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Groh AMR, Song YL, Tea F, Lu B, Huynh S, Afanasiev E, Bigotte M, Del Bigio MR, Stratton JJA. Multiciliated ependymal cells: an update on biology and pathology in the adult brain. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 148:39. [PMID: 39254862 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Mature multiciliated ependymal cells line the cerebral ventricles where they form a partial barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma and regulate local CSF microcirculation through coordinated ciliary beating. Although the ependyma is a highly specialized brain interface with barrier, trophic, and perhaps even regenerative capacity, it remains a misfit in the canon of glial neurobiology. We provide an update to seminal reviews in the field by conducting a scoping review of the post-2010 mature multiciliated ependymal cell literature. We delineate how recent findings have either called into question or substantiated classical views of the ependymal cell. Beyond this synthesis, we document the basic methodologies and study characteristics used to describe multiciliated ependymal cells since 1980. Our review serves as a comprehensive resource for future investigations of mature multiciliated ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M R Groh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yeji Lori Song
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fiona Tea
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brianna Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Huynh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elia Afanasiev
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Bigotte
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jo Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Madadi AK, Sohn MJ. Advances in Intrathecal Nanoparticle Delivery: Targeting the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1070. [PMID: 39204177 PMCID: PMC11357388 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) tightly regulates molecular exchanges between the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), creating challenges for effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. This review assesses intrathecal (IT) nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems that aim to enhance drug delivery by circumventing the BCSFB, complementing approaches that target the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) face hurdles like restricted CNS distribution and rapid clearance, which diminish the efficacy of IT therapies. NPs can be engineered to extend drug circulation times, improve CNS penetration, and facilitate sustained release. This review discusses key pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters essential for the effectiveness of these systems. NPs can quickly traverse the subarachnoid space and remain within the leptomeninges for extended periods, often exceeding three weeks. Some designs enable deeper brain parenchyma penetration. Approximately 80% of NPs in the CSF are cleared through the perivascular glymphatic pathway, with microglia-mediated transport significantly contributing to their paravascular clearance. This review synthesizes recent progress in IT-NP delivery across the BCSFB, highlighting critical findings, ongoing challenges, and the therapeutic potential of surface modifications and targeted delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khalid Madadi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Inje University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjingu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Moon-Jun Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Inje University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjingu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience & Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Juhwa-ro 170, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang City 10380, Republic of Korea
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3
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Freret ME, Boire A. The anatomic basis of leptomeningeal metastasis. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20212121. [PMID: 38451255 PMCID: PMC10919154 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), or spread of cancer to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled space surrounding the central nervous system, is a fatal complication of cancer. Entry into this space poses an anatomical challenge for cancer cells; movement of cells between the blood and CSF is tightly regulated by the blood-CSF barriers. Anatomical understanding of the leptomeninges provides a roadmap of corridors for cancer entry. This Review describes the anatomy of the leptomeninges and routes of cancer spread to the CSF. Granular understanding of LM by route of entry may inform strategies for novel diagnostic and preventive strategies as well as therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Freret
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrienne Boire
- Department of Neurology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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4
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MacAulay N, Toft-Bertelsen TL. Dual function of the choroid plexus: Cerebrospinal fluid production and control of brain ion homeostasis. Cell Calcium 2023; 116:102797. [PMID: 37801806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus is a small monolayered epithelium located in the brain ventricles and serves to secrete the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that envelops the brain and fills the central ventricles. The CSF secretion is sustained with a concerted effort of a range of membrane transporters located in a polarized fashion in this tissue. Prominent amongst these are the Na+/K+-ATPase, the Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1), and several HCO3- transporters, which together support the net transepithelial transport of the major electrolytes, Na+ and Cl-, and thus drive the CSF secretion. The choroid plexus, in addition, serves an important role in keeping the CSF K+ concentration at a level compatible with normal brain function. The choroid plexus Na+/K+-ATPase represents a key factor in the barrier-mediated control of the CSF K+ homeostasis, as it increases its K+ uptake activity when faced with elevated extracellular K+ ([K+]o). In certain developmental or pathological conditions, the NKCC1 may revert its net transport direction to contribute to CSF K+ homeostasis. The choroid plexus ion transport machinery thus serves dual, yet interconnected, functions with its contribution to electrolyte and fluid secretion in combination with its control of brain K+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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5
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Bigotte M, Groh AMR, Marignier R, Stratton JA. Pathogenic role of autoantibodies at the ependyma in autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1257000. [PMID: 37771929 PMCID: PMC10525373 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1257000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells make up the epithelial monolayer that lines the brain ventricles and the spinal cord central canal that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The ependyma has several functions, including regulating solute exchange between the cerebrospinal fluid and parenchyma, controlling microcirculation of cerebrospinal fluid via coordinated ciliary beating, and acting as a partial barrier. Dysregulation of these functions can lead to waste clearance impairment, cerebrospinal fluid accumulation, hydrocephalus, and more. A role for ependymal cells in a variety of neurological disorders has been proposed, including in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis, two autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, where periventricular damage is common. What is not known is the mechanisms behind how ependymal cells become dysregulated in these diseases. In neuromyelitis optica, it is well established that autoantibodies directed against Aquaporin-4 are drivers of disease, and it has been shown recently that these autoantibodies can drive ependymal cell dysregulation. We propose a similar mechanism is at play in multiple sclerosis, where autoantibodies targeting a glial cell protein called GlialCAM on ependymal cells are contributing to disease. GlialCAM shares high molecular similarities with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein EBNA1. EBV has recently been shown to be necessary for multiple sclerosis initiation, yet how EBV mediates pathogenesis, especially in the periventricular area, remains elusive. In this perspective article, we discuss how ependymal cells could be targeted by antibody-related autoimmune mechanisms in autoimmune demyelinating diseases and how this is implicated in ventricular/periventricular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bigotte
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adam M. R. Groh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Marignier
- Forgetting Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Bron, France
- Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuroinflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Paez-Gonzalez P, Lopez-de-San-Sebastian J, Ceron-Funez R, Jimenez AJ, Rodríguez-Perez LM. Therapeutic strategies to recover ependymal barrier after inflammatory damage: relevance for recovering neurogenesis during development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1204197. [PMID: 37397456 PMCID: PMC10308384 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1204197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium covering the surfaces of the cerebral ventricular system is known as the ependyma, and is essential for maintaining the physical and functional integrity of the central nervous system. Additionally, the ependyma plays an essential role in neurogenesis, neuroinflammatory modulation and neurodegenerative diseases. Ependyma barrier is severely affected by perinatal hemorrhages and infections that cross the blood brain barrier. The recovery and regeneration of ependyma after damage are key to stabilizing neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes that are critical during early postnatal ages. Unfortunately, there are no effective therapies to regenerate this tissue in human patients. Here, the roles of the ependymal barrier in the context of neurogenesis and homeostasis are reviewed, and future research lines for development of actual therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Ceron-Funez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Jimenez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Rodríguez-Perez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Sports, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
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7
