17390, France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Ifremer, Adaptation Santé des invertébrés Marins (ASIM), La TrembladeF-17390, France
| | - Léa-Lou Pimparé
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Marc Leroy
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Océane Romatif
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Juliette Pouzadoux
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
- Ifremer, Université de Polynésie Française, IRD, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO), VairaoF-98719, Polynésie Française
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, PlouzanéF-29280, France
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, RoscoffF-29680, France
| | - Guillaume M. Charrière
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements (IHPE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, MontpellierF-34090, France
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Jeong G, Kim HJ, Kim KE, Kim YJ, Lee TK, Shim WJ, Jung SW. Selective attachment of prokaryotes and emergence of potentially pathogenic prokaryotes on four plastic surfaces: Adhesion study in a natural marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115149. [PMID: 37336046 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This study employed 16S rRNA metabarcoding to establish the diversity of prokaryotic communities and specific characteristics of potentially pathogenic prokaryotic primary colonizers of four plastic materials (EPS, expanded polystyrene; PE, polyethylene; PP, polypropylene; and PET, polyethylene terephthalate). Bacteria inhabiting plastic and seawater differ; thus, distinct changes in the attached prokaryotic community were observed over an exposure time of 21 days, specifically on Days 3, 6, 9, and 12-21. Frist colonizers were Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria; Bacilli and Clostridia represented secondary colonizers. On Day 3, Pseudoalteromonas had a relative abundance >80 %; whereas, the prevalence of Vibrio spp. (potentially pathogenic prokaryotes) increased rapidly on Days 6 and 9. However, after Day 12, the prevalence of other potential pathogens, namely, Clostridium spp., steadily increased. Despite the diversity of the plastic surfaces, attached prokaryotes changed over time instead of showing similar adherent diversity in all plastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeul Jeong
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Eun Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Risk Assessment Research Centre, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Risk Assessment Research Centre, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Jung
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Oyanedel D, Rojas R, Brokordt K, Schmitt P. Crassostrea gigas oysters from a non-intensive farming area naturally harbor potentially pathogenic vibrio strains. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107856. [PMID: 36414122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Farming intensification and climate change are inevitably linked to pathogen emergence in aquaculture. In this context, infectious diseases associated with vibrios span all developmental stages of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Moreover, virulence factors associated with pathogenicity spread among the vibrio community through horizontal gene transfer as part of the natural eco-evolutive dynamic of this group. Therefore, risk factors associated with the emergence of pathogens should be assessed before the appearance of mass mortalities in developing rearing areas. In this context, we characterized the vibrios community associated with oysters cultured in a non-intensive area free of massive mortalities located at Tongoy bay, Chile, through a culture-dependent approach. We taxonomically affiliated our isolates at the species level through the partial sequencing of the heat shock protein 60 gene and estimated their virulence potential through experimental infection of juvenile C. gigas. The vibrio community belonged almost entirely to the Splendidus clade, with Vibrio lentus being the most abundant species. The virulence potential of selected isolates was highly contrasted with oyster survival ranging between 100 and 30 %. Moreover, different vibrio species affected oyster survival at different rates, for instance V. splendidus TO2_12 produced most mortalities just 24 h after injection, while the V. lentus the most virulent strain TO6_11 produced sustained mortalities reaching 30 % of survival at day 4 after injection. Production of enzymes associated with pathogenicity was detected and hemolytic activity was positive for 50 % of the virulent strains and negative for 90 % of non-virulent strains, representing the phenotype that better relates to the virulence status of strains. Overall, results highlight that virulence is a trait present in the absence of disease expression, and therefore the monitoring of potentially pathogenic groups such as vibrios is essential to anticipate and manage oyster disease emergence in both established and under-development rearing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oyanedel
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola (AquaPacífico), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; Centro de Estudios avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola (AquaPacífico), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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8
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Delisle L, Laroche O, Hilton Z, Burguin JF, Rolton A, Berry J, Pochon X, Boudry P, Vignier J. Understanding the Dynamic of POMS Infection and the Role of Microbiota Composition in the Survival of Pacific Oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0195922. [PMID: 36314927 PMCID: PMC9769987 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01959-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a decade, Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), a polymicrobial disease, induced recurring episodes of massive mortality affecting Crassostrea gigas oysters worldwide. Recent studies evidenced a combined infection of the ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 μVar) and opportunistic bacteria in affected oysters. However, the role of the oyster microbiota in POMS is not fully understood. While some bacteria can protect hosts from infection, even minor changes to the microbial communities may also facilitate infection and worsen disease severity. Using a laboratory-based experimental infection model, we challenged juveniles from 10 biparental oyster families with previously established contrasted genetically based ability to survive POMS in the field. Combining molecular analyses and 16S rRNA gene sequencing with histopathological observations, we described the temporal kinetics of POMS and characterized the changes in microbiota during infection. By associating the microbiota composition with oyster mortality rate, viral load, and viral gene expression, we were able to identify both potentially harmful and beneficial bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We also observed a delay in viral infection resulting in a later onset of mortality in oysters compared to previous observations and a lack of evidence of fatal dysbiosis in infected oysters. Overall, these results provide new insights into how the oyster microbiome may influence POMS disease outcomes and open new perspectives on the use of microbiome composition as a complementary screening tool to determine shellfish health and potentially predict oyster vulnerability to POMS. IMPORTANCE For more than a decade, Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) has severely impacted the Crassostrea gigas aquaculture industry, at times killing up to 100% of young farmed Pacific oysters, a key commercial species that is cultivated globally. These disease outbreaks have caused major financial losses for the oyster aquaculture industry. Selective breeding has improved disease resistance in oysters, but some levels of mortality persist, and additional knowledge of the disease progression and pathogenicity is needed to develop complementary mitigation strategies. In this holistic study, we identified some potentially harmful and beneficial bacteria that can influence the outcome of the disease. These results will contribute to advance disease management and aquaculture practices by improving our understanding of the mechanisms behind genetic resistance to POMS and assisting in predicting oyster vulnerability to POMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, Ifremer, ZI de la pointe du diable, Plouzané, France
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9
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Worden PJ, Bogema DR, Micallef ML, Go J, Deutscher AT, Labbate M, Green TJ, King WL, Liu M, Seymour JR, Jenkins C. Phylogenomic diversity of Vibrio species and other Gammaproteobacteria isolated from Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) during a summer mortality outbreak. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000883. [PMID: 36748707 PMCID: PMC9837568 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (PO), Crassostrea gigas, is an important commercial marine species but periodically experiences large stock losses due to disease events known as summer mortality. Summer mortality has been linked to environmental perturbations and numerous viral and bacterial agents, indicating this disease is multifactorial in nature. In 2013 and 2014, several summer mortality events occurred within the Port Stephens estuary (NSW, Australia). Extensive culture and molecular-based investigations were undertaken and several potentially pathogenic Vibrio species were identified. To improve species identification and genomically characterise isolates obtained from this outbreak, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and subsequent genomic analyses were performed on 48 bacterial isolates, as well as a further nine isolates from other summer mortality studies using the same batch of juveniles. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) identified most isolates to the species level and included members of the Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella and Vibrio genera, with Vibrio species making up more than two-thirds of all species identified. Construction of a phylogenomic tree, ANI analysis, and pan-genome analysis of the 57 isolates represents the most comprehensive culture-based phylogenomic survey of Vibrios during a PO summer mortality event in Australian waters and revealed large genomic diversity in many of the identified species. Our analysis revealed limited and inconsistent associations between isolate species and their geographical origins, or host health status. Together with ANI and pan-genome results, these inconsistencies suggest that to determine the role that microbes may have in Pacific oyster summer mortality events, isolate identification must be at the taxonomic level of strain. Our WGS data (specifically, the accessory genomes) differentiated bacterial strains, and coupled with associated metadata, highlight the possibility of predicting a strain's environmental niche and level of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Worden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Daniel R. Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Melinda L. Micallef
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Jeffrey Go
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Ania T. Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia,, Canada
| | - William L. King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MIcrobiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael Liu
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Building 4, 745 Harris Street, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Justin R. Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW 2568,*Correspondence: Cheryl Jenkins,
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10
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De San Nicolas N, Asokan A, Rosa RD, Voisin SN, Travers MA, Rocha G, Dantan L, Dorant Y, Mitta G, Petton B, Charrière GM, Escoubas JM, Boulo V, Pouzadoux J, Meudal H, Loth K, Aucagne V, Delmas AF, Bulet P, Montagnani C, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Functional Diversification of Oyster Big Defensins Generates Antimicrobial Specificity and Synergy against Members of the Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:745. [PMID: 36547892 PMCID: PMC9786018 DOI: 10.3390/md20120745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Big defensins are two-domain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that have highly diversified in mollusks. Cg-BigDefs are expressed by immune cells in the oyster Crassostrea gigas, and their expression is dampened during the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS), which evolves toward fatal bacteremia. We evaluated whether Cg-BigDefs contribute to the control of oyster-associated microbial communities. Two Cg-BigDefs that are representative of molecular diversity within the peptide family, namely Cg-BigDef1 and Cg-BigDef5, were characterized by gene cloning and synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation. Synthetic peptides were tested for antibacterial activity against a collection of culturable bacteria belonging to the oyster microbiota, characterized by 16S sequencing and MALDI Biotyping. We first tested the potential of Cg-BigDefs to control the oyster microbiota by injecting synthetic Cg-BigDef1 into oyster tissues and analyzing microbiota dynamics over 24 h by 16S metabarcoding. Cg-BigDef1 induced a significant shift in oyster microbiota β-diversity after 6 h and 24 h, prompting us to investigate antimicrobial activities in vitro against members of the oyster microbiota. Both Cg-BigDef1 and Cg-BigDef5 were active at a high salt concentration (400 mM NaCl) and showed broad spectra of activity against bacteria associated with C. gigas pathologies. Antimicrobial specificity was observed for both molecules at an intra- and inter-genera level. Remarkably, antimicrobial spectra of Cg-BigDef1 and Cg-BigDef5 were complementary, and peptides acted synergistically. Overall, we found that primary sequence diversification of Cg-BigDefs has generated specificity and synergy and extended the spectrum of activity of this peptide family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie De San Nicolas
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Aromal Asokan
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR4301 CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Rafael D. Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Gustavo Rocha
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Luc Dantan
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Dorant
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Ifremer, IRD, ILM, Université de Polynésie Française, UMR EIO, Vairao 98179, French Polynesia
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29840 Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Guillaume M. Charrière
