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Yang Y, Ji H, Shi G. Comparison of nasojejunal nutrition and intravenous nutrition supplementation in patients with upper gastrointestinal tract strictures and analysis of risk factors for malnutrition. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38820. [PMID: 38968469 PMCID: PMC11224873 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effectiveness of nasojejunal and intravenous nutrition in supplementing nutrition for patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) strictures and analyzes the risk factors associated with malnutrition to provide references for clinical nutrition strategies. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 71 patients with upper GI strictures caused by esophageal and gastric cancers, who received nutritional support from January 2015 to January 2023. Out of these, 53 patients had complete baseline and follow-up data. We collected general clinical and perioperative data for comparison of the efficacy between nasojejunal nutrition and intravenous nutrition. Risk factors for malnutrition were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Malnutrition occurred in 24.53% (13/53) of the patients with upper GI strictures. The incidence of malnutrition was 6.06% (2/33) in the nasojejunal nutrition group compared to 55.00% (11/20) in the intravenous nutrition group, with a statistically significant difference (P < .001). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses identified diabetes (P < .001), initial blood K (P = .011), pathological staging (P < .001), and pathological grading (P < .001) as risk factors for malnutrition in patients with upper GI strictures. Diabetes (P = .028), initial blood K (P = .018), and pathological staging (P = .011) were found to be independent risk factors. Nasojejunal nutrition results in a lower incidence of malnutrition compared to intravenous nutrition in patients with upper GI strictures. Diabetes, initial blood K, pathological staging, and pathological grading are risk factors for malnutrition, with diabetes, initial blood K, and pathological staging serving as independent risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Yang
- Department of radiology, Peking University First Hospital—Miyun Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huirong Ji
- Department of radiology, Peking University First Hospital—Miyun Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Shi
- Department of radiology, Peking University First Hospital—Miyun Hospital, Beijing, China
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van de Worp WRPH, Theys J, Wolfs CJA, Verhaegen F, Schols AMWJ, van Helvoort A, Langen RCJ. Targeted nutritional intervention attenuates experimental lung cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024. [PMID: 38965830 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia, a syndrome with high prevalence in non-small cell lung cancer patients, impairs quality of life and reduces tolerance and responsiveness to cancer therapy resulting in decreased survival. Optimal nutritional care is pivotal in the treatment of cachexia and a recommended cornerstone of multimodal therapy. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of an intervention diet consisting of a specific combination of high protein, leucine, fish oil, vitamin D, galacto-oligosaccharides, and fructo-oligosaccharides on the development and progression of cachexia in an orthotopic lung cancer mouse model. METHODS Eleven-week-old male 129S2/Sv mice were orthotopically implanted with 344P lung epithelial tumour cells or vehicle (control). Seven days post-implantation tumour-bearing (TB) mice were allocated to either intervention- or isocaloric control diet. Cachexia was defined as 5 days of consecutive body weight loss, after which mice were euthanized for tissue analyses. RESULTS TB mice developed cachexia accompanied by significant loss of skeletal muscle mass and epididymal fat mass compared with sham operated mice. The cachectic endpoint was significantly delayed (46.0 ± 15.2 vs. 34.7 ± 11.4 days), and the amount (-1.57 ± 0.62 vs. -2.13 ± 0.57 g) and progression (-0.26 ± 0.14 vs. -0.39 ± 0.11 g/day) of body weight loss were significantly reduced by the intervention compared with control diet. Moreover, systemic inflammation (pentraxin-2 plasma levels) and alterations in molecular markers for proteolysis and protein synthesis, indicative of muscle atrophy signalling in TB-mice, were suppressed in skeletal muscle by the intervention diet. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrate the potential of this multinutrient intervention, targeting multiple components of cachexia, as integral part of lung cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R P H van de Worp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cecile J A Wolfs
- Department of radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW - Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Verhaegen
- Department of radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW - Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM - Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Park MA, Whelan CJ, Ahmed S, Boeringer T, Brown J, Crowder SL, Gage K, Gregg C, Jeong DK, Jim HSL, Judge AR, Mason TM, Parker N, Pillai S, Qayyum A, Rajasekhara S, Rasool G, Tinsley SM, Schabath MB, Stewart P, West J, McDonald P, Permuth JB. Defining and Addressing Research Priorities in Cancer Cachexia through Transdisciplinary Collaboration. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2364. [PMID: 39001427 PMCID: PMC11240731 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
For many patients, the cancer continuum includes a syndrome known as cancer-associated cachexia (CAC), which encompasses the unintended loss of body weight and muscle mass, and is often associated with fat loss, decreased appetite, lower tolerance and poorer response to treatment, poor quality of life, and reduced survival. Unfortunately, there are no effective therapeutic interventions to completely reverse cancer cachexia and no FDA-approved pharmacologic agents; hence, new approaches are urgently needed. In May of 2022, researchers and clinicians from Moffitt Cancer Center held an inaugural retreat on CAC that aimed to review the state of the science, identify knowledge gaps and research priorities, and foster transdisciplinary collaborative research projects. This review summarizes research priorities that emerged from the retreat, examples of ongoing collaborations, and opportunities to move science forward. The highest priorities identified include the need to (1) evaluate patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures obtained in clinical practice and assess their use in improving CAC-related outcomes; (2) identify biomarkers (imaging, molecular, and/or behavioral) and novel analytic approaches to accurately predict the early onset of CAC and its progression; and (3) develop and test interventions (pharmacologic, nutritional, exercise-based, and through mathematical modeling) to prevent CAC progression and improve associated symptoms and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Park
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Whelan
- Department of Metabolism and Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Sabeen Ahmed
- Department of Machine Learning, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Tabitha Boeringer
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Joel Brown
- Department of Cancer Biology and Evolution, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.B.); (J.W.)
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sylvia L. Crowder
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.L.C.); (H.S.L.J.); (N.P.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Kenneth Gage
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.G.); (D.K.J.); (A.Q.)
| | - Christopher Gregg
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA;
| | - Daniel K. Jeong
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.G.); (D.K.J.); (A.Q.)
| | - Heather S. L. Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.L.C.); (H.S.L.J.); (N.P.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Andrew R. Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Tina M. Mason
- Department of Nursing Research, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Nathan Parker
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.L.C.); (H.S.L.J.); (N.P.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Aliya Qayyum
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.G.); (D.K.J.); (A.Q.)
| | - Sahana Rajasekhara
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Machine Learning, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Sara M. Tinsley
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.L.C.); (H.S.L.J.); (N.P.); (S.M.T.)
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Matthew B. Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Paul Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Jeffrey West
- Department of Cancer Biology and Evolution, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.B.); (J.W.)
