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Woodruff E, Poltronieri BC, Sousa LPDA, de Oliveira YG, Reis MA, Scoriels L, Panizzutti R. Effects of bottom-up versus top-down digital cognitive training in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 127:105552. [PMID: 39002517 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impairments in bottom-up perceptual processing have been associated to the age-related cognitive decline. Digital cognitive training focusing on bottom-up and/or top-down processes have been studied as a tool to remediate age-related cognitive decline. However, the most effective training type and order of application remain unclear. METHODS One hundred and fifteen older adults were randomly assigned to 40 h of bottom-up then top-down or top-down then bottom-up digital cognitive training or an active control group. We evaluated cognition at baseline, after 20 h and 40 h of training and at follow-up using a mixed-model analysis. RESULTS Global cognition improved, for the top-down group, after 20 h of training (p = 0.04; d = 0.7) and for all three groups after 40 h. The improvement in global cognition remained five months after the bottom-up/ top-down training (p = 0.009; d = 4.0). There were also improvements in the recall cognitive domain, after 20 h of training, for the bottom-up group and, after 40 h, for all three groups. Gains were observed in verbal fluency after 40 h of training for both therapeutic groups. Processing speed was significantly slower, after 20 h of training, for the control and bottom-up groups and, after 40 h, only for the control group. Emotion recognition improved, after 20 h, for the control group as compared to the therapeutic groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the bottom-up/top-down training has the most endurable effects, which reveals the importance of the order of application of the exercises for gains in cognition in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Woodruff
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Costa Poltronieri
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luisa Pedrosa de Albuquerque Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Guedes de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Alexandre Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Linda Scoriels
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDE, CNRS, F-75005, Paris
| | - Rogério Panizzutti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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2
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Volfart A, Rossion B. The neuropsychological evaluation of face identity recognition. Neuropsychologia 2024; 198:108865. [PMID: 38522782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Facial identity recognition (FIR) is arguably the ultimate form of recognition for the adult human brain. Even if the term prosopagnosia is reserved for exceptionally rare brain-damaged cases with a category-specific abrupt loss of FIR at adulthood, subjective and objective impairments or difficulties of FIR are common in the neuropsychological population. Here we provide a critical overview of the evaluation of FIR both for clinicians and researchers in neuropsychology. FIR impairments occur following many causes that should be identified objectively by both general and specific, behavioral and neural examinations. We refute the commonly used dissociation between perceptual and memory deficits/tests for FIR, since even a task involving the discrimination of unfamiliar face images presented side-by-side relies on cortical memories of faces in the right-lateralized ventral occipito-temporal cortex. Another frequently encountered confusion is between specific deficits of the FIR function and a more general impairment of semantic memory (of people), the latter being most often encountered following anterior temporal lobe damage. Many computerized tests aimed at evaluating FIR have appeared over the last two decades, as reviewed here. However, despite undeniable strengths, they often suffer from ecological limitations, difficulties of instruction, as well as a lack of consideration for processing speed and qualitative information. Taking into account these issues, a recently developed behavioral test with natural images manipulating face familiarity, stimulus inversion, and correct response times as a key variable appears promising. The measurement of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in the frequency domain from fast periodic visual stimulation also appears as a particularly promising tool to complete and enhance the neuropsychological assessment of FIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Volfart
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000, Nancy, France.
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Ansado J, Eynard B, Mirofle N, Mennetrey C, Banchereau J, Sablon M, Lokietek E, Le Vourc'h F, Tissot J, Wrobel J, Martel C, Granon S, Suarez S. Adult norms for the decision-making MindPulse Digital Test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38354094 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2307413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
We present adult normalized data for MindPulse (MP), a new tool evaluating attentional and executive functioning (AEF) in decision-making. We recruited 722 neurotypical participants (18-80 years), with 149 retested. The MP test includes three tasks: Simple Reaction Time (SRT), Go/No-go, and complex Go/No-go, involving perceptual components, motor responses, and measurements of reaction time (RT) and correctness. We compare responses, evaluating 14 cognitive indices (including new composite indices to describe AEF: Executive Speed and Reaction to Difficulty). We adjust for age/sex effects, introduce a difficulty scale, and consider standard deviations, aberrant times, and Spearman Correlation for speed-accuracy balance. Wilcoxon unpaired rank test is used to assess sex effects, and linear regression is employed to assess the age linear dependency model on the normalized database. The study demonstrated age and sex effects on RTs, in all three subtests, and the ability to correct it for individual results. The test showed excellent validity (Cronbach Alpha for the three subtasks is 92, 87, 95%) and high internal consistency (p < 0.001 for each subtask significantly faster than the more complex subtask) of the MP across the wide age range. Results showed correlation within the three RT parts of the test (p < .001 for each) and the independence of SRT, RD, and ES indices. The Retest effect was lower than intersubject variance, showing consistency over time. This study highlights the MP test's strong validity on a homogeneous, large adult sample. It emphasizes assessing AEF and Reaction to Difficulty dynamically with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Eynard
- It's Brain SAS, Orsay, France
- IPHT/DRF/CEA Institut de Physique Théorique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CRM Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nastasia Mirofle
- Institut des Neurosciences de Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Eline Lokietek
- Centre SSR Marguerite Boucicaut, Chalon sur Saône, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Martel
- Centre de Santé Universitaire, St Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Institut des Neurosciences de Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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Jia L, Zhao R, Zhang Q. The influence of induced moods on aging of phonological encoding in spoken word production: an ERP study. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1330746. [PMID: 38415280 PMCID: PMC10896962 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1330746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of induced mood on the phonological encoding involved in Chinese spoken word production with a picture-word inference task while concurrently recorded electrophysiological signals. In the experiment, young and older participants watched videos for inducing positive, negative, or neutral mood, and then they were instructed to name target picture while ignoring phonologically related or unrelated distractor words. A phonological facilitation effect was observed in young adults but not in older adults, suggesting an age-related decline of phonological encoding. Both groups showed an inhibition effect in negative mood but not in positive mood, suggesting that speakers have different processing styles in different moods. ERP data revealed a phonological effect around the time window of 250-350 ms in both groups. Meanwhile, young adults showed a phonological effect around 350-450 ms in negative mood and positive mood which may reflect self-monitoring in speech production. We suggest that the former effect may reflect phonological encoding while the latter reflects self-monitoring of internal syllables or phonemes. Furthermore, induced moods influence the phonological effect in older and young adults differently. Behavioral and ERP results provide consistent evidence for the aging decline of phonological encoding in spoken word production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qingfang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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5
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Glazer S, Kim YJ, Fecher M, Billetdeaux KA, Gilliland EB, Wilde EA, Olshefski R, Yeates KO, Vannatta K, Hoskinson KR. Higher order neurocognition in pediatric brain tumor survivors: What can we learn from white matter microstructure? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e30787. [PMID: 38014868 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS) experience neurocognitive late effects, including problems with working memory, processing speed, and other higher order skills. These skill domains are subserved by various white matter (WM) pathways, but not much is known about these brain-behavior links in PBTS. This study examined the anterior corona radiata (ACR), inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi (IFOF), and superior longitudinal fasciculi (SLF) by analyzing associations among diffusion metrics and neurocognition. PROCEDURE Thirteen PBTS and 10 healthy controls (HC), aged 9-14 years, completed performance-based measures of processing speed and executive function, and parents rated their child's day-to-day executive skills. Children underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion weighted imaging that yielded fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values. Independent samples t-tests assessed group differences on neurocognitive and imaging measures, and pooled within-group correlations examined relationships among measures across groups. RESULTS PBTS performed more poorly than HC on measures of processing speed, divided attention, and shifting (d = -1.08 to -1.44). WM microstructure differences were significant in MD values for the bilateral SLF and ACR, with PBTS showing higher diffusivity (d = 0.75 to 1.21). Better processing speed, divided attention, and shifting were associated with lower diffusivity in the IFOF, SLF, and ACR, but were not strongly correlated with FA. CONCLUSIONS PBTS demonstrate poorer neurocognitive functioning that is linked to differences in WM microstructure, as evidenced by higher diffusivity in the ACR, SLF, and IFOF. These findings support the use of MD in understanding alterations in WM microstructure in PTBS and shed light on potential functions of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Glazer
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Madison Fecher
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A Billetdeaux
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin B Gilliland
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Randal Olshefski
- Section of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathryn Vannatta