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Thomas J, Sairoz, Jose A, Poojari VG, Shetty S, K SP, Prabhu R V K, Rao M. Role and Clinical Significance of Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (MCT8) During Pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:1758-1769. [PMID: 36595209 PMCID: PMC10229697 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The review aims to summarize the available research focusing on the importance of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT8) in thyroid hormone trafficking across the placenta and fetal development. A systematic search was carried out in PubMed; studies available in English related to "monocarboxylate transporter", "adverse pregnancy", "fetal development," and "thyroid hormone" were identified and assessed. The references within the resulting articles were manually searched. MCT8 is a highly active and selective thyroid hormone transporter that facilitates the cellular uptake of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), and diiodothyronine (T2) in different tissues. MCT8 is expressed in the placenta from the first trimester onwards, allowing the transport of thyroid hormone from mother to fetus. Mutations in MCT8 cause an X-linked disorder known as Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), characterized by severe psychomotor impairment and peripheral thyrotoxicosis. Hence, any maternal thyroid dysfunction may cause severe consequences for the fetus and newborn. Further research regarding MCT8 gene expression, polymorphic variation, and adverse pregnancy outcomes must be done to establish that MCT8 is a novel prognostic marker for the early detection of pregnancy-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sairoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Anmi Jose
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidyashree G Poojari
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahana Shetty
- Department of Endocrinology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shama Prasada K
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnananda Prabhu R V
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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8
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Li Z, Antila S, Nurmi H, Chilov D, Korhonen EA, Fang S, Karaman S, Engelhardt B, Alitalo K. Blockade of VEGFR3 signaling leads to functional impairment of dural lymphatic vessels without affecting autoimmune neuroinflammation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq0375. [PMID: 37058549 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of lymphatic vessels (LVs) in the dura mater, the outermost layer of meninges around the central nervous system (CNS), has opened a possibility for the development of alternative therapeutics for CNS disorders. The vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)/VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR3) signaling pathway is essential for the development and maintenance of dural LVs. However, its significance in mediating dural lymphatic function in CNS autoimmunity is unclear. We show that inhibition of the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling pathway using a monoclonal VEGFR3-blocking antibody, a soluble VEGF-C/D trap, or deletion of the Vegfr3 gene in adult lymphatic endothelium causes notable regression and functional impairment of dural LVs but has no effect on the development of CNS autoimmunity in mice. During autoimmune neuroinflammation, the dura mater was only minimally affected, and neuroinflammation-induced helper T (TH) cell recruitment, activation, and polarization were significantly less pronounced in the dura mater than in the CNS. In support of this notion, during autoimmune neuroinflammation, blood vascular endothelial cells in the cranial and spinal dura expressed lower levels of cell adhesion molecules and chemokines, and antigen-presenting cells (i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells) had lower expression of chemokines, MHC class II-associated molecules, and costimulatory molecules than their counterparts in the brain and spinal cord, respectively. The significantly weaker TH cell responses in the dura mater may explain why dural LVs do not contribute directly to CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Li
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salli Antila
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Nurmi
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitri Chilov
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilia A Korhonen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shentong Fang
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Lawrence JM, Schardien K, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Roles of neuropathology-associated reactive astrocytes: a systematic review. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:42. [PMID: 36915214 PMCID: PMC10009953 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or neuroinflammatory reactive astrocytes. In contrast to typical astrocytes, which promote neuronal survival, support synapses, and maintain blood-brain barrier integrity, these reactive astrocytes downregulate supportive functions and begin to secrete neurotoxic factors, complement components like C3, and chemokines like CXCL10, which may facilitate recruitment of immune cells across the BBB into the CNS. The proportion of pro-inflammatory reactive astrocytes increases with age through associated microglia activation, and these pro-inflammatory reactive astrocytes are particularly abundant in neurodegenerative disorders. As the identification of astrocyte phenotypes progress, their molecular and cellular effects are characterized in a growing array of neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Lawrence
- Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kayla Schardien
- Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Korzh V. Development of the brain ventricular system from a comparative perspective. Clin Anat 2023; 36:320-334. [PMID: 36529666 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to scoliosis and neurodegenerative diseases, including hydrocephalus. This could be due to defects of CSF production by the choroid plexus or impaired CSF movement over the ependyma dependent on motile cilia. Most vertebrates have horizontal body posture. They retain additional evolutionary innovations assisting CSF flow, such as the Reissner fiber. The causes of hydrocephalus have been studied using animal models including rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) and zebrafish. However, the horizontal body posture reduces the effect of gravity on CSF flow, which limits the use of mammalian models for scoliosis. In contrast, fish swim against the current and experience a forward-to-backward mechanical force akin to that caused by gravity in humans. This explains the increased popularity of the zebrafish model for studies of scoliosis. "Slit-ventricle" syndrome is another side of the spectrum of BVS anomalies. It develops because of insufficient inflation of the BVS. Recent advances in zebrafish functional genetics have revealed genes that could regulate the development of the BVS and CSF circulation. This review will describe the BVS of zebrafish, a typical teleost, and vertebrates in general, in comparative perspective. It will illustrate the usefulness of the zebrafish model for developmental studies of the choroid plexus (CP), CSF flow and the BVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Choi SE, Rahman A, Ayoub T, Botelho O, Lee G, Gazdzinski LM, Wheeler AL, Weksberg R, Guger SL, Schachar RJ, Ito S, Hitzler J, Nieman BJ. High-frequency ultrasound-guided intrathecal injections in a young mouse model: Targeting the central nervous system in drug delivery. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 386:109778. [PMID: 36572156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrathecal injections provide important access to the central nervous system for delivery of anesthetic, analgesic or chemotherapeutic drugs that do not otherwise cross the blood-brain barrier. The administration of drugs via this route in animal models is challenging due to an inability to visualize the small target space during injection. Successful drug delivery therefore requires expertise in indirectly assessing vertebral and spinal cord anatomy and gaining advanced procedural skills. These factors are especially compounded in small animals such as mice (the most common mammalian model) and in investigations modeling pediatric drug delivery, where the animal is even smaller. NEW METHOD To address these issues, we have developed a method in which high-frequency ultrasound imaging is used to visualize and target the lumbar intrathecal space for injections. The technique is demonstrated in mice as young as postnatal day 16. To evaluate the method, a gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent was injected intrathecally, and subsequent brain delivery was verified post-injection by MRI. RESULTS Successful intrathecal injections of the MRI contrast agent showed distribution to the brain. In this study, we achieved a targeting success rate of 80% in 20 animals. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSION We expect that the new method will be convenient for drug delivery to the central nervous system in rodent research and provide higher reliability than unguided approaches, an essential contribution that will enable intrathecal delivery in pediatric mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Eui Choi
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Anum Rahman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Ayoub
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Owen Botelho
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gail Lee
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Gazdzinski
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne L Wheeler
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institutes of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon L Guger
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J Schachar
- Institutes of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Psychiatry Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shinya Ito
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johann Hitzler
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, ON, Canada
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12
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Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Nano Delivery Platform to the Brain? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:285-308. [PMID: 36173500 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A very important cause of the frustration with drug therapy for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the failure of drug delivery. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents most therapeutic molecules from entering the brain while maintaining CNS homeostasis. Scientists are keen to develop new brain drug delivery systems to solve this dilemma. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a class of naturally derived nanoscale vesicles, have been extensively studied in drug delivery due to their superior properties. This review will briefly present current brain drug delivery strategies, including invasive and non-invasive techniques that target the brain, and the application of nanocarriers developed for brain drug delivery in recent years, especially EVs. The cellular origin of EVs affects the surface protein, size, yield, luminal composition, and other properties of EVs, which are also crucial in determining whether EVs are useful as drug carriers. Stem cell-derived EVs, which inherit the properties of parental cells and avoid the drawbacks of cell therapy, have always been favored by researchers. Thus, in this review, we will focus on the application of stem cell-derived EVs for drug delivery in the CNS. Various nucleic acids, proteins, and small-molecule drugs are loaded into EVs with or without modification and undergo targeted delivery to the brain to achieve their therapeutic effects. In addition, the challenges facing the clinical application of EVs as drug carriers will also be discussed. The directions of future efforts may be to improve drug loading efficiency and precise targeting.