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Patricia McDonald
- Department of Metabolism and Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Permuth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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Porter SR, Ukwas A. Cachexia and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1746-1755. [PMID: 37891012 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper was to provide an understanding of cachexia in relation to oral squamous cell carcinoma relevant to oral health care. The paper is a scoping review of aspects of the clinical presentation, aetiology and management of cachexia in relation to oral health and oral health care. METHODS A combined search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (via OVID) was conducted using the terms ([Head and Neck] OR [Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma]) AND (Cachexia). Duplicates were removed and results were subsequently limited to studies published between 2000 and 2023, humans and English language. After screening and full-text assessment a total number of 87 studies were included in the review. RESULTS It is evident that cachexia is a not uncommon feature of patients with advanced malignancy of the head and neck driven by a multitude of mechanisms, induced by the tumour itself, that lead to reduced nutritional intake, increased metabolism and loss of adipose and skeletal tissue. CONCLUSION While a variety of nutritional, physical, psychological and pharmacological interventions may improve quality and duration of life, ultimately the diagnosis of cachexia in relation to head and neck cancer remains an indicator of poor life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Porter
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - A Ukwas
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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5
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Haug M, Schwappacher R, Pollmann C, Ritter P, Michael M, Hermann HJ, Grützmann R, Mittelstädt A, Neurath MF, Zopf Y, Friedrich O. Effects of Adjuvant Exercise and Nutrition Therapy on Muscle Fibre Biomechanics in Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1608. [PMID: 38672689 PMCID: PMC11049604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with aggressive cancer, e.g., gastrointestinal cancer, are prone (≥50% chance) to developing cancer cachexia (CC). Little is known about the effects of CC on the biomechanical function of muscle. A promising prevention strategy was found in the form of a multi-modal therapy combining mild resistance exercise (e.g., whole-body electro-myostimulation, WB-EMS) and a protein-rich diet. In a previous study of ours, this was effective in counteracting the loss of muscle mass, yet a systematic and comprehensive assessment of active and passive single muscle fibre functions was so far absent. This pilot study investigated the biomechanical function of single muscle fibres (rectus abdominis) from the biopsies of conventionally treated (pre-)cachectic cancer ((pre-)CC) patients (m = 9), those receiving the multi-modal therapy comprising WB-EMS training and protein-rich nutrition (m = 3), and a control group (m = 5). Our findings not only align with previous findings showing the absolute force loss in CC that is accelerated by atrophy but also speak in favour of a different, potentially energy- and Ca2+-homeostasis-related effect that compromises muscle contraction (F ~0.9 mN vs. F ~0.6 mN in control patients). However, myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity and the quality of contraction were unaltered (pCa50: 5.6-5.8). Single fibres from the (pre-)CC patients receiving WB-EMS training and protein supplementation were significantly more compliant (p < 0.001 at ≥130% of resting length L0). Those fibres displayed a similar softness to the ones from the control patients (axial compliance ~15 m/N at ≥130% L0), while single fibres from the patients with (developing) cachexia were significantly stiffer (axial compliance ~7 m/N, p < 0.001 at ≥130% L0). Adjuvant multi-modal therapy (WB-EMS training and nutritional support) contributes to maintaining the axial compliance of single fibres and potentially improves the quality of life for patients at risk of developing CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haug
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raphaela Schwappacher
- Hector-Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (H.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Charlotte Pollmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Paul Ritter
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mena Michael
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Hans Joachim Hermann
- Hector-Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (H.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Anke Mittelstädt
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Markus Friedrich Neurath
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Yurdagül Zopf
- Hector-Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (H.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology (MBT), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (C.P.); (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.F.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Wallace Wurth Building, 18 High St, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Wang Z, Cuthbertson LF, Thomas C, Sallah HJ, Mosscrop LG, Li H, Talts T, Kumar K, Moffatt MF, Tregoning JS. IL-1α is required for T cell-driven weight loss after respiratory viral infection. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:272-287. [PMID: 38382577 PMCID: PMC11009121 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections remain a major cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. Patients with respiratory infections often lose weight. While acute weight loss is speculated to be a tolerance mechanism to limit pathogen growth, severe weight loss following infection can cause quality of life deterioration. Despite the clinical relevance of respiratory infection-induced weight loss, its mechanism is not yet completely understood. We utilized a model of CD 8+ T cell-driven weight loss during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection to dissect the immune regulation of post-infection weight loss. Supporting previous data, bulk RNA sequencing indicated significant enrichment of the interleukin (IL)-1 signaling pathway after RSV infection. Despite increased viral load, infection-associated weight loss was significantly reduced after IL-1α (but not IL-1β) blockade. IL-1α depletion resulted in a reversal of the gut microbiota changes observed following RSV infection. Direct nasal instillation of IL-1α also caused weight loss. Of note, we detected IL-1α in the brain after either infection or nasal delivery. This was associated with changes in genes controlling appetite after RSV infection and corresponding changes in signaling molecules such as leptin and growth/differentiation factor 15. Together, these findings indicate a lung-brain-gut signaling axis for IL-1α in regulating weight loss after RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Chubicka Thomas
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Hadijatou J Sallah
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lucy G Mosscrop
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Tiina Talts
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Kartik Kumar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK.
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Brown RB, Bigelow P. Can a Low-Phosphate Diet for Chronic Kidney Disease Treat Cancer? An Interdisciplinary Literature Review. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:5. [PMID: 38392693 PMCID: PMC10890503 DOI: 10.3390/medicines11020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Background: Cancer therapeutics have a low success rate in clinical trials. An interdisciplinary approach is needed to translate basic, clinical, and remote fields of research knowledge into novel cancer treatments. Recent research has identified high dietary phosphate intake as a risk factor associated with cancer incidence. A model of tumor dynamics predicted that reducing phosphate levels sequestered in the tumor microenvironment could substantially reduce tumor size. Coincidently, a low-phosphate diet is already in use to help patients with chronic kidney disease manage high serum phosphate levels. Methods: A grounded-theory literature-review method was used to synthesize interdisciplinary findings from the basic and clinical sciences, including oncology, nephrology, nutritional epidemiology, and dietetic research on cancer. Results: Findings of tumor remission associated with fasting and a ketogenic diet, which lower intake of dietary phosphate, support the hypothesis that a low-phosphate diet will reduce levels of phosphate sequestered in the tumor microenvironment and reduce tumor size. Additionally, long-term effects of a low-phosphate diet may reverse dysregulated phosphate metabolism associated with tumorigenesis and prevent cancer recurrence. Conclusions: Evidence in this article provides the rationale to test a low-phosphate diet as a dietary intervention to reduce tumor size and lower risk of cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Philip Bigelow
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Garutti M, Noto C, Pastò B, Cucciniello L, Alajmo M, Casirati A, Pedrazzoli P, Caccialanza R, Puglisi F. Nutritional Management of Oncological Symptoms: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5068. [PMID: 38140327 PMCID: PMC10745914 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout their experience of illness and during the course of treatment, a substantial proportion of cancer patients are prone to develop nutritional and/or metabolic disturbances. Additionally, cancer patients often encounter long-term side effects from therapies, which may lead to impaired digestion, nutrient absorption or bowel motility. Therefore, the preservation and maintenance of an optimal and balanced nutritional status are pivotal to achieving a better prognosis, increasing the tolerance and adherence to cancer therapies and improving the overall quality of life. In this context, personalized nutritional programs are essential for addressing conditions predisposing to weight loss, feeding difficulties, digestion problems and intestinal irregularity, with the goal of promoting adequate nutrient absorption and minimizing the detrimental effects of treatment regimens. The focus of this research is to examine the most common clinical conditions and metabolic changes that cancer patients may experience, including stomatitis, xerostomia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, sub-occlusion, dysgeusia, dysosmia, anorexia, and cachexia. Furthermore, we present a pragmatic example of a multidisciplinary workflow that incorporates customized recipes tailored to individual clinical scenarios, all while maintaining the hedonic value of the meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Garutti
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Claudia Noto
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Brenno Pastò
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Linda Cucciniello
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Amanda Casirati
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Caccialanza
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Schrems ER, Haynie WS, Perry RA, Morena F, Cabrera AR, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Greene NP, Washington TA. Leucine Supplementation Exacerbates Morbidity in Male but Not Female Mice with Colorectal Cancer-Induced Cachexia. Nutrients 2023; 15:4570. [PMID: 37960223 PMCID: PMC10650865 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial wasting syndrome characterized by a significant loss in lean and/or fat mass and represents a leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. Nutraceutical treatments have been proposed as a potential treatment strategy to mitigate cachexia-induced muscle wasting. However, contradictory findings warrant further investigation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle in male and female ApcMin/+ mice (APC). APC mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were given normal drinking water or 1.5% leucine-supplemented water (n = 4-10/group/sex). We measured the gene expression of regulators of inflammation, protein balance, and myogenesis. Leucine treatment lowered survival rates, body mass, and muscle mass in males, while in females, it had no effect on body or muscle mass. Leucine treatment altered inflammatory gene expression by lowering Il1b 87% in the APC group and decreasing Tnfa 92% in both WT and APC males, while it had no effect in females (p < 0.05). Leucine had no effect on regulators of protein balance and myogenesis in either sex. We demonstrated that leucine exacerbates moribundity in males and is not sufficient for mitigating muscle or fat loss during CC in either sex in the ApcMin/+ mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R. Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (E.R.S.)
| | - Wesley S. Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (E.R.S.)
| | - Richard A. Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (E.R.S.)
| | - Francielly Morena
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (F.M.); (A.R.C.); (M.E.R.-C.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (F.M.); (A.R.C.); (M.E.R.-C.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Megan E. Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (F.M.); (A.R.C.); (M.E.R.-C.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (F.M.); (A.R.C.); (M.E.R.-C.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Tyrone A. Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (E.R.S.)
