1
|
Smail MA, Lenz KM. Developmental functions of microglia: Impact of psychosocial and physiological early life stress. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110084. [PMID: 39025401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play numerous important roles in brain development. From early embryonic stages through adolescence, these immune cells influence neuronal genesis and maturation, guide connectivity, and shape brain circuits. They also interact with other glial cells and structures, influencing the brain's supportive microenvironment. While this central role makes microglia essential, it means that early life perturbations to microglia can have widespread effects on brain development, potentially resulting in long-lasting behavioral impairments. Here, we will focus on the effects of early life psychosocial versus physiological stressors in rodent models. Psychosocial stress refers to perceived threats that lead to stress axes activation, including prenatal stress, or chronic postnatal stress, including maternal separation and resource scarcity. Physiological stress refers to physical threats, including maternal immune activation, postnatal infection, and traumatic brain injury. Differing sources of early life stress have varied impacts on microglia, and these effects are moderated by factors such as developmental age, brain region, and sex. Overall, these stressors appear to either 1) upregulate basal microglia numbers and activity throughout the lifespan, while possibly blunting their responsivity to subsequent stressors, or 2) shift the developmental curve of microglia, resulting in differential timing and function, impacting the critical periods they govern. Either could contribute to behavioral dysfunctions that occur after the resolution of early life stress. Exploring how different stressors impact microglia, as well as how multiple stressors interact to alter microglia's developmental functions, could deepen our understanding of how early life stress changes the brain's developmental trajectory. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Smail
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baud O, Knoop M. [Oxytocin as a neuroprotective strategy in neonates: concept and preclinical evidence]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2024; 52:418-424. [PMID: 38145743 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prematurity and intra-uterine growth retardation are responsible for brain damage associated with various neurocognitive and behavioral disorders in more than 9 million children each year. Most pharmacological strategies aimed at preventing perinatal brain injury have not demonstrated substantial clinical benefits so far. In contrast, enrichment of the newborn's environment appears to have positive effects on brain structure and function, influences newborn hormonal responses, and has lasting neurobehavioral consequences during infancy and adulthood. Oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus, may represent the hormonal basis for these long-term effects. METHOD This review of the literature summarizes the knowledge concerning the effect of OT in the newborn and the preclinical data supporting its neuroprotective effect. RESULTS OT plays a role during the perinatal period, in parent-child attachment and in social behavior. Furthermore, preclinical studies strongly suggest that endogenous and synthetic OT is capable of regulating the inflammatory response of the central nervous system in response to situations of prematurity or more generally insults to the developing brain. The long-term effect of synthetic OT administration during labor is also discussed. CONCLUSION All the conceptual and experimental data converge to indicate that OT would be a promising candidate for neonatal neuroprotection, in particular through the regulation of neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Baud
- Laboratoire du développement, Université de Genève, Genève, Suisse; Inserm U1141, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service de Soins Intensifs Pédiatriques et Néonatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Suisse.
| | - Marit Knoop
- Laboratoire du développement, Université de Genève, Genève, Suisse
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Engler-Chiurazzi E. B cells and the stressed brain: emerging evidence of neuroimmune interactions in the context of psychosocial stress and major depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1360242. [PMID: 38650657 PMCID: PMC11033448 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1360242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system has emerged as a key regulator of central nervous system (CNS) function in health and in disease. Importantly, improved understanding of immune contributions to mood disorders has provided novel opportunities for the treatment of debilitating stress-related mental health conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Yet, the impact to, and involvement of, B lymphocytes in the response to stress is not well-understood, leaving a fundamental gap in our knowledge underlying the immune theory of depression. Several emerging clinical and preclinical findings highlight pronounced consequences for B cells in stress and MDD and may indicate key roles for B cells in modulating mood. This review will describe the clinical and foundational observations implicating B cell-psychological stress interactions, discuss potential mechanisms by which B cells may impact brain function in the context of stress and mood disorders, describe research tools that support the investigation of their neurobiological impacts, and highlight remaining research questions. The goal here is for this discussion to illuminate both the scope and limitations of our current understanding regarding the role of B cells, stress, mood, and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tamayo JM, Osman HC, Schwartzer JJ, Pinkerton KE, Ashwood P. Characterizing the neuroimmune environment of offspring in a novel model of maternal allergic asthma and particulate matter exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:252. [PMID: 37919762 PMCID: PMC10621097 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Increased gestational inflammation can be a result of an immune condition/disease, exposure to infection, and/or environmental factors. Epidemiology studies suggest that cases of NDD are on the rise. Similarly, rates of asthma are increasing, and the presence of maternal asthma during pregnancy increases the likelihood of a child being later diagnosed with NDD such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Particulate matter (PM), via air pollution, is an environmental factor known to worsen the symptoms of asthma, but also, PM has been associated with increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite the links between asthma and PM with neuropsychiatric disorders, there is a lack of laboratory models investigating combined prenatal exposure to asthma and PM on offspring neurodevelopment. Thus, we developed a novel mouse model that combines exposure to maternal allergic asthma (MAA) and ultrafine iron-soot (UIS), a common component of PM. In the current study, female BALB/c mice were sensitized for allergic asthma with ovalbumin (OVA) prior to pregnancy. Following mating and beginning on gestational day 2 (GD2), dams were exposed to either aerosolized OVA to induce allergic asthma or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 1 h. Following the 1-h exposure, pregnant females were then exposed to UIS with a size distribution of 55 to 169 nm at an average concentration of 176 ± 45 μg/m3) (SD), or clean air for 4 h, over 8 exposure sessions. Offspring brains were collected at postnatal days (P)15 and (P)35. Cortices and hippocampal regions were then isolated and assessed for changes in cytokines using a Luminex bead-based multiplex assay. Analyses identified changes in many cytokines across treatment groups at both timepoints in the cortex, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-17, which remained elevated from P15 to P35 in all treatment conditions compared to controls. There was a suppressive effect of the combined MAA plus UIS on the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Potentially shifting the cytokine balance towards more neuroinflammation. In the hippocampus at P15, elevations in cytokines were also identified across the treatment groups, namely IL-7. The combination of MAA and UIS exposure (MAA-UIS) during pregnancy resulted in an increase in microglia density in the hippocampus of offspring, as identified by IBA-1 staining. Together, these data indicate that exposure to MAA, UIS, and MAA-UIS result in changes in the neuroimmune environment of offspring that persist into adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Tamayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, 2805, 50th Street Sacramento, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Hadley C Osman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, 2805, 50th Street Sacramento, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jared J Schwartzer
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, 2805, 50th Street Sacramento, Davis, CA, 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hisada C, Kajimoto K, Tsugane H, Mitsuo I, Azuma K, Kubo KY. Maternal chewing alleviates prenatal stress-related neuroinflammation mediated by microglia in the hippocampus of the mouse offspring. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:588-594. [PMID: 36792221 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prenatal stress affects the hippocampal structure and function in pups. Maternal chewing ameliorates hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairments induced by prenatal stress. In this study, we investigated hippocampal microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in pups of dams exposed to prenatal stress with or without chewing during gestation. METHODS Pregnant mice were randomly assigned to control, stress, and stress/chewing groups. Stress and stress/chewing animals were subjected to restraint stress for 45 min three times daily from gestation day 12 to parturition, and were given a wooden stick to chew during the stress period. Four-month-old male pups were intraperitoneally administered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Serum corticosterone levels were determined 24 h after administration. The expression levels of hippocampal inflammatory cytokines were measured, and the microglia were analyzed morphologically. RESULTS Prenatal stress increased serum corticosterone levels, induced hippocampal microglia priming, and facilitated the release of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the offspring. LPS treatment significantly increased the effects of prenatal stress on serum corticosterone levels, hippocampal microglial activation, and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Maternal chewing significantly inhibited the increase in serum corticosterone levels, suppressed microglial overactivation, and normalized inflammatory cytokine levels under basal prenatal stress conditions as well as after LPS administration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that maternal chewing can alleviate the increase in corticosterone levels and inhibit hippocampal microglia-mediated neuroinflammation induced by LPS administration and prenatal stress in adult offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hisada
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kajimoto
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsugane
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan
| | - Iinuma Mitsuo
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kagaku Azuma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Kin-Ya Kubo
