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Öhman J, Sjölin E, Cundari M, Johansson F, Gilbert M, Boele HJ, Svensson P, Rasmussen A. The Effect of Nucleo-Olivary Stimulation on Climbing Fiber EPSPs in Purkinje Cells. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01682-1. [PMID: 38467957 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Climbing fibers, connecting the inferior olive and Purkinje cells, form the nervous system's strongest neural connection. These fibers activate after critical events like motor errors or anticipation of rewards, leading to bursts of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in Purkinje cells. The number of EPSPs is a crucial variable when the brain is learning a new motor skill. Yet, we do not know what determines the number of EPSPs. Here, we measured the effect of nucleo-olivary stimulation on periorbital elicited climbing fiber responses through in-vivo intracellular Purkinje cell recordings in decerebrated ferrets. The results show that while nucleo-olivary stimulation decreased the probability of a response occurring at all, it did not reduce the number of EPSPs. The results suggest that nucleo-olivary stimulation does not influence the number of EPSPs in climbing fiber bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Öhman
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elias Sjölin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Cundari
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Unit of Neuropsychiatry, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
- Unit of Neurology, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Johansson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mike Gilbert
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Washington Road, Princeton, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pär Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Rasmussen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Morrison LM, Huang H, Handler HP, Fu M, Bushart DD, Pappas SS, Orr HT, Shakkottai VG. Increased intrinsic membrane excitability is associated with hypertrophic olivary degeneration in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563657. [PMID: 37961407 PMCID: PMC10634770 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the characteristic areas of brainstem degeneration across multiple spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) is the inferior olive (IO), a medullary nucleus that plays a key role in motor learning. In addition to its vulnerability in SCAs, the IO is also susceptible to a distinct pathology known as hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD). Clinically, HOD has been exclusively observed after lesions in the brainstem disrupt inhibitory afferents to the IO. Here, for the first time, we describe HOD in another context: spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). Using the genetically-precise SCA1 knock-in mouse model (SCA1-KI; both sexes used), we assessed SCA1-associated changes in IO neuron structure and function. Concurrent with degeneration, we found that SCA1-KI IO neurons are hypertrophic, exhibiting early dendrite lengthening and later somatic expansion. Unlike in previous descriptions of HOD, we observed no clear loss of IO inhibitory innervation; nevertheless, patch-clamp recordings from brainstem slices reveal that SCA1-KI IO neurons are hyperexcitable. Rather than synaptic disinhibition, we identify increases in intrinsic membrane excitability as the more likely mechanism underlying this novel SCA1 phenotype. Specifically, transcriptome analysis indicates that SCA1-KI IO hyperexcitability is associated with a reduced medullary expression of ion channels responsible for spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in IO neurons - a result that has a functional consequence, as SCA1-KI IO neuron spikes exhibit a diminished AHP. These results reveal membrane excitability as a potential link between disparate causes of IO degeneration, suggesting that HOD can result from any cause, intrinsic or extrinsic, that increases excitability of the IO neuron membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan M. Morrison
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haoran Huang
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hillary P. Handler
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Minnesota Fairview Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Min Fu
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David D. Bushart
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Samuel S. Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Harry T. Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vikram G. Shakkottai
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Sedaghat-Nejad E, Fakharian MA, Pi J, Hage P, Kojima Y, Soetedjo R, Ohmae S, Medina JF, Shadmehr R. P-sort: an open-source software for cerebellar neurophysiology. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1055-1075. [PMID: 34432996 PMCID: PMC8560425 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00172.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of electrophysiological data from Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellum presents unique challenges to spike sorting. Complex spikes have waveforms that vary significantly from one event to the next, raising the problem of misidentification. Even when complex spikes are detected correctly, the simple spikes may belong to a different P-cell, raising the danger of misattribution. To address these identification and attribution problems, we wrote an open-source, semiautomated software called P-sort, and then tested it by analyzing data from P-cells recorded in three species: marmosets, macaques, and mice. Like other sorting software, P-sort relies on nonlinear dimensionality reduction to cluster spikes. However, it also uses the statistical relationship between simple and complex spikes to merge disparate clusters and split a single cluster. In comparison with expert manual curation, occasionally P-sort identified significantly more complex spikes, as well as prevented misattribution of clusters. Three existing automatic sorters performed less well, particularly for identification of complex spikes. To improve the development of analysis tools for the cerebellum, we provide labeled data for 313 recording sessions, as well as statistical characteristics of waveforms and firing patterns of P-cells in three species.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Algorithms that perform spike sorting depend on waveforms to cluster spikes. However, a cerebellar Purkinje-cell produces two types of spikes; simple and complex spikes. A complex spike coincides with the suppression of generating simple spikes. Here, we recorded neurophysiological data from three species and developed a spike analysis software named P-sort that relies on this statistical property to improve both the detection and the attribution of simple and complex spikes in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sedaghat-Nejad