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10
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Boutière M, Cottet‐Rousselle C, Coppard C, Couturier K, Féart C, Couchet M, Corne C, Moinard C, Breuillard C. Protein intake in cancer: Does it improve nutritional status and/or modify tumour response to chemotherapy? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2003-2015. [PMID: 37667552 PMCID: PMC10570073 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combating malnutrition and cachexia is a core challenge in oncology. To limit muscle mass loss, the use of proteins in cancer is encouraged by experts in the field, but it is still debated due to their antagonist effects. Indeed, a high protein intake could preserve lean body mass but may promote tumour growth, whereas a low-protein diet could reduce tumour size but without addressing cachexia. Here we used a realistic rodent model of cancer and chemotherapy to evaluate the influence of different protein intakes on cachexia, tumour response to chemotherapy and immune system response. The goal is to gain a closer understanding of the effect of protein intake in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Female Fischer 344 rats were divided into six groups: five groups (n = 14 per group) with cancer (Ward colon tumour) and chemotherapy were fed with isocaloric diets with 8%, 12%, 16%, 24% or 32% of caloric intake from protein and one healthy control group (n = 8) fed a 16% protein diet, considered as a standard diet. Chemotherapy included two cycles, 1 week apart, each consisting of an injection of CPT-11 (50 mg/kg) followed by 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg) the day after. Food intake, body weight, and tumour size were measured daily. On day 9, the rats were euthanized and organs were weighed. Body composition was determined and protein content and protein synthesis (SUnSET method) were measured in the muscle, liver, intestine, and tumour. Immune function was explored by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cancer and chemotherapy led to a decrease in body weight characterized by a decrease of both fat mass (-56 ± 3%, P < 0.05) and fat-free mass (-8 ± 1%, P < 0.05). Surprisingly, there was no effect of protein diet on body composition, muscle or tumour parameters (weight, protein content, or protein synthesis) but a high cumulative protein intake was positively associated with a high relative body weight and high fat-free mass. The immune system was impacted by cancer and chemotherapy but not by the different amount of protein intake. CONCLUSIONS Using a realistic model of cancer and chemotherapy, we demonstrated for the first time that protein intake did not positively or negatively modulate tumour growth. Moreover, our results suggested that a high cumulative protein intake was able to improve moderately nutritional status in chemotherapy treated cancer rodents. Although this work cannot be evaluated clinically for ethical reasons, it nevertheless brings an essential contribution to nutrition management for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boutière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Cécile Cottet‐Rousselle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Céline Coppard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB)GrenobleFrance
| | - Karine Couturier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | | | - Morgane Couchet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Christelle Corne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesGrenobleFrance
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Charlotte Breuillard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
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Encinas P, Rodriguez-Arias JL, Pérez LML, Cortizo D, Gutierrez E. Ambient temperature modulates body weight changes in patients with advanced oncological diseases and anorexia cachexia syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:1451-1459. [PMID: 37400741 PMCID: PMC10432328 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of ambient temperature (AT) on the evolution of bodyweight in patients with heterogeneous types of cancer in advanced stages of the disease (stages III and IV) and anorexia- cachexia syndrome (ACS). METHODS A prospective naturalistic multicenter study of patients undergoing oncological treatment at four hospitals during a three-year period (2017-2020) in the Autonomous Community of Extremadura in southwestern Spain with a continentalized Mediterranean climate of mild and relatively rainy winters, and particularly hot and sunny summers. Bodyweight changes were obtained from the medical records of 84 oncological patients (59 men and 25 women, age range 37-91 yrs). Mean monthly AT was used to examine the association of weight changes across cold and warm bimesters -BIMs (December and January, vs. July and August), Trimesters -TRIMs (July to September vs. December to February), and Semesters -SEMs (May to October vs. November to April). Weight changes between two consecutive weight measures were categorized as weight gain, weight loss, or no weight change. Differences across cold and warm seasons were analysed using parametric (ANOVA), and nonparametric statistics (Chi-square and binomial z tests). An alpha-rate of 0.05 was used for all analyses. RESULTS A weight loss trend was observed during BIMs cold periods in comparison to warm ones (p 0.04). However, differences in average bodyweight were not significant. The negative impact of cold periods was more marked in men than in women, (p = 0.05; p = 0.03, for cold vs. warm BIMs and TRIMs, respectively). In contrast, significantly higher weight gain percentages were found in women during warm TRIMs and SEMs (p = 0.03, and p = 0.01, respectively). As for the number of patients dying during the study (N = 56; 39 men, 17 women), there were a significant interaction between temperature (cold/warm), and mean weight F (1, 499) = 6.06, p = 0.01, which revealed a pattern of weight loss in the cold semester as opposed to weight gain during the warm SEM months. CONCLUSIONS AT temperature modulated body weight changes in patients with advanced oncological disease and ACS. Two main limitations of the study were the absence of information on diets as a moderating factor of weight loss/gain, and the lack of the patients' weight measurements closest to the date of diagnosis prior to admittance to the study. As for the practical implications, it remains to be seen whether an adjunctive heat supply will serve a buffering effect on weight loss during colder seasons for patients with advanced cancer and ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Encinas
- Departamento de Psicología y Antropología. Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rodriguez-Arias
- Servicio de Salud Mental. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (C.H.U.A.C.), Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Luengo Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Daniel Cortizo
- Unidad Venres Clínicos, Servicio de Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Emilio Gutierrez
- Unidad Venres Clínicos, Servicio de Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain.
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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12
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Blum D, Vagnildhaug OM, Stene GB, Maddocks M, Sørensen J, Laird BJA, Prado CM, Skeidsvoll Solheim T, Arends J, Hopkinson J, Jones CA, Schlögl M. Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Cachexia. J Palliat Med 2023; 26:1133-1138. [PMID: 36723498 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2022.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that is common in cancer and chronic disease. It is often underdiagnosed and therefore goes untreated or undertreated. Cachexia causes suffering across biopsychosocial domains and affects patients and their loved ones. In this article, a group of clinicians and researchers across cancer care, nutrition, and exercise offers tips about assessment, classification, and management of cachexia, with attention to its stage. The required multimodal management of cachexia mirrors well the interprofessional collaboration that is the mainstay of interdisciplinary palliative care and attention to screening, diagnosis, and management of cachexia is critical to maximize patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blum
- Competence Center for Palliative Care, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, and University of Zurich UZH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ola Magne Vagnildhaug
- European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro Birgitte Stene
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthew Maddocks
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Barry J A Laird
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carla M Prado
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tora Skeidsvoll Solheim
- Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jann Arends
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jane Hopkinson
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Jones
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mathias Schlögl
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Clinic Barmelweid, Barmelweid, Switzerland
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13
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Caeiro L, Gandhay D, Anderson LJ, Garcia JM. A Review of Nutraceuticals in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3884. [PMID: 37568700 PMCID: PMC10417577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is largely characterized by muscle wasting and inflammation, leading to weight loss, functional impairment, poor quality of life (QOL), and reduced survival. The main barrier to therapeutic development is a lack of efficacy for improving clinically relevant outcomes, such as physical function or QOL, yet most nutraceutical studies focus on body weight. This review describes clinical and pre-clinical nutraceutical studies outside the context of complex nutritional and/or multimodal interventions, in the setting of cancer cachexia, in view of considerations for future clinical trial design. Clinical studies mostly utilized polyunsaturated fatty acids or amino acids/derivatives, and they primarily focused on body weight and, secondarily, on muscle mass and/or QOL. The few studies that measured physical function almost exclusively utilized handgrip strength with, predominantly, no time and/or group effect. Preclinical studies focused mainly on amino acids/derivatives and polyphenols, assessing body weight, muscle mass, and occasionally physical function. While this review does not provide sufficient evidence of the efficacy of nutraceuticals for cancer cachexia, more preclinical and adequately powered clinical studies are needed, and they should focus on clinically meaningful outcomes, including physical function and QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Caeiro
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA (L.J.A.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Devika Gandhay
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA (L.J.A.)
| | - Lindsey J. Anderson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA (L.J.A.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jose M. Garcia
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA (L.J.A.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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14
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Vinolo-Gil MJ, García-Campanario I, Estebanez-Pérez MJ, Pastora-Bernal JM, Rodríguez-Huguet M, Martín-Vega FJ. Blood Flow Restriction in Oncological Patients: Advantages and Safety Considerations. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2062. [PMID: 37510502 PMCID: PMC10379018 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, being a highly widespread disease on a global scale, has prompted researchers to explore innovative treatment approaches. In this regard, blood flow restriction has emerged as a promising procedure utilized in diverse clinical populations with favorable results including improvements in muscle strength, cardiovascular function, and postoperative recovery. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of blood flow restriction in cancer survivors. METHODS An investigation was carried out using various databases until February 2023: PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Plus, SPORTDiscus, Physiotherapy and Podiatry of the Complutense University of Madrid, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Research Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Literature Complete Journal Storage, and the gray literature. To assess the methodological quality of the studies, the PEDro scale was utilized, and the Cochrane Collaboration tool was employed to evaluate the risk of bias. RESULTS Five articles found that blood flow restriction was beneficial in improving several factors, including quality of life, physical function, strength, and lean mass, and in reducing postoperative complications and the length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION Blood flow restriction can be a viable and effective treatment option. It is important to note that the caution with which one should interpret these results is due to the restricted quantity of articles and significant variation, and future research should concentrate on tailoring the application to individual patients, optimizing load progression, ensuring long-term follow-up, and enhancing the methodological rigor of studies, such as implementing sample blinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Vinolo-Gil
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (F.J.M.-V.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of Cádiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Rehabilitation Clinical Management Unit, Interlevels-Intercenters Hospital Puerta del Mar, Hospital Puerto Real, Cadiz Bay-La Janda Health District, 11006 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ismael García-Campanario
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Grupo PAIDI UCA CTS391, 11003 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - María-José Estebanez-Pérez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.-J.E.-P.); (J.-M.P.-B.)
| | - José-Manuel Pastora-Bernal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.-J.E.-P.); (J.-M.P.-B.)