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Viviane Boulo
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Juliette Pouzadoux
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Meudal
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR4301 CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Karine Loth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR4301 CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
- UFR ST, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR4301 CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Agnès F. Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR4301 CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Philippe Bulet
- Plateforme BioPark d’Archamps, Archparc, 74160 Archamps, France
- CR UGA, IAB, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, 74160 La Tronche-Archamps, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
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11
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Li X, Yang B, Shi C, Wang H, Yu R, Li Q, Liu S. Synergistic Interaction of Low Salinity Stress With Vibrio Infection Causes Mass Mortalities in the Oyster by Inducing Host Microflora Imbalance and Immune Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859975. [PMID: 35663972 PMCID: PMC9162580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A sudden drop in salinity following extreme precipitation events usually causes mass mortality of oysters exposed to pathogens in ocean environment. While how low salinity stress interacts with pathogens to cause mass mortality remains obscure. In this study, we performed an experiment by low salinity stress and pathogen infection with Vibrio alginolyticus to investigate their synergistic effect on the mortality of the Pacific oyster toward understanding of the interaction among environment, host, and pathogen. We showed that low salinity stress did not significantly affect proliferation and virulence of V. alginolyticus, but significantly altered microbial composition and immune response of infected oysters. Microbial community profiling by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed disrupted homeostasis of digestive bacterial microbiota with the abundance of several pathogenic bacteria being increased, which may affect the pathogenesis in infected oysters. Transcriptome profiling of infected oysters revealed that a large number of genes associated with apoptosis and inflammation were significantly upregulated under low salinity, suggesting that low salinity stress may have triggered immune dysregulation in infected oysters. Our results suggest that host-pathogen interactions are strongly affected by low salinity stress, which is of great significance for assessing future environmental risk of pathogenic diseases, decoding the interaction among environment, host genetics and commensal microbes, and disease surveillance in the oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ben Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hebing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruihai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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12
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Fallet M, Montagnani C, Petton B, Dantan L, de Lorgeril J, Comarmond S, Chaparro C, Toulza E, Boitard S, Escoubas JM, Vergnes A, Le Grand J, Bulla I, Gueguen Y, Vidal-Dupiol J, Grunau C, Mitta G, Cosseau C. Early life microbial exposures shape the Crassostrea gigas immune system for lifelong and intergenerational disease protection. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:85. [PMID: 35659369 PMCID: PMC9167547 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of organisms with their surrounding microbial communities influences many biological processes, a notable example of which is the shaping of the immune system in early life. In the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, the role of the environmental microbial community on immune system maturation - and, importantly, protection from infectious disease - is still an open question. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that early life microbial exposure durably improves oyster survival when challenged with the pathogen causing Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), both in the exposed generation and in the subsequent one. Combining microbiota, transcriptomic, genetic, and epigenetic analyses, we show that the microbial exposure induced changes in epigenetic marks and a reprogramming of immune gene expression leading to long-term and intergenerational immune protection against POMS. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that this protection likely extends to additional pathogens and may prove to be an important new strategy for safeguarding oyster aquaculture efforts from infectious disease. tag the videobyte/videoabstract in this section Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Fallet
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, UBO CNRS IRD, LEMAR UMR 6539, Argenton, France
| | - Luc Dantan
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, F-98800, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Sébastien Comarmond
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Simon Boitard
- CBGP, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Ingo Bulla
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- MARBEC, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Sète, France
| | - Jérémie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Écosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Labex Corail, Centre Ifremer du Pacifique, BP 49, 98725, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Céline Cosseau
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
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13
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Delmotte J, Pelletier C, Morga B, Galinier R, Petton B, Lamy JB, Kaltz O, Avarre JC, Jacquot M, Montagnani C, Escoubas JM. Genetic diversity and connectivity of the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 populations in France: A first attempt to phylogeographic inference for a marine mollusc disease. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac039. [PMID: 35600094 PMCID: PMC9119428 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of viral populations is a key driver of the spatial and temporal diffusion of viruses; yet, studying the diversity of whole genomes from natural populations still remains a challenge. Phylodynamic approaches are commonly used for RNA viruses harboring small genomes but have only rarely been applied to DNA viruses with larger genomes. Here, we used the Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (a disease that affects oyster farms around the world) as a model to study the genetic diversity of its causative agent, the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in the three main French oyster-farming areas. Using ultra-deep sequencing on individual moribund oysters and an innovative combination of bioinformatics tools, we de novo assembled twenty-one OsHV-1 new genomes. Combining quantification of major and minor genetic variations, phylogenetic analysis, and ancestral state reconstruction of discrete traits approaches, we assessed the connectivity of OsHV-1 viral populations between the three oyster-farming areas. Our results suggest that the Marennes-Oléron Bay represents the main source of OsHV-1 diversity, from where the virus has dispersed to other farming areas, a scenario consistent with current practices of oyster transfers in France. We demonstrate that phylodynamic approaches can be applied to aquatic DNA viruses to determine how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape their diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Pelletier
- Ifremer, RBE-ASIM, Station La Tremblade, La Tremblade F-17390, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, RBE-ASIM, Station La Tremblade, La Tremblade F-17390, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Perpignan F-66000, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Argenton-en-Landunvez F-29840, France
| | | | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | | | - Maude Jacquot
- Ifremer, RBE-ASIM, Station La Tremblade, La Tremblade F-17390, France
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
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14
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Dugeny E, de Lorgeril J, Petton B, Toulza E, Gueguen Y, Pernet F. Seaweeds influence oyster microbiota and disease susceptibility. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:805-818. [PMID: 35137405 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing awareness of role that microbiota can play in mediating the effects of pathogens on hosts has given rise to the concept of the pathobiome. Recently, we demonstrated that the Pacific oyster mortality syndrome affecting Crassostrea gigas oysters is caused by infection with the Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) followed by infection with multiple bacterial taxa. Here we extend the concept of this pathobiome beyond the host species and its bacterial microbiota by investigating how seaweed living in association with oysters influences their response to the disease. We hypothesized that by their mere presence in the environment, different species of seaweeds can positively or negatively influence the risk of disease in oysters by shaping their bacterial microbiota and their immune response. Although seaweed and oysters do not have direct ecological interactions, they are connected by seawater and likely share microbes. To test our hypothesis, oysters were acclimated with green, brown or red algae for 2 weeks and then challenged with OsHV-1. We monitored host survival and pathogen proliferation and performed bacterial microbiota and transcriptome analyses. We found that seaweeds can alter the bacterial microbiota of the host and its response to the disease. More particularly, green algae belonging to the genus Ulva spp. induced bacterial microbiota dysbiosis in oyster and modification of its transcriptional immune response leading to increased susceptibility to the disease. This work provides a better understanding of a marine disease and highlights the importance of considering both macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions for conservation, management and exploitation of marine ecosystems and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyne Dugeny
- Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Université de Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
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15
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Li S, Young T, Archer S, Lee K, Sharma S, Alfaro AC. Mapping the Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna canaliculus) Microbiome: A Multi-Tissue Analysis of Bacterial and Fungal Diversity. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:76. [PMID: 35091849 PMCID: PMC8799583 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Poor health and mortality events of the commercially important and endemic New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) pose a threat to its industry. Despite the known importance of microbiomes to animal health and environmental resilience, the host-associated microbiome is unexplored in this species. We conducted the first baseline characterization of bacteria and fungi within key host tissues (gills, haemolymph, digestive gland, and stomach) using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and ITS1 region for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Tissue types displayed distinctive bacterial profiles, consistent among individuals, that were dominated by phyla which reflect (1) a fluid exchange between the circulatory system (gills and haemolymph) and surrounding aqueous environment and (2) a highly diverse digestive system (digestive gland and stomach) microbiota. Gammaproteobacteria and Campylobacterota were mostly identified in the gill tissue and haemolymph, and were also found in high abundance in seawater. Digestive gland and stomach tissues were dominated by common gut bacterial phyla, such as Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota, which reflects the selectivity of the digestive system and food-based influences. Other major notable taxa included the family Spirochaetaceae, and genera Endozoicomonas, Psychrilyobacter, Moritella and Poseidonibacter, which were highly variable among tissue types and samples. More than 50% of fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were unclassified beyond the phylum level, which reflects the lack of studies with marine fungi. However, the majority of those identified were assigned to the phylum Ascomycota. The findings from this work provide the first insight into healthy tissue microbiomes of P. canaliculus and is of central importance to understanding the effect of environmental changes on farmed mussels at the microbial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Li
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Archer
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Lee
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Shaneel Sharma
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag, 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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16
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Co-occurrence of pathogen assemblages in a keystone species the common cockle Cerastoderma edule on the Irish coast. Parasitology 2022; 148:1665-1679. [PMID: 35060462 PMCID: PMC8564771 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite coinfections being recognized as the rule in animal populations, most studies focus on single pathogen systems. Pathogen interaction networks and the drivers of such associations are lacking in disease ecology studies. Common cockle Cerastoderma edule populations are exposed to a great diversity of pathogens, thus making them a good model system to investigate. This study examined the diversity and prevalence of pathogens from different taxonomic levels in wild and fished C. edule on the Irish coast. Potential interactions were tested focussing on abiotic (seawater temperature and salinity) and biotic (cockle size and age, and epiflora on shells) factors. No Microsporidia nor OsHV-1μVar were detected. Single infections with Haplosporidia (37.7%) or Vibrio (25.3%) were more common than two-pathogen coinfected individuals (9.5%), which may more easily succumb to infection. Fished C. edule populations with high cockle densities were more exposed to infections. Higher temperature and presence of epiflora on cockle shells promoted coinfection in warmer months. Low seawater salinity, host condition and proximity to other infected host species influenced coinfection distribution. A positive association between two Minchinia spp. was observed, most likely due to their different pathogenic effect. Findings highlight the major influence that ecological factors have on pathogen interactions and host–pathogen interplay.