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Amin Fakharian
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jay Pi
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Hage
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yoshiko Kojima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington National Primate Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robi Soetedjo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Washington National Primate Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Dept. of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Javier F Medina
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Dept. of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Markanday A, Inoue J, Dicke PW, Thier P. Cerebellar complex spikes multiplex complementary behavioral information. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001400. [PMID: 34529650 PMCID: PMC8478165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell (PC) discharge, the only output of cerebellar cortex, involves 2 types of action potentials, high-frequency simple spikes (SSs) and low-frequency complex spikes (CSs). While there is consensus that SSs convey information needed to optimize movement kinematics, the function of CSs, determined by the PC’s climbing fiber input, remains controversial. While initially thought to be specialized in reporting information on motor error for the subsequent amendment of behavior, CSs seem to contribute to other aspects of motor behavior as well. When faced with the bewildering diversity of findings and views unraveled by highly specific tasks, one may wonder if there is just one true function with all the other attributions wrong? Or is the diversity of findings a reflection of distinct pools of PCs, each processing specific streams of information conveyed by climbing fibers? With these questions in mind, we recorded CSs from the monkey oculomotor vermis deploying a repetitive saccade task that entailed sizable motor errors as well as small amplitude saccades, correcting them. We demonstrate that, in addition to carrying error-related information, CSs carry information on the metrics of both primary and small corrective saccades in a time-specific manner, with changes in CS firing probability coupled with changes in CS duration. Furthermore, we also found CS activity that seemed to predict the upcoming events. Hence PCs receive a multiplexed climbing fiber input that merges complementary streams of information on the behavior, separable by the recipient PC because they are staggered in time. Purkinje cell (PC) discharge, the only output of cerebellar cortex, involves both high-frequency simple spikes and low-frequency complex spikes; the function of the latter, determined by a PC’s climbing fibre input, remains controversial. This study shows that PCs receive a multiplexed climbing fibre input that merges complementary streams of information relevant for behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Markanday
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AM); (PT)
| | - Junya Inoue
- Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter W. Dicke
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Thier
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AM); (PT)
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5
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Markanday A, Bellet J, Bellet ME, Inoue J, Hafed ZM, Thier P. Using deep neural networks to detect complex spikes of cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2217-2234. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00754.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell “complex spikes,” fired at perplexingly low rates, play a crucial role in cerebellum-based motor learning. Careful interpretations of these spikes require manually detecting them, since conventional online or offline spike sorting algorithms are optimized for classifying much simpler waveform morphologies. We present a novel deep learning approach for identifying complex spikes, which also measures additional relevant neurophysiological features, with an accuracy level matching that of human experts yet with very little time expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Markanday
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Bellet
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie E. Bellet
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Junya Inoue
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ziad M. Hafed
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Thier
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Rasmussen A. Graded error signals in eyeblink conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 170:107023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Larry N, Yarkoni M, Lixenberg A, Joshua M. Cerebellar climbing fibers encode expected reward size. eLife 2019; 8:e46870. [PMID: 31661073 PMCID: PMC6844644 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum encode error signals that instruct learning. Recently, evidence has accumulated to suggest that the cerebellum is also involved in the processing of reward. To study how rewarding events are encoded, we recorded the activity of climbing fibers when monkeys were engaged in an eye movement task. At the beginning of each trial, the monkeys were cued to the size of the reward that would be delivered upon successful completion of the trial. Climbing fiber activity increased when the monkeys were presented with a cue indicating a large reward, but not a small reward. Reward size did not modulate activity at reward delivery or during eye movements. Comparison between climbing fiber and simple spike activity indicated different interactions for coding of movement and reward. These results indicate that climbing fibers encode the expected reward size and suggest a general role of the cerebellum in associative learning beyond error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Larry
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Merav Yarkoni
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Adi Lixenberg
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Mati Joshua