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Serra R, Simard JM. Adherens, tight, and gap junctions in ependymal cells: A systematic review of their contribution to CSF-brain barrier. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1092205. [PMID: 37034077 PMCID: PMC10079940 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The movement of fluids and solutes across the ependymal barrier, and their changes in physiologic and disease states are poorly understood. This gap in knowledge contributes strongly to treatment failures and complications in various neurological disorders. Methods We systematically searched and reviewed original research articles treating ependymal intercellular junctions on PubMed. Reviews, opinion papers, and abstracts were excluded. Research conducted on tissue samples, cell lines, CSF, and animal models was considered. Results A total of 45 novel articles treating tight, adherens and gap junctions of the ependyma were included in our review, spanning from 1960 to 2022. The findings of this review point toward a central and not yet fully characterized role of the ependymal lining ultrastructure in fluid flow interactions in the brain. In particular, tight junctions circumferentially line the apical equator of ependymal cells, changing between embryonal and adult life in several rodent models, shaping fluid and solute transit in this location. Further, adherens and gap junctions appear to have a pivotal role in several forms of congenital hydrocephalus. Conclusions These findings may provide an opportunity for medical management of CSF disorders, potentially allowing for tuning of CSF secretion and absorption. Beyond hydrocephalus, stroke, trauma, this information has relevance for metabolite clearance and drug delivery, with potential to affect many patients with a variety of neurological disorders. This critical look at intercellular junctions in ependyma and the surrounding interstitial spaces is meant to inspire future research on a central and rather unknown component of the CSF-brain interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Serra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Riccardo Serra
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Fame RM, Lehtinen MK, Liddelow SA. The choroid plexus: a missing link in our understanding of brain development and function. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:919-956. [PMID: 36173801 PMCID: PMC9678431 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the choroid plexus lag behind those of the more widely known blood-brain barrier, despite a much longer history. This review has two overall aims. The first is to outline long-standing areas of research where there are unanswered questions, such as control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and blood flow. The second aim is to review research over the past 10 years where the focus has shifted to the idea that there are choroid plexuses located in each of the brain's ventricles that make specific contributions to brain development and function through molecules they generate for delivery via the CSF. These factors appear to be particularly important for aspects of normal brain growth. Most research carried out during the twentieth century dealt with the choroid plexus, a brain barrier interface making critical contributions to the composition and stability of the brain's internal environment throughout life. More recent research in the twenty-first century has shown the importance of choroid plexus-generated CSF in neurogenesis, influence of sex and other hormones on choroid plexus function, and choroid plexus involvement in circadian rhythms and sleep. The advancement of technologies to facilitate delivery of brain-specific therapies via the CSF to treat neurological disorders is a rapidly growing area of research. Conversely, understanding the basic mechanisms and implications of how maternal drug exposure during pregnancy impacts the developing brain represents another key area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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15
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O’Shaughnessy KL, McMichael BD, Sasser AL, Bell KS, Riutta C, Ford JL, Stoker TE, Grindstaff RD, Pandiri AR, Gilbert ME. Thyroid hormone action controls multiple components of cell junctions at the ventricular zone in the newborn rat brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1090081. [PMID: 36843608 PMCID: PMC9950412 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1090081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action controls brain development in a spatiotemporal manner. Previously, we demonstrated that perinatal hypothyroidism led to formation of a periventricular heterotopia in developing rats. This heterotopia occurs in the posterior telencephalon, and its formation was preceded by loss of radial glia cell polarity. As radial glia mediate cell migration and originate in a progenitor cell niche called the ventricular zone (VZ), we hypothesized that TH action may control cell signaling in this region. Here we addressed this hypothesis by employing laser capture microdissection and RNA-Seq to evaluate the VZ during a known period of TH sensitivity. Pregnant rats were exposed to a low dose of propylthiouracil (PTU, 0.0003%) through the drinking water during pregnancy and lactation. Dam and pup THs were quantified postnatally and RNA-Seq of the VZ performed in neonates. The PTU exposure resulted in a modest increase in maternal thyroid stimulating hormone and reduced thyroxine (T4). Exposed neonates exhibited hypothyroidism and T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) were also reduced in the telencephalon. RNA-Seq identified 358 differentially expressed genes in microdissected VZ cells of hypothyroid neonates as compared to controls (q-values ≤0.05). Pathway analyses showed processes like maintenance of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration were significantly affected by hypothyroidism. Immunofluorescence also demonstrated that collagen IV, F-actin, radial glia, and adhesion proteins were reduced in the VZ. Immunohistochemistry of integrin αvβ3 and isoforms of both thyroid receptors (TRα/TRβ) showed highly overlapping expression patterns, including enrichment in the VZ. Taken together, our results show that TH action targets multiple components of cell junctions in the VZ, and this may be mediated by both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Surprisingly, this work also suggests that the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers may also be affected in hypothyroid newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
| | - Benjamin D. McMichael
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Aubrey L. Sasser
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Kiersten S. Bell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Cal Riutta
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jermaine L. Ford
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Tammy E. Stoker
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Rachel D. Grindstaff
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Arun R. Pandiri
- Comparative and Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mary E. Gilbert
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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16
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Bigotte M, Gimenez M, Gavoille A, Deligiannopoulou A, El Hajj A, Croze S, Goumaidi A, Malleret G, Salin P, Giraudon P, Ruiz A, Marignier R. Ependyma: a new target for autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica? Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac307. [PMID: 36751497 PMCID: PMC9897195 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by the presence of autoantibodies (called NMO-IgG) targeting aquaporin-4. Aquaporin-4 is expressed at the perivascular foot processes of astrocytes, in the glia limitans, but also at the ependyma. Most studies have focused on studying the pathogenicity of NMO-IgG on astrocytes, and NMO is now considered an astrocytopathy. However, periependymal lesions are observed in NMO suggesting that ependymal cells could also be targeted by NMO-IgG. Ependymal cells regulate CSF-parenchyma molecular exchanges and CSF flow, and are a niche for sub-ventricular neural stem cells. Our aim was to examine the effect of antibodies from NMO patients on ependymal cells. We exposed two models, i.e. primary cultures of rat ependymal cells and explant cultures of rat lateral ventricular wall whole mounts, to purified IgG of NMO patients (NMO-IgG) for 24 hours. We then evaluated the treatment effect using immunolabelling, functional assays, ependymal flow analysis and bulk RNA sequencing. For each experiment, the effects were compared with those of purified IgG from a healthy donors and non-treated cells. We found that: (i) NMO-IgG induced aquaporin-4 agglomeration at the surface of ependymal cells and induced cell enlargement in comparison to controls. In parallel, it induced an increase in gap junction connexin-43 plaque size; (ii) NMO-IgG altered the orientation of ciliary basal bodies and functionally impaired cilia motility; (iii) NMO-IgG activated the proliferation of sub-ventricular neural stem cells; (iv) treatment with NMO-IgG up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the transcriptomic analysis. Our study showed that NMO-IgG can trigger an early and specific reactive phenotype in ependymal cells, with functional alterations of intercellular communication and cilia, activation of sub-ventricular stem cell proliferation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest a key role for ependymal cells in the early phase of NMO lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bigotte
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Marie Gimenez
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Antoine Gavoille
- Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuroinflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France,Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Bénitem, France
| | - Adamantia Deligiannopoulou
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Aseel El Hajj
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Severine Croze
- Profilexpert, Genomic and Microgenomic Service, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, SFR santé LYON-EST, UCBL-INSERM US 7-CNRS UMS 3453, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Gael Malleret
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Paul Salin
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Pascale Giraudon
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Anne Ruiz
- FORGETTING Team—Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- Correspondence to: Romain Marignier Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires rares du cerveau et de la moelle Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France E-mail:
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17
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Qiu F, Huang Y, Saunders NR, Habgood MD, Dziegielewska KM. Age dependent contribution of entry via the CSF to the overall brain entry of small and large hydrophilic markers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:90. [PMCID: PMC9661750 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Apparent permeability of the blood brain barrier to hydrophilic markers has been shown to be higher in the developing brain. Apart from synthesis in situ, any substance detected in the brain parenchyma can originate from two sources: directly through blood vessels of brain vasculature and/or indirectly by entry from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after transfer across the choroid plexuses. The relative quantitative contribution of these two routes to the overall brain entry remains unclear.
Methods
In rats at embryonic day 16, 19 and postnatal day 4 and young adults, a small (sucrose, mw. 342 Da) or a large (dextran, mw. 70 kDa) radiolabelled hydrophilic marker was injected intravenously for very short periods of time (30 s to 5 min) before collection of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain samples. Results are presented as concentration ratios between radioactivity measured in CSF or brain and that in plasma (%).
Results
The dextran brain/plasma ratio five minutes post injection was similar (2–4%) from E16 to adulthood whereas the sucrose brain/plasma ratio was significantly higher in fetal brains, but was comparable to dextran values in the adult. Sucrose CSF/plasma ratios were also significantly higher in fetal animals and decreased with age. In very short experiments involving fetal animals, entry of sucrose into the CSF after only 30 s was similar to that of dextran and both markers showed similar brain/plasma ratios.
Conclusions
In the developing brain the apparent higher brain entry of a small hydrophilic marker such as sucrose can be attributed to its higher entry into the CSF and subsequent diffusion into the brain. By contrast, movement of a larger marker like 70 kDa dextran is restricted firstly by choroid plexus epithelial tight junctions and secondly by specialised junctions in the neuroependymal interface between the CSF and brain. Brain/plasma ratios of 70 kDa dextran were similar in fetal and adult rats. Therefore 70 kDa dextran should be considered an appropriate marker if brain residual vascular space is to be measured, especially in younger animals.