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristen R Hoskinson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Bonzano L, Biggio M, Brigadoi S, Pedullà L, Pagliai M, Iester C, Brichetto G, Cutini S, Bove M. Don't plan, just do it: Cognitive and sensorimotor contributions to manual dexterity. Neuroimage 2023; 280:120348. [PMID: 37625501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manual dexterity is referred to as the skill to perform fine motor movements and it has been assumed to be associated to the cognitive domain, as well as the sensorimotor one. In this work, we investigated with functional near-infrared spectroscopy the cortical activations elicited by the execution of the 9-HPT, i.e., a standard test evaluating manual dexterity in which nine pegs were taken, placed into and then removed from nine holes on a board as quickly as possible. For comparison, we proposed a new active control task mainly involving the sensorimotor domain, in which the pegs must be placed and removed using the same single hole (1-HPT). Behaviorally, we found two distinct groups based on the difference between the execution time of the 9-HPT and the 1-HPT (ΔHPT). Cortical areas belonging to the network controlling reaching and grasping movements were active in both groups; however, participants showing a large ΔHPT presented significantly higher activation in prefrontal cortical areas (right BA10 and BA11) during 9-HPT and 1-HPT performance with respect to the participants with a small ΔHPT, who showed a deactivation in BA10. Unexpectedly, we observed a significant linear relationship between ΔHPT and right BA10 activity. This suggested that participants performing the 9-HPT more slowly than the 1-HPT recruited prefrontal areas implicitly exploiting the cognitive skills of planning, perhaps in search of a motor strategy to solve the test activating attentional and cognitive control processes, but this resulted not efficient and instead increased the time to accomplish a manual dexterity task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonzano
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Brigadoi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Ludovico Pedullà
- Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Scientific Research Area, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Costanza Iester
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Brichetto
- Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Scientific Research Area, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Cutini
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Marco Bove
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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7
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Holm H, Ivarsdottir EV, Olafsdottir T, Thorolfsdottir R, Eythorsson E, Norland K, Gisladottir R, Jonsdottir G, Unnsteinsdottir U, Sveinsdottir KE, Jonsson BA, Andresdottir M, Arnar DO, Arnthorsson AO, Birgisdottir K, Bjarnadottir K, Bjarnadottir S, Bjornsdottir G, Einarsson G, Eiriksdottir B, Gardarsdottir EE, Gislason T, Gottfredsson M, Gudmundsdottir S, Gudmundsson J, Gunnarsdottir K, Helgadottir A, Helgason D, Hinriksdottir I, Ingvarsson RF, Jonasdottir SS, Jonsdottir I, Karlsdottir TH, Kristinsdottir AM, Kristinsson SY, Kristjansdottir S, Love TJ, Ludviksdottir D, Masson G, Norddahl G, Olafsdottir T, Olafsson I, Rafnar T, Runolfsdottir HL, Saemundsdottir J, Sigurbjornsson S, Sigurdardottir K, Sigurdsson E, Sigurdsson MI, Sigurdsson EL, Steinthorsdottir V, Sveinbjornsson G, Thorarensen EA, Thorbjornsson B, Thorsteinsdottir B, Tragante V, Ulfarsson MO, Stefansson H, Gislason T, Kristjansson M, Palsson R, Sulem P, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thorgeirsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K. Physical and cognitive impact following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large population-based case-control study. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:94. [PMID: 37414856 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent symptoms are common after SARS-CoV-2 infection but correlation with objective measures is unclear. METHODS We invited all 3098 adults who tested SARS-CoV-2 positive in Iceland before October 2020 to the deCODE Health Study. We compared multiple symptoms and physical measures between 1706 Icelanders with confirmed prior infection (cases) who participated, and 619 contemporary and 13,779 historical controls. Cases participated in the study 5-18 months after infection. RESULTS Here we report that 41 of 88 symptoms are associated with prior infection, most significantly disturbed smell and taste, memory disturbance, and dyspnea. Measured objectively, cases had poorer smell and taste results, less grip strength, and poorer memory recall. Differences in grip strength and memory recall were small. No other objective measure associated with prior infection including heart rate, blood pressure, postural orthostatic tachycardia, oxygen saturation, exercise tolerance, hearing, and traditional inflammatory, cardiac, liver, and kidney blood biomarkers. There was no evidence of more anxiety or depression among cases. We estimate the prevalence of long Covid to be 7% at a median of 8 months after infection. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that diverse symptoms are common months after SARS-CoV-2 infection but find few differences between cases and controls in objective parameters measured. These discrepancies between symptoms and physical measures suggest a more complicated contribution to symptoms related to prior infection than is captured with conventional tests. Traditional clinical assessment is not expected to be particularly informative in relating symptoms to a past SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | | | | | - Elias Eythorsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Rosa Gisladottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Humanities, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David O Arnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Solveig Bjarnadottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Magnus Gottfredsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Dadi Helgason
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ragnar F Ingvarsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Sigurdur Yngvi Kristinsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Thorvardur J Love
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Dora Ludviksdottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Clinical Laboratory Services, Diagnostics and Blood Bank, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Hrafnhildur L Runolfsdottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Martin I Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Perioperative Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emil L Sigurdsson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Development Centre for Primary Health Care in Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Mar Kristjansson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Runolfur Palsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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8
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Feng RC, Dong YH, Hong XL, Su Y, Wu XV. Effects of anthocyanin-rich supplementation on cognition of the cognitively healthy middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:287-303. [PMID: 35960187 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of age-related cognitive decline has been on the rise as the global population age, putting the independence and quality of life of elderly at risk. Anthocyanin, as a subclass of dietary flavonoids, may have a beneficial impact on cognitive outcomes. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of dietary anthocyanin supplementation on cognition of the cognitively healthy middle-aged and older adults. DATA SOURCES PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, EMBASE, ProQuest and Cochrane databases were searched. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Thirteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Anthocyanin-rich supplementation was found to significantly improve the processing speed of the older adults (95%CI 0.08, 0.44; P = 0.004). No significant differences were observed between intervention and control groups on memory, attention, executive function and psychomotor performance. Current neuroimaging studies have found promising effects of anthocyanin supplementation on brain activation and cerebral perfusion. CONCLUSION Anthocyanin-rich supplementation may preserve cognitive processing speed and neuro-activities in older adults, which improves their daily functioning and quality of life. This review provides useful insights to guide direction and methodological designs for future studies to explore the underlying mechanisms of anthocyanins. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration No. CRD42021228007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Chen Feng
- is with the High-Dependency Unit, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Health Group, Singapore
| | - Yan Hong Dong
- are with the Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,is with the Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xian Li Hong
- is with the Medical Intensive Care Unit, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Health Group, Singapore
| | - Ya Su
- is with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Nursing, Shanghai, China.,is with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Xi Vivien Wu
- are with the Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,is with the NUSMED Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Argiris G, Stern Y, Habeck C. Neural similarity across task load relates to cognitive reserve and brain maintenance measures on the Letter Sternberg task: a longitudinal study. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:100-113. [PMID: 36484923 PMCID: PMC9925407 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aging process is characterized by change across several measures that index cognitive status and brain integrity. In the present study, 54 cognitively-healthy younger and older adults, were analyzed, longitudinally, on a verbal working memory task to investigate the effect of brain maintenance (i.e., cortical thickness) and cognitive reserve (i.e., NART IQ as proxy) factors on a derived measure of neural efficiency. Participants were scanned using fMRI while presented with the Letter Sternberg task, a verbal working memory task consisting of encoding, maintenance and retrieval phases, where cognitive load is manipulated by varying the number of presented items (i.e., between one and six letters). Via correlation analysis, we looked at region-level and whole-brain relationships between load levels within each phase and then computed a global task measure, what we term phase specificity, to analyze how similar neural responses were across load levels within each phase compared to between each phase. We found that longitudinal change in phase specificity was positively related to longitudinal change in cortical thickness, at both the whole-brain and regional level. Additionally, baseline NART IQ was positively related to longitudinal change in phase specificity over time. Furthermore, we found a longitudinal effect of sex on change in phase specificity, such that females displayed higher phase specificity over time. Cross-sectional findings aligned with longitudinal findings, with the notable exception of behavioral performance being positively linked to phase specificity cross-sectionally at baseline. Taken together, our findings suggest that phase specificity positively relates to brain maintenance and reserve factors and should be better investigated as a measure of neural efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette Argiris
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd floor, NY, 10032, New York, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd floor, NY, 10032, New York, USA
| | - Christian Habeck
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd floor, NY, 10032, New York, USA.