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17
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Vanhuysse C, Normand J, Lepoittevin M, Orvain F. Changes in benthic macrofauna in oyster parks during an OsHV-1 μVar oyster spat mortality outbreak. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112239. [PMID: 33744802 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In intertidal areas, oyster farming creates a crosshatching pattern between oyster tables and aisles. Tables provide a refuge from the current and solar irradiance and the oysters facilitate the accumulation of OM, thereby structuring the spatial organization of the associated macrozoobenthic community at mesoscale. The aim of this study was to describe the quality of the oyster table environment at small scale and the response of the macrozoobenthic community to OsHV-1 μvar oyster mortality. The species assemblage was dominated by Golfingia vulgaris, Tubificoides benedii, Capitella capitata and Scoloplos armiger. The table habitat appeared to be in a bad ecological state throughout the 2-month survey (May and June 2017), whereas in the aisle, eutrophication occurred lately and was clearly related to be due to the massive stranding of dead seaweed at the end of the survey (in early July). So, this disturbance of the species assemblage seemed to occur in two phases: 1) after oyster spat mortality and 2) after seaweed stranding resulted in a bad ecological status, as revealed by macrofaunal indicators. Large quantities of OsHV-1 DNA were also found in some species, including small crabs and amphipods, one week after the mortality crisis, but there is no apparent virus reservoir found in the benthic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Vanhuysse
- BOREA - Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, UPMC, UCN, CNRS-8207, IRD-207 UFR Sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix - CS, 14032 CAEN Cedex 5, France.
| | - Julien Normand
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14 520 Port en Bessin, France
| | - Mélanie Lepoittevin
- BOREA - Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, UPMC, UCN, CNRS-8207, IRD-207 UFR Sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix - CS, 14032 CAEN Cedex 5, France
| | - Francis Orvain
- BOREA - Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, UPMC, UCN, CNRS-8207, IRD-207 UFR Sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix - CS, 14032 CAEN Cedex 5, France.
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18
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Grupstra CGB, Rabbitt KM, Howe-Kerr LI, Correa AMS. Fish predation on corals promotes the dispersal of coral symbionts. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:25. [PMID: 33752761 PMCID: PMC7986512 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiomes of foundation (habitat-forming) species such as corals and sponges underpin the biodiversity, productivity, and stability of ecosystems. Consumers shape communities of foundation species through trophic interactions, but the role of consumers in dispersing the microbiomes of such species is rarely examined. For example, stony corals rely on a nutritional symbiosis with single-celled endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (family Symbiodiniaceae) to construct reefs. Most corals acquire Symbiodiniaceae from the environment, but the processes that make Symbiodiniaceae available for uptake are not resolved. Here, we provide the first comprehensive, reef-scale demonstration that predation by diverse coral-eating (corallivorous) fish species promotes the dispersal of Symbiodiniaceae, based on symbiont cell densities and community compositions from the feces of four obligate corallivores, three facultative corallivores, two grazer/detritivores as well as samples of reef sediment and water. RESULTS Obligate corallivore feces are environmental hotspots of Symbiodiniaceae cells: live symbiont cell concentrations in such feces are 5-7 orders of magnitude higher than sediment and water environmental reservoirs. Symbiodiniaceae community compositions in the feces of obligate corallivores are similar to those in two locally abundant coral genera (Pocillopora and Porites), but differ from Symbiodiniaceae communities in the feces of facultative corallivores and grazer/detritivores as well as sediment and water. Combining our data on live Symbiodiniaceae cell densities in feces with in situ observations of fish, we estimate that some obligate corallivorous fish species release over 100 million Symbiodiniaceae cells per 100 m2 of reef per day. Released corallivore feces came in direct contact with coral colonies in the fore reef zone following 91% of observed egestion events, providing a potential mechanism for the transfer of live Symbiodiniaceae cells among coral colonies. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings show that fish predation on corals may support the maintenance of coral cover on reefs in an unexpected way: through the dispersal of beneficial coral symbionts in corallivore feces. Few studies examine the processes that make symbionts available to foundation species, or how environmental reservoirs of such symbionts are replenished. This work sets the stage for parallel studies of consumer-mediated microbiome dispersal and assembly in other sessile, habitat-forming species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten G B Grupstra
- BioSciences at Rice, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-140, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Kristen M Rabbitt
- BioSciences at Rice, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-140, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lauren I Howe-Kerr
- BioSciences at Rice, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-140, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Adrienne M S Correa
- BioSciences at Rice, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS-140, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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19
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Richard M, Rolland JL, Gueguen Y, de Lorgeril J, Pouzadoux J, Mostajir B, Bec B, Mas S, Parin D, Le Gall P, Mortreux S, Fiandrino A, Lagarde F, Messiaen G, Fortune M, Roque d'Orbcastel E. In situ characterisation of pathogen dynamics during a Pacific oyster mortality syndrome episode. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 165:105251. [PMID: 33548594 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant mortality of Crassostrea gigas juveniles is observed systematically every year worldwide. Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) is caused by Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection leading to immune suppression, followed by bacteraemia caused by a consortium of opportunistic bacteria. Using an in-situ approach and pelagic chambers, our aim in this study was to identify pathogen dynamics in oyster flesh and in the water column during the course of a mortality episode in the Mediterranean Thau lagoon (France). OsHV-1 concentrations in oyster flesh increased before the first clinical symptoms of the disease appeared, reached maximum concentrations during the moribund phase and the mortality peak. The structure of the bacterial community associated with oyster flesh changed in favour of bacterial genera previously associated with oyster mortality including Vibrio, Arcobacter, Psychrobium, and Psychrilyobacter. During the oyster mortality episode, releases of OsHV-1 and opportunistic bacteria were observed, in succession, in the water surrounding the oyster lanterns. These releases may favour the spread of disease within oyster farms and potentially impact other marine species, thereby reducing marine biodiversity in shellfish farming areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Richard
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France.
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France; Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, F-98800 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | | | - Behzad Mostajir
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Bec
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Mas
- OSU-OREME, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, IRSTEA, Sète, France
| | - David Parin
- OSU-OREME, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, IRSTEA, Sète, France
| | - Patrik Le Gall
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Serge Mortreux
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | | | - Franck Lagarde
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
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20
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Moussa M, Cauvin E, Le Piouffle A, Lucas O, Bidault A, Paillard C, Benoit F, Thuillier B, Treilles M, Travers MA, Garcia C. A MALDI-TOF MS database for fast identification of Vibrio spp. potentially pathogenic to marine mollusks. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2527-2539. [PMID: 33590268 PMCID: PMC7954726 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In mollusk aquaculture, a large number of Vibrio species are considered major pathogens. Conventional methods based on DNA amplification and sequencing used to accurately identify Vibrio species are unsuitable for monitoring programs because they are time-consuming and expensive. The aim of this study was, therefore, to develop the MALDI-TOF MS method in order to establish a rapid identification technique for a large panel of Vibrio species. We created the EnviBase containing 120 main spectra projections (MSP) of the Vibrio species that are potentially responsible for mollusk diseases, comprising 25 species: V. aestuarianus, V. cortegadensis, V. tapetis and species belonging to the Coralliilyticus, Harveyi, Mediterranei, and Orientalis clades. Each MSP was constructed by the merger of raw spectra obtained from three different media and generated by three collaborating laboratories to increase the diversity of the conditions and thus obtain a good technique robustness. Perfect discrimination was obtained with all of the MSP created for the Vibrio species and even for very closely related species as V. europaeus and V. bivalvicida. The new EnviBase library was validated through a blind test on 100 Vibrio strains performed by our three collaborators who used the direct transfer and protein extraction methods. The majority of the Vibrio strains were successfully identified with the newly created EnviBase by the three laboratories for both protocol methods. This study documents the first development of a freely accessible database exclusively devoted to Vibrio found in marine environments, taking into account the high diversity of this genus. KEY POINTS: • Development of a MALDI-TOF MS database to quickly affiliate Vibrio species. • Increase of the reactivity when faced with Vibrio associated with mollusk diseases. • Validation of MALDI-TOF MS as routine diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moussa
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, F-17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - E Cauvin
- Labeo-Manche, 1352 avenue de Paris, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - A Le Piouffle
- Labocea, Avenue de la Plage des Gueux, 29330, Quimper, France
| | - O Lucas
- Qualyse, ZI Montplaisir, 79220, Champdeniers Saint-Denis, France
| | - A Bidault
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR6539 LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - C Paillard
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR6539 LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - F Benoit
- Labeo-Manche, 1352 avenue de Paris, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - B Thuillier
- Labocea, Avenue de la Plage des Gueux, 29330, Quimper, France
| | - M Treilles
- Qualyse, ZI Montplaisir, 79220, Champdeniers Saint-Denis, France
| | - M A Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, F-17390, La Tremblade, France
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, F-34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Garcia
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, F-17390, La Tremblade, France.
