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Norouzi M, Truong T, Jaenes K, Warner BM, Vendramelli R, Tierney K, Kobasa D, Tailor N, Plant P, dos Santos C, Babiuk S, Ambagala A, Pardee K. Cell-Free Dot Blot: an Ultra-Low-Cost and Practical Immunoassay Platform for Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Human and Animal Sera. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0245722. [PMID: 36719206 PMCID: PMC10101024 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02457-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in late 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused severe disruption to key aspects of human life globally and highlighted the need for timely, adaptive, and accessible pandemic response strategies. Here, we introduce the cell-free dot blot (CFDB) method, a practical and ultra-low-cost immune diagnostic platform capable of rapid response and mass immunity screening for the current and future pandemics. Similar in mechanism to the widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), our method is novel and advantageous in that (i) it uses linear DNA to produce the target viral antigen fused to a SpyTag peptide in a cell-free expression system without the need for traditional cloning and antigen purification, (ii) it uses SpyCatcher2-Apex2, an Escherichia coli-produced peroxidase conjugate as a universal secondary detection reagent, obviating the need for commercial or sophisticated enzyme conjugates, and (iii) sera are spotted directly on a nitrocellulose membrane, enabling a simple "dipping" mechanism for downstream incubation and washing steps, as opposed to individual processing of wells in a multiwell plate. To demonstrate the utility of our method, we performed CFDB to detect anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleocapsid protein antibodies in precharacterized human sera (23 negative and 36 positive for COVID-19) and hamster sera (16 negative and 36 positive for COVID-19), including independent testing at a collaborating laboratory, and we show assay performance comparable to that of conventional ELISAs. At a similar capacity to 96-well plate ELISA kits, one CFDB assay costs only ~$3 USD. We believe that CFDB can become a valuable pandemic response tool for adaptive and accessible sero-surveillance in human and animal populations. IMPORTANCE The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for diagnostic platforms that are rapidly adaptable, affordable, and accessible globally, especially for low-resource settings. To address this need, we describe the development and functional validation of a novel immunoassay technique termed the cell-free dot blot (CFDB) method. Based on the principles of cell-free synthetic biology and alternative dot blotting procedures, our CFDB immunoassay is designed to provide for timely, practical, and low-cost responses to existing and emerging public health threats, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, at a similar throughput and comparable performance as conventional ELISAs. Notably, the molecular detection reagents used in CFDB can be produced rapidly in-house, using established protocols and basic laboratory infrastructure, minimizing reliance on strained commercial reagents. In addition, the materials and imaging instruments required for CFDB are the same as those used for common Western blotting experiments, further expanding the reach of CFDB in decentralized facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Norouzi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thang Truong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katariina Jaenes
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryce M. Warner
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert Vendramelli
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pamela Plant
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia dos Santos
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Keith Pardee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Nakai Y, Miyakawa K, Yamaoka Y, Hatayama Y, Nishi M, Suzuki H, Kimura H, Takahashi H, Kimura Y, Ryo A. Generation and Utilization of a Monoclonal Antibody against Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein for a Comprehensive Interactome Analysis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122381. [PMID: 36557634 PMCID: PMC9783060 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen (HBc) is a structural protein that forms the viral nucleocapsid and is involved in various steps of the viral replication cycle, but its role in the pathogenesis of HBV infection is still elusive. In this study, we generated a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) against HBc and used it in antibody-based in situ biotinylation analysis in order to identify host proteins that interact with HBc. HBc antigen was produced with a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system and used to immunize mice. Among the established hybridoma clones, a single clone (mAb #7) was selected and further characterized for its ability in the antibody-based in situ biotinylation analysis to collect host proteins that are in the vicinity of HBc. Using mass spectrometry, we identified 215 HBc-interacting host proteins, three of which bind HBc most significantly under hypoxic conditions. Our results indicate that mAb #7 can be used to systematically identify host proteins that interact with HBc under pathophysiological conditions, and thus may be useful to explore the molecular pathways involved in HBV-induced cytopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakai
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara 259-1146, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Hatayama
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nishi
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-787-2602
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4