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Nagoya Women's University, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sameei P, Fatehfar S, Abdollahzadeh N, Chodari L, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S. The effects of forced exercise and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on prenatally stress-induced behavioral and neurobiological consequences in adolescent female rat offspring. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22411. [PMID: 37607889 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal manipulations can lead to neurobehavioral changes in the offspring. In this study, individual and combined effects of forced exercise and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on prenatally restraint stress (PRS)-induced behavioral impairments, neuro-inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress have been investigated in adolescent female rat offspring. Pregnant rats were divided into five groups: control; restraint stress (RS); RS + exercise stress (RS + ES), RS + zinc supplementation (RS + Zn); and RS + ES + Zn. All the pregnant rats (except control) were exposed to RS from gestational days 15 to 19. Pregnant rats in ES groups were subjected to forced treadmill exercise (30 min/daily), and in Zn groups to zinc sulfate (30 mg/kg/orally), throughout the pregnancy. At postnatal days 25-27, anxiety-like and stress-coping behaviors were recorded, and the gene expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the concentration of total antioxidant capacity were measured in the prefrontal cortex. PRS significantly enhanced anxiety, generated passive coping behaviors, increased IL-1β and TNF-α expression, and decreased the antioxidant capacity. ES potentiated while zinc reversed PRS-induced behavioral impairments. Prenatal zinc also restored the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity but had no effect on additive responses imposed by the combination of RS and ES. Suppression of PRS-induced behavioral and neurobiological impairments by zinc suggests the probable clinical importance of zinc on PRS-induced changes on child temperament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Sameei
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sina Fatehfar
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naseh Abdollahzadeh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tamayo JM, Osman HC, Schwartzer JJ, Pinkerton K, Ashwood P. Characterizing the Neuroimmune Environment of Offspring in a Novel Model of Maternal Allergic Asthma and Particulate Matter Exposure. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3140415. [PMID: 37503062 PMCID: PMC10371118 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3140415/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by the presence of decreased social interactions and an increase in stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Epidemiology studies suggest that cases of ASD are on the rise. Similarly, rates of asthma are increasing, and the presence of maternal asthma during pregnancy increases the likelihood of a child being later diagnosed with ASD. Particulate matter (PM), via air pollution, is an environmental factor known to worsen the symptoms of asthma, but also, PM has been associated with increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders including ASD. Despite the links between asthma and PM with neuropsychiatric disorders, there is a lack of laboratory models investigating combined prenatal exposure to asthma and PM on offspring neurodevelopment. Thus, we developed a novel mouse model that combines exposure to maternal allergic asthma (MAA) and ultrafine iron-soot (UIS), a common component of PM. In the current study, female BALB/c mice were primed for allergic asthma with ovalbumin (OVA) prior to pregnancy. Following mating and beginning on gestational day 2 (GD2), dams were exposed to either aerosolized OVA or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 1 hour. Following the 1-hour exposure, pregnant females were then exposed to UIS or clean air for 4 hours. Offspring brains were collected at postnatal days (P)15 and (P)35. Cortices and hippocampal regions were then isolated and assessed for changes in cytokines using a Luminex bead-based multiplex assay. Analyses identified changes in many cytokines across treatment groups at both timepoints in the cortex, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-13, and IL-17, which remained elevated from P15 to P35 in all treatment conditions compared to controls. In the hippocampus at P15, elevations in cytokines were also identified across the treatment groups, namely interferon gamma (IFNγ) and IL-7. The combination of MAA and UIS exposure (MAA-UIS) during pregnancy resulted in an increase in microglia density in the hippocampus of offspring, as identified by IBA-1 staining. Together, these data indicate that exposure to MAA, UIS, and MAA-UIS result in changes in the neuroimmune environment of offspring that persist into adulthood.
Collapse
|
8
|
Costello A, Linning-Duffy K, Vandenbrook C, Lonstein JS, Yan L. Daytime Light Deficiency Leads to Sex- and Brain Region-Specific Neuroinflammatory Responses in a Diurnal Rodent. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1369-1384. [PMID: 35864429 PMCID: PMC10635710 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in peripheral inflammation are well documented in both humans and animal models, but seasonal changes in neuroinflammation, especially the impact of seasonal lighting environment on neuroinflammation remain unclear. To address this question, the present study examined the effects of environmental lighting conditions on neuroinflammation in a diurnal rodent model, Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Male and female grass rats were housed in either bright (brLD) or dim (dimLD) light during the day to simulate a summer or winter light condition, respectively. After 4 weeks, microglia markers Iba-1 and CD11b, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, were examined in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dorsal hippocampus (dHipp). The results revealed that winter-like dim light during the day leads to indicators of increased neuroinflammation in a brain site- and sex-specific manner. Specifically, relatively few changes in the neuroinflammatory markers were observed in the ACC, while numerous changes were found in the BLA and dHipp. In the BLA, winter-like dimLD resulted in hyper-ramified microglia morphology and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, but only in males. In the dHipp, dimLD led to a higher number and hyper-ramified morphology of microglia as well as increased expression of CD11b and TNF-α, but only in females. Neuroinflammatory state is thus influenced by environmental light, differently in males and females, and could play a role in sex differences in the prevalence and symptoms of psychiatric or neurological disorders that are influenced by season or other environmental light conditions. Diurnal Nile grass rats were housed under bright or dim light during the day for 4 weeks, simulating seasonal fluctuations in daytime lighting environment. Dim light housing resulted in hyper-ramified morphology of microglia (scale bar, 15 μm) and altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in a sex- and brain region-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Costello
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katrina Linning-Duffy
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Carleigh Vandenbrook
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joseph S Lonstein
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lily Yan
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kremsky I, Ma Q, Li B, Dasgupta C, Chen X, Ali S, Angeloni S, Wang C, Zhang L. Fetal hypoxia results in sex- and cell type-specific alterations in neonatal transcription in rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells, microglia, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:58. [PMID: 36932456 PMCID: PMC10022003 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal hypoxia causes vital, systemic, developmental malformations in the fetus, particularly in the brain, and increases the risk of diseases in later life. We previously demonstrated that fetal hypoxia exposure increases the susceptibility of the neonatal brain to hypoxic-ischemic insult. Herein, we investigate the effect of fetal hypoxia on programming of cell-specific transcriptomes in the brain of neonatal rats. RESULTS We obtained RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, A2B5+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and astrocytes from male and female neonatal rats subjected either to fetal hypoxia or control conditions. Substantial transcriptomic responses to fetal hypoxia occurred in neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and A2B5+ cells. Not only were the transcriptomic responses unique to each cell type, but they also occurred with a great deal of sexual dimorphism. We validated differential expression of several genes related to inflammation and cell death by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Pathway and transcription factor motif analyses suggested that the NF-kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway was enriched in the neonatal male brain due to fetal hypoxia, and we verified this result by transcription factor assay of NFκB-p65 in whole brain. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a significant impact of fetal hypoxia on the transcriptomes of neonatal brains in a cell-specific and sex-dependent manner, and provides mechanistic insights that may help explain the development of hypoxic-ischemic sensitive phenotypes in the neonatal brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Kremsky
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Qingyi Ma
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Chiranjib Dasgupta
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Samir Ali
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Shawnee Angeloni
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baud O, Knoop M, Jacquens A, Possovre ML. [Oxytocin: a new target for neuroprotection?]. Biol Aujourdhui 2023; 216:145-153. [PMID: 36744980 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Every year, 30 million infants worldwide are delivered after intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and 15 million are born preterm. These two conditions are the leading causes of ante-/perinatal stress and brain injury responsible for neurocognitive and behavioral disorders affecting more than 9 million children each year. Most pharmacological candidates to prevent perinatal brain damage have failed to demonstrate substantial benefits. In contrast, environment enrichment based on developmental care, skin-to-skin contact and vocal/music exposure appear to exert positive effects on brain structure and function. However, mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. There is strong evidence that an adverse environment during pregnancy and the neonatal period can influence hormonal responses of the newborn with long-lasting neurobehavioral consequences in infancy and adulthood. In particular, excessive cortisol release in response to perinatal stress associated with prematurity or IUGR is recognized to induce brain-programming effects and neuroinflammation, a key predictor of subsequent neurological impairments. These deleterious effects are known to be balanced by oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus, which plays a role during the perinatal period and in social behavior. In addition, preclinical studies suggest that OT is able to regulate the central inflammatory response to injury in the adult brain. Using a rodent model of IUGR associated with developing white matter damage, we recently reported that carbetocin, a brain permeable OT receptor (OTR) agonist, induced a significant reduction of activated microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain. Moreover, this reduced microglia reactivity was associated with long-term neuroprotection. These findings make OT a promising candidate for neonatal neuroprotection through neuroinflammation regulation. However, the mechanisms linking endogenous OT and central inflammation response to injury have not yet been established. Further studies are needed to assess the protective role of OT in the developing brain through modulation of microglial activation, a key feature of brain injury observed in infants born preterm or growth-restricted. They are expected to have several impacts in the near future not only for improving knowledge of microglial cell physiology and reactivity during brain development, but also to design clinical trials testing interventions associated with endogenous OT release as a relevant strategy to alleviate neuroinflammation in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Baud
- Laboratoire du développement, Université de Genève, Genève, Suisse - Inserm U1141, Université Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France - Service de Soins Intensifs Pédiatriques et Néonatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, 30 boulevard de Cluse, 1205 Genève, Suisse
| | - Marit Knoop
- Laboratoire du développement, Université de Genève, Genève, Suisse