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10
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Salzman T, Tobón DP, Perreault H, Farhat F, Fraser S. Using Cognitive-Motor Dual-Tasks and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Characterize Older Adults with and without Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1497-1508. [PMID: 37718810 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to individuals who report persistent cognitive deficits but perform normally on neuropsychological tests. Performance may be facilitated by increased prefrontal cortex activation, known as neural compensation, and could be used to differentiate between older adults with and without SCD. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional pilot study measured changes in the hemodynamic response (ΔHbO2) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as well as cognitive and motor performance during fine and gross motor dual-tasks in older adults with and without SCD. METHODS Twenty older adults over 60 years old with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) SCD were recruited. Two experiments were conducted using 1) gross motor walking and 2) fine motor finger tapping tasks that were paired with an n-back working memory task. Participants also completed neuropsychological assessments and questionnaires on everyday functioning. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated slower response times during dual-task gait compared to the single task (p = 0.032) and in the non-SCD group, slower gait speed was also observed in the dual compared to single task (p = 0.044). Response times during dual-task finger tapping were slower than the single task (p = 0.049) and greater ΔHbO2 was observed overall in the SCD compared to non-SCD group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Examining neural and performance outcomes revealed differences between SCD and non-SCD groups and single and dual-tasks. Greater brain activation during dual-task finger tapping may reflect neural compensation, which should be examined in a larger sample and longitudinally to better characterize SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Salzman
- School of Human Kinetics University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Diana P Tobón
- Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering Department, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hannah Perreault
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Farah Farhat
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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11
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Pearce AJ, King D, Kidgell DJ, Frazer AK, Tommerdahl M, Suter CM. Assessment of Somatosensory and Motor Processing Time in Retired Athletes with a History of Repeated Head Trauma. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040109. [PMID: 36547655 PMCID: PMC9782447 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of the adverse outcomes of repeated head trauma in athletes is often achieved using tests where the comparator is ‘accuracy’. While it is expected that ex-athletes would perform worse than controls, previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Here we have attempted to address these inconsistencies from a different perspective by quantifying not only accuracy, but also motor response times. Age-matched control subjects who have never experienced head trauma (n = 20; 41.8 ± 14.4 years) where compared to two cohorts of retired contact sport athletes with a history of head trauma/concussions; one with self-reported concerns (n = 36; 45.4 ± 12.6 years), and another with no ongoing concerns (n = 19; 43.1 ± 13.5 years). Participants performed cognitive (Cogstate) and somatosensory (Cortical Metrics) testing with accuracy and motor times recorded. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) investigated corticospinal conduction and excitability. Results showed that there was little difference between groups in accuracy scores. Conversely, motor times in all but one test revealed that ex-athletes with self-reported concerns were significantly slower compared to other groups (p ranges 0.031 to <0.001). TMS latency showed significantly increased time (p = 0.008) in the group with ongoing concerns. These findings suggest that incorporating motor times is more informative than considering accuracy scores alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Pearce
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3016, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Doug King
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Dawson J. Kidgell
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K. Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Cortical Metrics, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
| | - Catherine M. Suter
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
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12
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Lamp G, Sola Molina RM, Hugrass L, Beaton R, Crewther D, Crewther SG. Kinematic Studies of the Go/No-Go Task as a Dynamic Sensorimotor Inhibition Task for Assessment of Motor and Executive Function in Stroke Patients: An Exploratory Study in a Neurotypical Sample. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1581. [PMID: 36421905 PMCID: PMC9688448 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of reaching and grasping actions as an element of cognitive control and executive function is a vital component of sensorimotor behaviour that is often impaired in patients who have lost sensorimotor function following a stroke. To date, there are few kinematic studies detailing the fine spatial and temporal upper limb movements associated with the millisecond temporal trajectory of correct and incorrect responses to visually driven Go/No-Go reaching and grasping tasks. Therefore, we aimed to refine the behavioural measurement of correct and incorrect inhibitory motor responses in a Go/No-Go task for future quantification and personalized rehabilitation in older populations and those with acquired motor disorders, such as stroke. An exploratory study mapping the kinematic profiles of hand movements in neurotypical participants utilizing such a task was conducted using high-speed biological motion capture cameras, revealing both within and between subject differences in a sample of healthy participants. These kinematic profiles and differences are discussed in the context of better assessment of sensorimotor function impairment in stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lamp
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rosa Maria Sola Molina
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Laila Hugrass
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Russell Beaton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3022, Australia
| | - Sheila Gillard Crewther
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3022, Australia
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13
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Nasiri M, Moayedfar S, Purmohammad M, Ghasisin L. Investigating sentence processing and working memory in patients with mild Alzheimer and elderly people. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266552. [PMID: 36318545 PMCID: PMC9624401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Linguistic disorders are one of the common problems in Alzheimer's disease, which in recent years has been considered as one of the key parameters in the diagnosis of Alzheimer (AD). Given that changes in sentence processing and working memory and the relationship between these two activities may be a diagnostic parameter in the early and preclinical stages of AD, the present study examines the comprehension and production of sentences and working memory in AD patients and healthy aged people. METHODS Twenty-five people with mild Alzheimer's and 25 healthy elderly people participated in the study. In this study, we used the digit span to evaluate working memory. Syntactic priming and sentence completion tasks in canonical and non-canonical conditions were used for evaluating sentence production. We administered sentence picture matching and cross-modal naming tasks to assess sentence comprehension. RESULTS The results of the present study revealed that healthy elderly people and patients with mild Alzheimer's disease have a significant difference in comprehension of relative clause sentences (P <0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in comprehension of simple active, simple active with noun phrase and passive sentences (P> 0.05). They had a significant difference in auditory and visual reaction time (P <0.05). Also there was a significant difference between the two groups in syntactic priming and sentence completion tasks. However, in non-canonical condition of sentence completion, the difference between the two groups was not significant (P> 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that the mean scores related to comprehension, production and working memory in people with mild Alzheimer's were lower than healthy aged people, which indicate sentence processing problems at this level of the disease. People with Alzheimer have difficulty comprehending and producing complex syntactic structures and have poorer performance in tasks that required more memory demands. It seems that the processing problems of these people are due to both working memory and language problems, which are not separate from each other and both are involved in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nasiri
- Student Research Committee, School of Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeideh Moayedfar
- Department of speech therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Purmohammad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Ghasisin
- Communication Disorders Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
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14
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Dinçer M, Uğurtaş Gökçe FS, Gül H, Taş Torun Y, Bodur Ş, Cöngöloğlu MA. Is Processing Speed (Gs) related to Hyperactivity (As a Narrow Cognitive Area of Gps): A Dimensional Approach to Heterogeneity of Clinical and WISC-IV Cognitive Profiles in ADHD From RDoC/HiTOP Perspective. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1747-1761. [PMID: 35579206 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221099963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between symptomatology and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) cognitive profiles in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), taking into account clinical heterogeneity. METHOD The WISC-IV was administered to 60 children aged 6 to 13 years with ADHD who had not previously taken psychotropic medication. Conners Teacher-Rating Scale (CTRS-R/L) and Conners Parent-Rating Scale (CPRS-R/L) were completed by parents and teachers. RESULTS We found a statistically significant positive correlation between the symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and PSI (Processing Speed Index). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the CTRS-R/L's DSM-IV Inattentive subscale and PRI (Perceptual Reasoning Index). No relationship was found between the inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity symptomatology with Working Memory Index (WMI). WMI stood out as the most frequently reported weakness among the four index scores. CONCLUSION Considering the relationship between the cognitive domains of RDoC (Research Domain Criteria) and dimensions of HiTOP with the ADHD symptom clusters, the assessment of cognitive and behavioral symptoms may be useful for phenotyping ADHD. According to the CHC (Cattell-Horn-Carroll) theory; the positive correlation level between PSI, which is accepted as Gs, and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms in people with ADHD may be due to the fact that hyperactivity is one of the narrow cognitive domains of Gps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Dinçer
- Mehmet Akif inan Training and Research Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Hesna Gül
- Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şahin Bodur
- Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Alhamdan AA, Murphy MJ, Crewther SG. Age-related decrease in motor contribution to multisensory reaction times in primary school children. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:967081. [PMID: 36158624 PMCID: PMC9493199 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.967081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional measurement of multisensory facilitation in tasks such as speeded motor reaction tasks (MRT) consistently show age-related improvement during early childhood. However, the extent to which motor function increases with age and hence contribute to multisensory motor reaction times in young children has seldom been examined. Thus, we aimed to investigate the contribution of motor development to measures of multisensory (auditory, visual, and audiovisual) and visuomotor processing tasks in three young school age groups of children (n = 69) aged (5-6, n = 21; 7-8, n = 25.; 9-10 n = 18 years). We also aimed to determine whether age-related sensory threshold times for purely visual inspection time (IT) tasks improved significantly with age. Bayesian results showed decisive evidence for age-group differences in multisensory MRT and visuo-motor processing tasks, though the evidence showed that threshold time for visual identification IT performance was only slower in the youngest age group children (5-6) compared to older groups. Bayesian correlations between performance on the multisensory MRT and visuo-motor processing tasks indicated moderate to decisive evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis (BF10 = 4.71 to 91.346), though not with the threshold IT (BF10 < 1.35). This suggests that visual sensory system development in children older than 6 years makes a less significant contribution to the measure of multisensory facilitation, compared to motor development. In addition to this main finding, multisensory facilitation of MRT within race-model predictions was only found in the oldest group of children (9-10), supporting previous suggestions that multisensory integration is likely to continue into late childhood/early adolescence at least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej A. Alhamdan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melanie J. Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Peters JO, Steiger TK, Sobczak A, Bunzeck N. Set Size of Information in Long-Term Memory Similarly Modulates Retrieval Dynamics in Young and Older Adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:817929. [PMID: 35310276 PMCID: PMC8924055 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.817929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to rapidly distinguish new from already stored (old) information is important for behavior and decision making, but the underlying processes remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that contextual cues lead to a preselection of information and, therefore, faster recognition. Specifically, on the basis of previous modeling work, we hypothesized that recognition time depends on the amount of relevant content stored in long-term memory, i.e., set size, and we explored possible age-related changes of this relationship in older humans. In our paradigm, subjects learned by heart four different word lists (24, 48, 72, and 96 words) written in different colors (green, red, orange, and blue). On the day of testing, a color cue (e.g., green) indicated with a probability of 50% that a subsequent word might be from the corresponding list or from a list of new words. The old/new status of the word had to be distinguished via button press. As a main finding, we can show in a sample of n = 49 subjects, including 26 younger and 23 older humans, that response times increased linearly and logarithmically as a function of set size in both age groups. Conversely, corrected hit rates decreased as a function of set size with no statistically significant differences between both age groups. As such, our findings provide empirical evidence that contextual information can lead to a preselection of relevant information stored in long-term memory to promote efficient recognition, possibly by cyclical top-down and bottom-up processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Peters
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Nico Bunzeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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17