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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Zang Y, De Schutter E. Climbing Fibers Provide Graded Error Signals in Cerebellar Learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 31572132 PMCID: PMC6749063 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical role in coordinating and learning complex movements. Although its importance has been well recognized, the mechanisms of learning remain hotly debated. According to the classical cerebellar learning theory, depression of parallel fiber synapses instructed by error signals from climbing fibers, drives cerebellar learning. The uniqueness of long-term depression (LTD) in cerebellar learning has been challenged by evidence showing multi-site synaptic plasticity. In Purkinje cells, long-term potentiation (LTP) of parallel fiber synapses is now well established and it can be achieved with or without climbing fiber signals, making the role of climbing fiber input more puzzling. The central question is how individual Purkinje cells extract global errors based on climbing fiber input. Previous data seemed to demonstrate that climbing fibers are inefficient instructors, because they were thought to carry “binary” error signals to individual Purkinje cells, which significantly constrains the efficiency of cerebellar learning in several regards. In recent years, new evidence has challenged the traditional view of “binary” climbing fiber responses, suggesting that climbing fibers can provide graded information to efficiently instruct individual Purkinje cells to learn. Here we review recent experimental and theoretical progress regarding modulated climbing fiber responses in Purkinje cells. Analog error signals are generated by the interaction of varying climbing fibers inputs with simultaneous other synaptic input and with firing states of targeted Purkinje cells. Accordingly, the calcium signals which trigger synaptic plasticity can be graded in both amplitude and spatial range to affect the learning rate and even learning direction. We briefly discuss how these new findings complement the learning theory and help to further our understanding of how the cerebellum works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zang
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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9
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Zur G, Joshua M. Using extracellular low frequency signals to improve the spike sorting of cerebellar complex spikes. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 328:108423. [PMID: 31494185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The challenge of spike sorting has been addressed by numerous electrophysiological studies. These methods tend to focus on the information conveyed by the high frequencies, but ignore the potentially informative signals at lower frequencies. Activation of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum by input from the climbing fibers results in a large amplitude dendritic spike concurrent with a high-frequency burst known as a complex spike. Due to the variability in the high-frequency component of complex spikes, previous methods have struggled to sort these complex spikes in an accurate and reliable way. However, complex spikes have a prominent extracellular low-frequency signal generated by the input from the climbing fibers, which can be exploited for complex spike sorting. NEW METHOD We exploited the low-frequency signal (20-400 Hz) to improve complex spike sorting by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA). RESULTS AND COMPARISONS The low-frequency first PC achieves a better separation of the complex spikes from noise. The low-frequency data facilitate the detection of events entering into the analysis, and therefore can be harnessed to analyze the data with a larger signal to noise ratio. These advantages make this method more effective for complex spike sorting than methods restricted to the high-frequency signal (> 600 Hz). CONCLUSIONS Gathering low frequency data can improve spike sorting. This is illustrated for the case of complex spikes in the cerebellum. Our characterization of the dendritic low-frequency components of complex spikes can be applied elsewhere to gain insights into processing in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Zur
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Mati Joshua
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Sedaghat-Nejad E, Herzfeld DJ, Hage P, Karbasi K, Palin T, Wang X, Shadmehr R. Behavioral training of marmosets and electrophysiological recording from the cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1502-1517. [PMID: 31389752 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00389.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a promising new model for study of neurophysiological basis of behavior in primates. Like other primates, it relies on saccadic eye movements to monitor and explore its environment. Previous reports have demonstrated some success in training marmosets to produce goal-directed actions in the laboratory. However, the number of trials per session has been relatively small, thus limiting the utility of marmosets as a model for behavioral and neurophysiological studies. In this article, we report the results of a series of new behavioral training and neurophysiological protocols aimed at increasing the number of trials per session while recording from the cerebellum. To improve the training efficacy, we designed a precisely calibrated food regulation regime that motivates the subjects to perform saccade tasks, resulting in ~1,000 reward-driven trials on a daily basis. We then developed a multichannel recording system that uses imaging to target a desired region of the cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells in the vermis. In this report, we describe 1) the design and surgical implantation of a computer tomography (CT)-guided, subject-specific head post, 2) the design of a CT- and MRI-guided alignment tool for trajectory guidance of electrodes mounted on an absolute encoder microdrive, 3) development of a protocol for behavioral training of subjects, and 4) simultaneous recordings from pairs of Purkinje cells during a saccade task.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Marmosets present the opportunity to investigate genetically based neurological disease in primates, in particular, diseases that affect social behaviors, vocal communication, and eye movements. All of these behaviors depend on the integrity of the cerebellum. We present training methods that better motivate the subjects, allowing for improved performance, and we also present electrophysiological techniques that precisely target the subject's cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sedaghat-Nejad
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Herzfeld
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Hage
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaveh Karbasi
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tara Palin
