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Liszewski J, Klingelhutz A, Sander EA, Ankrum J. Development and analysis of scaffold-free adipose spheroids. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2347215. [PMID: 38864486 PMCID: PMC11174133 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2347215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in metabolic syndrome, autoimmune diseases, and many cancers. Because of adipose's role in so many aspects of human health, there is a critical need for in vitro models that replicate adipose architecture and function. Traditional monolayer models, despite their convenience, are limited, showing heterogeneity and functional differences compared to 3D models. While monolayer cultures struggle with detachment and inefficient differentiation, healthy adipocytes in 3D culture accumulate large lipid droplets, secrete adiponectin, and produce low levels of inflammatory cytokines. The shift from monolayer models to more complex 3D models aims to better replicate the physiology of healthy adipose tissue in culture. This study introduces a simple and accessible protocol for generating adipose organoids using a scaffold-free spheroid model. The method, utilizing either 96-well spheroid plates or agarose micromolds, demonstrates increased throughput, uniformity, and ease of handling compared to previous techniques. This protocol allows for diverse applications, including drug testing, toxin screening, tissue engineering, and co-culturing. The choice between the two methods depends on the experimental goals, with the 96-well plate providing individualized control and the micromold offering scale advantages. The outlined protocol covers isolation, expansion, and characterization of stromal vascular fraction cells, followed by detailed steps for spheroid formation and optional downstream analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Liszewski
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Edward A. Sander
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James Ankrum
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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DeBari MK, Johnston EK, Scott JV, Ilzuka E, Sun W, Webster-Wood VA, Abbott RD. A Preliminary Study on Factors That Drive Patient Variability in Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues. Cells 2024; 13:1240. [PMID: 39120271 PMCID: PMC11311805 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic regulatory organ that has profound effects on the overall health of patients. Unfortunately, inconsistencies in human adipose tissues are extensive and multifactorial, including large variability in cellular sizes, lipid content, inflammation, extracellular matrix components, mechanics, and cytokines secreted. Given the high human variability, and since much of what is known about adipose tissue is from animal models, we sought to establish correlations and patterns between biological, mechanical, and epidemiological properties of human adipose tissues. To do this, twenty-six independent variables were cataloged for twenty patients, which included patient demographics and factors that drive health, obesity, and fibrosis. A factorial analysis for mixed data (FAMD) was used to analyze patterns in the dataset (with BMI > 25), and a correlation matrix was used to identify interactions between quantitative variables. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and actin alpha 2, smooth muscle (ACTA2) gene expression were the highest loadings in the first two dimensions of the FAMD. The number of adipocytes was also a key driver of patient-related differences, where a decrease in the density of adipocytes was associated with aging. Aging was also correlated with a decrease in overall lipid percentage of subcutaneous tissue, with lipid deposition being favored extracellularly, an increase in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), and an increase in M1 macrophage polarization. An important finding was that self-identified race contributed to variance between patients in this study, where Black patients had significantly lower gene expression levels of TGFβ1 and ACTA2. This finding supports the urgent need to account for patient ancestry in biomedical research to develop better therapeutic strategies for all patients. Another important finding was that TGFβ induced factor homeobox 1 (TGIF1), an understudied signaling molecule, which is highly correlated with leptin signaling, was correlated with metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, this study draws attention to what we define as "extracellular lipid droplets", which were consistently found in collagen-rich regions of the obese adipose tissues evaluated here. Reduced levels of TGIF1 were correlated with higher numbers of extracellular lipid droplets and an inability to suppress fibrotic changes in adipose tissue. Finally, this study indicated that M1 and M2 macrophage markers were correlated with each other and leptin in patients with a BMI > 25. This finding supports growing evidence that macrophage polarization in obesity involves a complex, interconnecting network system rather than a full switch in activation patterns from M2 to M1 with increasing body mass. Overall, this study reinforces key findings in animal studies and identifies important areas for future research, where human and animal studies are divergent. Understanding key drivers of human patient variability is required to unravel the complex metabolic health of unique patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. DeBari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.K.D.); (E.K.J.); (J.V.S.); (E.I.); (V.A.W.-W.)
| | - Elizabeth K. Johnston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.K.D.); (E.K.J.); (J.V.S.); (E.I.); (V.A.W.-W.)
| | - Jacqueline V. Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.K.D.); (E.K.J.); (J.V.S.); (E.I.); (V.A.W.-W.)
| | - Erica Ilzuka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.K.D.); (E.K.J.); (J.V.S.); (E.I.); (V.A.W.-W.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Wenhuan Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Victoria A. Webster-Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.K.D.); (E.K.J.); (J.V.S.); (E.I.); (V.A.W.-W.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Rosalyn D. Abbott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.K.D.); (E.K.J.); (J.V.S.); (E.I.); (V.A.W.-W.)