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Petoft A, Abbasi M, Zali A. Toward children's cognitive development from the perspective of neurolaw: implications of Roper v Simmons. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 30:144-160. [PMID: 36950188 PMCID: PMC10026748 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.2003267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
After reaching the age of criminal responsibility, children are deemed capable of having committed criminal offenses. In this regard, the level of criminal responsibility depends on cognitive development and the type of offense committed. Cognitive development is a process of the growth of perception, thinking and reasoning in children. This concept is frequently referred to in cognitive neuroscience literature. Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Roper v Simmons has substantially changed attitudes toward juvenile delinquency, considering the fact that cognitive development continues until early adulthood. The present study attempts to scrutinize this case and explain cognitive development by its factors from an interdisciplinary perspective, combining methods and theories from neuroscience and criminal law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Petoft
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Abbasi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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ElShafei HA, Masson R, Fakche C, Fornoni L, Moulin A, Caclin A, Bidet-Caulet A. Age-related differences in bottom-up and top-down attention: Insights from EEG and MEG. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1215-1231. [PMID: 35112420 PMCID: PMC9303169 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention operates through top‐down and bottom‐up processes, and a balance between these processes is crucial for daily tasks. Imperilling such balance could explain ageing‐associated attentional problems such as exacerbated distractibility. In this study, we aimed to characterize this enhanced distractibility by investigating the impact of ageing upon event‐related components associated with top‐down and bottom‐up attentional processes. MEG and EEG data were acquired from 14 older and 14 younger healthy adults while performing a task that conjointly evaluates top‐down and bottom‐up attention. Event‐related components were analysed on sensor and source levels. In comparison with the younger group, the older mainly displayed (1) reduced target anticipation processes (reduced CMV), (2) increased early target processing (larger P50 but smaller N1) and (3) increased processing of early distracting sounds (larger N1 but reduced P3a), followed by a (4) prolonged reorientation towards the main task (larger RON). Taken together, our results suggest that the enhanced distractibility in ageing could stem from top‐down deficits, in particular from reduced inhibitory and reorientation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A ElShafei
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, EN, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rémy Masson
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Fakche
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lesly Fornoni
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Annie Moulin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Caclin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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19
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Hardcastle C, Hausman HK, Kraft JN, Albizu A, Evangelista ND, Boutzoukas EM, O'Shea A, Langer K, Van Van Etten E, Bharadwaj PK, Song H, Smith SG, Porges E, DeKosky ST, Hishaw GA, Wu SS, Marsiske M, Cohen R, Alexander GE, Woods AJ. Higher-order resting state network association with the useful field of view task in older adults. GeroScience 2022; 44:131-145. [PMID: 34431043 PMCID: PMC8810967 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed-of-processing abilities decline with age yet are important in performing instrumental activities of daily living. The useful field of view, or Double Decision task, assesses speed-of-processing and divided attention. Performance on this task is related to attention, executive functioning, and visual processing abilities in older adults, and poorer performance predicts more motor vehicle accidents in the elderly. Cognitive training in this task reduces risk of dementia. Structural and functional neural correlates of this task suggest that higher-order resting state networks may be associated with performance on the Double Decision task, although this has never been explored. This study aimed to assess the association of within-network connectivity of the default mode network, dorsal attention network, frontoparietal control network, and cingulo-opercular network with Double Decision task performance, and subcomponents of this task in a sample of 267 healthy older adults. Multiple linear regressions showed that connectivity of the cingulo-opercular network is associated with visual speed-of-processing and divided attention subcomponents of the Double Decision task. Cingulo-opercular network and frontoparietal control network connectivity is associated with Double Decision task performance. Stronger connectivity is related to better performance in all cases. These findings confirm the unique role of the cingulo-opercular network in visual attention and sustained divided attention. Frontoparietal control network connectivity, in addition to cingulo-opercular network connectivity, is related to Double Decision task performance, a task implicated in reduced dementia risk. Future research should explore the role these higher-order networks play in reduced dementia risk after cognitive intervention using the Double Decision task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheshire Hardcastle
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hanna K Hausman
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica N Kraft
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Albizu
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole D Evangelista
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emanuel M Boutzoukas
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kailey Langer
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily Van Van Etten
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pradyumna K Bharadwaj
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hyun Song
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samantha G Smith
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Georg A Hishaw
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel S Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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20
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Statsenko Y, Habuza T, Gorkom KNV, Zaki N, Almansoori TM, Al Zahmi F, Ljubisavljevic MR, Belghali M. Proportional Changes in Cognitive Subdomains During Normal Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:673469. [PMID: 34867263 PMCID: PMC8634589 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.673469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroscience lacks a reliable method of screening the early stages of dementia. Objective: To improve the diagnostics of age-related cognitive functions by developing insight into the proportionality of age-related changes in cognitive subdomains. Materials and Methods: We composed a battery of psychophysiological tests and collected an open-access psychophysiological outcomes of brain atrophy (POBA) dataset by testing individuals without dementia. To extend the utility of machine learning (ML) classification in cognitive studies, we proposed estimates of the disproportional changes in cognitive functions: an index of simple reaction time to decision-making time (ISD), ISD with the accuracy performance (ISDA), and an index of performance in simple and complex visual-motor reaction with account for accuracy (ISCA). Studying the distribution of the values of the indices over age allowed us to verify whether diverse cognitive functions decline equally throughout life or there is a divergence in age-related cognitive changes. Results: Unsupervised ML clustering shows that the optimal number of homogeneous age groups is four. The sample is segregated into the following age-groups: Adolescents ∈ [0, 20), Young adults ∈ [20, 40), Midlife adults ∈ [40, 60) and Older adults ≥60 year of age. For ISD, ISDA, and ISCA values, only the median of the Adolescents group is different from that of the other three age-groups sharing a similar distribution pattern (p > 0.01). After neurodevelopment and maturation, the indices preserve almost constant values with a slight trend toward functional decline. The reaction to a moving object (RMO) test results (RMO_mean) follow another tendency. The Midlife adults group's median significantly differs from the remaining three age subsamples (p < 0.01). No general trend in age-related changes of this dependent variable is observed. For all the data (ISD, ISDA, ISCA, and RMO_mean), Levene's test reveals no significant changes of the variances in age-groups (p > 0.05). Homoscedasticity also supports our assumption about a linear dependency between the observed features and age. Conclusion: In healthy brain aging, there are proportional age-related changes in the time estimates of information processing speed and inhibitory control in task switching. Future studies should test patients with dementia to determine whether the changes of the aforementioned indicators follow different patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tetiana Habuza
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Klaus Neidl-Van Gorkom
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M Almansoori
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatmah Al Zahmi
- Department of Neurology, Mediclinic Middle East Parkview Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Science, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos R Ljubisavljevic
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maroua Belghali
- College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Camblats AM, Robert C, Mathey S. Le voisinage orthographique influence la catégorisation de couleur des mots différemment selon l’âge et la vitesse de traitement. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Spalding DM, MacAngus K, Moen MK, Nicholls LAB. Adult Aging Moderates the Relationship Between Trait Cognitive Anxiety and Subjective Everyday Cognitive Difficulties. Front Psychol 2021; 12:747839. [PMID: 34777140 PMCID: PMC8581743 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present aim was to determine, across the adult lifespan, the extent to which different dimensions of trait anxiety might affect subjective cognitive difficulties in everyday life. Following Attentional Control Theory (ACT; Eysenck et al., 2007), we predicted that trait anxiety would have a greater effect on attention and verbal abilities than on visual abilities. We also expected trait cognitive anxiety to exhibit more robust relationships with cognition than trait somatic anxiety. Importantly, we predicted that effects of anxiety would be greater in older adults, in line with the Strength and Vulnerability Integration model (SAVI; Charles, 2010). The sample comprised 286 United Kingdom-based adults aged 18–93 years. Participants completed self-report measures of trait cognitive and somatic anxiety (the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety; STICSA, Ree et al., 2008) and everyday cognitive difficulties (the Multiple Abilities Self-Report Questionnaire; MASQ, Seidenberg et al., 1994). Moderated regression models were constructed, including trait cognitive or somatic anxiety as a predictor of cognitive difficulties, and age as the moderator variable. Covariates included depression, stress (the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—short form; DASS-21, Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995), gender, current mental health treatment status, and physical health status. When cognitive anxiety was the predictor variable, somatic anxiety was also included as a covariate, and vice-versa. Trait cognitive anxiety and age interacted to predict all MASQ subscales other than visual-perceptual ability. Difficulties with attention, verbal memory, and language abilities were significantly greater at higher levels of anxiety for all age groups, with the effect greatest in older adults. Difficulties with visual-spatial memory were significantly greater at higher levels of anxiety in middle-aged and older adults only. Higher trait somatic anxiety predicted difficulties with verbal memory and language ability independently of age, and interacted with age to predict language difficulties. Interestingly, age also significantly predicted less subjective difficulty with attention, independently of anxiety level. The results show that trait cognitive and somatic anxiety are both related to subjective, everyday cognitive difficulties. However, effects of trait cognitive anxiety are more robust across cognitive domains and tend to increase, or first appear, over the course of the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Spalding
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry MacAngus
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martine K Moen
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Brown Nicholls
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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23
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Jóhannsdóttir KR, Ferretti D, Árnadóttir BS, Jónsdóttir MK. Objective Measures of Cognitive Performance in Sleep Disorder Research. Sleep Med Clin 2021; 16:575-593. [PMID: 34711383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive tests offer objective and reliable assessment of patients' status and progress. However, there is no consensus on how to use neurocognitive assessment in sleep disorder research. An effective use of neurocognitive assessment must be based on standardized practices and have a firm theoretic basis. The aim of this review is to offer an overview of how different tests have been used in the field, mapping each test onto a corresponding cognitive domain and propose how to move forward with a suggested cognitive battery of tests covering all major cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Rún Jóhannsdóttir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik 102, Iceland; Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik 102, Iceland.
| | - Dimitri Ferretti
- Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik 102, Iceland
| | - Birta Sóley Árnadóttir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik 102, Iceland; Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik 102, Iceland
| | - María Kristín Jónsdóttir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik 102, Iceland; Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik 102, Iceland; Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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24
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Brain-predicted age difference is associated with cognitive processing in later-life. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 109:195-203. [PMID: 34775210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain age is a neuroimaging-based biomarker of aging. This study examined whether the difference between brain age and chronological age (brain-PAD) is associated with cognitive function at baseline and longitudinally. Participants were relatively healthy, predominantly white community-dwelling older adults (n = 531, aged ≥70 years), with high educational attainment (61% ≥12 years) and socioeconomic status (59% ≥75th percentile). Brain age was estimated from T1-weighted magnetic resonance images using an algorithm by Cole et al., 2018. After controlling for age, gender, education, depression and body mass index, brain-PAD was negatively associated with psychomotor speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test) at baseline (Bonferroni p < 0.006), but was not associated with baseline verbal fluency (Controlled Oral Word Association Test), delayed recall (Hopkins Learning Test Revised), or general cognitive status (Mini-Mental State Examination). Baseline brain-PAD was not associated with 3-year change in cognition (Bonferroni p > 0.006). These findings indicate that even in relatively healthy older people, accelerated brain aging is associated with worse psychomotor speed, but future longitudinal research into changes in brain-PAD is needed.