| | - Alice Jacquens
- Laboratoire du développement, Université de Genève, Genève, Suisse - Inserm U1141, Université Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Long-term effects of prenatal stress on the development of prefrontal cortex in the adolescent offspring. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Gao W, Xu Y, Liang J, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Shan F, Ge J, Xia Q. Serum CC Chemokines as Potential Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:2971-2978. [PMID: 36310625 PMCID: PMC9604417 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s384267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence indicates a potential role of chemokines in depression-like behavior and depression-related pathophysiological processes. In the present study, we examined the serum levels of multiple chemokines, focusing on CC chemokines, in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), with the aim to discover and identify serum chemokines-based biomarkers for MDD diagnosis. Methods Participants included 24 patients with MDD and 24 healthy controls. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24) was administered to assess the disease severity of patients with MDD. A total of 9 serum CC chemokines including MCP-1 (CCL-2), MIP-1α (CCL-3), MIP-1β (CCL-4), eotaxin-1 (CCL-11), MCP-4 (CCL-13), TARC (CCL-17), MIP-3α (CCL-20), MDC (CCL-22), and Eotaxin-3 (CCL-26) were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. The levels of serum CC chemokines between MDD group and control group were compared, and diagnostic values of different CC chemokines were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method for discriminating MDD patients from healthy controls. Correlations between the levels of serum CC chemokines and depression severity (HAMD-24 scores) were evaluated using Pearson's correlation test. Results Patients with MDD had higher levels of serum MIP-1α and MIP-1β and lower levels of serum MCP-1, MCP-4, TARC, MDC, and Eotaxin-3 compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Moreover, ROC curve analysis showed that the Area Under Curve (AUC) values of MIP-1α, MCP-4, TARC, and Eotaxin-3 were > 0.7 in discriminating patients with MDD from healthy controls. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between the levels of serum CC chemokines and HAMD-24 scores in MDD group. Conclusion These results suggested that circulating CC chemokines may hold promise in the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosing MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfan Gao
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yayun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Sun
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Shan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Ge
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jinfang Ge, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Qingrong Xia, Department of Science and Education, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Mental Health Center, 316 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China, Email
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheng Y, Cao P, Geng C, Chu X, Li Y, Cui J. The adenosine A (2A) receptor antagonist SCH58261 protects photoreceptors by inhibiting microglial activation and the inflammatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109245. [PMID: 36150227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor degeneration is a principal event in a variety of human retinal diseases. Progressive apoptosis of photoreceptors leads to impaired vision and blindness, for which there is no curative treatment. Adenosine 2A receptors (A2AR) are expressed in microglia. Blockade of A2AR has been shown to protect neurons via suppression of inflammation. However, the therapeutic effects of A2AR antagonists on photoreceptor degeneration have not been characterized. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to short term high-intensity light to induce photoreceptor death. SCH58261, a selective A2AR antagonist, was immediately injected into the vitreous body. Photoreceptor degeneration and microglia-induced inflammation were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography, and optomotor response. Co-culture of BV2 and 661W cells was used to investigate the interaction between microglia and photoreceptors. The results showed that A2AR was over-expressed during photoreceptor degeneration. Following intraocular SCH58261 injection, microglial activation and release of inflammatory factors were inhibited, and photoreceptor survival increased. Inactivation of microglia prevented apoptosis and autophagy in photoreceptors. Our results showed that SCH58261 intervention at the early stage of photoreceptor degeneration protected photoreceptors through inhibition of the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajia Cheng
- Medical International Collaborative Innovation Center, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Peipei Cao
- Medical International Collaborative Innovation Center, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Medical International Collaborative Innovation Center, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chu
- Medical International Collaborative Innovation Center, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianlin Cui
- Medical International Collaborative Innovation Center, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brisch R, Wojtylak S, Saniotis A, Steiner J, Gos T, Kumaratilake J, Henneberg M, Wolf R. The role of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders and suicide. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:929-945. [PMID: 34595576 PMCID: PMC9388452 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review examines the possible role of microglial cells, first, in neuroinflammation and, second, in schizophrenia, depression, and suicide. Recent research on the interactions between microglia, astrocytes and neurons and their involvement in pathophysiological processes of neuropsychiatric disorders is presented. This review focuses on results from postmortem, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies, and animal models of schizophrenia and depression. Third, the effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant drug therapy, and of electroconvulsive therapy on microglial cells are explored and the upcoming development of therapeutic drugs targeting microglia is described. Finally, there is a discussion on the role of microglia in the evolutionary progression of human lineage. This view may contribute to a new understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Wojtylak
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Arthur Saniotis
- Department of Anthropology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Pharmacy, Knowledge University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Wolf
- Department of Nursing and Health, Hochschule Fulda, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Klak K, Maciuszek M, Marcinkowska M, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. The importance of CXC-receptors CXCR1-2 and CXCR4 for adaptive regulation of the stress axis in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:647-658. [PMID: 35803509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In an ever-changing environment, an adaptive stress response is the pivotal regulatory mechanism to maintain allostasis. Physiologic responses to stressors enable to overcome potential threat. Glucocorticoid effects can be considered compensatory and adaptive, however prolonged or excessive glucocorticoid secretion can be also maladaptive and detrimental. Therefore, it must be tightly regulated. Apart from the essential hormonal feedback regulation, evidence accrues that cytokines, e.g., proinflammatory interleukin 1β (IL-1β), also play an important regulatory role in the stress axis. Here we focused on the potential role of CXC chemokines (CXCL8 and CXCL12) and their receptors (CXCR1, 2 and 4) in the regulation of the stress response in common carp. We studied changes in gene expression of CXC chemokines and CXCRs in the stress axis organs (hypothalamus-pituitary gland-head kidney) upon 11 h of restraint stress and we established how CXCR blocking affects the activation of the stress axis and the synthesis/conversion of cortisol. During restraint stress, gene expression of the majority of the proinflammatory CXCL8 and homeostatic CXCL12 chemokines and their receptors was upregulated in the stress axis organs. Inhibition of CXCR1-2 and CXCR4 differentially affected the expression of genes encoding stress-related molecules: hormones, binding proteins, receptors as well as expression of genes encoding IL-1β and its receptor. Moreover, we observed that CXC chemokines, via interaction with their respective CXCRs, regulate gene expression of molecules involved in cortisol synthesis and conversion and consistently affect the level of cortisol released into the circulation during the stress response. We revealed that in fish, CXC chemokines and their receptors are important regulators of the stress response at multiple levels of the stress axis, with particularly pronounced effects on steroidogenesis and cortisol conversion in the head kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Marcinkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miyata S, Ishino Y, Shimizu S, Tohyama M. Involvement of inflammatory responses in the brain to the onset of major depressive disorder due to stress exposure. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:934346. [PMID: 35936767 PMCID: PMC9354609 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.934346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease affected by several environmental factors. Although several potential onset hypotheses have been identified, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disorder remain unclear. Several recent studies have suggested that among many environmental factors, inflammation and immune abnormalities in the brain or the peripheral tissues are associated with the onset of MDDs. Furthermore, several stress-related hypotheses have been proposed to explain the onset of MDDs. Thus, inflammation or immune abnormalities can be considered stress responses that occur within the brain or other tissues and are regarded as one of the mechanisms underlying the stress hypothesis of MDDs. Therefore, we introduce several current advances in inflammation studies in the brain that might be related to the pathophysiology of MDD due to stress exposure in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Miyata
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shingo Miyata
| | - Yugo Ishino
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoko Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Tohyama
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mastromarino M, Favia M, Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Trojan E, Niso M, Carrieri A, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Darida M, Rossignolo F, Fontana S, Quinn MT, Basta-Kaim A, Leopoldo M, Lacivita E. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Computational Studies of Novel Ureidopropanamides as Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) Agonists to Target the Resolution of Inflammation in Central Nervous System Disorders. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5004-5028. [PMID: 35257581 PMCID: PMC9942528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) agonists can boost the resolution of inflammation and can offer alternative approaches for the treatment of pathologies with underlying chronic neuroinflammation, including neurodegenerative disorders. Starting from the FPR2 agonist 2 previously identified in our laboratory and through fine-tuning of FPR2 potency and metabolic stability, we have identified a new series of ureidopropanamide derivatives endowed with a balanced combination of such properties. Computational studies provided insights into the key interactions of the new compounds for FPR2 activation. In mouse microglial N9 cells and in rat primary microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, selected compounds inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, counterbalanced the changes in mitochondrial function, and inhibited caspase-3 activity. Among the new agonists, (S)-11l stands out also for the ability to permeate the blood-brain barrier and to accumulate in the mouse brain in vivo, thus representing a valuable pharmacological tool for studies in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Mastromarino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Favia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Lylia N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Stefano Fontana