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Liang Y, Kaushal D, Wilson RB. Cellular Senescence and Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7943. [PMID: 39063184 PMCID: PMC11276987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review explores the pathophysiology of obesity, cellular senescence, and exosome release. When exposed to excessive nutrients, adipocytes develop mitochondrial dysfunction and generate reactive oxygen species with DNA damage. This triggers adipocyte hypertrophy and hypoxia, inhibition of adiponectin secretion and adipogenesis, increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and maladaptive unfolded protein response, metaflammation, and polarization of macrophages. Such feed-forward cycles are not resolved by antioxidant systems, heat shock response pathways, or DNA repair mechanisms, resulting in transmissible cellular senescence via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling. Senescence can thus affect preadipocytes, mature adipocytes, tissue macrophages and lymphocytes, hepatocytes, vascular endothelium, pancreatic β cells, myocytes, hypothalamic nuclei, and renal podocytes. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype is closely related to visceral adipose tissue expansion and metaflammation; inhibition of SIRT-1, adiponectin, and autophagy; and increased release of exosomes, exosomal micro-RNAs, pro-inflammatory adipokines, and saturated free fatty acids. The resulting hypernefemia, insulin resistance, and diminished fatty acid β-oxidation lead to lipotoxicity and progressive obesity, metabolic syndrome, and physical and cognitive functional decline. Weight cycling is related to continuing immunosenescence and exposure to palmitate. Cellular senescence, exosome release, and the transmissible senescence-associated secretory phenotype contribute to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Targeted therapies have interrelated and synergistic effects on cellular senescence, obesity, and premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Liang
- Bankstown Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Devesh Kaushal
- Campbelltown Hospital, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Robert Beaumont Wilson
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, High St., Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Habanjar O, Nehme R, Goncalves-Mendes N, Cueff G, Blavignac C, Aoun J, Decombat C, Auxenfans C, Diab-Assaf M, Caldefie-Chézet F, Delort L. The obese inflammatory microenvironment may promote breast DCIS progression. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384354. [PMID: 39072314 PMCID: PMC11272476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic cells confined within the mammary ducts, is distinctly isolated from the surrounding stroma by an almost uninterrupted layer of myoepithelial cells (MECs) and by the basement membrane. Heightened interactions within the adipose microenvironment, particularly in obese patients, may play a key role in the transition from DCIS to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which is attracting growing interest in scientific research. Adipose tissue undergoes metabolic changes in obesity, impacting adipokine secretion and promoting chronic inflammation. This study aimed to assess the interactions between DCIS, including in situ cancer cells and MECs, and the various components of its inflammatory adipose microenvironment (adipocytes and macrophages). Methods To this end, a 3D co-culture model was developed using bicellular bi-fluorescent DCIS-like tumoroids, adipose cells, and macrophages to investigate the influence of the inflammatory adipose microenvironment on DCIS progression. Results The 3D co-culture model demonstrated an inhibition of the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (BAX, BAG1, BCL2, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9), and an increase in genes related to cell survival (TP53, JUN, and TGFB1), inflammation (TNF-α, PTGS2, IL-6R), invasion and metastasis (TIMP1 and MMP-9) in cancer cells of the tumoroids under inflammatory conditions versus a non-inflammatory microenvironment. On the contrary, it confirmed the compromised functionality of MECs, resulting in the loss of their protective effects against cancer cells. Adipocytes from obese women showed a significant increase in the expression of all studied myofibroblast-associated genes (myoCAFs), such as FAP and α-SMA. In contrast, adipocytes from normal-weight women expressed markers of inflammatory fibroblast phenotypes (iCAF) characterized by a significant increase in the expression of LIF and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and CXCL-10. These changes also influenced macrophage polarization, leading to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. In contrast, myoCAF-associated adipocytes, and the cancer-promoting microenvironment polarized macrophages towards an M2 phenotype, characterized by high CD163 receptor expression and IL-10 and TGF-β secretion. Discussion Reciprocal interactions between the tumoroid and its microenvironment, particularly in obesity, led to transcriptomic changes in adipocytes and macrophages, may participate in breast cancer progression while disrupting the integrity of the MEC layer. These results underlined the importance of adipose tissue in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Habanjar
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rawan Nehme
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Gwendal Cueff
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christelle Blavignac
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre d’Imagerie Cellulaire Santé (CCIS), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jessy Aoun
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Céline Auxenfans
- Banque de tissus et de cellules, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Equipe Tumorigénèse Moléculaire et Pharmacologie Anticancéreuse, Faculté des Sciences II, Université libanaise Fanar, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Laetitia Delort
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Ahmad I, Gupta S, Faulkner P, Mullens D, Thomas M, Sytha SP, Ivanov I, Cai JJ, Heaps CL, Newell-Fugate AE. Single-nucleus transcriptomics of epicardial adipose tissue from female pigs reveals effects of exercise training on resident innate and adaptive immune cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:243. [PMID: 38671495 PMCID: PMC11046969 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death in women. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) secretes cytokines to modulate coronary artery function, and the release of fatty acids from EAT serves as a readily available energy source for cardiomyocytes. However, despite having beneficial functions, excessive amounts of EAT can cause the secretion of proinflammatory molecules that increase the instability of atherosclerotic plaques and contribute to CAD progression. Although exercise mitigates CAD, the mechanisms by which exercise impacts EAT are unknown. The Yucatan pig is an excellent translational model for the effects of exercise on cardiac function. Therefore, we sought to determine if chronic aerobic exercise promotes an anti-inflammatory microenvironment in EAT from female Yucatan pigs. METHODS Sexually mature, female Yucatan pigs (n = 7 total) were assigned to sedentary (Sed, n = 3) or exercise (Ex, n = 4) treatments, and coronary arteries were occluded (O) with an ameroid to mimic CAD or remained non-occluded (N). EAT was collected for bulk (n = 7 total) and single nucleus transcriptomic sequencing (n = 2 total, 1 per exercise treatment). RESULTS Based on the bulk transcriptomic analysis, exercise upregulated S100 family, G-protein coupled receptor, and CREB signaling in neurons canonical pathways in EAT. The top networks in EAT affected by exercise as measured by bulk RNA sequencing were SRC kinase family, fibroblast growth factor receptor, Jak-Stat, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Single nucleus transcriptomic analysis revealed that exercise increased the interaction between immune, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells in the insulin-like growth factor pathway and between endothelial and other cell types in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 pathway. Sub-clustering revealed nine cell types in EAT, with fibroblast and macrophage populations predominant in O-Ex EAT and T cell populations predominant in N-Ex EAT. Unlike the findings for exercise alone as a treatment, there were not increased interactions between endothelial and mesenchymal cells in O-Ex EAT. Coronary artery occlusion impacted the most genes in T cells and endothelial cells. Genes related to fatty acid metabolism were the most highly upregulated in non-immune cells from O-Ex EAT. Sub-clustering of endothelial cells revealed that N-Ex EAT separated from other treatments. CONCLUSIONS According to bulk transcriptomics, exercise upregulated pathways and networks related to growth factors and immune cell communication. Based on single nucleus transcriptomics, aerobic exercise increased cell-to-cell interaction amongst immune, mesenchymal, and endothelial cells in female EAT. Yet, exercise was minimally effective at reversing alterations in gene expression in endothelial and mesenchymal cells in EAT surrounding occluded arteries. These findings lay the foundation for future work focused on the impact of exercise on cell types in EAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shreyan Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Faulkner