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25
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Healthy or not? The impact of conflicting health-related information on attentional resources. J Behav Med 2021; 45:306-317. [PMID: 34535867 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-021-00256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its ubiquity, little is known about the impact of exposure to conflicting health information on cognitive efficiency. We hypothesized that it would reduce attentional capacity, as evidenced by (1) increased response errors during the Attention Network Test (ANT), (2) decreased efficiency of each ANT system (alerting, orienting, execute control), and (3) increased self-reported workload, (4) nutritional confusion and (5) nutritional backlash. A sample of 184 online participants were assigned randomly to read an article containing either congruent or conflicting health information. Subsequently, they completed the ANT and self-report measures of workload, nutritional confusion, and backlash at nutritional recommendations and research. Participants in the conflicting health information condition made more errors, had overall slower reaction times, and reported greater workload, nutritional confusion, and backlash. No differences were found for individual ANT systems. These findings suggest that exposure to conflicting health information can degrade attentional mechanisms responsible for accurate and prompt responding to incoming information.
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26
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Jonsdottir GA, Einarsson G, Thorleifsson G, Magnusson SH, Gunnarsson AF, Frigge ML, Gisladottir RS, Unnsteinsdottir U, Gunnarsson B, Walters GB, Steinthorsdottir V, Helgadottir A, Jonsdottir I, Gislason T, Thorsteinsson HS, Sigurdsson E, Haraldsson M, Sigurdsson EL, Bjarnason R, Olafsson I, Thorgeirsson G, Sulem P, Holm H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, Bjornsdottir G, Thorgeirsson TE, Stefansson H, Stefansson K. Genetic propensities for verbal and spatial ability have opposite effects on body mass index and risk of schizophrenia. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Alghamdi RJ, Murphy MJ, Goharpey N, Crewther SG. The Age-Related Changes in Speed of Visual Perception, Visual Verbal and Visuomotor Performance, and Nonverbal Intelligence During Early School Years. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:667612. [PMID: 34483862 PMCID: PMC8416250 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.667612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed of sensory information processing has long been recognized as an important characteristic of global intelligence, though few studies have concurrently investigated the contribution of different types of information processing to nonverbal IQ in children, nor looked at whether chronological age vs. months of early schooling plays a larger role. Thus, this study investigated the speed of visual information processing in three tasks including a simple visual inspection time (IT) task, a visual-verbal processing task using Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) of objects as an accepted preschool predictor of reading, and a visuomotor processing task using a game-like iPad application, (the "SLURP" task) that requires writing like skills, in association with nonverbal IQ (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices) in children (n = 100) aged 5-7 years old. Our results indicate that the rate and accuracy of information processing for all three tasks develop with age, but that only RAN and SLURP rates show significant improvement with years of schooling. RAN and SLURP also correlated significantly with nonverbal IQ scores, but not with IT. Regression analyses demonstrate that months of formal schooling provide additional contributions to the speed of dual-task visual-verbal (RAN) and visuomotor performance and Raven's scores supporting the domain-specific hypothesis of processing speed development for specific skills as they contribute to global measures such as nonverbal IQ. Finally, RAN and SLURP are likely to be useful measures for the early identification of young children with lower intelligence and potentially poor reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana J. Alghamdi
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melanie J. Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nahal Goharpey
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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28
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Suarez S, Eynard B, Granon S. A Dissociation of Attention, Executive Function and Reaction to Difficulty: Development of the MindPulse Test, a Novel Digital Neuropsychological Test for Precise Quantification of Perceptual-Motor Decision-Making Processes. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:650219. [PMID: 34349614 PMCID: PMC8326915 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.650219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, neuropsychological testing has assessed processing speed and precision, closely related to the ability to perform high-order cognitive tasks. An individual making a decision under time pressure must constantly rebalance its speed to action in order to account for possible errors. A deficit in processing speed appears to be afrequent disorder caused by cerebral damage — but it can be hard to pinpoint the exact cause of the slowdown. It is therefore important to separate the perceptual-motor component of processing speed from the decision-time component. We present a technique to isolate Reaction Times (RTs): a short digital test to assess the decision-making abilities of individuals by gauging their ability to balance between speed and precision. Our hypothesis is that some subjects willaccelerate, and others slow down in the face of the difficulty. This pilot study, conducted on 83 neurotypical adult volunteers, used images stimuli. The test was designed to measure RTs and correctness. After learning release gesture, the subjects were presented with three tasks: a simple Reaction Time task, a Go/No-Go, and a complex Go/No-Go with 2 simultaneous Choices. All three tasks have in common a perceptual component and a motor response. By measuring the 3 reference points requiring attentional and executive processing, while progressively increasing the conceptual complexity of the task, we were able to compare the processing times for different tasks — thus calculating the deceleration specific to the reaction time linked to difficulty. We defined the difficulty coefficient of a task as being the ratio of the group average time of this task minus the base time/average time of the unit task minus the base time. We found that RTs can be broken down into three elementary, uncorrelated components: Reaction Time, Executive Speed, and Reaction to Difficulty (RD). We hypothesized that RD reflects how the subject reacts to difficulty by accelerating (RD < 0) or decelerating (RD > 0). Thus we provide here a first proof of concept: the ability to measure four axes of the speed-precision trade-off inherent in a subject’s fundamental decision making: perceptual-motor speed, executive speed, subject accuracy, and reaction to difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Eynard
- IHES, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Bures-sur-Yvette, France.,IPHT/DRF/CEA Institut de Physique Théorique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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29
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Abstract
Predicting all-cause mortality risk is challenging and requires extensive medical data. Recently, large-scale proteomics datasets have proven useful for predicting health-related outcomes. Here, we use measurements of levels of 4,684 plasma proteins in 22,913 Icelanders to develop all-cause mortality predictors both for short- and long-term risk. The participants were 18-101 years old with a mean follow up of 13.7 (sd. 4.7) years. During the study period, 7,061 participants died. Our proposed predictor outperformed, in survival prediction, a predictor based on conventional mortality risk factors. We could identify the 5% at highest risk in a group of 60-80 years old, where 88% died within ten years and 5% at the lowest risk where only 1% died. Furthermore, the predicted risk of death correlates with measures of frailty in an independent dataset. Our results show that the plasma proteome can be used to assess general health and estimate the risk of death. Eiriksdottir et al. use a temporal proteomic dataset from over 22,000 Icelandic individuals to identify predictors and predict all-cause mortality. Their findings suggest that the plasma proteome may be of value in general health screening for risk of death.
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30
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Meijs C, Gijselaers HJM, Xu KM, Kirschner PA, De Groot RHM. The Relation Between Cognitively Measured Executive Functions and Reported Self-Regulated Learning Strategy Use in Adult Online Distance Education. Front Psychol 2021; 12:641972. [PMID: 34017284 PMCID: PMC8129524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While executive functions (EFs) and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategy use have been found to be related in several populations, this relationship has not been studied in adult online distance education (ODE). This is surprising as self-regulation, and thus using such strategies, is very important here. In this setting, we studied the relation between basic executive functions (i.e., working memory and shifting, measured with cognitive tests) and reported SRL-strategy use (i.e., management of time and effort, complex and simple cognitive strategy use, contacts with others, and academic thinking) within a correlational design with 889 adult online distance students. In this study, we performed regression analyses and took age and processing speed into consideration, as processing speed and EFs decrease with age, whereas self-regulation is reported to increase with age. Cognitively measured working memory was not related to reported SRL-strategy use in adult ODE students. Thus, even though the SRL-components within the strategies seem to elicit working memory, reported SRL-strategy use is not related to the functioning of this basic EF (measured with cognitive tests). This means that if SRL-strategy use needs to be increased in adult ODE students, training of working memory might not be an effective manner for achieving that goal. Better shifting and processing speed were related to less reported SRL-strategy use, which might suggest that SRL-strategies might be used to compensate for lower shifting (in academic thinking) and lower processing speed (in simple cognitive strategy use and contacts with others). With increasing age, the number of contacts with peers or teachers decreases. This latter finding might be of relevance during the pandemic since contacts with others is importance during lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Meijs
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | | | - Kate M Xu
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A Kirschner
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands.,Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Renate H M De Groot
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands.,Department of Complex Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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31
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Wu Z, Woods RL, Wolfe R, Storey E, Chong TTJ, Shah RC, Orchard SG, McNeil JJ, Murray AM, Ryan J. Trajectories of cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: A longitudinal study of population heterogeneity. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12180. [PMID: 33969173 PMCID: PMC8088593 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate cognitive aging trajectories, the associated sociodemographic characteristics, and the association of these trajectories with dementia. METHODS Generally healthy older adults (n = 19,114) were followed for up to 7 years, with regular cognitive assessments. Group-based trajectory modeling identified distinct cognitive trajectories. RESULTS Four to seven trajectories were identified per cognitive domain. Stable trajectories were observed across domains. Improvement in verbal fluency and minor psychomotor slowing were common. Substantial decline in global cognition and episodic memory were observed in a small proportion of individuals. Older, less educated participants and men were more common in lower-functioning trajectories (p < .001). The highest proportions of dementia cases were in trajectories with major decline in global cognition (56.9%) and memory (33.2%). DISCUSSION Inter-individual variability in cognitive trajectories was observed across all domains. Some individuals appear resilient to cognitive decline even with advancing age. Further research into factors promoting cognitive resilience is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Wu