- Aptuit Srl, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Surakul P, Chutabhakdikul N, Vanichviriyakit R, Promthep K, Thangnipon W. Maternal Stress Induced Autophagy Dysfunction and Immune Activation in the Hippocampus of Adolescence Rat Pups. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 121:102085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
19
|
Davis JLB, O’Connor M, Erlbacher H, Schlichte SL, Stevens HE. The Impact of Maternal Antioxidants on Prenatal Stress Effects on Offspring Neurobiology and Behavior. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 95:87-104. [PMID: 35370489 PMCID: PMC8961714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress is a neuropsychiatric risk factor, and effects may be mediated by prenatal oxidative stress. Cell types in the brain sensitive to oxidative stress-cortical microglia and cortical and hippocampal interneurons-may be altered by oxidative stress generated during prenatal stress and may be neurobiological substrates for altered behavior. Our objective was to determine the critical nature of oxidative stress in prenatal stress effects by manipulating prenatal antioxidants. CD1 mouse dams underwent restraint embryonic day 12 to 18 three times daily or no stress and received intraperitoneal injections before each stress period of vehicle, N-acetylcysteine (200 mg/kg daily), or astaxanthin (30 mg/kg before first daily stress, 10 mg/kg before second/third stresses). Adult male and female offspring behavior, microglia, and interneurons were assessed. Results supported the hypothesis that prenatal stress-induced oxidative stress affects microglia; microglia ramification increased after prenatal stress, and both antioxidants prevented these effects. In addition, N-acetylcysteine or astaxanthin was effective in preventing distinct male and female interneuron changes; decreased female medial frontal cortical parvalbumin interneurons was prevented by either antioxidant; increased male medial frontal cortical parvalbumin interneurons was prevented by N-acetylcysteine and decreased male hippocampal GAD67GFP+ cells prevented by astaxanthin. Prenatal stress-induced increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased sociability were not prevented by prenatal antioxidants. Sensorimotor gating deficits in males was partially prevented by prenatal astaxanthin. This study demonstrates the importance of oxidative stress for persistent impacts on offspring cortical microglia and interneurons, but did not link these changes with anxiety-like, social, and sensorimotor gating behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jada L-B Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mara O’Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA, USA
| | - Hannah Erlbacher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA, USA
| | | | - Hanna E. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao JF, Ren T, Li XY, Guo TL, Liu CH, Wang X. Research Progress on the Role of Microglia Membrane Proteins or Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:831977. [PMID: 35281298 PMCID: PMC8913711 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.831977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells of the central nervous system and play a dual role (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) in the homeostasis of the nervous system. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia serves as an important stage of ischemic hypoxic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage disease, neurodegeneration and neurotumor of the nervous system and is present through the whole course of these diseases. Microglial membrane protein or receptor is the basis of mediating microglia to play the inflammatory role and they have been found to be upregulated by recognizing associated ligands or sensing changes in the nervous system microenvironment. They can then allosterically activate the downstream signal transduction and produce a series of complex cascade reactions that can activate microglia, promote microglia chemotactic migration and stimulate the release of proinflammatory factor such as TNF-α, IL-β to effectively damage the nervous system and cause apoptosis of neurons. In this paper, several representative membrane proteins or receptors present on the surface of microglia are systematically reviewed and information about their structures, functions and specific roles in one or more neurological diseases. And on this basis, some prospects for the treatment of novel coronavirus neurological complications are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Lin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chun-Hui Liu,
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tylek K, Trojan E, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Bryniarska N, Curzytek K, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Basta-Kaim A. Time-Dependent Protective and Pro-Resolving Effects of FPR2 Agonists on Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Microglia Cells Involve Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPKs Pathways. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092373. [PMID: 34572022 PMCID: PMC8472089 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged or excessive microglial activation may lead to disturbances in the resolution of inflammation (RoI). The importance of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) in RoI has been highlighted. Among them, lipoxins (LXA4) and aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 (AT-LXA4) mediate beneficial responses through the activation of N-formyl peptide receptor-2 (FPR2). We aimed to shed more light on the time-dependent protective and anti-inflammatory impact of the endogenous SPMs, LXA4, and AT-LXA4, and of a new synthetic FPR2 agonist MR-39, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed rat microglial cells. Our results showed that LXA4, AT-LXA4, and MR-39 exhibit a protective and pro-resolving potential in LPS-stimulated microglia, even if marked differences were apparent regarding the time dependency and efficacy of inhibiting particular biomarkers. The LXA4 action was found mainly after 3 h of LPS stimulation, and the AT-LXA4 effect was varied in time, while MR-39′s effect was mainly observed after 24 h of stimulation by endotoxin. MR-39 was the only FPR2 ligand that attenuated LPS-evoked changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and diminished the ROS and NO release. Moreover, the LPS-induced alterations in the microglial phenotype were modulated by LXA4, AT-LXA4, and MR-39. The anti-inflammatory effect of MR-39 on the IL-1β release was mediated through FPR2. All tested ligands inhibited TNF-α production, while AT-LXA4 and MR-39 also diminished IL-6 levels in LPS-stimulated microglia. The favorable action of LXA4 and MR-39 was mediated through the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AT-LXA4 and MR39 diminished the phosphorylation of the transcription factor NF-κB, while AT-LXA4 also affected p38 kinase phosphorylation. Our results suggest that new pro-resolving synthetic mediators can represent an attractive treatment option for the enhancement of RoI, and that FPR2 can provide a perspective as a target in immune-related brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Tylek
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Katarzyna Curzytek
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.L.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-662-32-73
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Roshan-Milani S, Seyyedabadi B, Saboory E, Parsamanesh N, Mehranfard N. Prenatal stress and increased susceptibility to anxiety-like behaviors: role of neuroinflammation and balance between GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission. Stress 2021; 24:481-495. [PMID: 34180763 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1942828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity during the prenatal period allows neurons to regenerate anatomically and functionally for re-programming the brain development. During this critical period of fetal programming, the fetus phenotype can change in accordance with environmental stimuli such as stress exposure. Prenatal stress (PS) can exert important effects on brain development and result in permanent alterations with long-lasting consequences on the physiology and behavior of the offspring later in life. Neuroinflammation, as well as GABAergic and glutamatergic dysfunctions, has been implicated as potential mediators of behavioral consequences of PS. Hyperexcitation, due to enhanced excitatory transmission or reduced inhibitory transmission, can promote anxiety. Alterations of the GABAergic and/or glutamatergic signaling during fetal development lead to a severe excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in neuronal circuits, a condition that may account for PS-precipitated anxiety-like behaviors. This review summarizes experimental evidence linking PS to an elevated risk to anxiety-like behaviors and interprets the role of the neuroinflammation and alterations of the brain GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in this phenomenon. We hypothesize this is an imbalance in GABAergic and glutamatergic circuits (as a direct or indirect consequence of neuroinflammation), which at least partially contributes to PS-precipitated anxiety-like behaviors and primes the brain to be vulnerable to anxiety disorders. Therefore, pharmacological interventions with anti-inflammatory activities and with regulatory effects on the excitatory/inhibitory balance can be attributed to the novel therapeutic target for anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mehranfard
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kotah JM, Hoeijmakers L, Nutma E, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Early-life stress does not alter spatial memory performance, hippocampal neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, or telomere length in 20-month-old male mice. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100379. [PMID: 34430678 PMCID: PMC8369064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ES) increases the risk for psychopathology and cognitive decline later in life. Because the neurobiological substrates affected by ES (i.e., cognition, neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation) are also altered in aging, we set out to investigate if and how ES in the first week of life affects these domains at an advanced age, and how ES modulates the aging trajectory per se. We subjected C57BL/6j mice to an established ES mouse model from postnatal days 2–9. Mice underwent behavioral testing at 19 months of age and were sacrificed at 20 months to investigate their physiology, hippocampal neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and telomere length. ES mice, as a group, did not perform differently from controls in the open field or Morris water maze (MWM). Hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic marker gene expression were not different in ES mice at this age. While we find aging-associated alterations to neuroinflammatory gene expression and telomere length, these were unaffected by ES. When integrating the current data with those from our previously reported 4- and 10-month-old cohorts, we conclude that ES leads to a ‘premature’ shift in the aging trajectory, consisting of early changes that do not further worsen at the advanced age of 20 months. This could be explained e.g. by a ‘floor’ effect in ES-induced impairments, and/or age-induced impairments in control mice. Future studies should help understand how exactly ES affects the overall aging trajectory. Early-life stress (ES) exposure does not worsen water maze learning in aged male mice. ES does not affect brain plasticity markers at 20 months of age. Hippocampal telomere length is reduced by aging but unaffected by ES. ES leads to a premature aging trajectory that does not worsen with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janssen M Kotah