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Destiny Mullens
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Micah Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sharanee P Sytha
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James J Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cristine L Heaps
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Annie E Newell-Fugate
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Peng C, Chen J, Wu R, Jiang H, Li J. Unraveling the complex roles of macrophages in obese adipose tissue: an overview. Front Med 2024; 18:205-236. [PMID: 38165533 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages, a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells, exhibit remarkable plasticity and play pivotal roles in coordinating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis within the context of metabolic diseases. The activation of inflammatory macrophages in obese adipose tissue leads to detrimental effects, inducing insulin resistance through increased inflammation, impaired thermogenesis, and adipose tissue fibrosis. Meanwhile, adipose tissue macrophages also play a beneficial role in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis by regulating angiogenesis, facilitating the clearance of dead adipocytes, and promoting mitochondrial transfer. Exploring the heterogeneity of macrophages in obese adipose tissue is crucial for unraveling the pathogenesis of obesity and holds significant potential for targeted therapeutic interventions. Recently, the dual effects and some potential regulatory mechanisms of macrophages in adipose tissue have been elucidated using single-cell technology. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the intricate activation mechanisms and diverse functions of macrophages in adipose tissue during obesity, as well as explore the potential of drug delivery systems targeting macrophages, aiming to enhance the understanding of current regulatory mechanisms that may be potentially targeted for treating obesity or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Makarenkov N, Haim Y, Yoel U, Pincu Y, Tarnovscki T, Liberty IF, Kukeev I, Baraf L, Dukhno O, Zilber O, Blüher M, Rudich A, Veksler-Lublinsky I. Circulating miRNAs Detect High vs Low Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Patients Living With Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:858-867. [PMID: 37713174 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The severity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation in individuals with obesity is thought to signify obesity subphenotype(s) associated with higher cardiometabolic risk. Yet, this tissue is not accessible for direct sampling in the nonsurgical patient. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that circulating miRNAs (circ-miRs) could serve as biomarkers to distinguish human obesity subgroups with high or low extent of VAT inflammation. METHODS Discovery and validation cohorts of patients living with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery (n = 35 and 51, respectively) were included. VAT inflammation was classified into low/high based on an expression score derived from the messenger RNA levels of TNFA, IL6, and CCL2 (determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Differentially expressed circ-miRs were identified, and their discriminative power to detect low/high VAT inflammation was assessed by receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) analysis. RESULTS Fifty three out of 263 circ-miRs (20%) were associated with high-VAT inflammation according to Mann-Whitney analysis in the discovery cohort. Of those, 12 (12/53 = 23%) were differentially expressed according to Deseq2, and 6 significantly discriminated between high- and low-VAT inflammation with ROC-AUC greater than 0.8. Of the resulting 5 circ-miRs that were differentially abundant in all 3 statistical approaches, 3 were unaffected by hemolysis and validated in an independent cohort. Circ-miRs 181b-5p, 1306-3p, and 3138 combined with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) exhibited ROC-AUC of 0.951 (95% CI, 0.865-1) and 0.808 (95% CI, 0.654-0.963) in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively, providing strong discriminative power between participants with low- vs high-VAT inflammation. Predicted target genes of these miRNAs are enriched in pathways of insulin and inflammatory signaling, circadian entrainment, and cellular senescence. CONCLUSION Circ-miRs that identify patients with low- vs high-VAT inflammation constitute a putative tool to improve personalized care of patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Makarenkov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
- Department of Software & Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Uri Yoel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
- Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Yair Pincu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Tanya Tarnovscki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Idit F Liberty
- Diabetes Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Ivan Kukeev
- Department of General Surgery B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Lior Baraf
- Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Oleg Dukhno
- Department of General Surgery B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Oleg Zilber
- Goldman Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Isana Veksler-Lublinsky
- Department of Software & Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
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Medina A, Bruno J, Alemán JO. Metabolic flux analysis in adipose tissue reprogramming. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2024; 6:e00039. [PMID: 38455681 PMCID: PMC10916752 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States and worldwide and is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, among other comorbidities. Understanding of the pathology that links overnutrition to these disease processes is ongoing. Adipose tissue is a heterogeneous organ comprised of multiple different cell types and it is likely that dysregulated metabolism within these cell populations disrupts both inter- and intracellular interactions and is a key driver of human disease. In recent years, metabolic flux analysis, which offers a precise quantification of metabolic pathway fluxes in biological systems, has emerged as a candidate strategy for uncovering the metabolic changes that stoke these disease processes. In this mini review, we discuss metabolic flux analysis as an experimental tool, with a specific emphasis on mass spectrometry with isotope tracing as this is the technique most frequently used for metabolic flux analysis in adipocytes. Furthermore, we examine existing literature that uses metabolic flux analysis to further our understanding of adipose tissue biology. Our group has a specific interest in understanding the role of white adipose tissue inflammation in the progression of cardiometabolic disease, as we know that in obesity the accumulation of pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages is associated with significant morbidity, so we use this as a paradigm throughout our review for framing the application of these experimental techniques. However, there are many other biological applications to which they can be applied to further understanding of not only adipose tissue biology but also systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Medina
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne Bruno
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - José O. Alemán
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Kuziel G, Moore BN, Haugstad GP, Xiong Y, Williams AE, Arendt LM. Alterations in the mammary gland and tumor microenvironment of formerly obese mice. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1183. [PMID: 38041006 PMCID: PMC10693119 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, and women with obesity that develop breast cancer have a worsened prognosis. Within the mammary gland, obesity causes chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation and adipose tissue fibrosis. Weight loss is a recommended intervention to resolve obesity, but the impact of weight loss on the mammary gland microenvironment and in tumors has not been well identified. METHODS To examine the effects of weight loss following obesity, mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity, then switched to a low-fat diet for 6 weeks. We examined changes in immune cells, including fibrocytes, which are myeloid lineage cells that have attributes of both macrophages and myofibroblasts, and collagen deposition within the mammary glands of non-tumor-bearing mice and within the tumors of mice that were transplanted with estrogen receptor alpha positive TC2 tumor cells. RESULTS In formerly obese mice, we observed reduced numbers of crown-like structures and fibrocytes in mammary glands, while collagen deposition was not resolved with weight loss. Following transplant of TC2 tumor cells into the mammary glands of lean, obese, and formerly obese mice, diminished collagen deposition and cancer-associated fibroblasts were observed in tumors from formerly obese mice compared to obese mice. Within tumors of obese mice, increased myeloid-derived suppressor cells and diminished CD8+ T cells were identified, while the microenvironment of tumors of formerly obese mice were more similar to tumors from lean mice. When TC2 tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34+ myeloid progenitor cells, which are the cells of origin for fibrocytes, and transplanted into mammary glands of lean and obese mice, collagen deposition within the tumors of both lean and obese was significantly greater than when tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34- monocytes or total CD45+ immune cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies demonstrate that weight loss resolved some of the microenvironmental conditions within the mammary gland that may contribute to tumor progression. Additionally, fibrocytes may contribute to early collagen deposition in mammary tumors of obese mice leading to the growth of desmoplastic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Brittney N Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Grace P Haugstad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Abbey E Williams