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Huguet
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (F.J.M.-V.)
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15
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Creanga-Murariu I, Filipiuc LE, Cuciureanu M, Tamba BI, Alexa-Stratulat T. Should oncologists trust cannabinoids? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1211506. [PMID: 37521486 PMCID: PMC10373070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1211506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis enjoyed a "golden age" as a medicinal product in the late 19th, early 20th century, but the increased risk of overdose and abuse led to its criminalization. However, the 21st century have witnessed a resurgence of interest and a large body of literature regarding the benefits of cannabinoids have emerged. As legalization and decriminalization have spread around the world, cancer patients are increasingly interested in the potential utility of cannabinoids. Although eager to discuss cannabis use with their oncologist, patients often find them to be reluctant, mainly because clinicians are still not convinced by the existing evidence-based data to guide their treatment plans. Physicians should prescribe cannabis only if a careful explanation can be provided and follow up response evaluation ensured, making it mandatory for them to be up to date with the positive and also negative aspects of the cannabis in the case of cancer patients. Consequently, this article aims to bring some clarifications to clinicians regarding the sometimes-confusing various nomenclature under which this plant is mentioned, current legislation and the existing evidence (both preclinical and clinical) for the utility of cannabinoids in cancer patients, for either palliation of the associated symptoms or even the potential antitumor effects that cannabinoids may have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Creanga-Murariu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
- Oncology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Leontina Elena Filipiuc
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Magda Cuciureanu
- Pharmacology Department, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
- Pharmacology Department, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
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16
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Uchida Y, Nakano T, Hiyamuta H, Kitamura H, Taniguchi M, Ooboshi H, Tsuruya K, Kitazono T. Association between Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations and Risk of Cancer-Related Mortality in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: 10-Year Outcomes of the Q-Cohort Study. Blood Purif 2023; 52:694-701. [PMID: 37331339 DOI: 10.1159/000530846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer constitutes a major source of morbidity and mortality among people undergoing hemodialysis (HD). A systemic inflammatory response is associated with the incidence and prognosis of cancer in the general population. However, the effect of systemic inflammation on cancer-related mortality in patients undergoing HD remains unclear. METHODS We analyzed 3,139 patients registered in the Q-Cohort Study, which is a multicenter, observational cohort study of patients on hemodialysis in Japan. The primary outcome was cancer-related mortality during a 10-year follow-up. The covariate of interest was serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations at baseline. The patients were divided into tertiles based on their serum CRP concentrations at baseline (tertile [T] 1: ≤0.07; T2: 0.08-0.24; and T3: ≥0.25). The association between serum CRP concentrations and cancer-related mortality was calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazards model with non-cancer-related death as a competing risk. RESULTS During the 10-year follow-up, 216 patients died of cancer. In the multivariable analysis, the risk of cancer-related mortality in the highest tertile (T3) of serum CRP concentrations was significantly higher than that in the lowest tertile (T1) (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.68 [1.15-2.44]). This association remained consistent in the competing risk model, in which the subdistribution hazard ratio was 1.47 and the 95% confidence interval was 1.00-2.14 for T3 compared with T1. CONCLUSION Higher serum CRP concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cancer-related mortality in patients undergoing maintenance HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Uchida
- Division of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hiyamuta
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kitamura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Ooboshi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kadakia KC, Hamilton-Reeves JM, Baracos VE. Current Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Cachexia: A Pathophysiologic Approach. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2023; 43:e389942. [PMID: 37290034 PMCID: PMC11019847 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_389942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in our understanding of cancer cachexia has occurred in recent years. Despite these advances, no pharmacologic agent has achieved US Food and Drug Administration approval for this common and highly morbid syndrome. Fortunately, improved understanding of the molecular basis of cancer cachexia has led to novel targeted approaches that are in varying stages of drug development. This article reviews two major thematic areas that are driving these pharmacologic strategies, including those targeting signal mediators at the level of the CNS and skeletal muscle. Additionally, pharmacologic strategies are being tested in combination with targeted nutrients, nutrition therapy, and exercise to treat cancer cachexia. To this end, we highlight recently published and ongoing trials evaluating cancer cachexia therapies in these specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal C. Kadakia
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Supportive Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
| | - Jill M. Hamilton-Reeves
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Vickie E. Baracos
- Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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das Neves RX, Yamashita AS, Riccardi DMR, Köhn-Gaone J, Camargo RG, Neto NI, Caetano D, Gomes SP, Santos FH, Lima JDCC, Batista ML, Rosa-Neto JC, Martins De Alcântara PS, Maximiano LF, Otoch JP, Trinchieri G, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Seelaender M. Cachexia causes time-dependent activation of the inflammasome in the liver. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023. [PMID: 37177862 PMCID: PMC10401524 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a wasting syndrome associated with systemic inflammation and metabolic disruption. Detection of the early signs of the disease may contribute to the effective attenuation of associated symptoms. Despite playing a central role in the control of metabolism and inflammation, the liver has received little attention in cachexia. We previously described relevant disruption of metabolic pathways in the organ in an animal model of cachexia, and herein, we adopt the same model to investigate temporal onset of inflammation in the liver. The aim was thus to study inflammation in rodent liver in the well-characterized cachexia model of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and, in addition, to describe inflammatory alterations in the liver of one cachectic colon cancer patient, as compared to one control and one weight-stable cancer patient. METHODS Colon cancer patients (one weight stable [WSC] and one cachectic [CC]) and one patient undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis (control, n = 1) were enrolled in the study, after obtainment of fully informed consent. Eight-week-old male rats were subcutaneously inoculated with a Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cell suspension (2 × 107 cells in 1.0 mL; tumour-bearing [T]; or phosphate-buffered saline-controls [C]). The liver was excised on Days 0 (n = 5), 7 (n = 5) and 14 (n = 5) after tumour cell injection. RESULTS In rodent cachexia, we found progressively higher numbers of CD68+ myeloid cells in the liver along cancer-cachexia development. Similar findings are described for CC, whose liver showed infiltration of the same cell type, compared with both WSC and control patient organs. In advanced rodent cachexia, hepatic phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase protein content and the inflammasome pathway protein expression were increased in relation to baseline (P < 0.05). These changes were accompanied by augmented expression of the active interleukin-1β (IL-1β) form (P < 0.05 for both circulating and hepatic content). CONCLUSIONS The results show that cancer cachexia is associated with an increase in the number of myeloid cells in rodent and human liver and with modulation of hepatic inflammasome pathway. The latter contributes to the aggravation of systemic inflammation, through increased release of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Xavier das Neves
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- LICI, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex S Yamashita
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela M R Riccardi
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Köhn-Gaone
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo-FMVZ/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo G Camargo
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelson I Neto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caetano
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio P Gomes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo-FMVZ/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe H Santos
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanna D C C Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Batista
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Martins De Alcântara
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Linda F Maximiano
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José P Otoch
- LICI, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- LICI, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- Liver Disease and Regeneration Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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MISIRLIOĞLU PE, KÖSE B. Kanserde Kaşeksi ve Beslenme. ARŞIV KAYNAK TARAMA DERGISI 2023. [DOI: 10.17827/aktd.1213292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cachexia results from different combinations of metabolic variables and decreased food intake, including increased energy expenditure, excessive catabolism, and inflammations. Anorexia, asthenia, sarcopenia and anemia are clinical features of cachexia, and are effective in reducing the quality of life. The prevalence of cachexia in cancer patients is estimated to be 35%. There are 2 factors that cause the development of cachexia in cancer. The first is the disruption of the anabolic process. All types of cachexia are associated with anorexia, decreased oral intake, lack of movement, and accompanying endocrine changes. Factors such as early satiety, taste and tissue disorders, pain, psychological reasons, gastrointestinal system disorders, dry mouth are factors that contribute to weight loss by reducing oral intake. Secondly, it is the catabolic process caused by the tumor-derived factors and metabolic changes. Enteral and parenteral nutrition support improves the patient's nutritional status by increasing appetite and energy intake. A multidisciplinary team effort is required in prevention of cancer cachexia. The purpose of this review is to interpret the role of nutrition in cancer cachexia.