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Curzytek K, Leśkiewicz M. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 axis in depressive disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1052-1062. [PMID: 34031863 PMCID: PMC8142870 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Since affective disorders are considered to be underlain by the immune system malfunction, an important role in their pathophysiology is assigned to the proinflammatory mediators. Recently, chemokines, the group of chemotactic cytokines, have become a focus for basic and clinical scientists in the context of the development and treatment of brain diseases. Among them, chemokine CCL2 and its main receptor CCR2 have become candidate mediators of abnormal brain-immune system dialogue in depression. Besides the chemotactic activity, the CCL2-CCR2 axis is involved in various neurobiological processes, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, as well as neuroregeneration. Given the range of immunomodulatory possibilities that the CCL2-CCR2 pair can exert on the nervous system, its proinflammatory properties were initially thought to be a major contributor to the development of depressive disorders. However, further research suggests that the malfunctions of the nervous system are rather associated with impaired homeostatic properties manifested by the CCL2-CCR2 dyad dysfunctions. This review aims to present literature data on the action of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the contribution of this ligand-receptor system to the processes underlying affective disorders. Additionally, this article draws attention to the importance of the CCL2-CRR2 pathway as a potential pharmacological target with antidepressant potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Curzytek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Haq SU, Bhat UA, Kumar A. Prenatal stress effects on offspring brain and behavior: Mediators, alterations and dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
26
|
Berry A, Mazzelli M, Musillo C, Riva MA, Cattaneo A, Cirulli F. High-fat diet during adulthood interacts with prenatal stress, affecting both brain inflammatory and neuroendocrine markers in male rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2326-2340. [PMID: 33711185 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PNS) affects foetal programming and, through an interaction with subsequent challenges, can increase vulnerability to mood and metabolic disorders. We have previously shown that, following PNS, adult male rats are characterized by increased vulnerability to a metabolic stressor experienced at adulthood (8-week-high-fat diet-HFD). In this study, we specifically assessed whether PNS might interact with an adult metabolic challenge to induce an inflammatory phenotype. Changes in the expression levels of inflammatory (Il-1β, Tnf-α, Il-6) and of stress response mediators (Nr3c1, Fkbp5) as well as of mood and metabolic regulators (Bdnf, Ghs-R) were investigated in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, brain regions involved in the pathogenesis of depression and prone to inflammation in response to stress. Overall, PNS reduced the expression of Bdnf and Tnf-α, while HFD administered at adulthood counteracted this effect suggesting that PNS impinges upon the same pathways regulating responses to a metabolic challenge at adulthood. Furthermore, HFD and PNS affected the expression of both Nr3c1 and Fkbp5, two neuroendocrine mediators involved in the response to stress, metabolic challenges and in the modulation of the emotional profile (as shown by the correlation between Fkbp5 and the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze). Overall, these results indicate that the same metabolic and neuroendocrine effectors engaged by PNS are affected by metabolic challenges at adulthood, providing some mechanistic insight into the well-known comorbidity between mood and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Berry
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Mazzelli
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Musillo
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Roohi E, Jaafari N, Hashemian F. On inflammatory hypothesis of depression: what is the role of IL-6 in the middle of the chaos? J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 33593388 PMCID: PMC7884972 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are reported to have higher levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6). Recent studies both pre-clinical and clinical have advocated for the functional role of IL-6 in development of MDD and suggested a great potential for targeting this cytokine to open new avenues in pharmacotherapy of depression. The purpose of the present narrative review was to provide an integrated account of how IL-6 may contribute to development of depression. All peer-reviewed journal articles published before July 2020 for each area discussed were searched by WOS, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, for original research, review articles, and book chapters. Publications between 1980 and July 2020 were included. Alterations in IL-6 levels, both within the periphery and the brain, most probably contribute to depression symptomatology in numerous ways. As IL-6 acts on multiple differing target tissues throughout the body, dysregulation of this particular cytokine can precipitate a multitude of events relevant to depression and blocking its effects can prevent further escalation of inflammatory responses, and potentially pave the way for opening new avenues in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this debilitating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Roohi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99 Yakhchal Street, Shariati Avenue, Tehran, 1941933111, Iran
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Université de Poitiers, Unité de recherche clinique intersectorielle Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit F-86022 France, Groupement De Recherche CNRS 3557, Poitiers, France
| | - Farshad Hashemian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99 Yakhchal Street, Shariati Avenue, Tehran, 1941933111, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fitzgerald E, Parent C, Kee MZL, Meaney MJ. Maternal Distress and Offspring Neurodevelopment: Challenges and Opportunities for Pre-clinical Research Models. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:635304. [PMID: 33643013 PMCID: PMC7907173 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.635304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-natal exposure to acute maternal trauma or chronic maternal distress can confer increased risk for psychiatric disorders in later life. Acute maternal trauma is the result of unforeseen environmental or personal catastrophes, while chronic maternal distress is associated with anxiety or depression. Animal studies investigating the effects of pre-natal stress have largely used brief stress exposures during pregnancy to identify critical periods of fetal vulnerability, a paradigm which holds face validity to acute maternal trauma in humans. While understanding these effects is undoubtably important, the literature suggests maternal stress in humans is typically chronic and persistent from pre-conception through gestation. In this review, we provide evidence to this effect and suggest a realignment of current animal models to recapitulate this chronicity. We also consider candidate mediators, moderators and mechanisms of maternal distress, and suggest a wider breadth of research is needed, along with the incorporation of advanced -omics technologies, in order to understand the neurodevelopmental etiology of psychiatric risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carine Parent
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Z. L. Kee
- Translational Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Iovino M, Messana T, Tortora A, Giusti C, Lisco G, Giagulli VA, Guastamacchia E, De Pergola G, Triggiani V. Oxytocin Signaling Pathway: From Cell Biology to Clinical Implications. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:91-110. [PMID: 32433011 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200520093730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the well-known role played in lactation and parturition, Oxytocin (OT) and OT receptor (OTR) are involved in many other aspects such as the control of maternal and social behavior, the regulation of the growth of the neocortex, the maintenance of blood supply to the cortex, the stimulation of limbic olfactory area to mother-infant recognition bond, and the modulation of the autonomic nervous system via the vagal pathway. Moreover, OT and OTR show antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-pain, anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipidemic and anti-atherogenic effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the main data coming from the literature dealing with the role of OT and OTR in physiology and pathologic conditions focusing on the most relevant aspects. METHODS Appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in Pubmed. Finally, references of original articles and reviews were examined. RESULTS We report the most significant and updated data on the role played by OT and OTR in physiology and different clinical contexts. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence indicates the involvement of OT system in several pathophysiological mechanisms influencing brain anatomy, cognition, language, sense of safety and trust and maternal behavior, with the possible use of exogenous administered OT in the treatment of specific neuropsychiatric conditions. Furthermore, it modulates pancreatic β-cell responsiveness and lipid metabolism leading to possible therapeutic use in diabetic and dyslipidemic patients and for limiting and even reversing atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Tullio Messana
- Infantile Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS - Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tortora
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Consuelo Giusti
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lisco
- Hospital Unit of Endocrinology, Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Regulska M, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Trojan E, Leśkiewicz M, Basta-Kaim A. The Emerging Role of the Double-Edged Impact of Arachidonic Acid- Derived Eicosanoids in the Neuroinflammatory Background of Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:278-293. [PMID: 32851950 PMCID: PMC8033972 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200807144530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives belonging to a family of lipid signalling mediators that are engaged in both physiological and pathological processes in the brain. Recently, their implication in the prolonged inflammatory response has become a focus of particular interest because, in contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS) are crucial for the development of brain pathologies including depression. The synthesis of eicosanoids is catalysed primarily by cyclooxygenases (COX), which are involved in the production of pro-inflammatory AA metabolites, including prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Moreover, eicosanoid synthesis is catalysed by lipoxygenases (LOXs), which generate both leukotrienes and anti-inflammatory derivatives such as lipoxins. Thus, AA metabolites have double- edged pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving properties, and an imbalance between these metabolites has been proposed as a contributor or even the basis for chronic neuroinflammatory effects. This review focuses on important evidence regarding eicosanoid-related pathways (with special emphasis on prostaglandins and lipoxins) that has added a new layer of complexity to the idea of targeting the double-edged AA-derivative pathways for therapeutic benefits in depression. We also sought to explore future research directions that can support a pro-resolving response to control the balance between eicosanoids and thus to reduce the chronic neuroinflammation that underlies at least a portion of depressive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Regulska