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Mao Q, Ma S, Schrickel PL, Zhao P, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li S, Wang C. Review detection of Newcastle disease virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:936251. [PMID: 35982920 PMCID: PMC9378970 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.936251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infecting poultry, which has caused great harm to the poultry industry around the world. Rapid diagnosis of NDV is important to early treatment and early institution of control measures. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the most recent research into NDV, including historical overview, molecular structure, and infection mechanism. We then focus on detection strategies for NDV, including virus isolation, serological assays (such as hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, reporter virus neutralization test, Immunofluorescence assay, and Immune colloidal gold technique), molecular assays (such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, real-time quantitative PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification) and other assays. The performance of the different serological and molecular biology assays currently available was also analyzed. To conclude, we examine the limitations of currently available strategies for the detection of NDV to lay the groundwork for new detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Philip Luke Schrickel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Shuangyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chengbao Wang
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5
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Characterization and Utilization of Disulfide-Bonded SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein Synthesized by Wheat Germ Cell-Free Production System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071461. [PMID: 35891441 PMCID: PMC9321213 DOI: 10.3390/v14071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein (SP) of SARS-CoV-2 is an important target for COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines as it binds to the ACE2 receptor and enables viral infection. Rapid production and functional characterization of properly folded SP is of the utmost importance for studying the immunogenicity and receptor-binding activity of this protein considering the emergence of highly infectious viral variants. In this study, we attempted to express the receptor-binding region (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 SP containing disulfide bonds using the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. By adding protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and endoplasmic reticulum oxidase (ERO1α) to the translational reaction mixture, we succeeded in synthesizing a functionally intact RBD protein that can interact with ACE2. Using this RBD protein, we have developed a high-throughput AlphaScreen assay to evaluate the RBD–ACE2 interaction, which can be applied for drug screening and mutation analysis. Thus, our method sheds new light on the structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 SP and has the potential to contribute to the development of new COVID-19 therapeutics.
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6
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Tian Y, Zhang G, Liu H, Ding P, Jia R, Zhou J, Chen Y, Qi Y, Du J, Liang C, Zhu X, Wang A. Screening and identification of B cell epitope of the nucleocapsid protein in SARS-CoV-2 using the monoclonal antibodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1151-1164. [PMID: 35037999 PMCID: PMC8762450 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It is confirmed that nucleocapsid (N) protein is closely related to viral pathogenesis, modulation of host immune response, RNA transcription, and replication and virus packaging. Therefore, the N protein is a preponderant antigen target for virus detection. The codon-optimized N gene was designed according to the encoding characteristics of insect cells and inserted into pFastBacTM1 vector with 6 × His-tag-fused N protein for expression in insect sf21 cells. Six anti-N mAbs (4G3, 5B3, 12B6, 18C7-A2, 21H10-A3, 21H10-E9) were prepared by recombinant N protein. The mAbs showed high titers, antibody affinity, and reactivity with the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Then, fourteen overlapped peptides that covered the intact N protein were synthesized (N1-N14). Peptide N14 was identified as the main linear B-cell epitope region via peptide-ELISA and dot-blot assay, and this region was truncated gradually until mapping the peptide 401-DFSKQLQQ-408. Simultaneously, compared with the sequence of variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) strains among the several countries, epitope 401-DFSKQLQQ-408 is very conservative among them. The findings provide new guidance for the design and detection of COVID-19 targets. KEY POINTS: • The N protein was optimized according to the insect cell codon preference and was highly expressed. • The monoclonal antibodies prepared in this study were shown high antibody titers and high affinity. • Monoclonal antibodies were used to map the epitope 401-408 amino acids of N protein for the first time in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinran Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Morita T, Miyakawa K, Jeremiah SS, Yamaoka Y, Sada M, Kuniyoshi T, Yang J, Kimura H, Ryo A. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Exhibits Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 by Inhibiting 3CLpro Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:1669. [PMID: 34452533 PMCID: PMC8402917 DOI: 10.3390/v13081669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread despite the global efforts taken to control it. The 3C-like protease (3CLpro), the major protease of SARS-CoV-2, is one of the most interesting targets for antiviral drug development because it is highly conserved among SARS-CoVs and plays an important role in viral replication. Herein, we developed high throughput screening for SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitor based on AlphaScreen. We screened 91 natural product compounds and found that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), an FDA-approved drug, inhibited 3CLpro activity. The 3CLpro inhibitory effect of ATRA was confirmed in vitro by both immunoblotting and AlphaScreen with a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 24.7 ± 1.65 µM. ATRA inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and Calu-3 cells, with IC50 = 2.69 ± 0.09 µM in the former and 0.82 ± 0.01 µM in the latter. Further, we showed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect of ATRA on the currently circulating variants of concern (VOC); alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. These results suggest that ATRA may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.); (S.S.J.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.); (S.S.J.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Sundararaj Stanleyraj Jeremiah
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.); (S.S.J.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.); (S.S.J.); (Y.Y.)