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21
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Petton B, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Pernet F, Toulza E, de Lorgeril J, Degremont L, Mitta G. The Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome, a Polymicrobial and Multifactorial Disease: State of Knowledge and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630343. [PMID: 33679773 PMCID: PMC7930376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (Crassostreae gigas) has been introduced from Asia to numerous countries around the world during the 20th century. C. gigas is the main oyster species farmed worldwide and represents more than 98% of oyster production. The severity of disease outbreaks that affect C. gigas, which primarily impact juvenile oysters, has increased dramatically since 2008. The most prevalent disease, Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), has become panzootic and represents a threat to the oyster industry. Recently, major steps towards understanding POMS have been achieved through integrative molecular approaches. These studies demonstrated that infection by Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 µVar (OsHV-1 µvar) is the first critical step in the infectious process and leads to an immunocompromised state by altering hemocyte physiology. This is followed by dysbiosis of the microbiota, which leads to a secondary colonization by opportunistic bacterial pathogens, which in turn results in oyster death. Host and environmental factors (e.g. oyster genetics and age, temperature, food availability, and microbiota) have been shown to influence POMS permissiveness. However, we still do not understand the mechanisms by which these different factors control disease expression. The present review discusses current knowledge of this polymicrobial and multifactorial disease process and explores the research avenues that must be investigated to fully elucidate the complexity of POMS. These discoveries will help in decision-making and will facilitate the development of tools and applied innovations for the sustainable and integrated management of oyster aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | | | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
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22
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Agnew MV, Friedman CS, Langdon C, Divilov K, Schoolfield B, Morga B, Degremont L, Dhar AK, Kirkland P, Dumbauld B, Burge CA. Differential Mortality and High Viral Load in Naive Pacific Oyster Families Exposed to OsHV-1 Suggests Tolerance Rather than Resistance to Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1057. [PMID: 33348814 PMCID: PMC7766980 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, are one of the most productive aquaculture species in the world. However, they are threatened by the spread of Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (collectively "µvars"), which cause mass mortalities in all life stages of Pacific oysters globally. Breeding programs have been successful in reducing mortality due to OsHV-1 variants following viral outbreaks; however, an OsHV-1-resistant oyster line does not yet exist in the United States (US), and it is unknown how OsHV-1 µvars will affect US oyster populations compared to the current variant, which is similar to the OsHV-1 reference, found in Tomales Bay, CA. The goals of this study were to investigate the resistance of C. gigas juveniles produced by the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) to three variants of OsHV-1: a California reference OsHV-1, an Australian µvar, and a French µvar. This is the first study to directly compare OsHV-1 µvars to a non-µvar. The survival probability of oysters exposed to the French (FRA) or Australian (AUS) µvar was significantly lower (43% and 71%, respectively) than to the reference variant and controls (96%). No oyster family demonstrated resistance to all three OsHV-1 variants, and many surviving oysters contained high copy numbers of viral DNA (mean ~3.53 × 108). These results indicate that the introduction of OsHV-1 µvars could have substantial effects on US Pacific oyster aquaculture if truly resistant lines are not achieved, and highlight the need to consider resistance to infection in addition to survival as traits in breeding programs to reduce the risk of the spread of OsHV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Agnew
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Carolyn S. Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Christopher Langdon
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA; (C.L.); (K.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, 17390 La Tremblade, France; (B.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Lionel Degremont
- Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, 17390 La Tremblade, France; (B.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Arun K. Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Peter Kirkland
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia;
| | - Brett Dumbauld
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, USDA-ARS, Newport, OR 97365, USA;
| | - Colleen A. Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
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23
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King WL, Siboni N, Kahlke T, Dove M, O'Connor W, Mahbub KR, Jenkins C, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Regional and oyster microenvironmental scale heterogeneity in the Pacific oyster bacterial community. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5813259. [PMID: 32221598 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Different organs of a host represent distinct microenvironments resulting in the establishment of multiple discrete bacterial communities within a host. These discrete bacterial communities can also vary according to geographical location. For the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, the factors governing bacterial diversity and abundance of different oyster microenvironments are poorly understood. In this study, the factors shaping bacterial abundance, diversity and composition associated with the C. gigas mantle, gill, adductor muscle and digestive gland were characterised using 16S (V3-V4) rRNA amplicon sequencing across six discrete estuaries. Both location and tissue-type, with tissue-type being the stronger determinant, were factors driving bacterial community composition. Bacterial communities from wave-dominated estuaries had similar compositions and higher bacterial abundance despite being geographically distant from one another, possibly indicating that functional estuarine morphology characteristics are a factor shaping the oyster bacterial community. Despite the bacterial community heterogeneity, examinations of the core bacterial community identified Spirochaetaceae bacteria as conserved across all sites and samples. Whereas members of the Vulcaniibacterium, Spirochaetaceae and Margulisbacteria, and Polynucleobacter were regionally conserved members of the digestive gland, gill and mantle bacterial communities, respectively. This indicates that baseline bacterial community profiles for specific locations are necessary when investigating bacterial communities in oyster health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- University of Technology Sydney, The School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.,University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Dove
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Port Stephens, New South Wales, 2316, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Port Stephens, New South Wales, 2316, Australia
| | - Khandaker Rayhan Mahbub
- University of Technology Sydney, The School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- University of Technology Sydney, The School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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24
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Keown K, Reid A, Moore JE, Taggart CC, Downey DG. Coinfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/158/200011. [PMID: 33208485 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0011-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterised by mucus stasis, chronic infection and inflammation, causing progressive structural lung disease and eventual respiratory failure. CF airways are inhabited by an ecologically diverse polymicrobial environment with vast potential for interspecies interactions, which may be a contributing factor to disease progression. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus are the most common bacterial and fungal species present in CF airways respectively and coinfection results in a worse disease phenotype. METHODS In this review we examine existing expert knowledge of chronic co-infection with P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus in CF patients. We summarise the mechanisms of interaction and evaluate the clinical and inflammatory impacts of this co-infection. RESULTS P. aeruginosa inhibits A. fumigatus through multiple mechanisms: phenazine secretion, iron competition, quorum sensing and through diffusible small molecules. A. fumigatus reciprocates inhibition through gliotoxin release and phenotypic adaptations enabling evasion of P. aeruginosa inhibition. Volatile organic compounds secreted by P. aeruginosa stimulate A. fumigatus growth, while A. fumigatus stimulates P. aeruginosa production of cytotoxic elastase. CONCLUSION A complex bi-directional relationship exists between P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus, exhibiting both mutually antagonistic and cooperative facets. Cross-sectional data indicate a worsened disease state in coinfected patients; however, robust longitudinal studies are required to derive causality and to determine whether interspecies interaction contributes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Keown
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK.,Wellcome Wolfson Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Alastair Reid
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - John E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Dept of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Wellcome Wolfson Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Damian G Downey
- Wellcome Wolfson Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Wang D, Li J, Zhu G, Zhao K, Jiang W, Li H, Wang W, Kumar V, Dong S, Zhu W, Tian X. Mechanism of the Potential Therapeutic Candidate Bacillus subtilis BSXE-1601 Against Shrimp Pathogenic Vibrios and Multifunctional Metabolites Biosynthetic Capability of the Strain as Predicted by Genome Analysis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581802. [PMID: 33193216 PMCID: PMC7649127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The global shrimp industry has suffered bacterial diseases caused mainly by Vibrio species. The typical vibriosis, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), has resulted in mass mortality and devastating economic losses. Thus, therapeutic strategies are highly needed to decrease the risk of vibriosis outbreaks. Herein, we initially identified that the growth of the causative agent of AHPND, Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP AHPND ) and other vibrios in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was inhibited by a Bacillus subtilis strain BSXE-1601. The natural products amicoumacins A, B, and C were purified from the cell-free supernatant from the strain BSXE-1601, but only amicoumacin A was demonstrated to be responsible for this anti-Vibrio activity. Our discovery provided the first evidence that amicoumacin A was highly active against shrimp pathogens, including the representative strain VP AHPND . Furthermore, we elucidated the amicoumacin A biosynthetic gene cluster by whole genome sequencing of the B. subtilis strain BSXE-1601. In addition to amicoumacin A, the strain BSXE-1601 genome harbored other genes encoding bacillibactin, fengycin, surfactin, bacilysin, and subtilosin A, all of which have previously reported antagonistic activities against pathogenic strains. The whole-genome analysis provided unequivocal evidence in support of the huge potential of the strain BSXE-1601 to produce diverse biologically antagonistic natural products, which may facilitate further studies on the effective therapeutics for detrimental diseases in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiahui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenwen Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Haidong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangli Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
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Pavlinec Ž, Zupičić IG, Oraić D, Petani B, Mustać B, Mihaljević Ž, Beck R, Zrnčić S. Assessment of predominant bacteria in noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis) collected in the Eastern Adriatic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:581. [PMID: 32789571 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis) is an endemic species and the largest known bivalve in the Mediterranean Sea. By filtering large amounts of water, they maintain a high percentage of organic matter, hence playing an important role in the marine ecosystem. The ecological community of pen shells is impressive, and there are numerous microorganisms present in its soft tissues. Since this species is highly endangered due to recently described mass mortalities throughout the Mediterranean, this study was aimed at finding out more about its microbiome. In this study, we identified the predominant bacterial populations of specimens collected at three separate locations along the Eastern Adriatic coast. The predominant bacteria were isolated and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to identify eight different bacterial genera: Aestuariibacter sp., Aliivibrio sp., Alteromonas sp., Marinobacter sp., Pseudoalteromonas sp., Rubritalea sp., Thalassospira sp. and the Vibrio splendidus clade. The identified genera are ubiquitous in the marine environment and have previously been described as both beneficial symbionts and potential pathogens in other molluscs. There was a clear difference in the predominant bacterial populations between northern and southern sampling sites, which could be linked to water temperature. These findings indicate the need for expanded sampling over a longer time period, since more exhaustive research would provide information vital to the conservation of this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Pavlinec
- Laboratory for Fish Pathology, Department for Pathological Morphology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Giovanna Zupičić