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18
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Nelles DG, Hazrati LN. Ependymal cells and neurodegenerative disease: outcomes of compromised ependymal barrier function. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac288. [PMID: 36415662 PMCID: PMC9677497 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the central nervous system, ependymal cells form critical components of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier. These barriers provide biochemical, immunological and physical protection against the entry of molecules and foreign substances into the cerebrospinal fluid while also regulating cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, such as the composition, flow and removal of waste from the cerebrospinal fluid. Previous research has demonstrated that several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, display irregularities in ependymal cell function, morphology, gene expression and metabolism. Despite playing key roles in maintaining overall brain health, ependymal barriers are largely overlooked and understudied in the context of disease, thus limiting the development of novel diagnostic and treatment options. Therefore, this review explores the anatomical properties, functions and structures that define ependymal cells in the healthy brain, as well as the ways in which ependymal cell dysregulation manifests across several neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we will address potential mechanisms, causes and consequences of ependymal cell dysfunction and describe how compromising the integrity of ependymal barriers may initiate, contribute to, or drive widespread neurodegeneration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Nelles
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Canada
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Correspondence to: Dr. Lili-Naz Hazrati 555 University Ave, Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada E-mail:
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19
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Bell KS, O’Shaughnessy KL. The development and function of the brain barriers - an overlooked consideration for chemical toxicity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:1000212. [PMID: 36329715 PMCID: PMC9622783 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.1000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the adult brain is protected from some infections and toxic molecules by the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Contrary to the immense data collected in other fields, it is deeply entrenched in environmental toxicology that xenobiotics easily permeate the developing brain because these barriers are either absent or non-functional in the fetus and newborn. Here we review the cellular and physiological makeup of the brain barrier systems in multiple species, and discuss decades of experiments that show they possess functionality during embryogenesis. We next present case studies of two chemical classes, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and bisphenols, and discuss their potential to bypass the brain barriers. While there is evidence to suggest these pollutants may enter the developing and/or adult brain parenchyma, many studies suffer from confounding technical variables which complicates data interpretation. In the future, a more formal consideration of brain barrier biology could not only improve understanding of chemical toxicokinetics but could assist in prioritizing environmental xenobiotics for their neurotoxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten S. Bell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
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20
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Harkins D, Harvey TJ, Atterton C, Miller I, Currey L, Oishi S, Kasherman M, Davila RA, Harris L, Green K, Piper H, Parton RG, Thor S, Cooper HM, Piper M. Hydrocephalus in Nfix−/− Mice Is Underpinned by Changes in Ependymal Cell Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152377. [PMID: 35954220 PMCID: PMC9368351 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor one X (NFIX) is a transcription factor required for normal ependymal development. Constitutive loss of Nfix in mice (Nfix−/−) is associated with hydrocephalus and sloughing of the dorsal ependyma within the lateral ventricles. Previous studies have implicated NFIX in the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding for factors essential to ependymal development. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning hydrocephalus in Nfix−/− mice are unknown. To investigate the role of NFIX in hydrocephalus, we examined ependymal cells in brains from postnatal Nfix−/− and control (Nfix+/+) mice using a combination of confocal and electron microscopy. This revealed that the ependymal cells in Nfix−/− mice exhibited abnormal cilia structure and disrupted localisation of adhesion proteins. Furthermore, we modelled ependymal cell adhesion using epithelial cell culture and revealed changes in extracellular matrix and adherens junction gene expression following knockdown of NFIX. Finally, the ablation of Nfix from ependymal cells in the adult brain using a conditional approach culminated in enlarged ventricles, sloughing of ependymal cells from the lateral ventricles and abnormal localisation of adhesion proteins, which are phenotypes observed during development. Collectively, these data demonstrate a pivotal role for NFIX in the regulation of cell adhesion within ependymal cells of the lateral ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyon Harkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Tracey J. Harvey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Cooper Atterton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Ingrid Miller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Laura Currey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Sabrina Oishi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Maria Kasherman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Raul Ayala Davila
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Lucy Harris
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (L.H.); (K.G.); (R.G.P.)
| | - Kathryn Green
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (L.H.); (K.G.); (R.G.P.)
| | - Hannah Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (L.H.); (K.G.); (R.G.P.)
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Helen M. Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Michael Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Srichawla BS. Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus (WNV) Encephalitis With Anton Syndrome: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e26264. [PMID: 35911357 PMCID: PMC9312882 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the genus of flaviviruses and is known to cause irreversible neurologic deficits. Neuroinvasive WNV cases continue to be rare and have a higher prevalence in South America, Africa, and Asia. Here we report a 55-year-old female from North America who presented with acute-onset encephalopathy, fever, myalgias, and Anton syndrome. Neuroradiographic findings included diffuse white matter abnormalities of both cortical and subcortical structures and the patient was diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Further workup revealed WNV antibodies in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. Management of WNV encephalitis continues to be poor and thus the patient was referred to a long-term care facility. Furthermore, Anton syndrome is a rare focal neurologic deficit that has never been previously associated with the WNV. This case aims to highlight the epidemiology of WNV in the United States, the mechanisms of WNV encephalitis, and an overview of Anton syndrome.
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22
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Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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MacAulay N, Keep RF, Zeuthen T. Cerebrospinal fluid production by the choroid plexus: a century of barrier research revisited. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 35317823 PMCID: PMC8941821 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) envelops the brain and fills the central ventricles. This fluid is continuously replenished by net fluid extraction from the vasculature by the secretory action of the choroid plexus epithelium residing in each of the four ventricles. We have known about these processes for more than a century, and yet the molecular mechanisms supporting this fluid secretion remain unresolved. The choroid plexus epithelium secretes its fluid in the absence of a trans-epithelial osmotic gradient, and, in addition, has an inherent ability to secrete CSF against an osmotic gradient. This paradoxical feature is shared with other 'leaky' epithelia. The assumptions underlying the classical standing gradient hypothesis await experimental support and appear to not suffice as an explanation of CSF secretion. Here, we suggest that the elusive local hyperosmotic compartment resides within the membrane transport proteins themselves. In this manner, the battery of plasma membrane transporters expressed in choroid plexus are proposed to sustain the choroidal CSF secretion independently of the prevailing bulk osmotic gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Zeuthen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Kung Y, Chen KY, Liao WH, Hsu YH, Wu CH, Hsiao MY, Huang APH, Chen WS. Facilitating drug delivery in the central nervous system by opening the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier with a single low energy shockwave pulse. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 34991647 PMCID: PMC8740485 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) is critically important to the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). However, this barrier prevents the safe transmission of beneficial drugs from the blood to the CSF and thus the spinal cord and brain, limiting their effectiveness in treating a variety of CNS diseases. Methods This study demonstrates a method on SD rats for reversible and site-specific opening of the BCSFB via a noninvasive, low-energy focused shockwave (FSW) pulse (energy flux density 0.03 mJ/mm2) with SonoVue microbubbles (2 × 106 MBs/kg), posing a low risk of injury. Results By opening the BCSFB, the concentrations of certain CNS-impermeable indicators (70 kDa Evans blue and 500 kDa FITC-dextran) and drugs (penicillin G, doxorubicin, and bevacizumab) could be significantly elevated in the CSF around both the brain and the spinal cord. Moreover, glioblastoma model rats treated by doxorubicin with this FSW-induced BCSFB (FSW-BCSFB) opening technique also survived significantly longer than untreated controls. Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate and validate a method for noninvasively and selectively opening the BCSFB to enhance drug delivery into CSF circulation. Potential applications may include treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, CNS infections, brain tumors, and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-021-00303-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital & National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Liao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital & National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Hung Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital & National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Hsiao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital & National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Abel P-H Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Shiang Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital & National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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25
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Enhanced re-myelination in transthyretin null mice following cuprizone mediated demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2022; 766:136287. [PMID: 34634393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) impact nearly every tissue in the body, including the adult and developing central nervous system. The distribution of THs around the body is facilitated by specific TH distributor proteins including transthyretin (TTR). In addition to being produced in the liver, TTR is synthesized in the choroid plexus of the brain. The synthesis of TTR by choroid plexus epithelial cells allows transport of THs from the blood into the brain. Adequate supply of THs to the brain is required for developmental myelination of axons and the maintenance of mature myelin throughout adult life, essential for the proper conduction of nerve impulses. Insufficient THs in developing mice results in hypo-myelination (thinner myelin around axons). However, confounding evidence demonstrated that in developing brain of TTR null mice, hyper-myelination of axons was observed in the corpus callosum. This raised the question whether increased myelination occurs during re-myelination in the adult brain following targeted demyelination. To investigate the effect of TTR during re-myelination, cuprizone induced depletion of myelin in the corpus callosum of adult mice was initiated, followed by a period of myelin repair. Myelin thickness was measured to assess re-myelination rates for 6 weeks. TTR null mice displayed expedited rates of early re-myelination, preferentially re-myelinating smaller axons compared to those of wild type mice. Furthermore, TTR null mice produced thicker myelin than wild type mice during re-myelination. These results may have broader implications in understanding mechanisms governing re-myelination, particularly in potential therapeutic contexts for acquired demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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26
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Nishihara H, Engelhardt B. Brain Barriers and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Treatment Approaches from a Brain Barriers Perspective. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:295-329. [PMID: 33237504 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic organ specific autoimmune disease targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and enhanced immune cell infiltration into the CNS parenchyma are early hallmarks of CNS lesion formation. Therapeutic targeting of immune cell trafficking across the BBB has proven a successful therapy for the treatment of MS, but comes with side effects and is no longer effective once patients have entered the progressive phase of the disease. Beyond the endothelial BBB, epithelial and glial brain barriers establish compartments in the CNS that differ in their accessibility to the immune system. There is increasing evidence that brain barrier abnormalities persist during the progressive stages of MS. Here, we summarize the role of endothelial, epithelial, and glial brain barriers in maintaining CNS immune privilege and our current knowledge on how impairment of these barriers contributes to MS pathogenesis. We discuss how therapeutic stabilization of brain barriers integrity may improve the safety of current therapeutic regimes for treating MS. This may also allow for the development of entirely novel therapeutic approaches aiming to restore brain barriers integrity and thus CNS homeostasis, which may be specifically beneficial for the treatment of progressive MS.