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Robyn L. Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Rory Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Trevor T. J. Chong
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of NeurologyAlfred HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesSt. Vincent's HospitalMelbourneAustralia
| | - Raj C. Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Suzanne G. Orchard
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - John J. McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Anne M. Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical ResearchMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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32
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Mehta SR, Iudicello JE, Lin J, Ellis RJ, Morgan E, Okwuegbuna O, Cookson D, Karris M, Saloner R, Heaton R, Grant I, Letendre S. Telomere length is associated with HIV infection, methamphetamine use, inflammation, and comorbid disease risk. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108639. [PMID: 33621803 PMCID: PMC8026664 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection and methamphetamine dependence (METH) are each associated with inflammation and premature aging, but their impact on biological aging is difficult to measure. Here we examined the impact of HIV and METH on leukocyte telomere lengths (LTL), and the correlations between LTL and other aging biomarkers. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional analysis of 161 individuals categorized by HIV and methamphetamine (METH) dependence status into four groups: HIV-METH- (n = 50), HIV-METH+ (n = 29), HIV + METH- (n = 40), and HIV + METH+ (n = 42). We analyzed the relationships of leukocyte telomere length (telomere to single copy gene [T/S] ratio) with demographic and clinical data as well as a panel of biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation measured in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS HIV and METH were independently associated with shorter T/S ratio, even after adjusting for demographics and leukocyte count (R2 = 0·59, p < 0·0001). Higher plasma C-reactive protein (p = 0·0036) and CSF VCAM-1 (p = 0·0080) were also associated with shorter T/S ratio. A shorter T/S ratio was associated with higher risk for cardiovascular disease (p < 0·0001) and stroke (p < 0·0001), worse motor functioning (p = 0·037) and processing speed (p = 0·023), more depressive symptoms (p = 0·013), and higher CSF neurofilament-light (p = 0·003). CONCLUSIONS HIV and METH dependence were each associated with shorter telomeres. After adjusting for demographics, HIV, and METH, T/S ratio remained associated with aging-related outcomes including neurocognitive impairment, neurodegeneration, risks of cardiovascular disease and stroke. While not establishing causality, this study supports using the T/S ratio as a biomarker for estimating the impact of HIV and comorbidities on long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay R Mehta
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92131, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurology University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erin Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Oluwakemi Okwuegbuna
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Debra Cookson
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maile Karris
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rowan Saloner
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Relander K, Mäki K, Soinne L, García-García J, Hietanen M. Active lifestyle as a reflection of cognitive reserve: The Modified Cognitive Reserve Scale. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2021.1902846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Relander
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Mäki
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Soinne
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan García-García
- Health Research Center, Psychology Department, University of Almería, Spain
| | - Marja Hietanen
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Age-related differences in functional tool-use are due to changes in movement quality and not simply motor slowing. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1617-1626. [PMID: 33760958 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in fine motor control may impact tool-use and thereby limit functional independence. Most previous research has, however, focused on the effect of aging on gross motor tasks. Few studies have investigated the effects of aging on the strategy or quality of fine motor skills, especially in tool-use, which may better reflect how age impacts complex movement capability. Twenty-two young (ages 19-35) and 18 older adults (ages 58-87) performed a timed upper extremity task using a tool to acquire and transport objects to different locations. Overall task performance was divided into two phases based on 3-D position of the tool: a gross motor phase (object transport) and a fine motor phase (object acquisition). Overall, older adults took longer to complete the task. A linear model indicated that this was due to the duration of the fine motor phase more so than the gross motor phase. To identify age-related differences in the quality of the fine motor phase, we fit three-dimensional ellipsoids to individual data and the calculated the ellipsoid volume. Results demonstrated a significant volume-by-age interaction, whereby increased ellipsoid volume (space the tool occupied) related to increased mean dwell time for the older adult group only; younger adults did not demonstrate this relationship. Additionally, older adults with longer movement times during the fine motor phase also had lower cognitive scores. No age-related differences were observed for the gross motor phase, suggesting that age-related declines in tool-use may be due to changes in fine motor control and cognitive status.
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Jones SA, Noppeney U. Ageing and multisensory integration: A review of the evidence, and a computational perspective. Cortex 2021; 138:1-23. [PMID: 33676086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The processing of multisensory signals is crucial for effective interaction with the environment, but our ability to perform this vital function changes as we age. In the first part of this review, we summarise existing research into the effects of healthy ageing on multisensory integration. We note that age differences vary substantially with the paradigms and stimuli used: older adults often receive at least as much benefit (to both accuracy and response times) as younger controls from congruent multisensory stimuli, but are also consistently more negatively impacted by the presence of intersensory conflict. In the second part, we outline a normative Bayesian framework that provides a principled and computationally informed perspective on the key ingredients involved in multisensory perception, and how these are affected by ageing. Applying this framework to the existing literature, we conclude that changes to sensory reliability, prior expectations (together with attentional control), and decisional strategies all contribute to the age differences observed. However, we find no compelling evidence of any age-related changes to the basic inference mechanisms involved in multisensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Jones
- The Staffordshire Centre for Psychological Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
| | - Uta Noppeney
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Stahl ST, Altmann HM, Dew MA, Albert SM, Butters M, Gildengers A, Reynolds CF, Karp JF. The Effects of Gait Speed and Psychomotor Speed on Risk for Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults with Medical Comorbidities. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:1265-1271. [PMID: 33387385 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Gait speed and psychomotor speed slow with age and may predict neuropsychiatric disease such as depression and anxiety. We explored the relative predictive values of gait speed, psychomotor slowing, and a composite index of these two measures on time to new episode depression or anxiety in older adults at risk for these common psychiatric conditions. DESIGN Randomized controlled prevention trial with 15-month follow-up. SETTING University-based late-life mental health research clinic. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred thirteen individuals, age 60+ years, with subsyndromal symptoms of depression or anxiety and one of the following risk factors for these common conditions: mild cognitive impairment, knee osteoarthritis, or disabilities requiring home-based care. INTERVENTION Participants in each of the risk factor groups were randomized to a depression-specific preventive intervention or usual care. MEASUREMENTS Gait speed: 4-m walk test from the Short Physical Performance Battery. Psychomotor speed: Coding task of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. We created a composite index of slowing by determining whether participants exceeded established cut-offs for slow performance in both gait speed (≤0.8 m/s) and psychomotor speed (<7 on the coding task). Time to new onset syndromal depression/anxiety was measured using research diagnostic criteria. RESULTS Fifty-four participants developed syndromal depression/anxiety (19.5%) over the course of 15 months. Participants with slowing in both areas were over twice as likely to experience new onset depression/anxiety (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-4.40, P = .046) compared to participants with no slowing in either area. Slowed gait (HR = 1.88; 95% CI = 0.992-3.55; P = .052) or slowed psychomotor speed (HR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.14-2.58; P = .488) alone did not increase risk for depression/anxiety. CONCLUSION Evaluating both gait and psychomotor speed in older adults with medical comorbidities and sub-syndromal depression may predict incident mental illness and inform prevention planning. Future research is needed to validate our observations and explore shared neurobiological mechanisms that explain this elevated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helene M Altmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Amanda Dew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven M Albert
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meryl Butters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ariel Gildengers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles F Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordan F Karp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Aging and the rehabilitation of homonymous hemianopia: The efficacy of compensatory eye-movement training techniques and a five-year follow up. AGING BRAIN 2021; 1:100012. [PMID: 36911515 PMCID: PMC9997164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity and effectiveness of eye-movement training to remedy impaired visual exploration and reading with particular consideration of age and co-morbidity was tested in a group of 97 patients with unilateral homonymous hemianopia using a single subject /n-of-1 design. Two groups received either scanning training followed by reading training, or vice versa. The third group acted as a control group and received non-specific detailed advice, followed by training of scanning and reading. Scanning and reading performance was assessed before and after the waiting period, before and after scanning and reading training, and at short-term (11 weeks on average) and long-term follow-up (5 years on average). Improvements after training were practice-dependent and task-specific. Scanning performance improved by ∼40%, reading by ∼45%, and was paralleled by a reduction of subjective complaints. The advice (=control) condition was without effect. All improvements occurred selectively in the training period, not in treatment-free intervals, and persisted in the short- and long-term follow-up over several years. Age had only a minor, although significant effect on improvement in reading after training; co-morbidity had no significant impact on the outcome of training. In conclusion, visual impairments associated with homonymous hemianopia can be successfully and durably reduced by systematic and specific training of compensatory eye-movement strategies. The improvements in compensation strategies were independent of subjects' age and of co-morbidity.