Keywords: Cancer, cachexia, nutrition
ÖZET
Kaşeksi, artan enerji harcaması, aşırı katabolizma ve inflamasyonlar dahil olmak üzere, metabolik değişkenler ve azalan gıda alımının farklı kombinasyonları sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Anoreksiya, asteni, sarkopeni ve anemi kaşeksinin klinik özelliklerinden olup yaşam kalitesinin azalmasında etkili olmaktadır. Kanser hastalarında kaşeksi prevalansının %35 olduğu tahmin edilmektir. Kanserde kaşeksi gelişimine sebep olan 2 faktör bulunmaktadır; Birincisi anabolik sürecin bozulmasıdır. Bütün kaşeksi türlerinde anoreksiyle oral alımda azalma, hareket eksikliği ve eşlik eden endokrin değişimler mevcuttur. Erken doyma, tat ve doku rahatsızlıkları, ağrı, psikolojik sebepler, gastrointestinal sistem bozukluları, ağız kuruluğu gibi etmenler oral alımı azaltarak kilo kaybına katkı sağlayan faktörlerdir. İkinci olarak da tümör kaynaklı faktörler ve metabolik değişimlerin sebep olduğu katabolik süreçtir. Enteral ve parenteral beslenme desteği, iştah ve enerji alımında artış sağlayarak hastanın beslenme durumunda gelişme sağlamaktadır. Kanser kaşeksisinin önlenmesinde multidisipliner bir ekip çalışması gereklidir. Bu derlemenin amacı kanser kaşeksisinde beslenmenin rolünü yorumlamaktır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Kanser, kaşeksi, beslenme
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20
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Bagheri A, Asoudeh F, Rezaei S, Babaei M, Esmaillzadeh A. The Effect of Mediterranean Diet on Body Composition, Inflammatory Factors, and Nutritional Status in Patients with Cachexia Induced by Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Integr Cancer Ther 2023; 22:15347354231195322. [PMID: 37621140 PMCID: PMC10467242 DOI: 10.1177/15347354231195322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Along with high calorie and high protein diet, a new comprehensive dietary approach is needed to control cachexia caused by cancer and its related outcomes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of a Mediterranean diet on body composition, nutritional status, and inflammatory markers among cancer cachexia patients. METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, 46 patients with colorectal cancer-induced cachexia were included. After randomization, 23 patients were allocated to the intervention group (Mediterranean diet) and 23 to the control group (nutritional counseling for weight gain and prevention of weight loss in cancer patients). The primary outcome including muscle health, nutritional status, and inflammatory markers along with secondary outcomes such as quality of life, and serum proteins were evaluated at the start and the eighth week of the study. Statistical analysis was performed according to the intention-to-treat concept. To compare changes in dependent variables between the 2 groups, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. RESULTS After adjustment for the baseline values, age, sex, and supplements use, in the Mediterranean diet group mean of weight (P < .001), lean body mass (P = .001), fat mass (P = .002), and muscle strength (P < .001) were significantly increased compared to the control group. Regarding inflammatory markers, the mean serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (P < .001), high sensitive-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P = .01) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) (P < .001) were significantly improved in the Mediterranean diet group. Moreover, in the Mediterranean diet group, the score for global health status (P = .02) and physical performance score (P < .001) were significantly increased. CONCLUSION It appears that the implementation of the Mediterranean diet might be a strategy to improve nutritional status, quality of life, inflammatory markers, and body composition in patients with colorectal cancer cachexia. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir); ID: IRCT20211027052884N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Bagheri
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saied Rezaei
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Zarifi SH, Bagherniya M, Banach M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of cachexia. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2843-2857. [PMID: 36403384 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cachexia, a multifactorial and often irreversible wasting syndrome, is often associated with the final phase of several chronic disorders. Although cachexia is characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and adipose tissue loss, it is a syndrome affecting different organs, which ultimately results in systemic complications and impaired quality of life. The pathogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms of cachexia are not fully understood, and currently there are no effective standard treatments or approved drug therapies to completely reverse cachexia. Moreover, adequate nutritional interventions alone cannot significantly improve cachexia. Other approaches to ameliorate cachexia are urgently needed, and thus, the role of medicinal plants has received considerable importance in this respect due to their beneficial health properties. Increasing evidence indicates great potential of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals as an alternative and promising treatment strategy to reduce the symptoms of many diseases including cachexia. This article reviews the current status of cachexia, the molecular mechanisms of primary events driving cachexia, and state-of-the-art knowledge that reports the preventive and therapeutic activities of multiple families of phytochemical compounds and their pharmacological mode of action, which may hold promise as an alternative treatment modality for the management of cachexia. Based on our review of various in vitro and in vivo models of cachexia, we would conclude that phytochemicals may have therapeutic potential to attenuate cachexia, although clinical trials are required to unequivocally confirm this premise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudiyeh Hejri Zarifi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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22
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Wang Y, An Z, Lin D, Jin W. Targeting cancer cachexia: Molecular mechanisms and clinical study. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e164. [PMID: 36105371 PMCID: PMC9464063 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex systemic catabolism syndrome characterized by muscle wasting. It affects multiple distant organs and their crosstalk with cancer constitute cancer cachexia environment. During the occurrence and progression of cancer cachexia, interactions of aberrant organs with cancer cells or other organs in a cancer cachexia environment initiate a cascade of stress reactions and destroy multiple organs including the liver, heart, pancreas, intestine, brain, bone, and spleen in metabolism, neural, and immune homeostasis. The role of involved organs turned from inhibiting tumor growth into promoting cancer cachexia in cancer progression. In this review, we depicted the complicated relationship of cancer cachexia with the metabolism, neural, and immune homeostasis imbalance in multiple organs in a cancer cachexia environment and summarized the treatment progress in recent years. And we discussed the molecular mechanism and clinical study of cancer cachexia from the perspective of multiple organs metabolic, neurological, and immunological abnormalities. Updated understanding of cancer cachexia might facilitate the exploration of biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Fei Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Zi‐Yi An
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Dong‐Hai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wei‐Lin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center The First Hospital of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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23
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Pelgrim CE, van Ark I, van Berkum RE, Schuitemaker-Borneman AM, Flier I, Leusink-Muis T, Janbazacyabar H, Diks MAP, Gosker HR, Kelders MCJM, Langen RCJ, Schols AMWJ, Hageman RJJ, Braber S, Garssen J, Folkerts G, van Helvoort A, Kraneveld AD. Effects of a nutritional intervention on impaired behavior and cognitive function in an emphysematous murine model of COPD with endotoxin-induced lung inflammation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1010989. [PMID: 36466426 PMCID: PMC9714332 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1010989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One cluster of the extrapulmonary manifestations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is related to the brain, which includes anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Brain-related comorbidities are related to worsening of symptoms and increased mortality in COPD patients. In this study, a murine model of COPD was used to examine the effects of emphysema and repetitive pulmonary inflammatory events on systemic inflammatory outcomes and brain function. In addition, the effect of a dietary intervention on brain-related parameters was assessed. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to elastase or vehicle intratracheally (i.t.) once a week on three consecutive weeks. Two weeks after the final administration, mice were i.t. exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle for three times with a 10 day interval. A dietary intervention enriched with omega-3 PUFAs, prebiotic fibers, tryptophan and vitamin D was administered from the first LPS exposure onward. Behavior and cognitive function, the degree of emphysema and both pulmonary and systemic inflammation as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuroinflammation in the brain were assessed. A lower score in the cognitive test was observed in elastase-exposed mice. Mice exposed to elastase plus LPS showed less locomotion in the behavior test. The enriched diet seemed to reduce anxiety-like behavior over time and cognitive impairments associated with the presented COPD model, without affecting locomotion. In addition, the enriched diet restored the disbalance in splenic T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. There was a trend toward recovering elastase plus LPS-induced decreased expression of occludin in brain microvessels, a measure of BBB integrity, as well as improving expression levels of kynurenine pathway markers in the brain by the enriched diet. The findings of this study demonstrate brain-associated comorbidities - including cognitive and behavioral impairments - in this murine model for COPD. Although no changes in lung parameters were observed, exposure to the specific enriched diet in this model appeared to improve systemic immune disbalance, BBB integrity and derailed kynurenine pathway which may lead to reduction of anxiety-like behavior and improved cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Pelgrim
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronja E. van Berkum
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne M. Schuitemaker-Borneman
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Inge Flier
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hamed Janbazacyabar
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mara A. P. Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry R. Gosker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marco C. J. M. Kelders
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ramon C. J. Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie M. W. J. Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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In vitro chemotherapy-associated muscle toxicity is attenuated with nutritional support, while treatment efficacy is retained. Oncotarget 2022; 13:1094-1108. [PMID: 36242541 PMCID: PMC9564364 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Muscle-wasting and treatment-related toxicities negatively impact prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Specific nutritional composition might support skeletal muscle and enhance treatment support. In this in vitro study we assess the effect of nutrients EPA, DHA, L-leucine and vitamin D3, as single nutrients or in combination on chemotherapy-treated C2C12-myotubes, and specific CRC-tumor cells. Materials and Methods: Using C2C12-myotubes, the effects of chemotherapy (oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin+5-fluorouracil and irinotecan) on protein synthesis, cell-viability, caspase-3/7-activity and LDH-activity were assessed. Addition of EPA, DHA, L-leucine and vitamin D3 and their combination (SNCi) were studied in presence of above chemotherapies. Tumor cell-viability was assessed in oxaliplatin-treated C26 and MC38 CRC cells, and in murine and patient-derived CRC-organoids. Results: While chemotherapy treatment of C2C12-myotubes decreased protein synthesis, cell-viability and increased caspase-3/7 and LDH-activity, SNCi showed improved protein synthesis and cell viability and lowered LDH activity. The nutrient combination SNCi showed a better overall performance compared to the single nutrients. Treatment response of tumor models was not significantly affected by addition of nutrients. Conclusions: This in vitro study shows protective effect with specific nutrition composition of C2C12-myotubes against chemotherapy toxicity, which is superior to the single nutrients, while treatment response of tumor cells remained.