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara 259-1146, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University, Shibukawa 377-0008, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Kuniyoshi
- R&D Department, TOKIWA Phytochemical Co., Ltd., Sakura, Chiba 285-0801, Japan; (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jinwei Yang
- R&D Department, TOKIWA Phytochemical Co., Ltd., Sakura, Chiba 285-0801, Japan; (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan;
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.); (S.S.J.); (Y.Y.)
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8
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Yamaoka Y, Miyakawa K, Jeremiah SS, Funabashi R, Okudela K, Kikuchi S, Katada J, Wada A, Takei T, Nishi M, Shimizu K, Ozawa H, Usuku S, Kawakami C, Tanaka N, Morita T, Hayashi H, Mitsui H, Suzuki K, Aizawa D, Yoshimura Y, Miyazaki T, Yamazaki E, Suzuki T, Kimura H, Shimizu H, Okabe N, Hasegawa H, Ryo A. Highly specific monoclonal antibodies and epitope identification against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein for antigen detection tests. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100311. [PMID: 34027498 PMCID: PMC8126173 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a major global public health concern. Although rapid point-of-care testing for detecting viral antigen is important for management of the outbreak, the current antigen tests are less sensitive than nucleic acid testing. In our current study, we produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that exclusively react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and exhibit no cross-reactivity with other human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. Molecular modeling suggests that the mAbs bind to epitopes present on the exterior surface of the nucleocapsid, making them suitable for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. We further select the optimal pair of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) mAbs using ELISA and then use this mAb pair to develop immunochromatographic assay augmented with silver amplification technology. Our mAbs recognize the variants of concern (501Y.V1-V3) that are currently in circulation. Because of their high performance, the mAbs of this study can serve as good candidates for developing antigen detection kits for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | | | - Rikako Funabashi
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koji Okudela
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kikuchi
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Junichi Katada
- Medical Systems Research & Development Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kaisei, Kanagawa 258-8538, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Wada
- Medical Systems Research & Development Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kaisei, Kanagawa 258-8538, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takei
- Medical Systems Research & Development Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kaisei, Kanagawa 258-8538, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nishi
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kohei Shimizu
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0051, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0051, Japan
| | - Shuzo Usuku
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0051, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kawakami
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0051, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tanaka
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0051, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hayashi
- Division of Pathology, Yokohama Municipal Citizen’s Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mitsui
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aizawa
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshimura
- Division of Infectious Disease, Yokohama Municipal Citizen’s Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0855, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Etsuko Yamazaki
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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9
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Yamaoka Y, Jeremiah SS, Miyakawa K, Saji R, Nishii M, Takeuchi I, Ryo A. Whole Nucleocapsid Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 May Cause False-Positive Results in Serological Assays. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1291-1292. [PMID: 32445559 PMCID: PMC7314131 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sundararaj S Jeremiah
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Saji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Nishii
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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10
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Fogeron ML, Lecoq L, Cole L, Harbers M, Böckmann A. Easy Synthesis of Complex Biomolecular Assemblies: Wheat Germ Cell-Free Protein Expression in Structural Biology. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:639587. [PMID: 33842544 PMCID: PMC8027086 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.639587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are gaining more importance as universal tools for basic research, applied sciences, and product development with new technologies emerging for their application. Huge progress was made in the field of synthetic biology using CFPS to develop new proteins for technical applications and therapy. Out of the available CFPS systems, wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis (WG-CFPS) merges the highest yields with the use of a eukaryotic ribosome, making it an excellent approach for the synthesis of complex eukaryotic proteins including, for example, protein complexes and membrane proteins. Separating the translation reaction from other cellular processes, CFPS offers a flexible means to adapt translation reactions to protein needs. There is a large demand for such potent, easy-to-use, rapid protein expression systems, which are optimally serving protein requirements to drive biochemical and structural biology research. We summarize here a general workflow for a wheat germ system providing examples from the literature, as well as applications used for our own studies in structural biology. With this review, we want to highlight the tremendous potential of the rapidly evolving and highly versatile CFPS systems, making them more widely used as common tools to recombinantly prepare particularly challenging recombinant eukaryotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Cole
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Harbers
- CellFree Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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11