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Trojan E, Bryniarska N, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Chamera K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Leopoldo M, Lacivita E, Basta-Kaim A. The Contribution of Formyl Peptide Receptor Dysfunction to the Course of Neuroinflammation: A Potential Role in the Brain Pathology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:229-249. [PMID: 31629396 PMCID: PMC7327951 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191019170244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS) are in part responsible for the development of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. These processes are associated with, among other things, the increased and disturbed activation of microglia and the elevated production of proinflammatory factors. Recent studies indicated that the disruption of the process of resolution of inflammation (RoI) may be the cause of CNS disorders. It is shown that the RoI is regulated by endogenous molecules called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which interact with specific membrane receptors. Some SPMs activate formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), which belong to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors take part not only in the proinflammatory response but also in the resolution of the inflammation process. Therefore, the activation of FPRs might have complex consequences. This review discusses the potential role of FPRs, and in particular the role of FPR2 subtype, in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions and their involvement in processes underlying neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders as well as ischemia, the pathogenesis of which involves the dysfunction of inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chamera
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Desplats P, Gutierrez AM, Antonelli MC, Frasch MG. Microglial memory of early life stress and inflammation: Susceptibility to neurodegeneration in adulthood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 117:232-242. [PMID: 31703966 PMCID: PMC7198341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We review evidence supporting the role of early life programming in the susceptibility for adult neurodegenerative diseases while highlighting questions and proposing avenues for future research to advance our understanding of this fundamental process. The key elements of this phenomenon are chronic stress, neuroinflammation triggering microglial polarization, microglial memory and their connection to neurodegeneration. We review the mediating mechanisms which may function as early biomarkers of increased susceptibility for neurodegeneration. Can we devise novel early life modifying interventions to steer developmental trajectories to their optimum?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ashley M Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marta C Antonelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Martin G Frasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Haj-Mirzaian A, Khosravi A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Rahbar A, Ramezanzadeh K, Nikbakhsh R, Pirri F, Talari B, Ghesmati M, Nikbakhsh R, Dehpour AR. The potential role of very small embryonic-like stem cells in the neuroinflammation induced by social isolation stress: Introduction of a new paradigm. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
34
|
Zhou H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shao F, Wang W. The Role of Microglial CX3CR1 in Schizophrenia-Related Behaviors Induced by Social Isolation. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:551676. [PMID: 33013335 PMCID: PMC7500158 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.551676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the microglial hypothesis of schizophrenia, the hyperactivation of microglia and the release of proinflammatory cytokines lead to neuronal loss, which is highly related to the onset of schizophrenia. Recent studies have demonstrated that fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1 modulate the function of microglia. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether microglial CX3CR1 plays a role in schizophrenia-related behaviors. A classical animal model of schizophrenia, social isolation (from postnatal days 21-56), was used to induce schizophrenia-related behaviors in C57BL/6J and CX3CR1-/- mice, and the expression of the microglial CX3CR1 protein was examined in several brain areas of the C57BL/6J mice by Western blot analysis. The results revealed that social isolation caused deficits in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the C57BL/6J mice but not in the CX3CR1-/- mice and increased locomotor activity in both the C57BL/6J mice and the CX3CR1-/- mice. Moreover, the CX3CR1 protein level was increased in the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus of the isolated C57BL/6J mice. These findings suggested that the function of microglia regulated by CX3CR1 might participate in schizophrenia-related behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiesi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shen G, Hu S, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Ma Q. Antenatal Hypoxia Accelerates the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology in 5xFAD Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:251. [PMID: 32973487 PMCID: PMC7472639 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with cognitive impairment and later dementia among the elderly. Mounting evidence shows that adverse maternal environments during the fetal development increase the risk of diseases later in life including neurological disorders, and suggests an early origin in the development of AD-related dementia (ADRD) in utero. In the present study, we investigated the impact of antenatal hypoxia and fetal stress on the initiation of AD-related pathology in offspring of 5xFAD mice. We showed that fetal hypoxia significantly reduced brain and body weight in the fetal and the early postnatal period, which recovered in young adult mice. Using spontaneous Y-maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and open field (OF) tasks, we found that antenatal hypoxia exacerbated cognitive decline in offspring of 5xFAD compared with normoxia control. Of interest, fetal hypoxia did not alter intraneuronal soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus in 5xFAD mouse offspring, indicating that antenatal hypoxia increased the vulnerability of the brain to synaptotoxic Aβ in the disease onset later in life. Consistent with the early occurrence of cognitive decline, we found synapse loss but not neuronal death in the cerebral cortex in 5xFAD but not wild-type (WT) offspring exposed to antenatal hypoxia. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that antenatal hypoxia significantly increased microglial number and activation, and reactive astrogliosis in the cerebral cortex in WT offspring. Moreover, antenatal hypoxia resulted in an exacerbated increase of microgliosis and astrogliosis in the early stage of AD in 5xFAD offspring. Together, our study reveals a causative link between fetal stress and the accelerated onset of AD-related pathology, and provides mechanistic insights into the developmental origin of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Shen
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Shirley Hu
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Qingyi Ma
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
RNASeq analysis reveals upregulation of complement C3 in the offspring gut following prenatal stress in mice. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151983. [PMID: 32747015 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated activation of inflammatory signaling by the immature neonatal immune system could lead to the development of many pediatric diseases including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). While the mechanism(s) of pathogenesis is unknown, NEC is believed to have multifactorial causes. Microbial dysbiosis and intestinal immaturity have been implicated as potential triggers for this disease. We hypothesized that psychological stress during pregnancy negatively impacts the development of intestinal tissues in offspring and contributes to development of NEC. Consistent with this hypothesis, we previously observed shorter villi and a decrease in total surface area in the small intestine of pups derived from mice that were chronically stressed during gestation. In this study, we performed RNASeq analysis to determine the gene expression changes in the offspring gut following prenatal stress in pregnant mice and identified several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and biological pathways. Notably, C3 was upregulated in the small intestine and contributed to a higher tissue injury score in a mesenteric ischemia model compared to unstressed controls. We discuss the potential implications of these stress-induced genes expression changes and their contribution to development of intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Han Y, Wang J, Zhao Q, Xie X, Song R, Xiao Y, Kang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Peng C, You Z. Pioglitazone alleviates maternal sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits in male rat offspring by enhancing microglia-mediated neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:568-578. [PMID: 32032783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal sleep disturbance in pregnancy causes cognitive impairments and emotional disorders in offspring. Microglia-mediated inflammatory processes contribute to prenatal stress-induced neurodevelopmental deficits. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation underlies the switching of microglial activation phenotypes, which has emerged as a pharmacological target for regulating neuroinflammatory responses in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we investigated the effects of PPARγ-dependent microglial activation on neurogenesis and cognitive behavioral outcomes in male rat offspring exposed to maternal sleep deprivation (MSD) for 72 h from days 18-21 of pregnancy. In the Morris water maze test, male MSD rat offspring needed more time than control offspring to escape to the hidden platform and spent less time in the target quadrant when the hidden platform was removed. In MSD rat offspring, microglial density as determined by immunofluorescence was higher, microglia showed fewer and shorter processes, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus was significantly reduced. Levels of mRNA encoding pro-inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β were higher in male MSD offspring, whereas levels of anti-inflammatory markers Arg1, IL-4, and IL-10 were lower, as was PPARγ expression in the hippocampus. PPARγ activation by pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day, i.p., 7 d) mitigated these negative effects of MSD, rescuing hippocampal neurogenesis and improving cognitive function. The PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 (1 mg/kg/day, i.p., 7 d) eliminated the effects of pioglitazone. Conditioned medium from pioglitazone-treated microglia promoted proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. These results suggest that MSD-induced deficits in spatial learning and memory can be ameliorated through PPARγ-dependent modulation of microglial phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jiutai Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qiuying Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rui Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xixi Kang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chang GQ, Collier AD, Karatayev O, Gulati G, Boorgu DSSK, Leibowitz SF. Moderate Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Stimulates CXCL12/CXCR4 Chemokine System in Radial Glia Progenitor Cells in Hypothalamic Neuroepithelium and Peptide Neurons in Lateral Hypothalamus of the Embryo and Postnatal Offspring. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:866-879. [PMID: 32020622 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to ethanol (EtOH) has lasting effects on neuropeptide and neuroimmune systems in the brain alongside detrimental alcohol-related behaviors. At low-to-moderate doses, prenatal EtOH stimulates neurogenesis in lateral hypothalamus (LH) and increases neurons that express the orexigenic peptides hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/OX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and the proinflammatory chemokine CCL2, which through its receptor CCR2 stimulates cell differentiation and movement. Our recent studies demonstrated that CCL2 and CCR2 colocalize with MCH neurons and are involved in EtOH's stimulatory effect on their development but show no relation to Hcrt/OX. Here, we investigated another chemokine, CXCL12, and its receptor, CXCR4, which promote neurogenesis and neuroprogenitor cell proliferation, to determine if they also exhibit peptide specificity in their response to EtOH exposure. METHODS Pregnant rats were intraorally administered a moderate dose of EtOH (2 g/kg/d) from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E15. Their embryos and postnatal offspring were examined using real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence histochemistry, to determine if EtOH affects CXCL12 and CXCR4 and the colocalization of CXCR4 with Hcrt/OX and MCH neurons in the LH and with radial glia neuroprogenitor cells in the hypothalamic neuroepithelium (NEP). RESULTS Prenatal EtOH strongly stimulated CXCL12 and CXCR4 in LH neurons of embryos and postnatal offspring. This stimulation was significantly stronger in Hcrt/OX than MCH neurons in LH and also occurred in radial glia neuroprogenitor cells dense in the NEP. These effects were sexually dimorphic, consistently stronger in females than males. CONCLUSIONS While showing prenatal EtOH exposure to have a sexually dimorphic, stimulatory effect on CXCL12 and CXCR4 in LH similar to CCL2 and its receptor, these results reveal their distinct relationship to the peptide neurons, with the former closely related to Hcrt/OX and the latter to MCH, and they link EtOH's actions in LH to a stimulatory effect on neuroprogenitor cells in the NEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Chang