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25
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Associations of Overall Survival with Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183800. [PMID: 36145174 PMCID: PMC9500973 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional assessment is critical in cancer care to maintain quality of life and improve survival. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) may be a practical tool to assess nutritional status and predict survival. This study aimed to examine survival using GNRI in advanced-stage pancreatic cancer (PC). The retrospective analysis used data of patients with stage III or IV PC. Inclusion criteria: age > 18 and hospital admission for at least three days at or following diagnosis between 2014 and 2017. Data collected: demographics, albumin levels, BMI and weight. Days between the first and last admission, median survival and GNRI scores calculated. Patients categorized into groups: any nutritional risk (GNRI ≤ 98) and no nutritional risk (GNRI > 98). 102 patients had a median survival of 87.5 days and mean GNRI of 98.7. Patients surviving longer than 90 days showed higher mean weight (p = 0.0128), albumin (p = 0.0002) and BMI (p = 0.0717) at the first admission. Mean survival days for patients at any nutritional risk were 110 days compared to 310 days for no nutritional risk (p = 0.0002). GNRI score at first admission after diagnosis is associated with survival. It is vital to monitor nutritional status using weight and albumin to promote increased survival from diagnosis.
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26
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Carotenoids in Palliative Care—Is There Any Benefit from Carotenoid Supplementation in the Adjuvant Treatment of Cancer-Related Symptoms? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153183. [PMID: 35956359 PMCID: PMC9370407 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are organic, liposoluble pigments found in nature, which are responsible for the characteristic colors of ripe tomatoes, carrots, peppers, and crustaceans, among others. Palliative care provided to patients with an incurable disease is aimed at improving the patient’s quality of life through appropriate treatment of symptoms accompanying the disease. Palliative care patients with burdensome symptoms related to advanced-stage cancers are especially interested in the use of natural dietary supplements and herbal remedies to reduce symptoms’ intensity and ameliorate the quality of life. Carotenoids seem to be a group of natural compounds with particularly promising properties in relieving symptoms, mainly due to their strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Moreover, carotenoids have been used in folk medicine to treat various diseases and alleviate the accompanying symptoms. In this narrative review, the authors decided to determine whether there is any scientific evidence supporting the rationale for carotenoid supplementation in advanced-stage cancer patients, with particular emphasis on the adjuvant treatment of cancer-related symptoms, such as neuropathic pain and cancer-related cachexia.
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Hanada K, Fukasawa K, Hiroki H, Imai S, Takayama K, Hirai H, Ohfusa R, Hayashi Y, Itoh F. Combination therapy of anamorelin with a myostatin inhibitor is advantageous for cancer cachexia in a mouse model. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3547-3557. [PMID: 35849084 PMCID: PMC9530881 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial disease that causes continuous skeletal muscle wasting. Thereby, it seems to be a key determinant of cancer‐related death. Although anamorelin, a ghrelin receptor agonist, has been approved in Japan for the treatment of cachexia, few medical treatments for cancer cachexia are currently available. Myostatin (MSTN)/growth differentiation factor 8, which belongs to the transforming growth factor‐β family, is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, and inhibition of MSTN signaling is expected to be a therapeutic target for muscle‐wasting diseases. Indeed, we have reported that peptide‐2, an MSTN‐inhibiting peptide from the MSTN prodomain, alleviates muscle wasting due to cancer cachexia. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic benefit of myostatin inhibitory D‐peptide‐35 (MID‐35), whose stability and activity were more improved than those of peptide‐2 in cancer cachexia model mice. The biologic effects of MID‐35 were better than those of peptide‐2. Intramuscular administration of MID‐35 effectively alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy in cachexia model mice, and the combination therapy of MID‐35 with anamorelin increased food intake and maximized grip strength, resulting in longer survival. Our results suggest that this combination might be a novel therapeutic tool to suppress muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shú Imai
- Laboratory of Stem cells Regulation
| | - Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Rina Ohfusa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Olaechea S, Gannavarapu BS, Alvarez C, Gilmore A, Sarver B, Xie D, Infante R, Iyengar P. Primary Tumor Fluorine‐18 Fluorodeoxydglucose (18F‐FDG) Is Associated With Cancer-Associated Weight Loss in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Portends Worse Survival. Front Oncol 2022; 12:900712. [PMID: 35814438 PMCID: PMC9263563 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.900712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the diagnostic potential of and associations between tumor 18F‐FDG uptake on PET imaging and cancer-associated weight loss. Methods 774 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with pre-treatment PET evaluated between 2006 and 2014 were identified. Using the international validated definition of cachexia, the presence of clinically significant pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss (WL) was retrospectively determined. Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVMax) of 18F‐FDG was recorded and dichotomized based on 3 experimental cutpoints for survival analyses. Each SUVMax cutpoint prioritized either survival differences, total cohort comparison sample sizes, or sample size by stage. Patient outcomes and associations between SUVMax and cancer-associated weight loss were assessed by multivariate, categorical, and survival analyses. Results Patients were found to have an increased likelihood of having WL at diagnosis associated with increasing primary tumor SUVMax after controlling for potentially confounding patient and tumor characteristics on multivariate logistic regression (OR 1.038; 95% CI: 1.012, 1.064; P=0.0037). After stratifying the cohort by WL and dichotomized SUVMax, both factors were found to be relevant in predicting survival outcomes when the alternative variable was constant. Of note, the most striking survival differences contributed by WL status occurred in high SUVMax groups, where the presence of WL predicted a median survival time detriment of up to 10 months, significant regardless of cutpoint determination method applied to categorize high SUVMax patients. SUVMax classification was found to be most consistently relevant in both WL and no WL groups. Conclusions The significant positive association between significant pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss and primary tumor SUVMax underscores increased glucose uptake as a component of catabolic tumor phenotypes. This substantiates 18F‐FDG PET analysis as a prospective tool for assessment of cancer-associated weight loss and corresponding survival outcomes. Furthermore, the survival differences observed between WL groups across multiple SUVMax classifications supports the importance of weight loss monitoring in oncologic workups. Weight loss in the setting of NSCLCs with higher metabolic activity as determined by 18F‐FDG PET signal should encourage more aggressive and earlier palliative care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Olaechea
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bhavani S. Gannavarapu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Christian Alvarez
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anne Gilmore
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brandon Sarver
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Donglu Xie
- Academic Information Systems, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rodney Infante
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
| | - Puneeth Iyengar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodney Infante, ; Puneeth Iyengar,
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Kleissl-Muir S, Rasmussen B, Owen A, Zinn C, Driscoll A. Low Carbohydrate Diets for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: A Hypothesis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:865489. [PMID: 35529461 PMCID: PMC9069235 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.865489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood glucose levels, insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia the key aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), contribute to the development of a certain form of cardiomyopathy. This cardiomyopathy, also known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DMCM), typically occurs in the absence of overt coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension or valvular disease. DMCM encompasses a variety of pathophysiological processes impacting the myocardium, hence increasing the risk for heart failure (HF) and significantly worsening outcomes in this population. Low fat (LF), calorie-restricted diets have been suggested as the preferred eating pattern for patients with HF. However, LF diets are naturally higher in carbohydrates (CHO). We argue that in an insulin resistant state, such as in DMCM, LF diets may worsen glycaemic control and promote further insulin resistance (IR), contributing to a physiological and functional decline in DMCM. We postulate that CHO restriction targeting hyperinsulinemia may be able to improve tissue and systemic IR. In recent years low carbohydrate diets (LC) including ketogenic diets (KD), have emerged as a safe and effective tool for the management of various clinical conditions such as T2DM and other metabolic disorders. CHO restriction achieves sustained glycaemic control, lower insulin levels and successfully reverses IR. In addition to this, its pleiotropic effects may present a metabolic stress defense and facilitate improvement to cardiac function in patients with HF. We therefore hypothesize that patients who adopt a LC diet may require less medications and experience improvements in HF-related symptom burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bodil Rasmussen