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Terry JS, Anderson LB, Scherman MS, McAlister CE, Perera R, Schountz T, Geiss BJ. Development of a SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid specific monoclonal antibody. Virology 2021; 558:28-37. [PMID: 33714753 PMCID: PMC7849420 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To help fight COVID-19, new molecular tools specifically targeting critical components of the causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are desperately needed. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is critical for viral replication, integral to viral particle assembly, and a major diagnostic marker for infection and immune protection. Currently the limited available antibody reagents targeting the nucleocapsid protein are not specific to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, and sequences for these antibodies are not publicly available. In this work we developed and characterized a series of new mouse monoclonal antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, with a specific clone, mBG86, targeting only SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The monoclonal antibodies were validated in ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. The variable regions from six select clones were cloned and sequenced, and preliminary epitope mapping of the sequenced clones was performed. Overall, these new antibody reagents will be of significant value in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Terry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Loran Br Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael S Scherman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Carley E McAlister
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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12
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Yamaoka Y, Matsunaga S, Jeremiah SS, Nishi M, Miyakawa K, Morita T, Khatun H, Shimizu H, Okabe N, Kimura H, Hasegawa H, Ryo A. Zika virus protease induces caspase-independent pyroptotic cell death by directly cleaving gasdermin D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:666-671. [PMID: 33208231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The association of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection with a congenital malformation in fetuses, neurological, and other systemic complications in adults have brought significant global health emergency. ZIKV targets nerve cells in the brain and causes cell death, such as pyroptosis, leading to neuroinflammation. Here we described a novel mechanism of pyroptosis caused by ZIKV protease. We found that ZIKV protease directly cleaved the GSDMD into N-terminal fragment (1-249) leading to pyroptosis in a caspase-independent manner, suggesting a direct mechanism of ZIKV-induced cell death and subsequent inflammation. Our findings might shed new light to explore the pathogenesis of ZIKV infections where ZIKV protease might be a suitable target for the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan; Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 259-1146, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Sundararaj S Jeremiah
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nishi
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hajera Khatun
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
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13
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Development of Monoclonal Antibodies and Antigen-Capture ELISA for Human Parechovirus Type 3. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091437. [PMID: 32961740 PMCID: PMC7563955 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) is an etiologic agent of respiratory diseases, meningitis, and sepsis-like illness in both infants and adults. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be a promising diagnostic tool for antigenic diseases such as virus infection, as they offer a high specificity toward a specific viral antigen. However, to date, there is no specific mAb available for the diagnosis of HPeV3 infection. In this study, we developed and characterized mAbs specific for HPeV3 capsid protein VP0. We used cell-free, wheat germ-synthesized viral VP0 protein for immunizing BALB/c mice to generate hybridomas. From the resultant hybridoma clones, we selected nine clones producing mAbs reactive to the HPeV3-VP0 antigen, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Epitope mapping showed that these mAbs recognized three distinct domains in HPeV3 VP0. Six mAbs recognized HPeV3 specifically and the other three mAbs showed cross-reactivity with other HPeVs. Using the HPeV3-specific mAbs, we then developed an ELISA for viral antigen detection that could be reliably used for laboratory diagnosis of HPeV3. This ELISA system exhibited no cross-reactivity with other related viruses. Our newly developed mAbs would, thus, provide a useful set of tools for future research and ensure HPeV3-specific diagnosis.
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14
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Terry JS, Anderson LBR, Scherman MS, McAlister CE, Perera R, Schountz T, Geiss BJ. Development of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.09.03.280370. [PMID: 32908982 PMCID: PMC7480041 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.03.280370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused massive disruptions in every society around the world. To help fight COVID-19, new molecular tools specifically targeting critical components of the causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are desperately needed. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is a major component of the viral replication processes, integral to viral particle assembly, and is a major diagnostic marker for infection and immune protection. Currently available antibody reagents targeting the nucleocapsid protein were primarily developed against the related SARS-CoV virus and are not specific to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Therefore, in this work we developed and characterized a series of new mouse monoclonal antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies were tested in ELISA, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. The variable regions from the heavy and light chains from five select clones were cloned and sequenced, and preliminary epitope mapping of the sequenced clones was performed. Overall, the new antibody reagents described here will be of significant value in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Terry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Loran BR Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael S. Scherman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Carley E. McAlister
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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15