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lisa M Arendt
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive Rm 4354A, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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10
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Ahmad I, Gupta S, Faulkner P, Mullens D, Thomas M, Sytha SP, Ivanov I, Cai JJ, Heaps CL, Newell-Fugate AE. Single-nucleus transcriptomics of epicardial adipose tissue from females reveals exercise control of innate and adaptive immune cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565385. [PMID: 37961306 PMCID: PMC10635101 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death in women. Although exercise mitigates CAD, the mechanisms by which exercise impacts epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) are unknown. We hypothesized that exercise promotes an anti-inflammatory microenvironment in EAT from female pigs. Yucatan pigs (n=7) were assigned to sedentary (Sed) or exercise (Ex) treatments and coronary arteries were occluded (O) with an ameroid to mimic CAD or remained non-occluded (N). EAT was collected for bulk and single nucleus transcriptomic sequencing (snRNA-seq). Exercise upregulated G-protein coupled receptor, S100 family, and FAK pathways and downregulated the coagulation pathway. Exercise increased the interaction between immune, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells in the insulin-like growth factor pathway and between endothelial and other cell types in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 pathway. Sub-clustering revealed nine cell types in EAT with fibroblast and macrophage populations predominant in O-Ex EAT and T cell population predominant in N-Ex EAT. Coronary occlusion impacted the largest number of genes in T and endothelial cells. Genes related to fatty acid metabolism were the most highly upregulated in non-immune cells from O-Ex EAT. Sub-clustering of endothelial cells revealed that N-Ex EAT separated from other treatments. In conclusion, aerobic exercise increased interaction amongst immune and mesenchymal and endothelial cells in female EAT. Exercise was minimally effective at reversing alterations in gene expression in endothelial and mesenchymal cells in EAT surrounding occluded arteries. These findings lay the foundation for future work focused on the impact of exercise on cell types in EAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shreyan Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia Faulkner
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Destiny Mullens
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Micah Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sharanee P. Sytha
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - James J. Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cristine L. Heaps
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Annie E. Newell-Fugate
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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11
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Opstad TB, Papotti B, Åkra S, Hansen CH, Braathen B, Tønnessen T, Solheim S, Seljeflot I. Sirtuin1, not NAMPT, possesses anti-inflammatory effects in epicardial, pericardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue in patients with CHD. J Transl Med 2023; 21:644. [PMID: 37730614 PMCID: PMC10512577 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation in cardiac adipose tissue (AT) is associated with atherosclerosis. We investigated whether the epicardial-, pericardial and pre-sternal subcutaneous AT (EAT, PAT and SAT) expression of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) are involved in the inflammatory process in coronary heart disease (CHD), and potentially associated to nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related markers, macrophage polarization markers, cell markers and the cardiometabolic profile. METHODS In this cohort study performed between 2016 and 2018, EAT, PAT and SAT biopsies were retrieved from 52 CHD patients (77% men, median age 67) undergoing open-chest coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and 22 patients (50% men, median age 69) undergoing aortic valve replacement serving as controls. AT samples were snap-frozen at - 80 °C until RNA extraction and AT expression of actual markers, relatively quantified by PCR. Circulating SIRT1 and NAMPT were measured with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Non-parametric statistical tests were mainly used, including Friedman's test coupled to Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman Correlation. RESULTS SIRT1 and NAMPT levels were similar in CHD and controls. In CHD, SIRT1 and NAMPT were inter-correlated in all AT compartments (r = 0.37-0.56, p < 0.01, all), and differently expressed between compartments, with the highest expression in SAT, significantly different from EAT (p < 0.01, both). Circulating SIRT1 and NAMPT levels were inversely associated (r = - 0.32, p = 0.024). In EAT and SAT, SIRT1 expression was inversely associated with IL-18 (r = - 0.43 and r = - 0.38, p < 0.01, both), whereas NAMPT expression was positively associated with the NLRP3 inflammasome-related markers in all compartments (r = 0.37-0.55, p < 0.01, all). While SIRT1 and NAMPT correlated to nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), especially in SAT (r = 0.50-0.52, p ≤ 0.01, both), SIRT1 expression was related to endothelial cells, and NAMPT to macrophages. SIRT1 levels were correlated to weight and waist (r = 0.32 and r = 0.38, p < 0.03, both) and inversely to triglycerides and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (r = - 0.33-- 0.37, p < 0.03, all), the latter positively correlated to NAMPT concentration (r = 0.39, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION The study indicates that targeting SIRT1, with its anti-inflammatory properties, may be a novel anti-inflammatory strategy in preventing atherosclerosis and CHD progression. NAMPT may be an early player in AT inflammation, mediating/reflecting a pro-inflammatory state. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02760914, registered the 5th of February 2016, http://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT02760914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Baur Opstad
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University, Hospital Ullevål, Pb 4954 Nydalen, 240, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sissel Åkra
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University, Hospital Ullevål, Pb 4954 Nydalen, 240, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlotte Holst Hansen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University, Hospital Ullevål, Pb 4954 Nydalen, 240, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Braathen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University, Hospital Ullevål, Pb 4954 Nydalen, 240, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University, Hospital Ullevål, Pb 4954 Nydalen, 240, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Macklin M, Thompson C, Kawano-Dourado L, Bauer Ventura I, Weschenfelder C, Trostchansky A, Marcadenti A, Tighe RM. Linking Adiposity to Interstitial Lung Disease: The Role of the Dysfunctional Adipocyte and Inflammation. Cells 2023; 12:2206. [PMID: 37759429 PMCID: PMC10526202 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has functions beyond its principal functions in energy storage, including endocrine and immune functions. When faced with a surplus of energy, the functions of adipose tissue expand by mechanisms that can be both adaptive and detrimental. These detrimental adipose tissue functions can alter normal hormonal signaling and promote local and systemic inflammation with wide-ranging consequences. Although the mechanisms by which adipose tissue triggers metabolic dysfunction and local inflammation have been well described, little is known about the relationship between adiposity and the pathogenesis of chronic lung conditions, such as interstitial lung disease (ILD). In this review, we detail the conditions and mechanisms by which adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional and relate this dysfunction to inflammatory changes observed in various forms of ILD. Finally, we review the existing basic and clinical science literature linking adiposity to ILD, highlighting the need for additional research on the mechanisms of adipocyte-mediated inflammation in ILD and its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Macklin
- Section of Rheumatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Chelsea Thompson
- Section of Rheumatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Leticia Kawano-Dourado
- Hcor Research Institute (IP-Hcor), Hcor, São Paulo 04004-050, Brazil; (L.K.-D.); (A.M.)