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The Centre for Quality and Patient Safety, Institute of Health Transformation -Western Health Partnership, Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark and Steno Diabetes Centre, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alice Owen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caryn Zinn
- Human Potential Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Driscoll
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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Tanaka K, Nakamura S, Narimatsu H. Nutritional Approach to Cancer Cachexia: A Proposal for Dietitians. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020345. [PMID: 35057531 PMCID: PMC8779386 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is one of the most common, related factors of malnutrition in cancer patients. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by persistent loss of skeletal muscle mass and fat mass, resulting in irreversible and progressive functional impairment. The skeletal muscle loss cannot be reversed by conventional nutritional support, and a combination of anti-inflammatory agents and other nutrients is recommended. In this review, we reviewed the effects of nutrients that are expected to combat muscle loss caused by cancer cachexia (eicosapentaenoic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine, and carnitine) to propose nutritional approaches that can be taken at present. Current evidence is based on the intake of nutrients as supplements; however, the long-term and continuous intake of nutrients as food has the potential to be useful for the body. Therefore, in addition to conventional nutritional support, we believe that it is important for the dietitian to work with the clinical team to first fully assess the patient’s condition and then to safely incorporate nutrients that are expected to have specific functions for cancer cachexia from foods and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotone Tanaka
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services 1-10-1 Heiseicho, Yokosuka-shi 238-0013, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention and Control Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.N.); (H.N.)
- Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 3-25-10 Research Gate Building 2-A, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroto Narimatsu
- Cancer Prevention and Control Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.N.); (H.N.)
- Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 3-25-10 Research Gate Building 2-A, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan
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Buqué A, Montrose DC, Galluzzi L. Emergent impact of lifestyle on tumor progression and response to therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 373:ix-xvii. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(22)00132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang L, Bu P. The two sides of creatine in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:380-390. [PMID: 34895811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a nitrogen-containing organic acid naturally existing in mammals. It can be converted into phosphocreatine to provide energy for muscle and nerve tissues. Creatine and its analog, cyclocreatine, have been considered cancer suppressive metabolites due to their effects on suppression of subcutaneous cancer growth. Recently, emerging studies have demonstrated the promoting effect of creatine on cancer metastasis. Orthotopic mouse models revealed that creatine promoted invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Thus, creatine possesses considerably complicated roles in cancer progression. In this review, we systematically summarized the role of creatine in tumor progression, which will call to caution when considering creatine supplementation to clinically treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Dewi YA, Fakhrizal A, Boesoirie SF, Saputri AH. Nutritional Status of Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignant tumor found in the otorhinolaryngology department of the head and neck. On the other hand, malnutrition is common problems among patients with cancer.
AIM: The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between NPC stage and nutritional status.
METHODS: Data were obtained retrospectively through medical records of NPC patients at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung and Santosa Hospital Bandung Kopo who were examined in the first examination between 2016 and 2020. Data collection included age, gender, NPC stage, and body mass index (BMI) of all patients. To analyze the association among variables, Mann–Whitney, Chi-square test with alternative Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Fisher’s exact for categorical data, and multivariate analysis with binary logistic regression were performed.
RESULTS: Patients who were included in this study found 554 people, mostly malnourished. There was a significant difference between the NPC stage and the level of malnutrition with p = 0.0001, but there was no significant difference between the NPC stage and age (p = 0.353), the NPC stage and gender (p = 0.074), BMI and age only (p = 0.194), early stage only (p =0.464), and late stage only (p = 0.368); BMI and gender in early and late stage (p = 0.411), early stage only (p = 0.583), and late stage only (p = 0.731).
CONCLUSION: At an advanced stage of NPC, the BMI value will be lower.
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Muthanandam S, Muthu J. Understanding Cachexia in Head and Neck Cancer. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2021; 8:527-538. [PMID: 34527782 PMCID: PMC8420913 DOI: 10.4103/apjon.apjon-2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major comorbidities of cancer and cancer therapy is posing a global health problem in cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia is now considered a multifactorial syndrome that presents with drastic loss of body weight, anorexia, asthenia, and anemia. Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients are at a greater risk for development and severity of cachexia syndrome as there is direct involvement of structures associated with nutritional intake. Yet, the scientific evidence, approach, and management of cachexia in HNCs are yet to be largely explored. The article aims to succinctly review the concepts of cancer cachexia with relevance to HNCs and summarizes the current findings from recent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaramakrishnan Muthanandam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Puducherry, India
| | - Jananni Muthu
- Department of Periodontology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Puducherry, India
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35
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Shaver AL, Noyes K, Ochs-Balcom HM, Wilding G, Ray AD, Ma SJ, Farrugia M, Singh AK, Platek ME. A Retrospective Cohort Study of Myosteatosis and Quality of Life in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174283. [PMID: 34503093 PMCID: PMC8428350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Quality of life (QOL) is an important patient reported outcome that effects both care and life outside of treatment. There is a shortage of nontaxing ways to determine which patients may need enhanced care over the course of their therapy and beyond to help avoid long-term declines in QOL. Therefore, we investigated whether myosteatosis as determined through existing diagnostic imaging could be used to predict QOL trajectories. In this study, patients with pretreatment myosteatosis were more likely to have lower physical and global QOL scores than patients with normal muscle density. In conclusion, myosteatosis may be a way of determining patients in need of extra assistance over the course of treatment and afterwards. Abstract Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment-related morbidity can be detrimental to quality of life (QOL). Myosteatosis is associated with poor QOL in multiple cancers. If predictive of poor QOL trajectories, myosteatosis would be a tool for clinicians to determine which patients may require additional support during treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine if pretreatment myosteatosis is associated with a poor QOL trajectory following treatment completion. Methods: In a retrospective cohort design, myosteatosis was determined from pretreatment CT scans. Both physical and global QOL score was assessed through patient interview on follow-up appointment. Demographic, cancer-specific, and social covariates were collected, reported, and considered as potential confounders. Results: The population of 163 patients was mostly male (82.2%) and white (91.4%) with oropharyngeal cancer (55.8%). Males with myosteatosis had a physical QOL score 46.84 points lower at one-year following treatment completion (p = 0.01) than those with normal muscle density (p = 0.01). Males with myosteatosis averaged 57.57 points lower at one-year post-treatment (p = 0.01) in global QOL scores. Conclusions: Over one year following completion of treatment, patients with myosteatosis reported worse physical and global QOL scores than patients with normal muscle density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Shaver
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (K.N.); (H.M.O.-B.)