- Laboratory for Fish Pathology, Department for Pathological Morphology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dražen Oraić
- Laboratory for Fish Pathology, Department for Pathological Morphology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruna Petani
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg Kneza Višeslava 9, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Bosiljka Mustać
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg Kneza Višeslava 9, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Željko Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Pathology, Department for Pathological Morphology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Relja Beck
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Zrnčić
- Laboratory for Fish Pathology, Department for Pathological Morphology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia
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Delmotte J, Chaparro C, Galinier R, de Lorgeril J, Petton B, Stenger PL, Vidal-Dupiol J, Destoumieux-Garzon D, Gueguen Y, Montagnani C, Escoubas JM, Mitta G. Contribution of Viral Genomic Diversity to Oyster Susceptibility in the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1579. [PMID: 32754139 PMCID: PMC7381293 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) are subjected to recurrent episodes of mass mortalities that constitute a threat for the oyster industry. This mortality syndrome named “Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome” (POMS) is a polymicrobial disease whose pathogenesis is initiated by a primary infection by a variant of an Ostreid herpes virus named OsHV-1 μVar. The characterization of the OsHV-1 genome during different disease outbreaks occurring in different geographic areas has revealed the existence of a genomic diversity for OsHV-1 μVar. However, the biological significance of this diversity is still poorly understood. To go further in understanding the consequences of OsHV-1 diversity on POMS, we challenged five biparental families of oysters to two different infectious environments on the French coasts (Atlantic and Mediterranean). We observed that the susceptibility to POMS can be different among families within the same environment but also for the same family between the two environments. Viral diversity analysis revealed that Atlantic and Mediterranean POMS are caused by two distinct viral populations. Moreover, we observed that different oyster families are infected by distinct viral populations within a same infectious environment. Altogether these results suggest that the co-evolutionary processes at play between OsHV-1 μVar and oyster populations have selected a viral diversity that could facilitate the infection process and the transmission in oyster populations. These new data must be taken into account in the development of novel selective breeding programs better adapted to the oyster culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Delmotte
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- LEMAR UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Stenger
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
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Clerissi C, Guillou L, Escoubas JM, Toulza E. Unveiling protist diversity associated with the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas using blocking and excluding primers. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:193. [PMID: 32620152 PMCID: PMC7333408 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiome of macroorganisms might directly or indirectly influence host development and homeostasis. Many studies focused on the diversity and distribution of prokaryotes within these assemblages, but the eukaryotic microbial compartment remains underexplored so far. RESULTS To tackle this issue, we compared blocking and excluding primers to analyze microeukaryotic communities associated with Crassostrea gigas oysters. High-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA genes variable loops revealed that excluding primers performed better by not amplifying oyster DNA, whereas the blocking primer did not totally prevent host contaminations. However, blocking and excluding primers showed similar pattern of alpha and beta diversities when protist communities were sequenced using metabarcoding. Alveolata, Stramenopiles and Archaeplastida were the main protist phyla associated with oysters. In particular, Codonellopsis, Cyclotella, Gymnodinium, Polarella, Trichodina, and Woloszynskia were the dominant genera. The potential pathogen Alexandrium was also found in high abundances within some samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the main protist taxa within oysters as well as the occurrence of potential oyster pathogens. These new primer sets are promising tools to better understand oyster homeostasis and disease development, such as the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) targeting juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Clerissi
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France. .,PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France.
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, Roscoff, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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29
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Lassudrie M, Hégaret H, Wikfors GH, da Silva PM. Effects of marine harmful algal blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: A review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103660. [PMID: 32145294 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves were long thought to be "symptomless carriers" of marine microalgal toxins to human seafood consumers. In the past three decades, science has come to recognize that harmful algae and their toxins can be harmful to grazers, including bivalves. Indeed, studies have shown conclusively that some microalgal toxins function as active grazing deterrents. When responding to marine Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events, bivalves can reject toxic cells to minimize toxin and bioactive extracellular compound (BEC) exposure, or ingest and digest cells, incorporating nutritional components and toxins. Several studies have reported modulation of bivalve hemocyte variables in response to HAB exposure. Hemocytes are specialized cells involved in many functions in bivalves, particularly in immunological defense mechanisms. Hemocytes protect tissues by engulfing or encapsulating living pathogens and repair tissue damage caused by injury, poisoning, and infections through inflammatory processes. The effects of HAB exposure observed on bivalve cellular immune variables have raised the question of possible effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. As science has described a previously unrecognized diversity in microalgal bioactive substances, and also found a growing list of infectious diseases in bivalves, episodic reports of interactions between harmful algae and disease in bivalves have been published. Only recently, studies directed to understand the physiological and metabolic bases of these interactions have been undertaken. This review compiles evidence from studies of harmful algal effects upon bivalve shellfish that establishes a framework for recent efforts to understand how harmful algae can alter infectious disease, and particularly the fundamental role of cellular immunity, in modulating these interactions. Experimental studies reviewed here indicate that HABs can modulate bivalve-pathogen interactions in various ways, either by increasing bivalve susceptibility to disease or conversely by lessening infection proliferation or transmission. Alteration of immune defense and global physiological distress caused by HAB exposure have been the most frequent reasons identified for these effects on disease. Only few studies, however, have addressed these effects so far and a general pattern cannot be established. Other mechanisms are likely involved but are under-studied thus far and will need more attention in the future. In particular, the inhibition of bivalve filtration by HABs and direct interaction between HABs and infectious agents in the seawater likely interfere with pathogen transmission. The study of these interactions in the field and at the population level also are needed to establish the ecological and economical significance of the effects of HABs upon bivalve diseases. A more thorough understanding of these interactions will assist in development of more effective management of bivalve shellfisheries and aquaculture in oceans subjected to increasing HAB and disease pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Milford, CT, 0640, USA
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
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30
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Mandas D, Salati F, Polinas M, Sanna MA, Zobba R, Burrai GP, Alberti A, Antuofermo E. Histopathological and Molecular Study of Pacific Oyster Tissues Provides Insights into V. aestuarianus Infection Related to Oyster Mortality. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060492. [PMID: 32575736 PMCID: PMC7350300 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer preference for healthy and sustainable food products has been steadily increasing in recent years. Bivalve mollusks satisfy these characteristics and have captured ever-increasing market shares. However, the expansion of molluscan culture in worldwide and global trade have favored the spread of pathogens around the world. Combined with environmental changes and intensive production systems this has contributed to the occurrence of mass mortality episodes, thus posing a threat to the production of different species, including the Pacific oyster Crassotrea gigas. In the San Teodoro lagoon, one of the most devoted lagoons to extensive Pacific oyster aquaculture in Sardinia, a mortality outbreak was observed with an estimated 80% final loss of animal production. A study combining cultural, biomolecular and histopathological methods was conducted: (1) to investigate the presence of different Vibrio species and OsHV-1 in selected oyster tissues (digestive gland, gills, and mantle); (2) to quantify Vibrio aestuarianus and to evaluate the severity of hemocyte infiltration in infected tissues; (3) to produce post-amplification data and evaluating ToxR gene as a target for phylogenetic analyses. Results provide new insights into V. aestuarianus infection related to oyster mortality outbreaks and pave the way to the development of tools for oyster management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mandas
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Fulvio Salati
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Marina Antonella Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
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31
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Dupont S, Lokmer A, Corre E, Auguet JC, Petton B, Toulza E, Montagnani C, Tanguy G, Pecqueur D, Salmeron C, Guillou L, Desnues C, La Scola B, Bou Khalil J, de Lorgeril J, Mitta G, Gueguen Y, Escoubas JM. Oyster hemolymph is a complex and dynamic ecosystem hosting bacteria, protists and viruses. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:12. [PMID: 33499958 PMCID: PMC7807429 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the microbiota on host fitness has so far mainly been demonstrated for the bacterial microbiome. We know much less about host-associated protist and viral communities, largely due to technical issues. However, all microorganisms within a microbiome potentially interact with each other as well as with the host and the environment, therefore likely affecting the host health. RESULTS We set out to explore how environmental and host factors shape the composition and diversity of bacterial, protist and viral microbial communities in the Pacific oyster hemolymph, both in health and disease. To do so, five oyster families differing in susceptibility to the Pacific oyster mortality syndrome were reared in hatchery and transplanted into a natural environment either before or during a disease outbreak. Using metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics, we demonstrate that hemolymph can be considered as an ecological niche hosting bacterial, protist and viral communities, each of them shaped by different factors and distinct from the corresponding communities in the surrounding seawater. Overall, we found that hemolymph microbiota is more strongly shaped by the environment than by host genetic background. Co-occurrence network analyses suggest a disruption of the microbial network after transplantation into natural environment during both non-infectious and infectious periods. Whereas we could not identify a common microbial community signature for healthy animals, OsHV-1 μVar virus dominated the hemolymph virome during the disease outbreak, without significant modifications of other microbiota components. CONCLUSION Our study shows that oyster hemolymph is a complex ecosystem containing diverse bacteria, protists and viruses, whose composition and dynamics are primarily determined by the environment. However, all of these are also shaped by oyster genetic backgrounds, indicating they indeed interact with the oyster host and are therefore not only of transient character. Although it seems that the three microbiome components respond independently to environmental conditions, better characterization of hemolymph-associated viruses could change this picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dupont
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - A Lokmer
- Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, List auf Sylt, Germany.,Current affiliation UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et Ethnologie, CNRS - MNHN Univ. Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - E Corre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424 ABiMS (Analysis and Bioanalysis for Marine Sciences), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - J-C Auguet
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, CC093, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - B Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, 11 presqu'île du Vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - E Toulza
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - C Montagnani
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - G Tanguy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Genomer, Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - D Pecqueur
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, FR 3724, BioPIC, CNRS/SU, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - C Salmeron