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403-903, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Weschenfelder
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences (Cardiology), Cardiology Institute, University Foundation of Cardiology (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil;
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Aline Marcadenti
- Hcor Research Institute (IP-Hcor), Hcor, São Paulo 04004-050, Brazil; (L.K.-D.); (A.M.)
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences (Cardiology), Cardiology Institute, University Foundation of Cardiology (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (FSP-USP), São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
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13
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Park YJ, Gil TY, Jin BR, Cha YY, An HJ. Apocynin alleviates weight gain and obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3481-3494. [PMID: 37194916 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity involves chronic low-grade inflammation within adipose tissue. Apocynin (APO) is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether APO can reduce weight gain and obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were administered APO or orlistat (Orli) as a positive control with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for the in vitro study. Our results showed a significantly lower white adipose tissue (WAT) mass index in 10 mg/kg APO-treated mice than in 20 mg/kg Orli-treated mice. Moreover, the protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase, fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was reversed in the WAT of 10 mg/kg APO-treated mice. Furthermore, APO reduced the expression of the macrophage marker F4/80, decreased the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and increased the mRNA levels of interleukin-10 in WAT. APO decreased the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p65 in vivo and in vitro. Notably, APO had a stronger effect on the amelioration of adipose tissue inflammation than Orli did. Our findings lay the foundation for research on the use of APO as an agent to ameliorate weight gain and obesity-induced inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-Jin Park
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Gil
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Yeop Cha
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine of Korean Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Tomasello L, Pitrone M, Guarnotta V, Giordano C, Pizzolanti G. Irisin: A Possible Marker of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12082. [PMID: 37569456 PMCID: PMC10419191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) secretes pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines involved in AT homeostasis, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and irisin. The functionality of AT is based on a regulated equilibrium between adipogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We investigated the contributions of adipose progenitors (ASCs) and adipocytes (AMCs) to TNFα-induced ECM remodeling and a possible implication of irisin in AT impairment in obesity. ASCs and AMCs were exposed to TNFα treatment and nuclear factor-kappa (NF-kB) pathway was investigated: Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), Twist Family Transcription Factor 1 (TWIST-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression levels were analyzed. The proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -2 and -9 was analyzed by zymography, and the irisin protein content was measured by ELISA. In inflamed AMCs, a TIMP-1/TWIST-1 imbalance leads to a drop in PPARγ. Adipogenesis and lipid storage ability impairment come with local tissue remodeling due to MMP-9 overactivation. In vitro and ex vivo measurements confirm positive correlations among inflammation, adipose secreting irisin levels, and circulating irisin levels in patients with visceral obesity. Our findings identify the NF-kB downstream effectors as molecular initiators of AT dysfunction and suggest irisin as a possible AT damage and obesity predictive factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomasello
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Regenenerative Medicine “Aldo Galluzzo”, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (V.G.); (C.G.)
- Dipartimento Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Pitrone
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Regenenerative Medicine “Aldo Galluzzo”, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (V.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Valentina Guarnotta
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Regenenerative Medicine “Aldo Galluzzo”, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (V.G.); (C.G.)
- Dipartimento Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Regenenerative Medicine “Aldo Galluzzo”, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (V.G.); (C.G.)
- Dipartimento Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- ATeN Center—Advanced Technologies Network Center, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Regenenerative Medicine “Aldo Galluzzo”, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (V.G.); (C.G.)
- Dipartimento Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- ATeN Center—Advanced Technologies Network Center, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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15
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Avequin T, Lau KH, Waldhart AN, Guak H, Dykstra H, Krawczyk C, Wu N. Differential effects of sugar and fat on adipose tissue inflammation. iScience 2023; 26:107163. [PMID: 37456843 PMCID: PMC10338233 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals experience low grade inflammation initiated within their adipose tissue. However, the early events that lead to the release of these inflammatory factors from adipose tissue are poorly characterized. To separate glucose effects from lipid effects on adipose tissue, we used an adipose-specific TXNIP knockout model where excess basal glucose influx into adipocytes led to modest increase in adiposity without using high fat diet. We found an uncoupling of two events that are generally presumed to be coregulated: (1) an increase of adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) number; and (2) pro-inflammatory activation of ATMs. These two events are associated with different triggering signals: elevated free fatty acids output and extracellular matrix remodeling with increased ATM number, whereas decreased adiponectin level with activated ATM. This separation reflects non-overlapping pathways regulated by glucose and lipids in adipocytes, and neither group alone is sufficient to elicit the full inflammatory response in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kin H. Lau
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Hannah Guak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Ning Wu
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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16
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Kuziel G, Moore BN, Haugstad GP, Xiong Y, Williams AE, Arendt LM. Alterations in the Mammary Gland and Tumor Microenvironment of Formerly Obese Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.545000. [PMID: 37398468 PMCID: PMC10312750 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.545000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, and women with obesity that develop breast cancer have a worsened prognosis. Within the mammary gland, obesity causes chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation and adipose tissue fibrosis. To examine the impact of weight loss on the mammary microenvironment, mice were fed high-fat diet to induce obesity, then switched to a low-fat diet. In formerly obese mice, we observed reduced numbers of crown-like structures and fibrocytes in mammary glands, while collagen deposition was not resolved with weight loss. Following transplant of TC2 tumor cells into the mammary glands of lean, obese, and formerly obese mice, diminished collagen deposition and cancer-associated fibroblasts were observed in tumors from formerly obese mice compared to obese mice. When TC2 tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34+ myeloid progenitor cells, collagen deposition within the tumors was significantly greater compared to when tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34- monocytes, suggesting that fibrocytes contribute to early collagen deposition in mammary tumors of obese mice. Overall, these studies show that weight loss resolved some of the microenvironmental conditions within the mammary gland that may contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, U.S.A
| | - Brittney N. Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Grace P. Haugstad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Abbey E. Williams