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27
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Chiou SYS, Kysenius K, Huang Y, Habgood MD, Koehn LM, Qiu F, Crouch PJ, Varshney S, Ganio K, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR. Lithium administered to pregnant, lactating and neonatal rats: entry into developing brain. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:57. [PMID: 34876168 PMCID: PMC8650431 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the extent of drug entry into developing brain, when administered to pregnant and lactating women. Lithium is commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder. Here we studied transfer of lithium given to dams, into blood, brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in embryonic and postnatal animals as well as adults. Methods Lithium chloride in a clinically relevant dose (3.2 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally into pregnant (E15–18) and lactating dams (birth-P16/17) or directly into postnatal pups (P0–P16/17). Acute treatment involved a single injection; long-term treatment involved twice daily injections for the duration of the experiment. Following terminal anaesthesia blood plasma, CSF and brains were collected. Lithium levels and brain distribution were measured using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and total lithium levels were confirmed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Results Lithium was detected in blood, CSF and brain of all fetal and postnatal pups following lithium treatment of dams. Its concentration in pups’ blood was consistently below that in maternal blood (30–35%) indicating significant protection by the placenta and breast tissue. However, much of the lithium that reached the fetus entered its brain. Levels of lithium in plasma fluctuated in different treatment groups but its concentration in CSF was stable at all ages, in agreement with known stable levels of endogenous ions in CSF. There was no significant increase of lithium transfer into CSF following application of Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor (digoxin) in vivo, indicating that lithium transfer across choroid plexus epithelium is not likely to be via the Na+/K+ ATPase mechanism, at least early in development. Comparison with passive permeability markers suggested that in acute experiments lithium permeability was less than expected for diffusion but similar in long-term experiments at P2. Conclusions Information obtained on the distribution of lithium in developing brain provides a basis for studying possible deleterious effects on brain development and behaviour in offspring of mothers undergoing lithium therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-021-00285-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shene Yi-Shiuan Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mark David Habgood
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Liam M Koehn
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Swati Varshney
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Ganio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Magdalena Dziegielewska
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Norman Ruthven Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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28
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Trujillo-Cenóz O, Rehermann MI, Maciel C, Falco MV, Fabbiani G, Russo RE. The ependymal cell cytoskeleton in the normal and injured spinal cord of mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2592-2609. [PMID: 34288039 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of ependymal cells is fundamental to organize and maintain the normal architecture of the central canal (CC). However, little is known about the plasticity of cytoskeletal components after spinal cord injury. Here, we focus on the structural organization of the cytoskeleton of ependymal cells in the normal and injured spinal cord of mice (both females and males) using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy techniques. We found that in uninjured animals, the actin cytoskeleton (as revealed by phalloidin staining) was arranged following the typical pattern of polarized epithelial cells with conspicuous actin pools located in the apical domain of ependymal cells. Transmission electron microscopy images showed microvilli tufts, long cilia, and characteristic intercellular membrane specializations. After spinal cord injury, F-actin rearrangements paralleled by fine structural modifications of the apical domain of ependymal cells were observed. These changes involved disruptions of the apical actin pools as well as fine structural modifications of the microvilli tufts. When comparing the control and injured spinal cords, we also found modifications in the expression of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After injury, vimentin expression disappeared from the most apical domains of ependymal cells but the number of GFAP-expressing cells within the CC increased. As in other polarized epithelia, the plastic changes in the cytoskeleton may be critically involved in the reaction of ependymal cells following a traumatic injury of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Trujillo-Cenóz
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María I Rehermann
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Maciel
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María V Falco
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Fabbiani
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl E Russo
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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29
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Sarieva K, Mayer S. The Effects of Environmental Adversities on Human Neocortical Neurogenesis Modeled in Brain Organoids. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:686410. [PMID: 34250020 PMCID: PMC8264783 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.686410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated the impact of prenatal environmental adversity on the development of the human embryonic and fetal brain. Prenatal environmental adversity includes infectious agents, medication, and substances of use as well as inherently maternal factors, such as diabetes and stress. These adversities may cause long-lasting effects if occurring in sensitive time windows and, therefore, have high clinical relevance. However, our knowledge of their influence on specific cellular and molecular processes of in utero brain development remains scarce. This gap of knowledge can be partially explained by the restricted experimental access to the human embryonic and fetal brain and limited recapitulation of human-specific neurodevelopmental events in model organisms. In the past years, novel 3D human stem cell-based in vitro modeling systems, so-called brain organoids, have proven their applicability for modeling early events of human brain development in health and disease. Since their emergence, brain organoids have been successfully employed to study molecular mechanisms of Zika and Herpes simplex virus-associated microcephaly, as well as more subtle events happening upon maternal alcohol and nicotine consumption. These studies converge on pathological mechanisms targeting neural stem cells. In this review, we discuss how brain organoids have recently revealed commonalities and differences in the effects of environmental adversities on human neurogenesis. We highlight both the breakthroughs in understanding the molecular consequences of environmental exposures achieved using organoids as well as the on-going challenges in the field related to variability in protocols and a lack of benchmarking, which make cross-study comparisons difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Sarieva
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Mayer
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Nau R, Sörgel F, Eiffert H. Central nervous system infections and antimicrobial resistance: an evolving challenge. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 34:456-467. [PMID: 33767092 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing threat to patients also in nosocomial central nervous system (CNS) infections. The present review focusses on optimizing intravenous treatment in order to achieve sufficient concentrations of antibiotics in the different compartments of the CNS when the causative pathogens have reduced sensitivity to antibiotics or/and the impairment of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-brain barrier is mild. RECENT FINDINGS Experience has been gathered with treatment protocols for several established antibiotics using increased doses or continuous instead of intermittent intravenous therapy. Continuous infusion in general does not increase the average CSF concentrations (or the area under the concentration-time curve in CSF) compared to equal daily doses administered by short-term infusion. In some cases, it is postulated that it can reduce toxicity caused by high peak plasma concentrations. In case reports, new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations were shown to be effective treatments of CNS infections. SUMMARY Several antibiotics with a low to moderate toxicity (in particular, β-lactam antibiotics, fosfomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampicin, vancomycin) can be administered at increased doses compared to traditional dosing with low or tolerable adverse effects. Intrathecal administration of antibiotics is only indicated, when multiresistant pathogens cannot be eliminated by systemic therapy. Intravenous should always accompany intrathecal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Nau
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen.,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen
| | - Fritz Sörgel
- Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research (IBMP), Nuremberg-Heroldsberg.,Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Helmut Eiffert
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen.,MVZ Wagnerstibbe für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Göttingen, amedes-Gruppe, Germany
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31
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Ogawa K, Kato N, Kawakami S. Recent Strategies for Targeted Brain Drug Delivery. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 68:567-582. [PMID: 32611994 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because the brain is the most important human organ, many brain disorders can cause severe symptoms. For example, glioma, one type of brain tumor, is progressive and lethal, while neurodegenerative diseases cause severe disability. Nevertheless, medical treatment for brain diseases remains unsatisfactory, and therefore innovative therapies are desired. However, the development of therapies to treat some cerebral diseases is difficult because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-brain tumor barrier prevents drugs from entering the brain. Hence, drug delivery system (DDS) strategies are required to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. Recently, brain-targeted DDS have been developed, which increases the quality of therapy for cerebral disorders. This review gives an overview of recent brain-targeting DDS strategies. First, it describes strategies to cross the BBB. This includes BBB-crossing ligand modification or temporal BBB permeabilization. Strategies to avoid the BBB using local administration are also summarized. Intrabrain drug distribution is a crucial factor that directly determines the therapeutic effect, and thus it is important to evaluate drug distribution using optimal methods. We introduce some methods for evaluating drug distribution in the brain. Finally, applications of brain-targeted DDS for the treatment of brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ogawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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32
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Bourasset F, Auvity S, Thorne RG, Scherrmann JM. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Brain Morphology, Delivery Routes, and Species Differences. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 273:97-120. [PMID: 33474672 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropharmacokinetics considers cerebral drug distribution as a critical process for central nervous system drug action as well as for drug penetration through the CNS barriers. Brain distribution of small molecules obeys classical rules of drug partition, permeability, binding to fluid proteins or tissue components, and tissue perfusion. The biodistribution of all drugs, including both small molecules and biologics, may also be influenced by specific brain properties related to brain anatomy and physiological barriers, fluid dynamics, and cellular and biochemical composition, each of which can exhibit significant interspecies differences. All of these properties contribute to select optimal dosing paradigms and routes of drug delivery to reach brain targets for classical small molecule drugs as well as for biologics. The importance of these properties for brain delivery and exposure also highlights the need for efficient new analytical technologies to more comprehensively investigate drug distribution in the CNS, a complex multi-compartmentalized organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchon Bourasset
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, France.