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, FR 3724, BioPIC, CNRS/SU, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - L Guillou
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - C Desnues
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 257, Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, UMR Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - B La Scola
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD 198, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - J Bou Khalil
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - J de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - G Mitta
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Y Gueguen
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - J-M Escoubas
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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32
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Gutierrez AP, Symonds J, King N, Steiner K, Bean TP, Houston RD. Potential of genomic selection for improvement of resistance to ostreid herpesvirus in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Anim Genet 2020; 51:249-257. [PMID: 31999002 DOI: 10.1111/age.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In genomic selection (GS), genome-wide SNP markers are used to generate genomic estimated breeding values for selection candidates. The application of GS in shellfish looks promising and has the potential to help in dealing with one of the main issues currently affecting Pacific oyster production worldwide, which is the 'summer mortality syndrome'. This causes periodic mass mortality in farms worldwide and has mainly been attributed to a specific variant of the ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1). In the current study, we evaluated the potential of genomic selection for host resistance to OsHV-1 in Pacific oysters, and compared it with pedigree-based approaches. An OsHV-1 disease challenge was performed using an immersion-based virus exposure treatment for oysters for 7 days. A total of 768 samples were genotyped using the medium-density SNP array for oysters. A GWAS was performed for the survival trait using a GBLUP approach in blupf90 software. Heritability ranged from 0.25 ± 0.05 to 0.37 ± 0.05 (mean ± SE) based on pedigree and genomic information respectively. Genomic prediction was more accurate than pedigree prediction, and SNP density reduction had little impact on prediction accuracy until marker densities dropped below approximately 500 SNPs. This demonstrates the potential for GS in Pacific oyster breeding programmes, and importantly, demonstrates that a low number of SNPs might suffice to obtain accurate genomic estimated breeding values, thus potentially making the implementation of GS more cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Gutierrez
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - J Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - N King
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - K Steiner
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - T P Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - R D Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Clerissi C, de Lorgeril J, Petton B, Lucasson A, Escoubas JM, Gueguen Y, Dégremont L, Mitta G, Toulza E. Microbiota Composition and Evenness Predict Survival Rate of Oysters Confronted to Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:311. [PMID: 32174904 PMCID: PMC7056673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) affects Crassostrea gigas oysters worldwide and causes important economic losses. Disease dynamic was recently deciphered and revealed a multiple and progressive infection caused by the Ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 μVar, triggering an immunosuppression followed by microbiota destabilization and bacteraemia by opportunistic bacterial pathogens. However, it remains unknown if microbiota might participate to protect oysters against POMS, and if microbiota characteristics might be predictive of oyster mortalities. To tackle this issue, we transferred full-sib progenies of resistant and susceptible oyster families from hatchery to the field during a period in favor of POMS. After 5 days of transplantation, oysters from each family were either sampled for individual microbiota analyses using 16S rRNA gene-metabarcoding or transferred into facilities to record their survival using controlled condition. As expected, all oysters from susceptible families died, and all oysters from the resistant family survived. Quantification of OsHV-1 and bacteria showed that 5 days of transplantation were long enough to contaminate oysters by POMS, but not for entering the pathogenesis process. Thus, it was possible to compare microbiota characteristics between resistant and susceptible oysters families at the early steps of infection. Strikingly, we found that microbiota evenness and abundances of Cyanobacteria (Subsection III, family I), Mycoplasmataceae, Rhodobacteraceae, and Rhodospirillaceae were significantly different between resistant and susceptible oyster families. We concluded that these microbiota characteristics might predict oyster mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Clerissi
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 (Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer), Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Aude Lucasson
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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34
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Castrec J, Hégaret H, Huber M, Le Grand J, Huvet A, Tallec K, Boulais M, Soudant P, Fabioux C. The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum impairs the performance of oyster embryos and larvae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101744. [PMID: 32113611 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium comprises species that produce highly potent neurotoxins known as paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), and bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC) of unknown structure and ecological significance. The toxic bloom-forming species, Alexandrium minutum, is distributed worldwide and adversely affects many bivalves including the commercially and ecologically important Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. In France, recurrent A. minutum blooms can co-occur with C. gigas spawning and larval development, and may endanger recruitment and population renewal. The present study explores how A. minutum affects oyster early development by exposing embryos and larvae, under controlled laboratory conditions, to two strains of A. minutum, producing only BEC or both PST and BEC. Results highlight the major role of BEC in A. minutum toxicity upon oyster development. The BEC strain caused lysis of embryos, the most sensitive stage to A. minutum toxicity among planktonic life stages. In addition, the non-PST-producing A. minutum strain inhibited hatching, disrupted larval swimming behavior, feeding, growth, and induced drastic decreases in survival and settlement of umbonate and eyed larvae (9 and 68 %, respectively). The findings indicated PST accumulation in oyster larvae (e.g. umbonate stages), possibly impairing development and settlement of larvae in response to the PST-producing strain. This work provides evidences that A. minutum blooms could hamper settlement of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Castrec
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Matthias Huber
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | | | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Kevin Tallec
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France.
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Liu O, Paul-Pont I, Rubio A, Dhand N, Whittington RJ. Detection of ostreid herpesvirus-1 in plankton and seawater samples at an estuary scale. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 138:1-15. [PMID: 32132267 DOI: 10.3354/dao03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) is known to associate with particles in seawater, leading to infection and disease in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The estuarine environment is highly complex and changeable, and this needs to be considered when collecting environmental samples for pathogen detection. The aims of this study were to (1) compare different aspects of collecting natural seawater and plankton samples for detection of OsHV-1 DNA and (2) determine whether detection of OsHV-1 DNA in such environmental samples has merit for disease risk prediction. The results of one experiment suggest that sampling on the outgoing tide may improve the detection of OsHV-1 DNA in seawater and plankton tow samples (odds ratio 2.71). This statistical comparison was not possible in 2 other experiments. The method (plankton tow or beta bottle) and depth of collection (range: 250-1250 mm) had no effect on the likelihood of detection of OsHV-1. OsHV-1 DNA was found at low concentrations in plankton tow and seawater samples, and only when outbreaks of mortality associated with OsHV-1 were observed in nearby experimental or farmed populations of C. gigas. This suggests that single point in time environmental samples of seawater or plankton are not sufficient to rule out the presence of OsHV-1 in an estuary. The association of OsHV-1 with particles in seawater needs to be better understood in order to determine whether more selective and sensitive methods can be devised to detect it, before environmental samples can be reliably used in disease risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Liu
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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36
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de Lorgeril J, Petton B, Lucasson A, Perez V, Stenger PL, Dégremont L, Montagnani C, Escoubas JM, Haffner P, Allienne JF, Leroy M, Lagarde F, Vidal-Dupiol J, Gueguen Y, Mitta G. Differential basal expression of immune genes confers Crassostrea gigas resistance to Pacific oyster mortality syndrome. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:63. [PMID: 31959106 PMCID: PMC6971885 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a major threat to the oyster industry, Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) is a polymicrobial disease affecting the main oyster species farmed across the world. POMS affects oyster juveniles and became panzootic this last decade, but POMS resistance in some oyster genotypes has emerged. While we know some genetic loci associated with resistance, the underlying mechanisms remained uncharacterized. So, we developed a comparative transcriptomic approach using basal gene expression profiles between different oyster biparental families with contrasted phenotypes when confronted to POMS (resistant or susceptible). Results We showed that POMS resistant oysters show differential expression of genes involved in stress responses, protein modifications, maintenance of DNA integrity and repair, and immune and antiviral pathways. We found similarities and clear differences among different molecular pathways in the different resistant families. These results suggest that the resistance process is polygenic and partially varies according to the oyster genotype. Conclusions We found differences in basal expression levels of genes related to TLR-NFκB, JAK-STAT and STING-RLR pathways. These differences could explain the best antiviral response, as well as the robustness of resistant oysters when confronted to POMS. As some of these genes represent valuable candidates for selective breeding, we propose future studies should further examine their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, 11 presqu'île du vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Aude Lucasson
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Perez
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Stenger
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France.,Ifremer, UMR 241 Écosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Labex Corail, Centre Ifremer du Pacifique, BP 49, 98725, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Leroy
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Lagarde
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200, Sète, France
| | - Jérémie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, CC080, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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37
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Milan M, Smits M, Dalla Rovere G, Iori S, Zampieri A, Carraro L, Martino C, Papetti C, Ianni A, Ferri N, Iannaccone M, Patarnello T, Brunetta R, Ciofi C, Grotta L, Arcangeli G, Bargelloni L, Cardazzo B, Martino G. Host-microbiota interactions shed light on mortality events in the striped venus clam Chamelea gallina. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4486-4499. [PMID: 31482594 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected a number of major taxa in marine ecosystems. Climate- and pollution-induced stress may compromise host immune defenses, increasing the risk of opportunistic diseases. Despite growing evidence that mass mortality events affecting marine species worldwide are strongly influenced by the interplay of numerous environmental factors, the reductionist approaches most frequently used to investigate these factors hindered the interpretation of these multifactorial pathologies. In this study, we propose a broader approach based on the combination of RNA-sequencing and 16S microbiota analyses to decipher the factors underlying mass mortality in the striped venus clam, Chamelea gallina, along the Adriatic coast. On one hand, gene expression profiling and functional analyses of microbial communities showed the over-expression of several genes and molecular pathways involved in xenobiotic metabolism, suggesting potential chemical contamination in mortality sites. On the other hand, the down-regulation of several genes involved in immune and stress response, and the over-representation of opportunistic pathogens such as Vibrio and Photobacterium spp. indicates that these microbial species may take advantage of compromised host immune pathways and defense mechanisms that are potentially affected by chemical exposure, resulting in periodic mortality events. We propose the application of our approach to interpret and anticipate the risks inherent in the combined effects of pollutants and microbes on marine animals in today's rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Morgan Smits
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy.,Marine Environmental Science Laboratory (LEMAR), IUEM Technopole Brest-Iroise, Université de Bretagne Occidentale -Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané, France