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Adam D Collier
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Olga Karatayev
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Gazal Gulati
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | | | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Obuchowicz E, Bielecka-Wajdman A, Zieliński M, Machnik G, Gołyszny M, Ludyga T. Imipramine and Venlafaxine Differentially Affect Primary Glial Cultures of Prenatally Stressed Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1687. [PMID: 32076407 PMCID: PMC7006619 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we examine the effects of prenatal administration of two antidepressants—imipramine (IMI) and venlafaxine (VEN)—on morphology and activity of a primary glial culture. Microglia are targeted by antidepressants used for antenatal depression and are important regulators of central nervous system development. In this study, female Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups: a control group that received water ad libitum (1), and groups that received additionally once daily either water (2), IMI (10 mg/kg) (3), or VEN (20 mg/kg) (4) by oral gavage from gestation day 7 to 22. Oral gavage administration induced prenatal stress. Cell cultures were obtained from the brains of 1-day-old pups. Prenatal stress caused a disturbance of sensorimotor function in pups. Prenatal stress also produced alterations in the glial cultures, specifically, an increased percentage of microglia in the mixed glial cultures and an increased percentage of dead cells. Moreover, increased levels of IL1-β, TNF-α, NO, and an increased expression of CX3CR1 mRNA were found in microglia. However, the ratio of Bax/Bcl2 mRNA was reduced. Prenatal stress increased the vulnerability of microglia to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mixed glial culture derived from pups exposed to IMI showed greater morphological changes and the highest percentage of microglia. Microglia were characterized by the largest increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO, and the greatest reduction in the expression of CX3CR1 mRNA. Exposure to IMI reduced the effects of LPS on IL-1β production and Bax/Bcl2 mRNA, and exacerbated the effects of LPS on CX3CR1 mRNA expression. Prenatal administration of VEN induced protective effects on microglia, as measured by all studied parameters. Taken together, our data suggest that, by disturbing microglia function, exposure to even mild forms of chronic prenatal stress may predispose individuals to psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. These data also indicate that chronic mild stress sensitizes microglia to immune challenges, which may lead to enhanced neuronal damage in the embryonic brain. The observed detrimental effects of IMI on microglial activity under conditions of prenatal stress may help to explain the teratogenic effects of IMI reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Bielecka-Wajdman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Machnik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ludyga
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Beyeler SA, Hodges MR, Huxtable AG. Impact of inflammation on developing respiratory control networks: rhythm generation, chemoreception and plasticity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 274:103357. [PMID: 31899353 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory control network in the central nervous system undergoes critical developmental events early in life to ensure adequate breathing at birth. There are at least three "critical windows" in development of respiratory control networks: 1) in utero, 2) newborn (postnatal day 0-4 in rodents), and 3) neonatal (P10-13 in rodents, 2-4 months in humans). During these critical windows, developmental processes required for normal maturation of the respiratory control network occur, thereby increasing vulnerability of the network to insults, such as inflammation. Early life inflammation (induced by LPS, chronic intermittent hypoxia, sustained hypoxia, or neonatal maternal separation) acutely impairs respiratory rhythm generation, chemoreception and increases neonatal risk of mortality. These early life impairments are also greater in young males, suggesting sex-specific impairments in respiratory control. Further, neonatal inflammation has a lasting impact on respiratory control by impairing adult respiratory plasticity. This review focuses on how inflammation alters respiratory rhythm generation, chemoreception and plasticity during each of the three critical windows. We also highlight the need for additional mechanistic studies and increased investigation into how glia (such as microglia and astrocytes) play a role in impaired respiratory control after inflammation. Understanding how inflammation during critical windows of development disrupt respiratory control networks is essential for developing better treatments for vulnerable neonates and preventing adult ventilatory control disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Beyeler
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Adrianne G Huxtable
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Baharikhoob P, Kolla NJ. Microglial Dysregulation and Suicidality: A Stress-Diathesis Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:781. [PMID: 32848946 PMCID: PMC7432264 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior, completed suicide depends on the interaction between psychosocial stressors and a trait-like susceptibility. While there are likely multiple biological processes at play in suicidal behavior, recent findings point to over-activation of microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, as implicated in stress-induced suicidal behavior. However, it remains unclear how microglial dysregulation can be integrated into a clinical model of suicidal behavior. Therefore, this narrative review aims to (1) examine the findings from human post-mortem and neuroimaging studies that report a relationship between microglial activation and suicidal behavior, and (2) update the clinical model of suicidal behavior to integrate the role of microglia. A systematic search of SCOPUS, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases revealed evidence of morphological alterations in microglia and increased translocator protein density in the brains of individuals with suicidality, pointing to a positive relationship between microglial dysregulation and suicidal behavior. The studies also suggested several pathological mechanisms leading to suicidal behavior that may involve microglial dysregulation, namely (1) enhanced metabolism of tryptophan to quinolinic acid through the kynurenine pathway and associated serotonin depletion; (2) increased quinolinic acid leading to excessive N-methyl-D-aspartate-signaling, resulting in potential disruption of the blood brain barrier; (3) increased quinolinic acid resulting in higher neurotoxicity, and; (4) elevated interleukin 6 contributing to loss of inhibition of glutamatergic neurons, causing heightened glutamate release and excitotoxicity. Based on these pathways, we reconceptualized the stress-diathesis theory of suicidal behavior to incorporate the role of microglial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paria Baharikhoob
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan J Kolla
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Waypoint Research Institute, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang C, Hou X, Feng Q, Li Y, Wang X, Qin L, Yang P. Lupus serum IgG induces microglia activation through Fc fragment dependent way and modulated by B-cell activating factor. J Transl Med 2019; 17:426. [PMID: 31864410 PMCID: PMC6925475 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric manifestations are frequent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet the etiology and pathogenesis of brain damage in SLE remains unclear. Because the production of autoantibodies, formation and deposition of immunocomplexes are major serological characteristics of SLE, the elevated level of serum immunoglobulin may contribute to brain tissue injury of SLE. To testify this, in this study, we examined whether immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum of SLE patients affects the cellular functions in central nervous system and the potential mechanism. METHODS In vivo intracerebral injection of SLE-serum in mouse was used to activate microglia and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine was assessed by ELISA. Sera was divided into IgG and IgG depleted fractions, while IgG was further divided into Fc and Fab fragments to examine which part has an effect on microglia. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to verify the synergistic effect of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) on IgG stimulation of microglia. RESULTS We found that IgG in lupus sera can induce M1 activation of brain microglia following intraventricular injection into normal mice, and BAFF facilitates this process. In vitro, we identified that IgG bound to microglia through Fc rather than Fab fragments, and BAFF up-regulated the expression of Fc receptors (FcγR) on the surface of microglia, consequently, promote IgG binding to microglia. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that lupus serum IgG causes inflammatory responses of microglia by involving the Fc signaling pathway and the activity could be up-regulated by BAFF. Accordingly, disruption of the FcγR-mediated signaling pathway and blockade of microglia activation may be a therapeutic target in patients with neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunshu Yang
- Department of 1st Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianhui Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingzhuo Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingting Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Badihian N, Daniali SS, Kelishadi R. Transcriptional and epigenetic changes of brain derived neurotrophic factor following prenatal stress: A systematic review of animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 117:211-231. [PMID: 31838194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gestational period plays critical role in neuropsychological development. One of the genes that undergoes changes by prenatal stress (PNS) exposure, is the gene coding brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Studies have reported different patterns of change following PNS in BDNF, which emphasizes the complexity of the issue. In this review, systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane CENTRAL databases was performed. Primary searches resulted in 2132 studies and finally 43 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Transcriptional and epigenetic changes of BDNF gene in the brain were recorded. Decreased or unchanged BDNF total mRNA and BDNF mature protein, with hypermethylation of the coding exons were the most reported changes. However, stress paradigm, gender of the fetus and the day of sacrifice were found to significantly affect the results. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are the most vulnerable regions. They can show long lasting and persistent transcriptional and epigenetics changes of BDNF gene following PNS. Further studies evaluating the importance of these findings in humans are essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Badihian