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Lisa M. Arendt
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, U.S.A
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
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17
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Yadav U, Kumar N, Sarvottam K. Role of obesity related inflammation in pathogenesis of peripheral artery disease in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:175-188. [PMID: 37255816 PMCID: PMC10225462 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as one of the greatest global health challenges of twenty-first century. Visceral obesity is one of the most important determinant of insulin resistance (IR) as well as T2DM complications. Therefore this review focuses on the molecular mechanism of obesity induced inflammation, signaling pathways contributing to diabetes, as well as role of lifestyle interventions and medical therapies in the prevention and management of T2DM. Method Articles were searched on digital data base PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The key words used for search included Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, insulin resistance, vascular inflammation and peripheral arterial disease. Result Visceral obesity is associated with chronic low grade inflammation and activation of immune systems which are involved in pathogenesis of obesity related IR and T2DM. Conclusion Metabolic dysregulation of adipose tissue leads to local hypoxia, misfolded/unfolded protein response and increased circulating free fatty acids, which in turn initiate inflammatory signaling cascades in the population of infiltrating cells. Mechanism that relates the role of adipocytokines with insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis might throw a light on the development of therapeutic interventions and subsequently might result in the reduction of vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umashree Yadav
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Nilesh Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Kumar Sarvottam
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
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18
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Kuziel G, Moore BN, Arendt LM. Obesity and Fibrosis: Setting the Stage for Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112929. [PMID: 37296891 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a rising health concern and is linked to a worsened breast cancer prognosis. Tumor desmoplasia, which is characterized by elevated numbers of cancer-associated fibroblasts and the deposition of fibrillar collagens within the stroma, may contribute to the aggressive clinical behavior of breast cancer in obesity. A major component of the breast is adipose tissue, and fibrotic changes in adipose tissue due to obesity may contribute to breast cancer development and the biology of the resulting tumors. Adipose tissue fibrosis is a consequence of obesity that has multiple sources. Adipocytes and adipose-derived stromal cells secrete extracellular matrix composed of collagen family members and matricellular proteins that are altered by obesity. Adipose tissue also becomes a site of chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation. Macrophages exist as a diverse population within obese adipose tissue and mediate the development of fibrosis through the secretion of growth factors and matricellular proteins and interactions with other stromal cells. While weight loss is recommended to resolve obesity, the long-term effects of weight loss on adipose tissue fibrosis and inflammation within breast tissue are less clear. Increased fibrosis within breast tissue may increase the risk for tumor development as well as promote characteristics associated with tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brittney N Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lisa M Arendt
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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19
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Liang J, Sun C. ILC2s control obesity by regulating energy homeostasis and browning of white fat. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110272. [PMID: 37210911 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been a hot topic in recent research, they are widely distributed in vivo and play an important role in different tissues. The important role of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the conversion of white fat into beige fat has attracted widespread attention. Studies have shown that ILC2s regulate adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. This article reviews the types and functions of ILCs, focusing on the relationship between differentiation, development and function of ILC2s, and elaborates on the relationship between peripheral ILC2s and browning of white fat and body energy homeostasis. This has important implications for the future treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zunhai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Juntong Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Petito G, Cioffi F, Magnacca N, de Lange P, Senese R, Lanni A. Adipose Tissue Remodeling in Obesity: An Overview of the Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040572. [PMID: 37111329 PMCID: PMC10146771 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and obesity have become important health issues of epidemic proportions and are often the cause of related pathologies such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissues (ATs) are dynamic tissues that play crucial physiological roles in maintaining health and homeostasis. An ample body of evidence indicates that in some pathophysiological conditions, the aberrant remodeling of adipose tissue may provoke dysregulation in the production of various adipocytokines and metabolites, thus leading to disorders in metabolic organs. Thyroid hormones (THs) and some of their derivatives, such as 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2), exert numerous functions in a variety of tissues, including adipose tissues. It is known that they can improve serum lipid profiles and reduce fat accumulation. The thyroid hormone acts on the brown and/or white adipose tissues to induce uncoupled respiration through the induction of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to generate heat. Multitudinous investigations suggest that 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) induces the recruitment of brown adipocytes in white adipose depots, causing the activation of a process known as "browning". Moreover, in vivo studies on adipose tissues show that T2, in addition to activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, may further promote the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), and affect adipocyte morphology, tissue vascularization, and the adipose inflammatory state in rats receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). In this review, we summarize the mechanism by which THs and thyroid hormone derivatives mediate adipose tissue activity and remodeling, thus providing noteworthy perspectives on their efficacy as therapeutic agents to counteract such morbidities as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Petito
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Nunzia Magnacca
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Serrano E, Shenoy P, Martinez Cantarin MP. Adipose tissue metabolic changes in chronic kidney disease. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM (SURREY, ENGLAND)) 2023; 5:e00023. [PMID: 37128293 PMCID: PMC10144329 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex organ whose functions go beyond being an energy reservoir to sustain proper body energy homeostasis. Functioning as an endocrine organ, the adipose tissue has an active role in the body's metabolic balance regulation through several secreted factors generally termed as adipokines. Thus, adipose tissue dysregulation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) can have a deep impact in the pathophysiology of diseases associated with metabolic dysregulation including metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance (IR), atherosclerosis, and even cachexia. CKD is a progressive disorder linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Despite being characterized by renal function loss, CKD is accompanied by metabolic disturbances such as dyslipidemia, protein energy wasting, chronic low-grade inflammation, IR, and lipid redistribution. Thus far, the mechanisms by which these changes occur and the role of adipose tissue in CKD development and progression are unclear. Further understanding of how these factors develop could have implications for the management of CKD by helping identify pharmacological targets to improve CKD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico Serrano