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Ahangarzadeh S, Payandeh Z, Arezumand R, Shahzamani K, Yarian F, Alibakhshi A. An update on antiviral antibody-based biopharmaceuticals. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106760. [PMID: 32645633 PMCID: PMC7336121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the vastness of the science virology, it is no longer an offshoot solely of the microbiology. Viruses have become as the causative agents of major epidemics throughout history. Many therapeutic strategies have been used for these microorganisms, and in this way the recognizing of potential targets of viruses is of particular importance for success. For decades, antibodies and antibody fragments have occupied a significant body of the treatment approaches against infectious diseases. Because of their high affinity, they can be designed and engineered against a variety of purposes, mainly since antibody fragments such as scFv, nanobody, diabody, and bispecific antibody have emerged owing to their small size and interesting properties. In this review, we have discussed the antibody discovery and molecular and biological design of antibody fragments as inspiring therapeutic and diagnostic agents against viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghaye Arezumand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Science, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Kiana Shahzamani
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center (IGHRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Kim YS, Lim J, Sung J, Cheong Y, Lee EY, Kim J, Oh H, Kim YS, Cho NH, Choi S, Kang SM, Nam JH, Chae W, Seong BL. Built-in RNA-mediated chaperone (chaperna) for antigen folding tailored to immunized hosts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1990-2007. [PMID: 32297972 PMCID: PMC7262357 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
High‐quality antibody (Ab) production depends on the availability of immunologically relevant antigens. We present a potentially universal platform for generating soluble antigens from bacterial hosts, tailored to immunized animals for Ab production. A novel RNA‐dependent chaperone, in which the target antigen is genetically fused with an RNA‐interacting domain (RID) docking tag derived from the immunized host, promotes the solubility and robust folding of the target antigen. We selected the N‐terminal tRNA‐binding domain of lysyl‐tRNA synthetase (LysRS) as the RID for fusion with viral proteins and demonstrated the expression of the RID fusion proteins in their soluble and native conformations; immunization predominantly elicited Ab responses to the target antigen, whereas the “self” RID tag remained nonimmunogenic. Differential immunogenicity of the fusion proteins greatly enriched and simplified the screening of hybridoma clones of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), enabling specific and sensitive serodiagnosis of MERS‐CoV infection. Moreover, mAbs against the consensus influenza hemagglutinin stalk domain enabled a novel assay for trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines. The Fc‐mediated effector function was demonstrated, which could be harnessed for the design of next‐generation “universal” influenza vaccines. The nonimmunogenic built‐in antigen folding module tailored to a repertoire of immunized animal hosts will drive immunochemical diagnostics, therapeutics, and designer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkwan Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jemin Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongil Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Wang W, Wang T, Deng Y, Niu P, A R, Zhao J, Peiris M, Tang S, Tan W. A novel luciferase immunosorbent assay performs better than a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect MERS-CoV specific IgG in humans and animals. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2019; 1:134-143. [PMID: 32501446 PMCID: PMC7148641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal zoonosis caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test for detecting anti-MERS-CoV antibodies in both humans and animals is urgently needed for the successful management of this illness. Here, we evaluated various novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISA) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) including subunit 1 (S1), N terminal domain (NTD), receptor-binding domain (RBD) and subunit 2 (S2) of S for the detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG. Fusion proteins, including nanoluciferase (NLuc) and various fragments derived from the NP or S protein of MERS-CoV, were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 T cells. LISAs that detected anti-MERS-CoV IgG were further developed using cell lysates expressing various fusion proteins. Panels of human or animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of various LISAs in reference to a MERS-CoV RT-PCR, commercial S1-based ELISA, and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT). Our results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive than the NTD- and S2-LISAs for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG. Furthermore, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive (by at least 16-fold) than the commercially available S1-ELISA. Moreover, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISA specifically recognized anti-MERS-CoV IgG and did not cross-react with samples derived from other human CoV (OC43, 229E, HKU1, NL63)-infected patients. More importantly, these LISAs proved their applicability and reliability for detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice, among which the RBD-LISA exhibited excellent performance. The results of this study suggest that the novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1- LISAs are highly effective platforms for the rapid and sensitive detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays have the potential to be used as serologic tests for the management and control of MERS-CoV infection. Scientific question This study evaluated novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISAs) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) for detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG in humans and animals. Evidence before this study Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microneutralization (MN), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT) have been performed to detect serum antibodies against MERS-CoV. There remains a need to develop novel serological assays independent of protein purification, special secondary antibody, virus cultivation and Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory. New findings In this study, novel LISAs based on the MERS-CoV S fragments and NP were developed. Human and animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were measured by the newly developed LISAs as well as reference methods including commercial S1-ELISA and ppNT. The results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were able to specifically distinguish MERS-CoV-infected samples from samples infected by other HCoV as consistent as the reference methods. Comparing with the commercially available S1-ELISA, the S1- and RBD-LISAs were 64-folds more sensitive. Moreover, the applicability and reliability of the LISAs were verified by detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice. The RBD-LISA exhibited superior sensitivity and specificity. Significance of the study The novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1-LISAs were developed independent of protein purification and special secondary antibody, and showed super specificity and efficiency for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays are recommended for serological diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection in the investigation of epidemic characteristic, origin tracing and vaccine study of MERS-CoV, they would contribute to the scientific control and prevention of MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yao Deng