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Iori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angela Zampieri
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Papetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Iannaccone
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Romina Brunetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Ciofi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arcangeli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
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Piel D, Bruto M, James A, Labreuche Y, Lambert C, Janicot A, Chenivesse S, Petton B, Wegner KM, Stoudmann C, Blokesch M, Le Roux F. Selection of
Vibrio crassostreae
relies on a plasmid expressing a type 6 secretion system cytotoxic for host immune cells. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:4198-4211. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Piel
- Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070 Ifremer F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 F‐29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Maxime Bruto
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 F‐29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Adèle James
- Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070 Ifremer F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 F‐29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Yannick Labreuche
- Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070 Ifremer F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 F‐29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest‐Iroise – Rue Dumont d'Urville F‐29280 Plouzané France
| | - Adrian Janicot
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 F‐29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Sabine Chenivesse
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 F‐29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070 Ifremer F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest‐Iroise – Rue Dumont d'Urville F‐29280 Plouzané France
| | - K. Mathias Wegner
- AWI ‐ Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, 25992, Hafenstrasse 43, List Germany
| | - Candice Stoudmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH‐1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070 Ifremer F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 F‐29688 Roscoff cedex France
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39
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Petton B, de Lorgeril J, Mitta G, Daigle G, Pernet F, Alunno-Bruscia M. Fine-scale temporal dynamics of herpes virus and vibrios in seawater during a polymicrobial infection in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:97-106. [PMID: 31342911 DOI: 10.3354/dao03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is currently being impacted by a polymicrobial disease that involves early viral infection by ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) followed by a secondary bacterial infection leading to death. A widely used method of inducing infection consists of placing specific pathogen-free oysters ('recipients') in cohabitation in the laboratory with diseased oysters that were naturally infected in the field ('donors'). With this method, we evaluated the temporal dynamics of pathogen release in seawater and the cohabitation time necessary for disease transmission and expression. We showed that OsHV-1 and Vibrio spp. in the seawater peaked concomitantly during the first 48 h and decreased thereafter. We found that 1.5 h of cohabitation with donors was enough time to transmit pathogens to recipients and to induce mortality later, reflecting the highly contagious nature of the disease. Finally, mortality of recipients was associated with increasing cohabitation time with donors until reaching a plateau at 20%. This reflects the cumulative effect of exposure to pathogens. The optimal cohabitation time was 5-6 d, the mortality of recipients occurring 1-2 d earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 (Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer), 11 presqu'île du Vivier, 29840 Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
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40
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Pathirana E, Fuhrmann M, Whittington R, Hick P. Influence of environment on the pathogenesis of Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) infections in Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) through differential microbiome responses. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02101. [PMID: 31372553 PMCID: PMC6656993 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oyster microbiome is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of mass mortality disease in Pacific oysters, associated with OsHV-1. As filter-feeders, oysters host a microbiota that can be influenced by the estuarine environment. This may alter susceptibility to OsHV-1 infections, causing variable mortality. This study aimed at: (1) differences in the microbiome of Pacific oysters with a common origin but grown in geographically distinct estuaries; (2) evaluating changes occurring in the microbiota, especially in Vibrio, and (3) differential responses of the oyster microbiome, in response to an OsHV-1 infection. Pacific oysters sourced from a single hatchery but raised separately in Patonga Creek, Shoalhaven River and Clyde River of NSW, Australia, were used and challenged with OsHV-1. The initial microbiome composition was different in the three batches and changed further, post-injection (p < 0.05). The Patonga oysters with the highest mortality also had higher OsHV-1 and Vibrio quantities compared to the other two batches (p < 0.05). The higher initial bacterial diversity in Patonga oysters decreased in moribund oysters which was not observed in the other two batches (p < 0.05). The microbiome of survivors of OsHV-1 infection and negative control oysters of two batches, did not show any changes with the relevant pre-challenged microbiome. A strong correlation was observed between the OsHV-1 and Vibrio quantities in OsHV-1 infected oysters (r = 0.6; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the Pacific oyster microbiome differed in different batches despite a common hatchery origin. Different microbiomes responded differently with a differential outcome of OsHV-1 challenge. The higher Vibrio load in oysters with higher OsHV-1 content and higher mortality, suggests a role in Vibrio in the pathogenesis of this mortality disease. This study provided insights of the potential of different estuarine environments to shape the Pacific oyster microbiome and how different microbiomes are associated with different outcomes of OsHV-1 infection.
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Pathirana E, McPherson A, Whittington R, Hick P. The role of tissue type, sampling and nucleic acid purification methodology on the inferred composition of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) microbiome. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:429-444. [PMID: 31102430 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated methods to sample and extract nucleic acids from Pacific oysters to accurately determine the microbiome associated with different tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples were collected from haemolymph, gill, gut and adductor muscle, using swabs and homogenates of solid tissues. Nucleic acids were extracted from fresh and frozen samples using three different commercial kits. The bacterial DNA yield varied between methods (P < 0·05) and each tissue harboured a unique microbiota, except for gill and muscle. Higher bacterial DNA yields were obtained by swabbing compared to tissue homogenates and from fresh tissues compared to frozen tissues, without impacting the bacterial community composition estimated by 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 region) sequencing. Despite the higher bacterial DNA yields with QIAamp® DNA Microbiome Kit, the E.Z.N.A.® Mollusc DNA Kit identified twice as many operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and eliminated PCR inhibition from gut tissues. CONCLUSIONS Sampling and nucleic acid purification substantially affected the quantity and diversity of bacteria identified in Pacific oyster microbiome studies and a fit-for-purpose strategy is recommended. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Accurate identification of Pacific oyster microbial diversity is instrumental for understanding the polymicrobial aetiology of Pacific oyster mortality diseases which greatly impact oyster production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pathirana
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - A McPherson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - R Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - P Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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42
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King WL, Siboni N, Williams NLR, Kahlke T, Nguyen KV, Jenkins C, Dove M, O'Connor W, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Variability in the Composition of Pacific Oyster Microbiomes Across Oyster Families Exhibiting Different Levels of Susceptibility to OsHV-1 μvar Disease. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:473. [PMID: 30915058 PMCID: PMC6421512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oyster diseases are a major impediment to the profitability and growth of the oyster aquaculture industry. In recent years, geographically widespread outbreaks of disease caused by ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant (OsHV-1 μvar) have led to mass mortalities among Crassostrea gigas, the Pacific Oyster. Attempts to minimize the impact of this disease have been largely focused on breeding programs, and although these have shown some success in producing oyster families with reduced mortality, the mechanism(s) behind this protection is poorly understood. One possible factor is modification of the C. gigas microbiome. To explore how breeding for resistance to OsHV-1 μvar affects the oyster microbiome, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities associated with 35 C. gigas families, incorporating oysters with different levels of susceptibility to OsHV-1 μvar disease. The microbiomes of disease-susceptible families were significantly different to the microbiomes of disease-resistant families. OTUs assigned to the Photobacterium, Vibrio, Aliivibrio, Streptococcus, and Roseovarius genera were associated with low disease resistance. In partial support of this finding, qPCR identified a statistically significant increase of Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA gene copies in the low disease resistance families, possibly indicative of a reduced host immune response to these pathogens. In addition to these results, examination of the core microbiome revealed that each family possessed a small core community, with OTUs assigned to the Winogradskyella genus and the Bradyrhizobiaceae family consistent members across most disease-resistant families. This study examines patterns in the microbiome of oyster families exhibiting differing levels of OsHV-1 μvar disease resistance and reveals some key bacterial taxa that may provide a protective or detrimental role in OsHV-1 μvar disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan L R Williams
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Khue Viet Nguyen
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Dove
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Port Stephens, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Port Stephens, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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43
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King WL, Jenkins C, Go J, Siboni N, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Characterisation of the Pacific Oyster Microbiome During a Summer Mortality Event. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:502-512. [PMID: 29987529 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is a key commercial species that is cultivated globally. In recent years, disease outbreaks have heavily impacted C. gigas stocks worldwide, with many losses incurred during summer. A number of infectious agents have been associated with these summer mortality events, including viruses (particularly Ostreid herpesvirus 1, OsHV-1) and bacteria; however, cases where no known aetiological agent can be identified are common. In this study, we examined the microbiome of disease-affected and disease-unaffected C. gigas during a 2013-2014 summer mortality event in Port Stephens (Australia) where known oyster pathogens including OsHV-1 were not detected. The adductor muscle microbiomes of 70 C. gigas samples across 12 study sites in the Port Stephens estuary were characterised using 16S rRNA (V1-V3 region) amplicon sequencing, with the aim of comparing the influence of spatial location and disease state on the oyster microbiome. Spatial location was found to be a significant determinant of the disease-affected oyster microbiome. Furthermore, microbiome comparisons between disease states identified a significant increase in rare operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to Vibrio harveyi and an unidentified member of the Vibrio genus in the disease-affected microbiome. This is indicative of a potential role of Vibrio species in oyster disease and supportive of previous culture-based examination of this mortality event.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Go
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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King WL, Jenkins C, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Oyster disease in a changing environment: Decrypting the link between pathogen, microbiome and environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:124-140. [PMID: 30482397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shifting environmental conditions are known to be important triggers of oyster diseases. The mechanism(s) behind these synergistic effects (interplay between host, environment and pathogen/s) are often not clear, although there is evidence that shifts in environmental conditions can affect oyster immunity, and pathogen growth and virulence. However, the impact of shifting environmental parameters on the oyster microbiome and how this affects oyster health and susceptibility to infectious pathogens remains understudied. In this review, we summarise the major diseases afflicting oysters with a focus on the role of environmental factors that can catalyse or amplify disease outbreaks. We also consider the potential role of the oyster microbiome in buffering or augmenting oyster disease outbreaks and suggest that a deeper understanding of the oyster microbiome, its links to the environment and its effect on oyster health and disease susceptibility, is required to develop new frameworks for the prevention and management of oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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45