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.J.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.S.); (M.E.P.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Katia Noyes
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (K.N.); (H.M.O.-B.)
| | - Heather M. Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (K.N.); (H.M.O.-B.)
| | - Gregory Wilding
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Andrew D. Ray
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Sung Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.J.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.S.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Mark Farrugia
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.J.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.S.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Anurag K. Singh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.J.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.S.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Mary E. Platek
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.J.M.); (M.F.); (A.K.S.); (M.E.P.)
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Department of Dietetics, D’Youville College, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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The Utility of Body Composition Assessment in Nutrition and Clinical Practice: An Overview of Current Methodology. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082493. [PMID: 34444653 PMCID: PMC8399582 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition is a key component for maintaining good general health and longevity. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices. The assessment of body composition is an essential tool for nutrition specialists to effectively evaluate nutritional status and monitor progression during dietary interventions. As humans age, there is a natural increase in fat mass coupled with a gradual decline in lean mass, specifically in bone and muscle mass. Individuals with a high body fat percentage are at a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, several types of cancer, and early mortality. Significant decreases in bone mineral density signify osteopenia and osteoporosis, while reductions in skeletal muscle mass increase the risk of developing sarcopenia. Moreover, undernutrition exacerbates the effects of many medical conditions and is important to address. Though weight tracking and calculation of BMI are used commonly by clinicians and dietitians, these measures do not provide insight on the relative contributions of fat mass and fat-free mass or the changes in these compartments that may reflect disease risk. Therefore, it is important that healthcare professionals have a critical understanding of body composition assessment and the strengths and limitations of the methods available.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Myopathy: The Dark Side of the Cachexia Sphere. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143615. [PMID: 34298829 PMCID: PMC8304349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In addition to cancer-related factors, anti-cancer chemotherapy treatment can drive life-threatening body wasting in a syndrome known as cachexia. Emerging evidence has described the impact of several key chemotherapeutic agents on skeletal muscle in particular, and the mechanisms are gradually being unravelled. Despite this evidence, there remains very little research regarding therapeutic strategies to protect muscle during anti-cancer treatment and current global grand challenges focused on deciphering the cachexia conundrum fail to consider this aspect—chemotherapy-induced myopathy remains very much on the dark side of the cachexia sphere. This review explores the impact and mechanisms of, and current investigative strategies to protect against, chemotherapy-induced myopathy to illuminate this serious issue. Abstract Cancer cachexia is a debilitating multi-factorial wasting syndrome characterised by severe skeletal muscle wasting and dysfunction (i.e., myopathy). In the oncology setting, cachexia arises from synergistic insults from both cancer–host interactions and chemotherapy-related toxicity. The majority of studies have surrounded the cancer–host interaction side of cancer cachexia, often overlooking the capability of chemotherapy to induce cachectic myopathy. Accumulating evidence in experimental models of cachexia suggests that some chemotherapeutic agents rapidly induce cachectic myopathy, although the underlying mechanisms responsible vary between agents. Importantly, we highlight the capacity of specific chemotherapeutic agents to induce cachectic myopathy, as not all chemotherapies have been evaluated for cachexia-inducing properties—alone or in clinically compatible regimens. Furthermore, we discuss the experimental evidence surrounding therapeutic strategies that have been evaluated in chemotherapy-induced cachexia models, with particular focus on exercise interventions and adjuvant therapeutic candidates targeted at the mitochondria.
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Li B, Yang L. Creatine in T Cell Antitumor Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051633. [PMID: 34067957 PMCID: PMC8152274 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a broadly used dietary supplement that has been extensively studied for its benefit on the musculoskeletal system. Yet, there is limited knowledge regarding the metabolic regulation of creatine in cells beyond the muscle. New insights concerning various regulatory functions for creatine in other physiological systems are developing. Here, we highlight the latest advances in understanding creatine regulation of T cell antitumor immunity, a topic that has previously gained little attention in the creatine research field. Creatine has been identified as an important metabolic regulator conserving bioenergy to power CD8 T cell antitumor reactivity in a tumor microenvironment; creatine supplementation has been shown to enhance antitumor T cell immunity in multiple preclinical mouse tumor models and, importantly, to synergize with other cancer immunotherapy modalities, such as the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, to improve antitumor efficacy. The potential application of creatine supplementation for cancer immunotherapy and the relevant considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (L.Y.)
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Ziemons J, Smidt ML, Damink SO, Rensen SS. Gut microbiota and metabolic aspects of cancer cachexia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101508. [PMID: 33648847 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a metabolic syndrome characterized by unintended weight loss and muscle wasting. It has a strong negative impact on survival. Its underlying mechanisms involve systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, which are known to be influenced by the gut microbiota. Preclinical studies support a role for the gut microbiota in cancer cachexia by demonstrating that cachectic mice display: 1) various gut microbiota composition changes; 2) increased gut permeability and translocation of pro-inflammatory microbial compounds; 3) muscle atrophy-related processes linked to gut microbiota properties; 4) positive effects of microbiota-modulating interventions. Data on the relationships between gut microbiota, insulin resistance, and hepatic/adipose tissue metabolism in cachexia models are lacking. Nevertheless, the available data and existing evidence for the impact of gut microbiota on metabolic aberrations in human obesity urge for exploration of its role in human cancer cachexia. We provide practical recommendations and discuss the challenges for such future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ziemons
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein L Smidt
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Steven Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, Uniklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; NUTRIM - School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Zheng H, Pan Q, Zhu W, Li H, Niu Z, Fang Y, Li D, Lou H, Hu H, Shou J, Pan H. Novel Nutrition-Based Nomograms to Assess the Outcomes of Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Anlotinib or Apatinib. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628693. [PMID: 33763364 PMCID: PMC7982902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have indicated that the changes in body composition during treatment are prognostic in lung cancer. The question which follows is it may be too late to identify vulnerable patients after treatment and to improve outcomes for these patients. In our study, we sought to explore the alterations of body composition and weight before the outset of the antiangiogenic treatment and its role in predicting clinical response and outcomes. Methods In this retrospective study, 122 patients with advanced lung cancer treated with anlotinib or apatinib were analyzed. The changes in weight and body composition including skeletal muscle index (SMI), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) for 3 months before the outset of antiangiogenic treatment and other clinical characteristics were evaluated with LASSO Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis, which were applied to construct nomograms. The performance of the nomograms was validated internally by using bootstrap method with 1,000 resamples models and was assessed by the concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, decision curve analysis (DCA). Results The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 128 (95% CI 103.2–152.8) days and 292 (95% CI 270.9–313.1) days. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), brain metastases, the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), clinical response, therapeutic regimen, and ΔL1SMI per 90 days were significantly associated with PFS, while ECOG PS, GPS, clinical response, therapeutic regimen, ΔL1SMI per 90 days were identified for OS. The C-index for the nomograms of PFS and OS were 0.763 and 0.748, respectively. The calibration curves indicated excellent agreement between the predicted and actual survival outcomes of 3- and 4-month PFS and 7- and 8-month OS. DCA showed the considerable value of the model. Conclusion Nomograms were developed from clinical features and nutritional indicators to predict the probability of achieving 3-month and 4-month PFS and 7-month and 8-month OS with antiangiogenic therapy for advanced lung cancer. Dynamic changes in body composition before the initiation of treatment contributed to early detection of poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongsen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongfeng Niu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haizhou Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Shou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kasprzak A. The Role of Tumor Microenvironment Cells in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041565. [PMID: 33557173 PMCID: PMC7913937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome in patients with advanced cancer characterized by weight loss via skeletal-muscle and adipose-tissue atrophy, catabolic activity, and systemic inflammation. CC is correlated with functional impairment, reduced therapeutic responsiveness, and poor prognosis, and is a major cause of death in cancer patients. In colorectal cancer (CRC), cachexia affects around 50–61% of patients, but remains overlooked, understudied, and uncured. The mechanisms driving CC are not fully understood but are related, at least in part, to the local and systemic immune response to the tumor. Accumulating evidence demonstrates a significant role of tumor microenvironment (TME) cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts) in both cancer progression and tumor-induced cachexia, through the production of multiple procachectic factors. The most important role in CRC-associated cachexia is played by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), originally known as cachectin, Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and certain chemokines (e.g., IL-8). Heterogeneous CRC cells themselves also produce numerous cytokines (including chemokines), as well as novel factors called “cachexokines”. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress and fibrosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of TME cellular components in CRC-associated cachexia, as well as discusses the potential role of selected mediators secreted by colorectal cancer cells in cooperation with tumor-associated immune and non-immune cells of tumor microenvironment in inducing or potentiating cancer cachexia. This knowledge serves to aid the understanding of the mechanisms of this process, as well as prevent its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
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