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruhan A
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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18
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Hoy CFO, Kushiro K, Yamaoka Y, Ryo A, Takai M. Rapid multiplex microfiber-based immunoassay for anti-MERS-CoV antibody detection. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019; 26:100304. [PMID: 32289017 PMCID: PMC7104066 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
On-site multiplex biosensors for innate immunity antibodies are ideal tools for monitoring health status of individuals against various diseases. This study introduces a novel antibody immunoassay testing platform incorporating microfiber-based arrays of antigens to capture specific antibodies. The fabrication and setup of the device revolved around electrospun polystyrene (ESPS) microfibers that act as three-dimensional membrane filters, capable of rapid and multifold analyte capture. In particular, the ESPS microfibers were patterned through localized oxygen plasma to create hydrophilic zones that facilitate fluid flows and immobilizations of antigens. The bulk of this robust antibody immunoassay platform could be installed into a compact syringe-driven cassette device, which could perform multiplex antibody immunoassay for antibodies specifically against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with rapid preparation amounting to a total of 5 min, as well as high sensitivity and specificity for the MERS-CoV down to 200 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton F O Hoy
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kushiro
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Li YH, Hu CY, Wu NP, Yao HP, Li LJ. Molecular Characteristics, Functions, and Related Pathogenicity of MERS-CoV Proteins. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2019; 5:940-947. [PMID: 32288963 PMCID: PMC7104727 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a de novo coronavirus-MERS-CoV-that is associated with high mortality. However, the mechanism by which MERS-CoV infects humans remains unclear. To date, there is no effective vaccine or antibody for human immunity and treatment, other than the safety and tolerability of the fully human polyclonal Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (SAB-301) as a putative therapeutic agent specific for MERS. Although rapid diagnostic and public health measures are currently being implemented, new cases of MERS-CoV infection are still being reported. Therefore, various effective measures should be taken to prevent the serious impact of similar epidemics in the future. Further investigation of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the virus, as well as the development of effective therapeutic and prophylactic anti-MERS-CoV infections, is necessary. For this purpose, detailed information on MERS-CoV proteins is needed. In this review, we describe the major structural and nonstructural proteins of MERS-CoV and summarize different potential strategies for limiting the outbreak of MERS-CoV. The combination of computational biology and virology can accelerate the advanced design and development of effective peptide therapeutics against MERS-CoV. In summary, this review provides important information about the progress of the elimination of MERS, from prevention to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Chen-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Nan-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31003, China
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Kim Y, Lee H, Park K, Park S, Lim JH, So MK, Woo HM, Ko H, Lee JM, Lim SH, Ko BJ, Park YS, Choi SY, Song DH, Lee JY, Kim SS, Kim DY. Selection and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus through a Human Synthetic Fab Phage Display Library Panning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E42. [PMID: 31544848 PMCID: PMC6783954 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in the Middle East in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has become a global concern due to the high morbidity and mortality of individuals infected with the virus. Although the majority of MERS-CoV cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia, the overall risk in areas outside the Middle East remains significant as inside Saudi Arabia. Additional pandemics of MERS-CoV are expected, and thus novel tools and reagents for therapy and diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we used phage display to develop novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target MERS-CoV. A human Fab phage display library was panned against the S2 subunit of the MERS-CoV spike protein (MERS-S2P), yielding three unique Fabs (S2A3, S2A6, and S2D5). The Fabs had moderate apparent affinities (Half maximal effective concentration (EC50 = 123-421 nM) for MERS-S2P, showed no cross-reactivity to spike proteins from other CoVs, and were non-aggregating and thermostable (Tm = 61.5-80.4 °C). Reformatting the Fabs into IgGs (Immunoglobulin Gs) greatly increased their apparent affinities (KD = 0.17-1.2 nM), presumably due to the effects of avidity. These apparent affinities were notably higher than that of a previously reported anti-MERS-CoV S2 reference mAb (KD = 8.7 nM). Furthermore, two of the three mAbs (S2A3 and S2D5) bound only MERS-CoV (Erasmus Medical Center (EMC)) and not other CoVs, reflecting their high binding specificity. However, the mAbs lacked MERS-CoV neutralizing activity. Given their high affinity, specificity, and desirable stabilities, we anticipate that these anti-MERS-CoV mAbs would be suitable reagents for developing antibody-based diagnostics in laboratory or hospital settings for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Hansaem Lee
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Sora Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Min Kyung So
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Woo
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Hyemin Ko
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Lee
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lim
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Park
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Du Hyun Song
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea.