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33
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Abstract
Brain structures change shape dramatically during development. Elucidating the mechanisms of morphogenesis provides insights relevant to understanding brain function in health and disease. The tension-based morphogenesis (TBM) hypothesis posits that mechanical tension along axons, dendrites, and glial processes contributes to many aspects of central nervous system morphogenesis. Since TBM was proposed in 1997, extensive evidence supports a role for tension in diverse cellular phenomena, but tension’s role in cortical folding has been controversial. An extensively revised version of the TBM model for cerebral cortex addresses limitations of the original model, incorporates new features, and can be tested by many experimental approaches. For cerebellar cortex, a revised model accounts for many aspects of its development and adult architecture. Mechanical tension along the length of axons, dendrites, and glial processes has been proposed as a major contributor to morphogenesis throughout the nervous system [D. C. Van Essen, Nature 385, 313–318 (1997)]. Tension-based morphogenesis (TBM) is a conceptually simple and general hypothesis based on physical forces that help shape all living things. Moreover, if each axon and dendrite strive to shorten while preserving connectivity, aggregate wiring length would remain low. TBM can explain key aspects of how the cerebral and cerebellar cortices remain thin, expand in surface area, and acquire their distinctive folds. This article reviews progress since 1997 relevant to TBM and other candidate morphogenetic mechanisms. At a cellular level, studies of diverse cell types in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that tension plays a major role in many developmental events. At a tissue level, I propose a differential expansion sandwich plus (DES+) revision to the original TBM model for cerebral cortical expansion and folding. It invokes tangential tension and “sulcal zipping” forces along the outer cortical margin as well as tension in the white matter core, together competing against radially biased tension in the cortical gray matter. Evidence for and against the DES+ model is discussed, and experiments are proposed to address key tenets of the DES+ model. For cerebellar cortex, a cerebellar multilayer sandwich (CMS) model is proposed that can account for many distinctive features, including its unique, accordion-like folding in the adult, and experiments are proposed to address its specific tenets.
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34
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Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. A novel hypothesis on metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173737. [PMID: 33220280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunctions resulting from the loss of upper (UMNs) and lower (LMNs) motor neurons. While ALS symptoms are coincidental with pathological changes in LMNs and UMNs, the causal relationship between the two is unclear. For example, research on the extra-motor symptoms associated with this condition suggests that an imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, is initially induced in the sensory ganglia due to a malfunction of metal binding proteins and transporters. It is proposed that the resultant metal dyshomeostasis may promote mitochondrial dysfunction in the satellite glial cells of these sensory ganglia, causing sensory neuron disturbances and sensory symptoms. Sensory neuron hyperactivation can result in LMN impairments, while metal dyshomeostasis in spinal cord and brain stem parenchyma induces mitochondrial dysfunction in LMNs and UMNs. These events could prompt intracellular calcium dyshomeostasis, pathological TDP-43 formation, and reactive microglia with neuroinflammation, which in turn activate the apoptosis signaling pathways within the LMNs and UMNs. Our model suggests that the degeneration of LMNs and UMNs is incidental to the metal-induced changes in the spinal cord and brain stem. Over time psychiatric symptoms may appear as the metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction affect other brain regions, including the reticular formation, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis in combination with mitochondrial dysfunction could be the underlying mechanism responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with both the motor and extra-motor symptoms of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Bryniarski MA, Ren T, Rizvi AR, Snyder AM, Morris ME. Targeting the Choroid Plexuses for Protein Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100963. [PMID: 33066423 PMCID: PMC7602164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system is challenged by the barriers in place to regulate brain homeostasis. This is especially true for protein therapeutics. Targeting the barrier formed by the choroid plexuses at the interfaces of the systemic circulation and ventricular system may be a surrogate brain delivery strategy to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. Heterogenous cell populations located at the choroid plexuses provide diverse functions in regulating the exchange of material within the ventricular space. Receptor-mediated transcytosis may be a promising mechanism to deliver protein therapeutics across the tight junctions formed by choroid plexus epithelial cells. However, cerebrospinal fluid flow and other barriers formed by ependymal cells and perivascular spaces should also be considered for evaluation of protein therapeutic disposition. Various preclinical methods have been applied to delineate protein transport across the choroid plexuses, including imaging strategies, ventriculocisternal perfusions, and primary choroid plexus epithelial cell models. When used in combination with simultaneous measures of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, they can yield important insight into pharmacokinetic properties within the brain. This review aims to provide an overview of the choroid plexuses and ventricular system to address their function as a barrier to pharmaceutical interventions and relevance for central nervous system drug delivery of protein therapeutics. Protein therapeutics targeting the ventricular system may provide new approaches in treating central nervous system diseases.
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36
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de Sonnaville SFAM, van Strien ME, Middeldorp J, Sluijs JA, van den Berge SA, Moeton M, Donega V, van Berkel A, Deering T, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL, Aronica E, Glass R, van de Berg WDJ, Swaab DF, Robe PA, Hol EM. The adult human subventricular zone: partial ependymal coverage and proliferative capacity of cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa150. [PMID: 33376983 PMCID: PMC7750937 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood in specialized regions of the brain. One of these regions is the subventricular zone. During brain development, neurogenesis is regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic cues that control stem-cell survival, renewal and cell lineage specification. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an integral part of the neurogenic niche in development as it is in direct contact with radial glial cells, and it is important in regulating proliferation and migration. Yet, the effect of CSF on neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the adult human brain is unknown. We hypothesized a persistent stimulating effect of ventricular CSF on neural stem cells in adulthood, based on the literature, describing bulging accumulations of subventricular cells where CSF is in direct contact with the subventricular zone. Here, we show by immunohistochemistry on post-mortem adult human subventricular zone sections that neural stem cells are in close contact with CSF via protrusions through both intact and incomplete ependymal layers. We are the first to systematically quantify subventricular glial nodules denuded of ependyma and consisting of proliferating neural stem and progenitor cells, and showed that they are present from foetal age until adulthood. Neurosphere, cell motility and differentiation assays as well as analyses of RNA expression were used to assess the effects of CSF of adult humans on primary neural stem cells and a human immortalized neural stem cell line. We show that human ventricular CSF increases proliferation and decreases motility of neural stem cells. Our results also indicate that adult CSF pushes neural stem cells from a relative quiescent to a more active state and promotes neuronal over astrocytic lineage differentiation. Thus, CSF continues to stimulate neural stem cells throughout aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia F A M de Sonnaville
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam E van Strien
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Sluijs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A van den Berge
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Moeton
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Donega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek van Berkel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tasmin Deering
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Angelo L Vescovi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Glass
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre A Robe
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kaiser K, Bryja V. Choroid Plexus: The Orchestrator of Long-Range Signalling Within the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4760. [PMID: 32635478 PMCID: PMC7369786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment-in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP-CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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38
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Hugelshofer M, Buzzi RM, Schaer CA, Richter H, Akeret K, Anagnostakou V, Mahmoudi L, Vaccani R, Vallelian F, Deuel JW, Kronen PW, Kulcsar Z, Regli L, Baek JH, Pires IS, Palmer AF, Dennler M, Humar R, Buehler PW, Kircher PR, Keller E, Schaer DJ. Haptoglobin administration into the subarachnoid space prevents hemoglobin-induced cerebral vasospasm. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5219-5235. [PMID: 31454333 DOI: 10.1172/jci130630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) is a major driver of adverse outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), defining an unmet need for therapeutic development. Cell-free hemoglobin that is released from erythrocytes into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is suggested to cause vasoconstriction and neuronal toxicity, and correlates with the occurrence of DIND. Cell-free hemoglobin in the CSF of patients with aSAH disrupted dilatory NO signaling ex vivo in cerebral arteries, which shifted vascular tone balance from dilation to constriction. We found that selective removal of hemoglobin from patient CSF with a haptoglobin-affinity column or its sequestration in a soluble hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex was sufficient to restore physiological vascular responses. In a sheep model, administration of haptoglobin into the CSF inhibited hemoglobin-induced cerebral vasospasm and preserved vascular NO signaling. We identified 2 pathways of hemoglobin delocalization from CSF into the brain parenchyma and into the NO-sensitive compartment of small cerebral arteries. Both pathways were critical for hemoglobin toxicity and were interrupted by the large hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex that inhibited spatial requirements for hemoglobin reactions with NO in tissues. Collectively, our data show that compartmentalization of hemoglobin by haptoglobin provides a novel framework for innovation aimed at reducing hemoglobin-driven neurological damage after subarachnoid bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hugelshofer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael M Buzzi
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Schaer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Akeret