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Laboratory for Auditory Neurophysiology Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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An L, Tang Y, Wang Q, Pei Q, Wei R, Duan H, Liu JK. Coding Capacity of Purkinje Cells With Different Schemes of Morphological Reduction. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:29. [PMID: 31156415 PMCID: PMC6530636 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain as a neuronal system has very complex structures with a large diversity of neuronal types. The most basic complexity is seen from the structure of neuronal morphology, which usually has a complex tree-like structure with dendritic spines distributed in branches. To simulate a large-scale network with spiking neurons, the simple point neuron, such as the integrate-and-fire neuron, is often used. However, recent experimental evidence suggests that the computational ability of a single neuron is largely enhanced by its morphological structure, in particular, by various types of dendritic dynamics. As the morphology reduction of detailed biophysical models is a classic question in systems neuroscience, much effort has been taken to simulate a neuron with a few compartments to include the interaction between the soma and dendritic spines. Yet, novel reduction methods are still needed to deal with the complex dendritic tree. Here, using 10 individual Purkinje cells of the cerebellum from three species of guinea-pig, mouse and rat, we consider four types of reduction methods and study their effects on the coding capacity of Purkinje cells in terms of firing rate, timing coding, spiking pattern, and modulated firing under different stimulation protocols. We found that there is a variation of reduction performance depending on individual cells and species, however, all reduction methods can preserve, to some degree, firing activity of the full model of Purkinje cell. Therefore, when stimulating large-scale network of neurons, one has to choose a proper type of reduced neuronal model depending on the questions addressed. Among these reduction schemes, Branch method, that preserves the geometrical volume of neurons, can achieve the best balance among different performance measures of accuracy, simplification, and computational efficiency, and reproduce various phenomena shown in the full morphology model of Purkinje cells. Altogether, these results suggest that the Branch reduction scheme seems to provide a general guideline for reducing complex morphology into a few compartments without the loss of basic characteristics of the firing properties of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling An
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanhong Tang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quan Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingqi Pei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ran Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiyuan Duan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian K. Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, Centre for Systems Neuroscience, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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12
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Apps R, Hawkes R, Aoki S, Bengtsson F, Brown AM, Chen G, Ebner TJ, Isope P, Jörntell H, Lackey EP, Lawrenson C, Lumb B, Schonewille M, Sillitoe RV, Spaeth L, Sugihara I, Valera A, Voogd J, Wylie DR, Ruigrok TJH. Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper [corrected]. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:654-682. [PMID: 29876802 PMCID: PMC6132822 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sho Aoki
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bengtsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henrik Jörntell
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth P. Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Charlotte Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bridget Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ludovic Spaeth
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izumi Sugihara
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Valera
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jan Voogd
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas R. Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Tom J. H. Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Zang Y, Dieudonné S, De Schutter E. Voltage- and Branch-Specific Climbing Fiber Responses in Purkinje Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1536-1549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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14
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Junker M, Endres D, Sun ZP, Dicke PW, Giese M, Thier P. Learning from the past: A reverberation of past errors in the cerebellar climbing fiber signal. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004344. [PMID: 30067764 PMCID: PMC6089447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum allows us to rapidly adjust motor behavior to the needs of the situation. It is commonly assumed that cerebellum-based motor learning is guided by the difference between the desired and the actual behavior, i.e., by error information. Not only immediate but also future behavior will benefit from an error because it induces lasting changes of parallel fiber synapses on Purkinje cells (PCs), whose output mediates the behavioral adjustments. Olivary climbing fibers, likewise connecting with PCs, are thought to transport information on instant errors needed for the synaptic modification yet not to contribute to error memory. Here, we report work on monkeys tested in a saccadic learning paradigm that challenges this concept. We demonstrate not only a clear complex spikes (CS) signature of the error at the time of its occurrence but also a reverberation of this signature much later, before a new manifestation of the behavior, suitable to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Junker
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Endres
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zong Peng Sun
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter W. Dicke
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Giese
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Thier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ten Brinke MM, Boele HJ, De Zeeuw CI. Conditioned climbing fiber responses in cerebellar cortex and nuclei. Neurosci Lett 2018; 688:26-36. [PMID: 29689340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eyeblink conditioning paradigm captures an elementary form of associative learning in a neural circuitry that is understood to an extraordinary degree. Cerebellar cortical Purkinje cell simple spike suppression is widely regarded as the main process underlying conditioned responses (CRs), leading to disinhibition of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that innervate eyelid muscles downstream. However, recent work highlights the addition of a conditioned Purkinje cell complex spike response, which at the level of the interposed nucleus seems to translate to a transient spike suppression that can be followed by a rapid spike facilitation. Here, we review the characteristics of these responses at the cerebellar cortical and nuclear level, and discuss possible origins and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ten Brinke