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21
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Roberts CC. Emerging infectious disease laboratory and diagnostic preparedness to accelerate vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2258-2263. [PMID: 31268394 PMCID: PMC6816404 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1634992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid vaccine development in response to an outbreak of a new emerging infectious disease (EID) is a goal targeted by public health agencies worldwide. This goal becomes more complicated when there are no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, no accepted and well-characterized samples, standards or reagents, and no approved diagnostic tests for the EID pathogen. The diagnosis of infections is of critical importance to public health, but also in vaccine development in order to track incident infections during clinical trials, to differentiate natural infection responses from those that are vaccine-related and, if called for by study design, to exclude subjects with prior exposure from vaccine efficacy trials. Here we review emerging infectious disease biological standards development, vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with the recent experiences of MERS-CoV and Zika virus as examples. There is great need to establish, in advance, the standardized reagents, sample panels, controls, and assays to support the rapid advancement of vaccine development efforts in response to EID outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Roberts
- Clinical Laboratory Development, GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA,Contact Christine C. Roberts Clinical Laboratory Development, GeneOne Life Science, Inc., 1040 DeKalb Pike, Suite 200, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
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22
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Lim CC, Woo PCY, Lim TS. Development of a Phage Display Panning Strategy Utilizing Crude Antigens: Isolation of MERS-CoV Nucleoprotein human antibodies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6088. [PMID: 30988390 PMCID: PMC6465254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody phage display has been pivotal in the quest to generate human monoclonal antibodies for biomedical and research applications. Target antigen preparation is a main bottleneck associated with the panning process. This includes production complexity, downstream purification, quality and yield. In many instances, purified antigens are preferred for panning but this may not be possible for certain difficult target antigens. Here, we describe an improved procedure of affinity selection against crude or non-purified antigen by saturation of non-binders with blocking agents to promote positive binder enrichment termed as Yin-Yang panning. A naïve human scFv library with kappa light chain repertoire with a library size of 109 was developed. The improved Yin-Yang biopanning process was able to enrich monoclonal antibodies specific to the MERS-CoV nucleoprotein. Three unique monoclonal antibodies were isolated in the process. The Yin-Yang biopanning method highlights the possibility of utilizing crude antigens for the isolation of monoclonal antibodies by phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chiu Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Kelly-Cirino C, Mazzola LT, Chua A, Oxenford CJ, Van Kerkhove MD. An updated roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: focus on diagnostics. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001105. [PMID: 30815285 PMCID: PMC6361340 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation. A more detailed understanding of the kinetics of infection of MERS-CoV is needed in order to optimise the use of existing assays. Notably, MERS-CoV point-of-care tests are needed in order to optimise supportive care and to minimise transmission risk. However, for new test development, sourcing clinical material continues to be a major challenge to achieving assay validation. Harmonisation and standardisation of laboratory methods are essential for surveillance and for a rapid and effective international response to emerging diseases. Routine external quality assessment, along with well-characterised and up-to-date proficiency panels, would provide insight into MERS-CoV diagnostic performance worldwide. A defined set of Target Product Profiles for diagnostic technologies will be developed by WHO to address these gaps in MERS-CoV outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arlene Chua
- Department of Information, Evidence and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.,Medecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Veit S, Jany S, Fux R, Sutter G, Volz A. CD8+ T Cells Responding to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Delivered by Vaccinia Virus MVA in Mice. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120718. [PMID: 30558354 PMCID: PMC6316859 DOI: 10.3390/v10120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel infectious agent causing severe respiratory disease and death in humans, was first described in 2012. Antibodies directed against the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein are thought to play a major role in controlling MERS-CoV infection and in mediating vaccine-induced protective immunity. In contrast, relatively little is known about the role of T cell responses and the antigenic targets of MERS-CoV that are recognized by CD8+ T cells. In this study, the highly conserved MERS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein served as a target immunogen to elicit MERS-CoV-specific cellular immune responses. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a safety-tested strain of vaccinia virus for preclinical and clinical vaccine research, was used for generating MVA-MERS-N expressing recombinant N protein. Overlapping peptides spanning the whole MERS-CoV N polypeptide were used to identify major histocompatibility complex class I/II-restricted T cell responses in BALB/c mice immunized with MVA-MERS-N. We have identified a H2-d restricted decamer peptide epitope in the MERS-N protein with CD8+ T cell antigenicity. The identification of this epitope, and the availability of the MVA-MERS-N candidate vaccine, will help to evaluate MERS-N-specific immune responses and the potential immune correlates of vaccine-mediated protection in the appropriate murine models of MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Veit
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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25