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
| | - Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Trojan E, Chamera K, Bryniarska N, Kotarska K, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Basta-Kaim A. Role of Chronic Administration of Antidepressant Drugs in the Prenatal Stress-Evoked Inflammatory Response in the Brain of Adult Offspring Rats: Involvement of the NLRP3 Inflammasome-Related Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5365-5380. [PMID: 30610610 PMCID: PMC6614144 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that adverse experiences in early life may be a factor for immune disturbances leading to the depression in adulthood. Recently, a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of depression has been assigned to the activation of the brain Nod-like receptor pyrin-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. We investigated the impact of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on the behavioral disturbances and the levels of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of adult male rats after prenatal stress exposure. Next, we explored the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome-related pathways in the mechanism of antidepressant action. Our study confirmed that chronic antidepressant treatment attenuated depression-like disturbances and exerted an anxiolytic action. All antidepressants diminished the prenatal stress-induced increase in IL-1β in both brain areas, while IL-18 only in the hippocampus. Moreover, tianeptine administration diminished the increase in CCR2 levels in both brain areas, while in the hippocampus, tianeptine, along with venlafaxine CCL2 and iNOS levels. Next, we observed that in the hippocampus, tianeptine and fluoxetine suppressed upregulation of TLR4. Furthermore, venlafaxine suppressed NFкB p65-subunit phosphorylation, while fluoxetine enhanced the IкB level. Importantly, in the hippocampus, all antidepressants normalized evoked by stress changes in caspase-1 level, while tianeptine and venlafaxine also affect the levels of ASC and NLRP3 subunits. Our results provide new evidence that chronic administration of antidepressants exerts anti-inflammatory effects more pronounced in the hippocampus, through suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These effects are accompanied by an improvement in the behavioral dysfunctions evoked by prenatal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dowell J, Elser BA, Schroeder RE, Stevens HE. Cellular stress mechanisms of prenatal maternal stress: Heat shock factors and oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134368. [PMID: 31299286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of the brain prenatally is affected by maternal experience and exposure. Prenatal maternal psychological stress changes brain development and results in increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, multiple levels of prenatal stress mechanisms (offspring brain, placenta, and maternal physiology) are discussed and their intersection with cellular stress mechanisms explicated. Heat shock factors and oxidative stress are closely related to each other and converge with the inflammation, hormones, and cellular development that have been more deeply explored as the basis of prenatal stress risk. Increasing evidence implicates cellular stress mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with prenatal stress including affective disorders, schizophrenia, and child-onset psychiatric disorders. Heat shock factors and oxidative stress also have links with the mechanisms involved in other kinds of prenatal stress including external exposures such as environmental toxicants and internal disruptions such as preeclampsia. Integrative understanding of developmental neurobiology with these cellular and physiological mechanisms is necessary to reduce risks and promote healthy brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dowell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Elser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Rachel E Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Hanna E Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Intracerebroventricular administration of lupus serum induces microglia activation and leukocyte adhesion in the cerebromicrovasculature of mice. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:576994. [PMID: 31207553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is commonly seen in the patients with system lupus erythematosus (SLE). Mechanisms underlying CNS damage in SLE remain largely unknown. Accumulating evidence suggest that activation of microglia in CNS plays an important role in the inflammatory responses in neurological diseases. The aim of this study is to examine the involvement of microglia in the CNS inflammatory responses induced by circulating serum of SLE patients. METHODS We performed intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of serums collected from SLE patients or healthy controls to mice, and examined phenotypic changes of microglia, the levels of cytokines, chemokine and adhesion molecules in the brain. Intravital microscopy was used to observe leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the cerebromicrovasculature. We further examined whether minocycline can block inflammatory responses induced by SLE serum. In vitro experiments were conducted to examine whether IgGs from the sera of SLE patients or healthy control can activate the primary cultured microglia. RESULTS We found that ICV injection of SLE serum increases morphological activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus. Inflammatory mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α), chemokine (CCL2 and CCL5) and adhesion molecules (P-selectin and ICAM-1) were significantly elevated in the brains of SLE-serum-treated mice. Using intravital microscopy, we demonstrated that SLE serum promotes leukocyte rolling and adhesion. Furthermore, suppression of microglia activation by systemically using minocycline could decrease the levels of inflammatory molecular, and prevent leukocyte rolling and adhesion. The in vitro experiments revealed that IgG from SLE sera could be engulfed by microglia and stimulated the microglia to secret pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the activation of microglia, which promotes leukocyte adhesion to the brain microvasculature, is an important pathological mechanism of CNS involvement in SLE.
Collapse
|
47
|
Effects of chronic mild stress induced depression on synaptic plasticity in mouse hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
48
|
Milenkovic VM, Stanton EH, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R, Wetzel CH. The Role of Chemokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2283. [PMID: 31075818 PMCID: PMC6539240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition, whose high prevalence and multisymptomatic nature set its standing as a leading contributor to global disability. To better understand this psychiatric disease, various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed, including changes in monoaminergic neurotransmission, imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling in the brain, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and abnormalities in normal neurogenesis. While previous findings led to a deeper understanding of the disease, the pathogenesis of MDD has not yet been elucidated. Accumulating evidence has confirmed the association between chronic inflammation and MDD, which is manifested by increased levels of the C-reactive protein, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin 1 beta, Interleukin 6, and the Tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, recent findings have implicated a related family of cytokines with chemotactic properties, known collectively as chemokines, in many neuroimmune processes relevant to psychiatric disorders. Chemokines are small (8-12 kDa) chemotactic cytokines, which are known to play roles in direct chemotaxis induction, leukocyte and macrophage migration, and inflammatory response propagation. The inflammatory chemokines possess the ability to induce migration of immune cells to the infection site, whereas their homeostatic chemokine counterparts are responsible for recruiting cells for their repair and maintenance. To further support the role of chemokines as central elements to healthy bodily function, recent studies suggest that these proteins demonstrate novel, brain-specific mechanisms including the modulation of neuroendocrine functions, chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and neuroinflammation. Elevated levels of chemokines in patient-derived serum have been detected in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, despite the considerable heterogeneity of experimental samples and methodologies, existing biomarker studies have clearly demonstrated the important role of chemokines in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data from contemporary experimental and clinical studies, and to evaluate available evidence for the role of chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In light of recent results, chemokines could be considered as possible peripheral markers of psychiatric disorders, and/or targets for treating depressive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Evan H Stanton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nelson LH, Saulsbery AI, Lenz KM. Small cells with big implications: Microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 176:103-119. [PMID: 30193820 PMCID: PMC8008579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are sexually dimorphic, especially during early life, and may participate in sex-specific organization of the brain and behavior. Likewise, sex differences in immune cells and their signaling in the adult brain have been found, although in most cases their function remains unclear. Additionally, immune cells and their signaling have been implicated in many disorders in which brain development or plasticity is altered, including autism, schizophrenia, pain disorders, major depression, and postpartum depression. This review summarizes what is currently known about sex differences in neuroimmune function in development and during other major phases of brain plasticity, as well as the current state of knowledge regarding sex-specific neuroimmune function in psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Nelson
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela I Saulsbery
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hantsoo L, Kornfield S, Anguera MC, Epperson CN. Inflammation: A Proposed Intermediary Between Maternal Stress and Offspring Neuropsychiatric Risk. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:97-106. [PMID: 30314641 PMCID: PMC6309506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, programming of the fetal central nervous system establishes vulnerabilities for emergence of neuropsychiatric phenotypes later in life. Psychosocial influences during pregnancy, such as stressful life events and chronic stress, correlate with offspring neuropsychiatric disorders and inflammation, respectively. Stress promotes inflammation, but the role of inflammation as a mediator between maternal psychosocial stress and offspring neuropsychiatric outcomes has not been extensively studied in humans. This review summarizes clinical evidence linking specific types of stress to maternal inflammatory load during pregnancy. We propose that inflammation is a mediator in the relationship between psychosocial stress and offspring neuropsychiatric outcomes, potentially influenced by poor maternal glucocorticoid-immune coordination. We present relevant experimental animal research supporting this hypothesis. We conclude that clinical and preclinical research supports the premise that stress-induced maternal immune activation contributes in part to prenatal programming of risk. Programming of risk is likely due to a combination of vulnerabilities, including multiple or repeated inflammatory events; timing of such events; poor maternal regulation of inflammation; genetic vulnerability; and lifestyle contributors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Hantsoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sara Kornfield
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - C Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Penn PROMOTES Research on Sex and Gender in Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|