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Frère L, Maignien L, Chalopin M, Huvet A, Rinnert E, Morrison H, Kerninon S, Cassone AL, Lambert C, Reveillaud J, Paul-Pont I. Microplastic bacterial communities in the Bay of Brest: Influence of polymer type and size. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:614-625. [PMID: 30014939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (<5 mm) exhibit intrinsic features such as density, hydrophobic surface, or high surface/volume ratio, that are known to promote microbial colonization and biofilm formation in marine ecosystems. Yet, a relatively low number of studies have investigated the nature of microplastic associated bacterial communities in coastal ecosystems and the potential factors influencing their composition and structure. Here, we characterized microplastics collected in the Bay of Brest by manual sorting followed by Raman spectroscopy and studied their associated bacterial assemblages using 16S amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Our methodology allowed discriminating polymer type (polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene) within small size ranges (0.3-1 vs. 1-2 vs. 2-5 mm) of microplastics collected. Data showed high species richness and diversity on microplastics compared to surrounding seawater samples encompassing both free living and particle attached bacteria. Even though a high proportion of operational taxonomic units (OTU; 94 ± 4%) was shared among all plastic polymers, polystyrene fragments exhibited distinct bacterial assemblages as compared to polyethylene and polypropylene samples. No effect of microplastic size was revealed regardless of polymer type, site and date of collection. The Vibrio genus was commonly detected in the microplastic fraction and specific PCR were performed to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio strains (namely V. aestuarianus and the V. splendidus polyphyletic group). V. splendidus related species harboring putative oyster pathogens were detected on most microplastic pools (77%) emphasizing the need of further research to understand the role of microplastics on pathogen population transport and ultimate disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frère
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Lois Maignien
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), UMR 6197 Ifremer/UBO/CNRS - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Morgane Chalopin
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), Centre Bretagne - CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), Centre Bretagne - CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuel Rinnert
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Détection, Capteurs, Mesures (RDT-LDCM), Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hilary Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Centre for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Sandrine Kerninon
- LABOCEA, 22, Ave. de la Plage des Gueux, ZA de Creac'h Gwen, CS 13031, 29334 QUIMPER Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Laure Cassone
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Julie Reveillaud
- ASTRE, INRA, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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46
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de Lorgeril J, Lucasson A, Petton B, Toulza E, Montagnani C, Clerissi C, Vidal-Dupiol J, Chaparro C, Galinier R, Escoubas JM, Haffner P, Dégremont L, Charrière GM, Lafont M, Delort A, Vergnes A, Chiarello M, Faury N, Rubio T, Leroy MA, Pérignon A, Régler D, Morga B, Alunno-Bruscia M, Boudry P, Le Roux F, Destoumieux-Garzόn D, Gueguen Y, Mitta G. Immune-suppression by OsHV-1 viral infection causes fatal bacteraemia in Pacific oysters. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4215. [PMID: 30310074 PMCID: PMC6182001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are mostly explored using reductionist approaches despite repeated evidence showing them to be strongly influenced by numerous interacting host and environmental factors. Many diseases with a complex aetiology therefore remain misunderstood. By developing a holistic approach to tackle the complexity of interactions, we decipher the complex intra-host interactions underlying Pacific oyster mortality syndrome affecting juveniles of Crassostrea gigas, the main oyster species exploited worldwide. Using experimental infections reproducing the natural route of infection and combining thorough molecular analyses of oyster families with contrasted susceptibilities, we demonstrate that the disease is caused by multiple infection with an initial and necessary step of infection of oyster haemocytes by the Ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 µVar. Viral replication leads to the host entering an immune-compromised state, evolving towards subsequent bacteraemia by opportunistic bacteria. We propose the application of our integrative approach to decipher other multifactorial diseases that affect non-model species worldwide. Pacific oyster mortality syndrome is a poorly understood cause of mortality in commercially important oyster species. Here, the authors use multiple infection experiments to show that the syndrome is caused by sequential infection by herpesvirus and opportunistic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Aude Lucasson
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, 11 presqu'île du vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Clerissi
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Lafont
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Abigaïl Delort
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marlène Chiarello
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Rubio
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc A Leroy
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Pérignon
- CRCM, Comité de la Conchyliculture de Méditerranée, Quai Baptiste Guitard, 34140, Mèze, France
| | - Denis Régler
- CRCM, Comité de la Conchyliculture de Méditerranée, Quai Baptiste Guitard, 34140, Mèze, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Marianne Alunno-Bruscia
- LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, 11 presqu'île du vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Pierre Boudry
- LEMAR UMR6539, CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, ZI pointe du diable, CS 10070, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, LBI2M, Ifremer, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzόn
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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Delisle L, Petton B, Burguin JF, Morga B, Corporeau C, Pernet F. Temperature modulate disease susceptibility of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and virulence of the Ostreid herpesvirus type 1. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:71-79. [PMID: 29859311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature triggers marine diseases by changing host susceptibility and pathogen virulence. Oyster mortalities associated with the Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) have occurred seasonally in Europe when the seawater temperature range reaches 16-24 °C. Here we assess how temperature modulates oyster susceptibility to OsHV-1 and pathogen virulence. Oysters were injected with OsHV-1 suspension incubated at 21 °C, 26 °C and 29 °C and were placed in cohabitation with healthy oysters (recipients) at these three temperatures according to a fractional factorial design. Survival was followed for 14 d and recipients were sampled for OsHV-1 DNA quantification and viral gene expression. The oysters were all subsequently placed at 21 °C to evaluate the potential for virus reactivation, before being transferred to oyster farms to evaluate their long-term susceptibility to the disease. Survival of recipients at 29 °C (86%) was higher than at 21 °C (52%) and 26 °C (43%). High temperature (29 °C) decreased the susceptibility of oysters to OsHV-1 without altering virus infectivity and virulence. At 26 °C, the virulence of OsHV-1 was enhanced. Differences in survival persisted when the recipients were all placed at 21 °C, suggesting that OsHV-1 did not reactivate. Additional oyster mortality followed the field transfer, but the overall survival of oysters infected at 29 °C remained higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizenn Delisle
- Ifremer/LEMAR UMR 6539, Technopole de Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer/LEMAR UMR 6539, Presqu'île du vivier, 29840, Argenton, France
| | | | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer/Laboratoire de génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | | | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer/LEMAR UMR 6539, Technopole de Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France.
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48
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Ancestral gene acquisition as the key to virulence potential in environmental Vibrio populations. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2954-2966. [PMID: 30072747 PMCID: PMC6246604 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of marine animals caused by bacteria of the genus Vibrio are on the rise worldwide. Understanding the eco-evolutionary dynamics of these infectious agents is important for predicting and managing these diseases. Yet, compared to Vibrio infecting humans, knowledge of their role as animal pathogens is scarce. Here we ask how widespread is virulence among ecologically differentiated Vibrio populations, and what is the nature and frequency of virulence genes within these populations? We use a combination of population genomics and molecular genetics to assay hundreds of Vibrio strains for their virulence in the oyster Crassostrea gigas, a unique animal model that allows high-throughput infection assays. We show that within the diverse Splendidus clade, virulence represents an ancestral trait but has been lost from several populations. Two loci are necessary for virulence, the first being widely distributed across the Splendidus clade and consisting of an exported conserved protein (R5.7). The second is a MARTX toxin cluster, which only occurs within V. splendidus and is for the first time associated with virulence in marine invertebrates. Varying frequencies of both loci among populations indicate different selective pressures and alternative ecological roles, based on which we suggest strategies for epidemiological surveys.
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Parizadeh L, Tourbiez D, Garcia C, Haffner P, Dégremont L, Le Roux F, Travers M. Ecologically realistic model of infection for exploring the host damage caused byVibrio aestuarianus. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4343-4355. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Parizadeh
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Céline Garcia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS‐Ifremer‐UM‐UPVDUniversité de Montpellier Place Eugène Bataillon ‐ CC80, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- IfremerUnité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff CS 90074, F‐29688 Roscoff Cedex France
| | - Marie‐Agnès Travers
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
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Pernet F, Fuhrmann M, Petton B, Mazurié J, Bouget JF, Fleury E, Daigle G, Gernez P. Determination of risk factors for herpesvirus outbreak in oysters using a broad-scale spatial epidemiology framework. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10869. [PMID: 30022088 PMCID: PMC6052024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine diseases have major impacts on ecosystems and economic consequences for aquaculture and fisheries. Understanding origin, spread and risk factors of disease is crucial for management, but data in the ocean are limited compared to the terrestrial environment. Here we investigated how the marine environment drives the spread of viral disease outbreak affecting The Pacific oyster worldwide by using a spatial epidemiology framework. We collected environmental and oyster health data at 46 sites spread over an area of 300 km2 along an inshore-offshore gradient during an epizootic event and conducted risk analysis. We found that disease broke out in the intertidal farming area and spread seaward. Mortalities and virus detection were observed in oysters placed 2 km from the farming areas, but oysters of almost all sites were subclinically infected. Increasing food quantity and quality, growth rate and energy reserves of oyster were associated with a lower risk of mortality offshore whereas increasing turbidity, a proxy of the concentration of suspended particulate matter, and terrestrial inputs, inferred from fatty acid composition of oysters, were associated with a higher risk of mortality. Offshore farming and maintenance of good ecological status of coastal waters are options to limit disease risk in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organisme Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, Technopole de Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.
| | - Marine Fuhrmann
- Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organisme Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, Technopole de Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organisme Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, Presqu'île du vivier, Argenton, France
| | - Joseph Mazurié
- Ifremer, Unité Littorale, Laboratoire Environnement Ressource du Morbihan Pays-de-la-Loire, 12 Rue des Résistants, La Trinité-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-François Bouget
- Ifremer, Unité Littorale, Laboratoire Environnement Ressource du Morbihan Pays-de-la-Loire, 12 Rue des Résistants, La Trinité-sur-Mer, France
| | - Elodie Fleury
- Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organisme Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, Technopole de Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Gaétan Daigle
- Université Laval, Département de mathématiques et de statistique, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Gernez
- Mer Molécules Santé (EA 2160), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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