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prashamsa Shenoy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Paula Martinez Cantarin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Maria Paula Martinez Cantarin, E-mail:
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Santillana N, Astudillo-Guerrero C, D’Espessailles A, Cruz G. White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Emergent Measurements. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071722. [PMID: 37049561 PMCID: PMC10096946 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction plays an important role in the development of cardiometabolic alterations associated with obesity. AT dysfunction is characterized by the loss of the expansion capacity of the AT, an increment in adipocyte hypertrophy, and changes in the secretion profile of adipose cells, associated with accumulation of macrophages and inflammation. Since not all people with an excess of adiposity develop comorbidities, it is necessary to find simple tools that can evidence AT dysfunction and allow the detection of those people with the potential to develop metabolic alterations. This review focuses on the current pathophysiological mechanisms of white AT dysfunction and emerging measurements to assess its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Santillana
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Camila Astudillo-Guerrero
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Amanda D’Espessailles
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
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Youssef ME, Yahya G, Popoviciu MS, Cavalu S, Abd-Eldayem MA, Saber S. Unlocking the Full Potential of SGLT2 Inhibitors: Expanding Applications beyond Glycemic Control. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076039. [PMID: 37047011 PMCID: PMC10094124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of diabetic patients has risen dramatically in recent decades, owing mostly to the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several oral antidiabetic medications are used for the treatment of T2DM including, α-glucosidases inhibitors, biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, GLP-1 receptor agonists, PPAR-γ agonists, DDP4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors. In this review we focus on the possible effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on different body systems. Beyond the diabetic state, SGLT2 inhibitors have revealed a demonstrable ability to ameliorate cardiac remodeling, enhance myocardial function, and lower heart failure mortality. Additionally, SGLT2 inhibitors can modify adipocytes and their production of cytokines, such as adipokines and adiponectin, which enhances insulin sensitivity and delays diabetes onset. On the other hand, SGLT2 inhibitors have been linked to decreased total hip bone mineral deposition and increased hip bone resorption in T2DM patients. More data are needed to evaluate the role of SGLT2 inhibitors on cancer. Finally, the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on neuroprotection appear to be both direct and indirect, according to scientific investigations utilizing various experimental models. SGLT2 inhibitors improve vascular tone, elasticity, and contractility by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin signaling pathways, and endothelial cell proliferation. They also improve brain function, synaptic plasticity, acetylcholinesterase activity, and reduce amyloid plaque formation, as well as regulation of the mTOR pathway in the brain, which reduces brain damage and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia 44519, Egypt
| | - Mihaela Simona Popoviciu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Marwa A Abd-Eldayem
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
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Calderón-DuPont D, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A. Is insulin resistance tissue-dependent and substrate-specific? The role of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Biochimie 2023; 204:48-68. [PMID: 36099940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) refers to a reduction in the ability of insulin to exert its metabolic effects in organs such as adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM), leading to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is the main cause of IR, however not all subjects with obesity develop clinical insulin resistance, and not all clinically insulin-resistant people have obesity. Recent evidence implies that IR onset is tissue-dependent (AT or SM) and/or substrate-specific (glucometabolic or lipometabolic). Therefore, the aims of the present review are 1) to describe the glucometabolic and lipometabolic activities of insulin in AT and SM in the maintenance of whole-body metabolic homeostasis, 2) to discuss the pathophysiology of substrate-specific IR in AT and SM, and 3) to highlight novel validated tests to assess tissue and substrate-specific IR that are easy to perform in clinical practice. In AT, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose availability for glycerol and fatty acid synthesis, thus decreasing the esterification and synthesis of signaling bioactive lipids. Lipometabolic IR in AT impairs the antilipolytic effect of insulin and lipogenesis, leading to an increase in circulating FFAs and generating lipotoxicity in peripheral tissues. In SM, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose uptake, whereas lipometabolic IR impairs mitochondrial lipid oxidation, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, all of which lead to metabolic inflexibility. Understanding tissue-dependent and substrate-specific IR is of paramount importance for early detection before clinical manifestations and for the development of more specific treatments or direct interventions to prevent chronic life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Calderón-DuPont
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional en Ciencias Médicas y Nutricíon Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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25
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Papotti B, Opstad TB, Åkra S, Tønnessen T, Braathen B, Hansen CH, Arnesen H, Solheim S, Seljeflot I, Ronda N. Macrophage polarization markers in subcutaneous, pericardial, and epicardial adipose tissue are altered in patients with coronary heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1055069. [PMID: 36937936 PMCID: PMC10017535 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1055069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epicardial and pericardial adipose tissue (EAT and PAT) surround and protect the heart, with EAT directly sharing the microcirculation with the myocardium, possibly presenting a distinct macrophage phenotype that might affect the inflammatory environment in coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aims to investigate the expression of genes in different AT compartments driving the polarization of AT macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory (L-Galectin 9; CD206) or pro-inflammatory (NOS2) phenotype. Methods EAT, PAT, and subcutaneous (SAT) biopsies were collected from 52 CHD patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, and from 22 CTRLs undergoing aortic valve replacement. L-Galectin9 (L-Gal9), CD206, and NOS2 AT gene expression and circulating levels were analyzed through RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results L-Gal9, CD206, and NOS2 gene expression was similar in all AT compartments in CHD and CTRLs, as were also L-Gal9 and CD206 circulating levels, while NOS2 serum levels were higher in CHD (p = 0.012 vs. CTRLs). In CTRLs, NOS2 expression was lower in EAT vs. SAT (p = 0.007), while in CHD patients CD206 expression was lower in both SAT and EAT as compared to PAT (p = 0.003, p = 0.006, respectively), suggestive of a possible macrophage reprogramming toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype in EAT. In CHD patients, NOS2 expression in SAT correlated to that in PAT and EAT (p = 0.007, both), CD206 expression correlated positively to L-Gal9 (p < 0.001) only in EAT, and CD206 expression associated with that of macrophage identifying markers in all AT compartments (p < 0.001, all). In CHD patients, subjects with LDL-C above 1.8 mmol/L showed significantly higher NOS2 expression in PAT and EAT as compared to subjects with LDL-C levels below (p < 0.05), possibly reflecting increased cardiac AT pro-inflammatory activation. In SAT and PAT, CD206 expression associated with BMI in both CHD and CTRLs (p < 0.05, all), and with L-Gal9 in EAT, however only in CTRLs (p = 0.002). Conclusion CHD seems to be accompanied by an altered cardiac, and especially epicardial AT macrophage polarization. This may represent an important pathophysiological mechanism and a promising field of therapy targeting the excessive AT inflammation, in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Papotti
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bianca Papotti,