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Hilton C, Johnson A, Slattery TJ, Miellet S, Wiener JM. The impact of cognitive aging on route learning rate and the acquisition of landmark knowledge. Cognition 2020; 207:104524. [PMID: 33310449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by changes in general cognitive functioning which may impact the learning rate of older adults; however, this is often not controlled for in cognitive aging studies. We investigated the contribution of differences in learning rates to age-related differences in landmark knowledge acquired from route learning. In Experiment 1 we used a standard learning procedure in which participants received a fixed amount of exposure to a route. Consistent with previous research, we found age-related deficits in associative cue and landmark sequence knowledge. Experiment 2 controlled for differences in learning rates by using a flexible exposure learning procedure. Specifically, participants were trained to a performance criterion during route learning before being tested on the content of their route knowledge. While older adults took longer to learn the route than younger adults, the age-related differences in associative cue knowledge were abolished. The deficit in landmark sequence knowledge, however, remained. Experiment 3 replicated these results and introduced a test situation in which a deficit in landmark sequence knowledge yielded an increased likelihood of disorientation in older adults. The findings of this study suggest that age-related deficits in landmark associative cue knowledge are attenuated by controlling for learning rates. In contrast, landmark sequence knowledge deficits persist and are best explained by changes in the learning strategy of older adults to acquire task essential associative cue knowledge at the expense of supplementary sequence knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hilton
- Psychology Department, Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK; Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Psychology Department, Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Timothy J Slattery
- Psychology Department, Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Sebastien Miellet
- Active Vision lab, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Jan M Wiener
- Psychology Department, Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
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39
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Impaired learning from regret and disappointment in alcohol use disorder. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12104. [PMID: 32694573 PMCID: PMC7374698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of alcohol habits is considered a form of maladaptive reinforced learning, with sustained alcohol use resulting in the strengthening of associative links between consumption and either rewarding, or the lack of aversive, experiences. Despite recent efforts in characterizing decision-making skills in alcohol-use-disorder (AUD), it is still unknown whether impaired behavioural learning in AUD patients reflects a defective processing and anticipation of choice-related, cognitively mediated, emotions such as regret or relief for what might have been under a different choice. We administered a Wheel-of-Fortune (WoF) task to 26 AUD patients and 19 healthy controls, to investigate possible alterations in adjusting choices to the magnitude of experienced regret/relief, and in other facets of decision-making performance such as choice latency. AUD patients displayed both longer deliberation time than healthy controls, and impaired adaptations to previous outcome-related negative emotions. Although further evidence is needed to unveil the cognitive mechanisms underlying AUD patients’ abnormal choice, the present results highlight important implications for the clinical practice, e.g. in terms of cognitive treatments aiming to shape faulty perceptions about negative emotions associated with excessive alcohol exposure.
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40
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Ryan J, Woods RL, Britt CJ, Murray AM, Shah RC, Reid CM, Wolfe R, Nelson MR, Orchard SG, Lockery JE, Trevaks RE, Storey E. Normative Data for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test in Older White Australians and Americans, African-Americans, and Hispanic/Latinos. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:313-323. [PMID: 33024939 PMCID: PMC7504980 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Processing speed, which can be assessed using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), is central to many brain functions. Processing speed declines with advanced age but substantial impairments are indicative of brain injury or disease. Objective The purpose of this study was to provide SDMT normative data for older community-dwelling individuals in the U.S. and Australia. Methods The ASPREE trial recruited 19,114 relatively healthy older men and women in Australia and the U.S. from the general community. All participants were without a diagnosis of dementia and with a Modified Mini-Mental State examination score of 78 or more at enrolment. The SDMT was administered at baseline as part of a neuropsychological test battery. Results The median age of participants was 74 years (range 65-99), and 56% were women. The median years of education was 12. Ethno-racial differences in SDMT performance were observed and normative data were thus presented separately for 16,289 white Australians, 1,082 white Americans, 891 African-Americans, and 316 Hispanic/Latinos. There were consistent positive associations found between SDMT and education level, and negative associations between SDMT and age. Mean scores for women were consistently higher than men with the exception of Hispanic/Latinos aged ≥70 years. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive SDMT normative data for whites (Australian and U.S.), Hispanic/Latinos, and African-Americans, according to gender, age, and education level. These norms can be used clinically as reference standards to screen for cognitive impairments in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn L Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carlene J Britt
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Health Research Institute and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin HealthCare and University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Raj C Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rory Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Ebaid D, Crewther SG. The Contribution of Oculomotor Functions to Rates of Visual Information Processing in Younger and Older Adults. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10129. [PMID: 32576849 PMCID: PMC7311387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor functions are established surrogate measures of visual attention shifting and rate of information processing, however, the temporal characteristics of saccades and fixations have seldom been compared in healthy educated samples of younger and older adults. Thus, the current study aimed to compare duration of eye movement components in younger (18-25 years) and older (50-81 years) adults during text reading and during object/alphanumeric Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) tasks. The current study also aimed to examine the contribution of oculomotor functions to threshold time needed for accurate performance on visually-driven cognitive tasks (Inspection Time [IT] and Change Detection [CD]). Results showed that younger adults fixated on individual stimuli for significantly longer than the older participants, while older adults demonstrated significantly longer saccade durations than the younger group. Results also demonstrated that older adults required longer threshold durations (i.e., performed slower) on the visually-driven cognitive tasks, however, the age-group time difference on the CD task was eradicated when the effects of saccade duration were covaried. Thus, these results suggest that age-related cognitive decline is also related to increased duration of saccades and hence, highlights the need to dissociate the age-related motor constraints on the temporal aspects of oculomotor function from visuo-cognitive speed of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Ebaid
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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42
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Ebaid D, Crewther SG. Time for a Systems Biological Approach to Cognitive Aging?-A Critical Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:114. [PMID: 32477097 PMCID: PMC7236912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying premise of current theories of cognitive decline with age tend to be primarily cognitive or biological explanations, with relatively few theories adequately integrating both aspects. Though literature has also emphasized the importance of several factors that contribute to cognitive aging including: (a) decline in sensory abilities; (b) the effect of motor speed on paper-pencil measures of cognitive speed; (c) the impact of level of education and physical activity; and (d) molecular biological changes that occur with age, these factors have seldom been implicated into any single theoretical model of cognitive aging. Indeed, such an integrated bio-cognitive model of aging has the potential to provide a more comprehensive understanding of attention, perception, learning, and memory across the lifespan. Thus, the aim of this review was to critically evaluate common theories of age-related cognitive decline and highlight the need for a more comprehensive systems neuroscience approach to cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Ebaid
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Nef T, Chesham A, Schütz N, Botros AA, Vanbellingen T, Burgunder JM, Müllner J, Martin Müri R, Urwyler P. Development and Evaluation of Maze-Like Puzzle Games to Assess Cognitive and Motor Function in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:87. [PMID: 32372942 PMCID: PMC7188385 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently a need for engaging, user-friendly, and repeatable tasks for assessment of cognitive and motor function in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the feasibility of a maze-like Numberlink puzzle game in assessing differences in game-based measures of cognition and motor function due to age and neurodegenerative diseases. Fifty-five participants, including young (18-31 years, n = 18), older (64-79 years, n = 14), and oldest adults (86-98 years, n = 14), and patients with Parkinson's (59-76 years, n = 4) and Huntington's disease (HD; 35-66 years, n = 5) played different difficulty levels of the Numberlink puzzle game and completed usability questionnaires and tests for psychomotor, attentional, visuospatial, and constructional and executive function. Analyses of Numberlink game-based cognitive (solving time and errors) and motor [mean velocity and movement direction changes (MDC)] performance metrics revealed statistically significant differences between age groups and between patients with HD and older adults. However, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) did not differ from older adults. Correlational analyses showed significant associations between game-based performance and movement metrics and performance on neuropsychological tests for psychomotor, attentional, visuospatial, and constructional and executive function. Furthermore, varying characteristics of the Numberlink puzzle game succeeded in creating graded difficulty levels. Findings from this study support recent suggestions that data from a maze-like puzzle game provide potential "digital biomarkers" to assess changes in psychomotor, visuoconstructional, and executive function related to aging and neurodegeneration. In particular, game-based movement measures from the maze-like puzzle Numberlink games are promising as a tool to monitor the progression of motor impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are needed to more comprehensively establish the cognitive validity and test-retest reliability of using Numberlink puzzles as a valid cognitive assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nef
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alvin Chesham
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Narayan Schütz
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Tim Vanbellingen
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Burgunder
- Neurozentrum Siloah and Department of Neurology, Swiss Huntington's Disease Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Müllner
- Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René Martin Müri
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prabitha Urwyler
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Sivakolundu DK, West KL, Zuppichini M, Turner MP, Abdelkarim D, Zhao Y, Spence JS, Lu H, Okuda DT, Rypma B. The neurovascular basis of processing speed differences in humans: A model-systems approach using multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116812. [PMID: 32276075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies investigating fundamental cognitive abilities provide evidence that processing speed accounts for large proportions of performance variability between individuals. Processing speed decline is a hallmark feature of the cognitive disruption observed in healthy aging and in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica, and Wilson's disease. Despite the wealth of evidence suggesting a central role for processing speed in cognitive decline, the neural mechanisms of this fundamental ability remain unknown. Intact neurovascular coupling, acute localized blood flow increases following neural activity, is essential for optimal neural function. We hypothesized that efficient coupling forms the neural basis of processing speed. Because MS features neural-glial-vascular system disruption, we used it as a model to test this hypothesis. To assess the integrity of the coupling system, we measured blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in healthy controls (HCs) and MS patients using a 3T MRI scanner while they viewed radial checkerboards that flickered periodically at 8 Hz. To assess processing speed and cognitive function, we administered a battery of neuropsychological tests. While MS patients exhibited reduced ΔBOLD with reductions in processing speed, no such relationships were observed in HCs. To further investigate the mechanisms that underlie ΔBOLD-processing speed relationships, we assessed the physiologic components that constitute ΔBOLD signal (i.e., cerebral blood flow, ΔCBF; cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, ΔCMRO2; neurovascular coupling ratio) in speed-preserved and -impaired MS patients. While ΔCBF and ΔCMRO2 showed no group-differences, the neurovascular coupling ratio was significantly reduced in speed-impaired MS patients compared to speed-preserved MS patients. Together, these results suggest that neurovascular uncoupling might underlie cognitive slowing in MS and might be the central pathogenic mechanism governing processing speed decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Sivakolundu
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn L West
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mark Zuppichini