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H J Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Modulation of Complex-Spike Duration and Probability during Cerebellar Motor Learning in Visually Guided Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements of Monkeys. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0115-17. [PMID: 28698888 PMCID: PMC5502376 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0115-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of an inferior olivary neuron powerfully excites Purkinje cells via its climbing fiber input and triggers a characteristic high-frequency burst, known as the complex spike (CS). The theory of cerebellar learning postulates that the CS induces long-lasting depression of the strength of synapses from active parallel fibers onto Purkinje cells, and that synaptic depression leads to changes in behavior. Prior reports showed that a CS on one learning trial is linked to a properly timed depression of simple spikes on the subsequent trial, as well as a learned change in pursuit eye movement. Further, the duration of a CS is a graded instruction for single-trial plasticity and behavioral learning. We now show across multiple learning paradigms that both the probability and duration of CS responses are correlated with the magnitudes of neural and behavioral learning in awake behaving monkeys. When the direction of the instruction for learning repeatedly was in the same direction or alternated directions, the duration and probability of CS responses decreased over a learning block along with the magnitude of trial-over-trial neural learning. When the direction of the instruction was randomized, CS duration, CS probability, and neural and behavioral learning remained stable across time. In contrast to depression, potentiation of simple-spike firing rate for ON-direction learning instructions follows a longer time course and plays a larger role as depression wanes. Computational analysis provides a model that accounts fully for the detailed statistics of a complex set of data.
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17
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Burroughs A, Wise AK, Xiao J, Houghton C, Tang T, Suh CY, Lang EJ, Apps R, Cerminara NL. The dynamic relationship between cerebellar Purkinje cell simple spikes and the spikelet number of complex spikes. J Physiol 2016; 595:283-299. [PMID: 27265808 PMCID: PMC5199739 DOI: 10.1113/jp272259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Purkinje cells are the sole output of the cerebellar cortex and fire two distinct types of action potential: simple spikes and complex spikes. Previous studies have mainly considered complex spikes as unitary events, even though the waveform is composed of varying numbers of spikelets. The extent to which differences in spikelet number affect simple spike activity (and vice versa) remains unclear. We found that complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets are preceded by higher simple spike firing rates but, following the complex spike, simple spikes are reduced in a manner that is graded with spikelet number. This dynamic interaction has important implications for cerebellar information processing, and suggests that complex spike spikelet number may maintain Purkinje cells within their operational range.
Abstract Purkinje cells are central to cerebellar function because they form the sole output of the cerebellar cortex. They exhibit two distinct types of action potential: simple spikes and complex spikes. It is widely accepted that interaction between these two types of impulse is central to cerebellar cortical information processing. Previous investigations of the interactions between simple spikes and complex spikes have mainly considered complex spikes as unitary events. However, complex spikes are composed of an initial large spike followed by a number of secondary components, termed spikelets. The number of spikelets within individual complex spikes is highly variable and the extent to which differences in complex spike spikelet number affects simple spike activity (and vice versa) remains poorly understood. In anaesthetized adult rats, we have found that Purkinje cells recorded from the posterior lobe vermis and hemisphere have high simple spike firing frequencies that precede complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets. This finding was also evident in a small sample of Purkinje cells recorded from the posterior lobe hemisphere in awake cats. In addition, complex spikes with a greater number of spikelets were associated with a subsequent reduction in simple spike firing rate. We therefore suggest that one important function of spikelets is the modulation of Purkinje cell simple spike firing frequency, which has implications for controlling cerebellar cortical output and motor learning. Purkinje cells are the sole output of the cerebellar cortex and fire two distinct types of action potential: simple spikes and complex spikes. Previous studies have mainly considered complex spikes as unitary events, even though the waveform is composed of varying numbers of spikelets. The extent to which differences in spikelet number affect simple spike activity (and vice versa) remains unclear. We found that complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets are preceded by higher simple spike firing rates but, following the complex spike, simple spikes are reduced in a manner that is graded with spikelet number. This dynamic interaction has important implications for cerebellar information processing, and suggests that complex spike spikelet number may maintain Purkinje cells within their operational range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Burroughs
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew K Wise
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianqiang Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Conor Houghton
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tianyu Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colleen Y Suh
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Lang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nadia L Cerminara
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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