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Miyakawa K, Matsunaga S, Yamaoka Y, Dairaku M, Fukano K, Kimura H, Chimuro T, Nishitsuji H, Watashi K, Shimotohno K, Wakita T, Ryo A. Development of a cell-based assay to identify hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors targeting the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23681-23694. [PMID: 29805766 PMCID: PMC5955094 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is a major entry receptor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and one of the most attractive targets for anti-HBV drugs. We developed a cell-mediated drug screening method to monitor NTCP expression on the cell surface by generating a HepG2 cell line with tetracycline-inducible expression of NTCP and a monoclonal antibody that specifically detects cell-surface NTCP. Using this system, we screened a small molecule library for compounds that protected against HBV infection by targeting NTCP. We found that glabridin, a licorice-derived isoflavane, could suppress viral infection by inducing caveolar endocytosis of cell-surface NTCP with an IC50 of ~40 μM. We also found that glabridin could attenuate the inhibitory effect of taurocholate on type I interferon signaling by depleting the level of cell-surface NTCP. These results demonstrate that our screening system could be a powerful tool for discovering drugs targeting HBV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.,Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Mina Dairaku
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Chimuro
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Hironori Nishitsuji
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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26
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MERS-CoV: Understanding the Latest Human Coronavirus Threat. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020093. [PMID: 29495250 PMCID: PMC5850400 DOI: 10.3390/v10020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in humans. In 2012, a sixth human coronavirus (hCoV) was isolated from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness. The 60-year-old man died as a result of renal and respiratory failure after admission to a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The aetiological agent was eventually identified as a coronavirus and designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS-CoV has now been reported in more than 27 countries across the Middle East, Europe, North Africa and Asia. As of July 2017, 2040 MERS-CoV laboratory confirmed cases, resulting in 712 deaths, were reported globally, with a majority of these cases from the Arabian Peninsula. This review summarises the current understanding of MERS-CoV, with special reference to the (i) genome structure; (ii) clinical features; (iii) diagnosis of infection; and (iv) treatment and vaccine development.
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27
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Chan JFW, Sridhar S, Yip CCY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. The role of laboratory diagnostics in emerging viral infections: the example of the Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemic. J Microbiol 2017; 55:172-182. [PMID: 28243939 PMCID: PMC7090747 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly emerging infectious disease outbreaks place a great strain on laboratories to develop and implement sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for patient management and infection control in a timely manner. Furthermore, laboratories also play a role in real-time zoonotic, environmental, and epidemiological investigations to identify the ultimate source of the epidemic, facilitating measures to eventually control the outbreak. Each assay modality has unique pros and cons; therefore, incorporation of a battery of tests using traditional culture-based, molecular and serological diagnostics into diagnostic algorithms is often required. As such, laboratories face challenges in assay development, test evaluation, and subsequent quality assurance. In this review, we describe the different testing modalities available for the ongoing Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemic including cell culture, nucleic acid amplification, antigen detection, and antibody detection assays. Applications of such tests in both acute clinical and epidemiological investigation settings are highlighted. Using the MERS epidemic as an example, we illustrate the various challenges faced by laboratories in test development and implementation in the setting of a rapidly emerging infectious disease. Future directions in the diagnosis of MERS and other emerging infectious disease investigations are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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28
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Qiao J, Li Y, Wei C, Yang H, Yu J, Wei H. Rapid detection of viral antibodies based on multifunctional Staphylococcus aureus nanobioprobes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 95:94-99. [PMID: 27866631 PMCID: PMC7112379 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of nanoparticles inside S. aureus cells has enhanced the sensitivity of immunoassays based on the S. aureus nanoparticles. However, the current methods are limited to antigen detection by conjugating IgG antibodies on S. aureus nanoparticles. In this study, a simple way to conjugate antigens to the S. aureus nanobioparticles was developed by utilizing a cell wall binding domain (CBD) from a bacteriophage lysin PlyV12. Based on this novel design, simple agglutination tests of the IgG antibodies of Ebola virus (EBOV) nucleoprotein (NP) and Middle East Respiratory Virus (MERS) NP in rabbit sera were successfully developed by conjugating the S. aureus nanobioparticles with two fusion proteins EBOV NP- CBD and MERS NP-CBD, respectively. The conjugation was done easily by just mixing the fusion proteins with the S. aureus nanoparticles. The detection time was within 20 min without any special equipment or expertise. As far as we know, this is the first time to realize the detection of viral antibodies based on S. aureus nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Infections, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Infections, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Cuihua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Infections, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Infections, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Junping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Infections, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens and Infections, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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