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Monroe P Turner
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dema Abdelkarim
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Spence
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Darin T Okuda
- Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neuroinnovation Program, Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Cansino S, Torres-Trejo F, Estrada-Manilla C, Pérez-Loyda M, Vargas-Martínez C, Tapia-Jaimes G, Ruiz-Velasco S. Contributions of Cognitive Aging Models to the Explanation of Source Memory Decline across the Adult Lifespan. Exp Aging Res 2020; 46:194-213. [PMID: 32208813 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2020.1743920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: A number of cognitive aging models have been proposed to explain the age-related decline in several cognitive functions, but these models have rarely been examined together. We analyzed the contributions of four main models - processing resources, speed of processing, cognitive reserve and knowledge - to source memory decay related to the aging process.Methods: A total of 1554 healthy adults between 21 and 80 years old participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was conducted on data from the whole sample and separately in the data from young, middle-aged and older adult age groups. To estimate each cognitive model, we measured working memory discrimination levels (processing resources), working memory reaction times (speed of processing), education (cognitive reserve) and vocabulary (knowledge).Results: Processing resources mediate the effects of age on source memory across the adult lifespan, whereas speed of processing mediates these effects only in young adults, cognitive reserve only in middle-aged adults and knowledge only in older adults.Conclusions: Processing resources was the cognitive model that most contributes to explaining source memory decay. The fact that the other models are relevant to specific age groups provides useful information to exploit their benefits to preserve source memory in specific life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Cansino
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frine Torres-Trejo
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cinthya Estrada-Manilla
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Pérez-Loyda
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cinthia Vargas-Martínez
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Tapia-Jaimes
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Probability and Statistics, Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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46
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Ouyang M, Cai X, Zhang Q. Aging Effects on Phonological and Semantic Priming in the Tip-of-the-Tongue: Evidence From a Two-Step Approach. Front Psychol 2020; 11:338. [PMID: 32174876 PMCID: PMC7056892 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the age difference in spoken word production remains controversial. We used a two-step approach proposed by Gollan and Brown (2006) to investigate the semantic and phonological retrieval deficits when tip-of-the-tongue occurs in young and older adults. Importantly, we controlled the inhibition ability in both older and young groups. In experiment 1 with a people pictures naming task, older adults produced more TOTs than young adults, and they suffered from phonological retrieval deficit rather than semantic retrieval deficit in speaking. In experiment 2 with a priming paradigm, participants were presented semantically related or phonologically related names before target pictures, which formed semantic or phonological priming conditions for lexical access. Compared with young adults, older adults showed a greater effect of phonological priming on decreasing TOTs occurrence. For semantic retrieval deficit, older adults exhibited a smaller phonological facilitation effect and a larger semantic interference effect than young adults. For phonological retrieval deficit, older adults presented a larger phonological facilitation effect in the first-name related priming condition than the first-syllable related priming condition, whereas young adults showed similar facilitation effects between the two phonological priming conditions. Our findings provide consistent evidence for the transmission deficit hypothesis, and highlight that aging affects bidirectional connections between semantic and phonological nodes in speech production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Ouyang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Cai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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47
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Foguet-Boreu Q, Guàrdia Sancho A, Santos Lopez JM, Roura Poch P, Palmarola Ginesta J, Puig-Ribera AM, Muñoz Pradós J. Association between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular burden in patients with severe mental disorder. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 31599190 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1676709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is related to an increase in cardiovascular risk (CVR) in the general population. However, in severe mental disorder (SMD), the evidence is less consistent. Few studies have evaluated the relationship between cognition and vascular burden in SMD. This study determines the relationship between cognition and vascular burden in patients with SMD.Methods: Sixty SMD patients (61% men, mean age: 46) attending a psychosocial rehabilitation centre were included. We evaluated sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, quality of life and functionality characteristics. And we analysed the association between cognitive performance and vascular burden.Results: SMD diagnoses were: 41.7% schizophrenia, 20.0% bipolar, 5.0% schizoaffective, 21.7% depressive and 11.7% other. Cognitive impairment was present in 55% of the cases. The average vascular burden was 3.2. Patients with cognitive impairment have a significantly higher vascular burden than patients without cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). The speed of processing had a moderate correlation with vascular burden (r = -0.457, p = 0.001).Conclusions: Patients with cognitive impairment had a significantly higher vascular burden than patients without cognitive impairment. There are two practical clinical implications: CVR should be evaluated in all SMD patients; and psychoeducation programmes for CVR should be performed and adapted to the cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintí Foguet-Boreu
- Department of Psychiatry, Vic University Hospital, Vic, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Welfare, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Anna Guàrdia Sancho
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Group, Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain.,Osonament - Osona Psychopedagogical Medical Center, Vic, Spain
| | | | - Pere Roura Poch
- Department of Psychiatry, Vic University Hospital, Vic, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | | | - Anna Maria Puig-Ribera
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Group, Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
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48
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Nissim NR, O'Shea A, Indahlastari A, Kraft JN, von Mering O, Aksu S, Porges E, Cohen R, Woods AJ. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Paired With Cognitive Training on Functional Connectivity of the Working Memory Network in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:340. [PMID: 31998111 PMCID: PMC6961663 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Working memory, a fundamental short-term cognitive process, is known to decline with advanced age even in healthy older adults. Normal age-related declines in working memory can cause loss of independence and decreased quality of life. Cognitive training has shown some potential at enhancing certain cognitive processes, although, enhancements are variable. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a form of non-invasive brain stimulation, has shown promise at enhancing working memory abilities, and may further the benefits from cognitive training interventions. However, the neural mechanisms underlying tDCS brain-based enhancements remain unknown. Objective/Hypothesis Assess the effects of a 2-week intervention of active-tDCS vs. sham paired with cognitive training on functional connectivity of the working memory network during an N-Back working memory task. Methods Healthy older adults (N = 28; mean age = 74 ± 7.3) completed 10-sessions of cognitive training paired with active or sham-tDCS. Functional connectivity was evaluated at baseline and post-intervention during an N-Back task (2-Back vs. 0-Back). Results Active-tDCS vs. sham demonstrated a significant increase in connectivity between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right inferior parietal lobule at post-intervention during 2-Back. Target accuracy on 2-Back was significantly improved for active vs. sham at post-intervention. Conclusion These results suggest pairing tDCS with cognitive training enhances functional connectivity and working memory performance in older adults, and thus may hold promise as a method for remediating age-related cognitive decline. Future studies evaluating optimal dose and long-term effects of tDCS on brain function will help to maximize potential clinical impacts of tDCS paired with cognitive training in older adults. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02137122.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Nissim
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aprinda Indahlastari
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jessica N Kraft
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Olivia von Mering
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Serkan Aksu
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eric Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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49
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Mahon S, Faulkner J, Barker-Collo S, Krishnamurthi R, Jones K, Feigin V. Slowed Information Processing Speed at Four Years Poststroke: Evidence and Predictors from a Population-Based Follow-up Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 29:104513. [PMID: 31784380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Slowed Information Processing Speed (IPS) is a commonly reported cognitive deficit following stroke, affecting up to 50% to 70 % of stroke survivors. IPS has a major influence on poststroke cognitive dysfunction, affecting quality of life and increasing dependence on others. Few studies have examined predictors of slow IPS after stroke, and there is a paucity of data in terms of long-term prevalence. This study examined baseline predictors associated with long-term slow IPS in a population-based stroke incidence cohort, 4 years after stroke onset. METHODS Adults with stroke (n = 133, m = 71.1 ± 13.5 years) completed the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) at 4 years poststroke. Baseline predictors were obtained within 2 weeks of the acute event. Multivariate regression linear and logistic models were used to identify baseline predictors (reported as OR with 95%CI) and prevalence of impaired IPS at 4-years. RESULTS 51% of people with stroke had low scores on the SDMT as indicated by a score of -1.0 SD to -2.5 SD (ranging from low to very low respectively). There were significant associations between slow IPS at 4-years after controlling for age and education level and the following baseline factors: older age (>75 years) (OR 3.03, 95% CI .9-9.3,P = .05), previous stroke (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.0-7.4,P = .05), high cholesterol (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.3-5.4,p = .01), hypertension (OR 1.82, 95% CI 0.9-3.6,p = .05), and presence of coronary artery disease (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.6-9.6,P = .01), or arrhythmia (OR 4.40, 95% CI 1.5-12.4,P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Even after 4-years poststroke, slowed IPS is highly prevalent, with comorbid vascular risk factors significantly contributing to persistent impaired IPS. Early identification of adults who are at higher risk of deficits in IPS is vital to targeting the timely delivery of cognitive rehabilitation interventions, improving overall outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mahon
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Josh Faulkner
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Rita Krishnamurthi
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Jones
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Valery Feigin
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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50
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Joseph ALC, Peterson HA, Garcia KM, McNally SM, Mburu TK, Lippa SM, Dsurney J, Chan L. Rey Tangled Line Test: A measure of processing speed in TBI. Rehabil Psychol 2019; 64:445-452. [PMID: 31246042 PMCID: PMC6803037 DOI: 10.1037/rep0000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychological assessment plays a key role in characterizing and detecting cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Rey Tangled Line Test (RTLT), an understudied neuropsychological assessment thought to be capable of detecting visual processing deficits, was examined to determine which cognitive abilities may contribute to performance on the test in participants with a history of TBI. METHOD One-hundred participants with a history of mild to severe TBI were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing attention, executive functioning, memory, visual construction, motor functioning, and processing speed between 30 days and 5 years postinjury. An exploratory principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to determine which cognitive tests the RTLT was most highly associated with. RESULTS No difference in RTLT latency was present between mild and moderate/severe TBI. The PCA resulted in 5 factors. RTLT latency had a significant primary factor loading on the "processing speed" factor, and a secondary loading on the "motor" factor. Forty-two percent of participants had an impaired latency score. CONCLUSIONS RTLT latency appears to measure processing speed, and likely aspects of motor functioning, in our sample. The RTLT may be useful as a rapid assessment in individuals with a history of TBI to detect cognitive deficit before initiating further cognitive testing or rehabilitation efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie-Lori C. Joseph
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hope A. Peterson
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katelyn M. Garcia
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shannon M. McNally
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracyann K. Mburu
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara M. Lippa
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Leighton Chan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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