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vania Anagnostakou
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leila Mahmoudi
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Vaccani
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florence Vallelian
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy W Deuel
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter W Kronen
- Veterinary Anaesthesia Services - International, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Kulcsar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jin Hyen Baek
- Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivan S Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rok Humar
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick R Kircher
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Keller
- Neurointensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J Schaer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kim HK, Baek AR, Choi G, Lee JJ, Yang JU, Jung H, Lee T, Kim D, Kim M, Cho A, Lee GH, Chang Y. Highly brain-permeable apoferritin nanocage with high dysprosium loading capacity as a new T2 contrast agent for ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging. Biomaterials 2020; 243:119939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM. Medications for pregnant women: A balancing act between the interests of the mother and of the fetus. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1156-1167. [PMID: 32335932 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug entry into the adult brain is controlled by efflux mechanisms situated in various brain barrier interfaces. The effectiveness of these protective mechanisms in the embryo, fetus and newborn brain is less clear. The longstanding belief that "the" blood-brain barrier is absent or immature in the fetus and newborn has led to many misleading statements with potential clinical implications. Here we review the properties of brain barrier mechanisms in the context of drug entry into the developing brain and discuss the limited number of studies published on the subject. We noticed that most of available literature suffers from some experimental limitations, notably that drug levels in fetal blood and cerebrospinal fluid have not been measured. This means that the relative contribution to the overall brain protection provided by individual barriers such as the placenta (which contains similar efflux mechanisms) and the brain barriers cannot be separately ascertained. Finally, we propose that systematic studies in appropriate animal models of drug entry into the brain at different stages of development would provide a rational basis for use of medications in pregnancy and in newborns, especially prematurely born, where protection usually provided by the placenta is no longer present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Zhang J, Zhang F, Wu J, Li J, Yang Z, Yue J. Glutamate affects cholesterol homeostasis within the brain via the up-regulation of CYP46A1 and ApoE. Toxicology 2020; 432:152381. [PMID: 31981724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic glutamate excitotoxicity has been thought to be involved in numerous neurodegenerative disorders. A small but significant loss of membrane cholesterol has been reported following a short stimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). We investigated the alteration of brain cholesterol following chronic glutamate treatment. The alteration of cholesterol levels was evaluated in the hippocampus from the adult rats that received the subcutaneous injection with monosodium l-glutamate at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of age. The regulation of CYP46A1, LXRα, and ApoE levels were assayed following subtoxic glutamate treatment in SH-SY5Y cells as well as HT-22 cells lacking iGluRs. The ratio of 24S-hydroxycholesterol to cholesterol was elevated in the adult rats exposed to monosodium l-glutamate before the weaning age, compared to the control. The blockers of NMDA receptor (MK801) and mGluR5 (MPEP) attenuated the glutamate-induced loss of cholesterol and elevation of 24S-hydroxycholesterol level in SH-SY5Y cells. The induction of the mRNA levels of CYP46A1, LXRα, and ApoE by glutamate was observed in both SH-SY5Y cells and HT-22 cells; additionally, MK801 and MPEP attenuated the increases in these genes in SH-SY5Y cells. The increase in the binding of LXRα proteins with ApoE promoter following glutamate treatment was attenuated by MK801. The luciferase assay indicated the binding of CREB protein with CYP46A1 promoter, and the glutamate-induced CREB expression was inhibited by MK801. The results suggest that glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, may affect the metabolism and redistribution of cholesterol in the neuronal cells via its specific receptors during chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, PLA General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheqiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Center for Structural Biology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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42
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Koehn LM. ABC efflux transporters at blood-central nervous system barriers and their implications for treating spinal cord disorders. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1235-1242. [PMID: 31960802 PMCID: PMC7047801 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The barriers present in the interfaces between the blood and the central nervous system form a major hurdle for the pharmacological treatment of central nervous system injuries and diseases. The family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters has been widely studied regarding efflux of medications at blood-central nervous system barriers. These efflux transporters include P-glycoprotein (abcb1), 'breast cancer resistance protein' (abcg2) and the various 'multidrug resistance-associated proteins' (abccs). Understanding which efflux transporters are present at the blood-spinal cord, blood-cerebrospinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid-spinal cord barriers is necessary to determine their involvement in limiting drug transfer from blood to the spinal cord tissue. Recent developments in the blood-brain barrier field have shown that barrier systems are dynamic and the profile of barrier defenses can alter due to conditions such as age, disease and environmental challenge. This means that a true understanding of ABC efflux transporter expression and localization should not be one static value but instead a range that represents the complex patient subpopulations that exist. In the present review, the blood-central nervous system barrier literature is discussed with a focus on the impact of ABC efflux transporters on: (i) protecting the spinal cord from adverse effects of systemically directed drugs, and (ii) limiting centrally directed drugs from accessing their active sites within the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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43
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Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. Metal homeostasis disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders, with special emphasis on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107455. [PMID: 31863817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia often accompanied by myoclonus and other signs of brain dysfunction, relying on the conversion of the normal cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) to a misfolded form (PrPSc). The neuropathological changes include spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and deposition of PrPSc. It is still unclear how these pathological changes correlate with the development of CJD symptoms because few patients survive beyond 2 years after diagnosis. Inasmuch as the symptoms of CJD overlap some of those observed in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, there may be some underlying pathologic mechanisms associated with CJD that may contribute to the symptoms of non-prion neurodegenerative diseases as well. Data suggest that imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, induces abnormalities in processing and degradation of prion proteins that are accompanied by self-propagation of PrPSc. These events appear to be responsible for glutamatergic synaptic dysfunctions, neuronal death, and PrPSc aggregation. Given that the prodromal symptoms of CJD such as sleep disturbances and mood disorders are associated with brain stem and limbic system dysfunction, the pathological changes may initially occur in these brain regions, then spread throughout the entire brain. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, which may be linked to imbalance of these metals, seem to be more important than neuroinflammation in causing the cell death. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis could be responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with symptoms of CJD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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44
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Mohammadi-Mahdiabadi-Hasani MH, Nabiuni M, Parivar K, Yari S, Sahebi AR, Miyan J. The Effects of Embryonic Cerebrospinal Fluid on The Viability and Neuronal Differentiation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells in Wistar Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 22:245-252. [PMID: 31721540 PMCID: PMC6874795 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective The embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e-CSF) contains various growth factors and morphogens. Recent studies showed that e-CSF plays significant roles in embryonic brain development. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have a mesodermal origin that can be differentiated into mesodermal and ectodermal lineages. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of e-CSF on the proliferation, viability, and neural differentiation of ADSCs in rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, adipose tissue was dissected out from the inguinal region of adult male rats. Then, ADSCs were isolated by enzymatic digestion from adipose tissues and mesenchymal cells were confirmed using the flow cytometry analysis that measured the cell surface markers including CD90, CD44, CD73, CD105, CD34, CD45, and CD11b. The multi-potential characteristics of ADSCs were assessed by osteogenic and adipogenic potentials of these cells. Under suitable in vitro conditions, ADSCs were cultured in DMEM supplemented with and without additional 10% e-CSF. These fluids were collected from Wistar rats at the E17, E18, and E19 gestational ages. Cellular proliferation and viability were determined using the MTT assay. Immunocytochemistry was used to study the expression of β-III tubulin in ADSCs. The neurite outgrowth of cultured cells was assessed using the ImageJ software. Result The results of the present study demonstrated that the viability of ADSCs in cell culture conditioned with E17 and E18 e-CSF were significantly increased in comparison with controls. Cultured cells treated with e-CSF from E18 and E19 established neuronal-like cells bearing long process, whereas no process was observed in the control groups or cultured cells treated with E17 e-CSF. Conclusion This study showed that e-CSF has the ability to induce neuronal differentiation and viability in ADSCs. Our data support a significant role of e-CSF as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Yari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Sahebi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaleel Miyan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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45
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Tiani KA, Stover PJ, Field MS. The Role of Brain Barriers in Maintaining Brain Vitamin Levels. Annu Rev Nutr 2019; 39:147-173. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that tissue-specific nutrient deficiencies can exist in the absence of whole-body deficiency and that these deficiencies may result from disease or disease-related physiological processes. Brain and central nervous system tissues require adequate nutrient levels to function. Many nutrients are concentrated in the cerebrospinal fluid relative to the serum in healthy individuals, and other nutrients resist depletion in the presence of whole-body nutrient depletion. The endothelial, epithelial, and arachnoid brain barriers work in concert to selectively transport, concentrate, and maintain levels of the specific nutrients required by the brain while also blocking the passage of blood-borne toxins and pathogens to brain and central nervous system tissues. These barriers preserve nutrient levels within the brain and actively concentrate nutrients within the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. The roles of physical and energetic barriers, including the blood–brain and blood–nerve barriers, in maintaining brain nutrient levels in health and disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. Tiani
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Patrick J. Stover
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2142, USA
| | - Martha S. Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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46
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McIntyre C, Saville J, Fuller M. Collection of cerebrospinal fluid from murine lateral ventricles for biomarker determination in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 324:108314. [PMID: 31202732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection is currently the only feasible means to obtain biological fluid for the quantitative determination of biomarkers that may reflect disease activity within the brain. Studies in mouse models of human neurological disease benefit from ascertainment and subsequent analysis of brain tissue that is not afforded in human patients. The CSF provides a translational forum, however, due to the practical constraints presented by the mouse's small size, CSF is often ignored in experimental mouse models. NEW METHOD Here we report a method for the controlled, precise and predictable collection of 10 μL of CSF from the lateral ventricles of adult mice using stereotaxic equipment and a micro-syringe pump. RESULTS Collected CSF was clear and manifested the consistency of water and moreover, quantification of a disease-specific biomarker for the neurodegenerative disorder, mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) was possible in this small volume of CSF. In the naturally occurring mouse model of MPS IIIA, that faithfully recapitulates the human form of the disease, this biomarker was present at concentrations of >100 pmol/mL and undetectable in wild-type mice. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Advantages of this method over the most commonly used cisterna magna collection technique include increased CSF sample volume (10 μL) and reduced blood contamination. CONCLUSION The ability to collect CSF from mouse models of neurological disease enables a forum for translating research outcomes in experimental models to the human equivalent in which CSF collection is also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle McIntyre
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences building, 4 North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Jennifer Saville
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
| | - Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences building, 4 North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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47
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López-Espíndola D, García-Aldea Á, Gómez de la Riva I, Rodríguez-García AM, Salvatore D, Visser TJ, Bernal J, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Thyroid hormone availability in the human fetal brain: novel entry pathways and role of radial glia. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2103-2119. [PMID: 31165302 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for brain development; their deficiency during neurodevelopment impairs neural cell differentiation and causes irreversible neurological alterations. Understanding TH action, and in particular the mechanisms regulating TH availability in the prenatal human brain is essential to design therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases due to impaired TH signaling during neurodevelopment. We aimed at the identification of cells involved in the regulation of TH availability in the human brain at fetal stages. To this end, we studied the distribution of the TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1), as well as the TH-metabolizing enzymes types 2 and 3 deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3). Paraffin-embedded human brain sections obtained from necropsies of thirteen fetuses from 14 to 38 gestational weeks were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. We found these proteins localized along radial glial cells, in brain barriers, in Cajal-Retzius cells, in migrating fibers of the brainstem and in some neurons and glial cells with particular and complex spatiotemporal patterns. Our findings point to an important role of radial glia in controlling TH delivery and metabolism and suggest two additional novel pathways for TH availability in the prenatal human brain: the outer, and the inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barriers. Based on our data we propose a model of TH availability for neural cells in the human prenatal brain in which several cell types have the ability to autonomously control the required TH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela López-Espíndola
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Universidad de Valparaíso, Angamos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ángel García-Aldea
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", 80133, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Bernal
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Koehn LM, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Saudrais E, Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF, Saunders NR, Habgood MD. Developmental differences in the expression of ABC transporters at rat brain barrier interfaces following chronic exposure to diallyl sulfide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5998. [PMID: 30979952 PMCID: PMC6461637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pregnant women and prematurely born infants require medication for clinical conditions including cancer, cardiac defects and psychiatric disorders. In adults drug transfer from blood into brain is mostly restricted by efflux mechanisms (ATP-binding cassette, ABC transporters). These mechanisms have been little studied during brain development. Here expression of eight ABC transporters (abcb1a, abcb1b, abcg2, abcc1, abcc2, abcc3, abcc4, abcc5) and activity of conjugating enzyme glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were measured in livers, brain cortices (blood-brain-barrier) and choroid plexuses (blood-cerebrospinal fluid, CSF, barrier) during postnatal rat development. Controls were compared to animals chronically injected (4 days, 200 mg/kg/day) with known abcb1a inducer diallyl sulfide (DAS). Results reveal both tissue- and age-dependent regulation. In liver abcb1a and abcc3 were up-regulated at all ages. In cortex abcb1a/b, abcg2 and abcc4/abcc5 were up-regulated in adults only, while in choroid plexus abcb1a and abcc2 were up-regulated only at P14. DAS treatment increased GST activity in livers, but not in cortex or choroid plexuses. Immunocytochemistry of ABC transporters at the CSF-brain interface showed that PGP and BCRP predominated in neuroepithelium while MRP2/4/5 were prominent in adult ependyma. These results indicate an age-related capacity of brain barriers to dynamically regulate their defence mechanisms when chronically challenged by xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katarzyna M Dziegielewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elodie Saudrais
- IBIP facility and Fluid team, Lyon Neuroscience Research center, NSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, Université de Lyon-1, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Strazielle
- IBIP facility and Fluid team, Lyon Neuroscience Research center, NSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, Université de Lyon-1, Lyon, France.,Brain-I, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Francois Ghersi-Egea
- IBIP facility and Fluid team, Lyon Neuroscience Research center, NSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, Université de Lyon-1, Lyon, France
| | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Munk AS, Wang W, Bèchet NB, Eltanahy AM, Cheng AX, Sigurdsson B, Benraiss A, Mäe MA, Kress BT, Kelley DH, Betsholtz C, Møllgård K, Meissner A, Nedergaard M, Lundgaard I. PDGF-B Is Required for Development of the Glymphatic System. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2955-2969.e3. [PMID: 30865886 PMCID: PMC6447074 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a highly polarized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport system that facilitates the clearance of neurotoxic molecules through a brain-wide network of perivascular pathways. Herein we have mapped the development of the glymphatic system in mice. Perivascular CSF transport first emerges in hippocampus in newborn mice, and a mature glymphatic system is established in the cortex at 2 weeks of age. Formation of astrocytic endfeet and polarized expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) consistently coincided with the appearance of perivascular CSF transport. Deficiency of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) function in the PDGF retention motif knockout mouse line Pdgfbret/ret suppressed the development of the glymphatic system, whose functions remained suppressed in adulthood compared with wild-type mice. These experiments map the natural development of the glymphatic system in mice and define a critical role of PDGF-B in the development of perivascular CSF transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sofie Munk
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Nicholas Burdon Bèchet
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ahmed M Eltanahy
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Mansoura University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Anne Xiaoan Cheng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Björn Sigurdsson
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdellatif Benraiss
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maarja A Mäe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Travis Kress
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Douglas H Kelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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50
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Ma Q, Xing C, Long W, Wang HY, Liu Q, Wang RF. Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:53. [PMID: 30823925 PMCID: PMC6397457 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and peripheral signals. Previous studies have suggested that environmental factors affect neurological activities under both physiological and pathological conditions. Although there is anatomical separation, emerging evidence has indicated the existence of bidirectional interaction between gut microbiota, i.e., (diverse microorganisms colonizing human intestine), and brain. The cross-talk between gut microbiota and brain may have crucial impact during basic neurogenerative processes, in neurodegenerative disorders and tumors of CNS. In this review, we discuss the biological interplay between gut-brain axis, and further explore how this communication may be dysregulated in neurological diseases. Further, we highlight new insights in modification of gut microbiota composition, which may emerge as a promising therapeutic approach to treat CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianquan Ma
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenyong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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