| | - Trine Baur Opstad
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Åkra
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Braathen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlotte Holst Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Lopez-Jimenez F, Almahmeed W, Bays H, Cuevas A, Di Angelantonio E, le Roux CW, Sattar N, Sun MC, Wittert G, Pinto FJ, Wilding JPH. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: mechanistic insights and management strategies. A joint position paper by the World Heart Federation and World Obesity Federation. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:2218-2237. [PMID: 36007112 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing obesity epidemic represents a global public health crisis that contributes to poor health outcomes, reduced quality of life, and >2.8 million deaths each year. Obesity is relapsing, progressive, and heterogeneous. It is considered a chronic disease by the World Obesity Federation (WOF) and a chronic condition by the World Heart Federation (WHF). People living with overweight/obesity are at greater risk for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Increased adiposity (body fat), particularly visceral/abdominal fat, is linked to CV risk and CV disease (CVD) via multiple direct and indirect pathophysiological mechanisms. The development of CVD is driven, in part, by obesity-related metabolic, endocrinologic, immunologic, structural, humoral, haemodynamic, and functional alterations. The complex multifaceted nature of these mechanisms can be challenging to understand and address in clinical practice. People living with obesity and CVD often have concurrent chronic physical or psychological disorders (multimorbidity) requiring multidisciplinary care pathways and polypharmacy. Evidence indicates that intentional weight loss (particularly when substantial) lowers CVD risk among people with overweight/obesity. Long-term weight loss and maintenance require ongoing commitment from both the individual and those responsible for their care. This position paper, developed by the WOF and the WHF, aims to improve understanding of the direct and indirect links between overweight/obesity and CVD, the key controversies in this area and evidence relating to cardiometabolic outcomes with available weight management options. Finally, an action plan for clinicians provides recommendations to help in identifying and addressing the risks of obesity-related CVD (recognizing resource and support variances between countries).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wael Almahmeed
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Harold Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ada Cuevas
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Medicine and Nutrition (CAMMYN), School of Medicine University Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Science Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie Chan Sun
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
| | - Gary Wittert
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Fausto J Pinto
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Office of the President, World Heart Federation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John P H Wilding
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Clinical Sciences Centre, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Phenolic Compounds Known to Be Present in Lingonberry ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Enhance Macrophage Polarization towards the Anti-Inflammatory M2 Phenotype. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123045. [PMID: 36551801 PMCID: PMC9776286 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are pleiotropic immune cells whose phenotype can polarize towards the pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 direction as a response to environmental changes. In obesity, the number of macrophages in adipose tissue is enhanced, and they shift towards the M1 phenotype. Activated M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines involved in the development of systemic low-grade inflammation, complicating obesity. Polyphenols are widely found in the vegetable kingdom and have anti-inflammatory properties. We and others have recently found that lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) supplementation is able to prevent the development of low-grade inflammation and its metabolic consequences in experimentally induced obesity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of twelve phenolic compounds known to be present in lingonberry (resveratrol, piceid, quercetin, kaempferol, proanthocyanidins, delphinidin, cyanidin, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) on macrophage polarization, which is a meaningful mechanism determining the low-grade inflammation in obesity. Mouse J774 and human U937 macrophages and commercially available phenolic compounds were used in the studies. Three of the twelve compounds investigated showed an effect on macrophage polarization. Resveratrol, kaempferol, and proanthocyanidins enhanced anti-inflammatory M2-type activation, evidenced as increased expression of Arg-1 and MRC-1 in murine macrophages and CCL-17 and MRC-1 in human macrophages. Resveratrol and kaempferol also inhibited pro-inflammatory M1-type activation, shown as decreased expression of IL-6, NO, and MCP-1 in murine macrophages and TNF-α and IL-6 in human macrophages. In the further mechanistic studies, the effects of the three active compounds were investigated on two transcription factors important in M2 activation, namely on PPARγ and STAT6. Resveratrol and kaempferol were found to enhance PPARγ expression, while proanthocyanidins increased the phosphorylation of STAT6. The results suggest proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, and kaempferol as active constituents that may be responsible for the positive anti-inflammatory effects of lingonberry supplementation in obesity models. These data also extend the previous knowledge on the anti-inflammatory effects of lingonberry and encourage further studies to support the use of lingonberry and lingonberry-based products as a part of a healthy diet.
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Zuo L, Li J, Zhang X, Geng Z, Song X, Wang Y, Ge S, Shi R, Zhou Y, Ge Y, Wu R, Hu J. Aberrant Mesenteric Adipose Extracellular Matrix Remodelling is Involved in Adipocyte Dysfunction in Crohn's Disease: The Role of TLR-4-mediated Macrophages. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1762-1776. [PMID: 35708752 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypertrophic mesenteric adipose tissue [htMAT] is involved in the disease progression of Crohn's disease [CD] through expressing proinflammatory adipokines from dysfunctional adipocytes by unknown mechanism. Adipocyte function is affected by dynamic adipose tissue extracellular matrix [ECM] remodelling that is mainly mediated by macrophages, and our study aimed to reveal whether aberrant ECM remodelling was present in CD-htMAT and its effects on adipocyte dysfunction, as well as the mechanism. METHODS ECM remodelling was examined in MAT samples from CD patients and controls. Mice with dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid [DNBS]-induced colitis were used in vivo study, and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-induced remodelling behaviour in macrophages was examined in vitro. Macrophages or TLR4 inhibition were used to analyse ECM remodelling mechanisms and their effects on adipocyte function. RESULTS Aberrant ECM remodelling: was observed in CD-htMAT, which was characterised by a widened and deformed ECM structure accompanied by dysregulated matrix synthesis and degradation; served as a reservoir for inflammatory factors/cells dominated by macrophages; and was involved in adipocyte dysfunction. In addition, macrophages were the main source of ECM remodelling regulatory factors with activation of Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4] in htMAT. In vivo, macrophage depletion or TLR4 inhibition largely attenuated mesenteric ECM remodelling while improving mesenteric adipocyte dysfunction during chronic enteritis. In vitro, antagonizing TLR4 significantly inhibited LPS-induced macrophage ECM remodelling behavior. CONCLUSIONS The aberrant ECM remodelling in CD-htMAT contributed to mesenteric adipocyte dysfunction, which may be caused at least partly by TLR4-mediated macrophage remodelling behavior. Inhibiting ECM remodelling may be a potential therapeutic strategy for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lugen Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ruohan Shi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueqing Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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29
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Wang H, Xu S, Li D, Xie Z. Structural Characterization and Macrophage Polarization-Modulating Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide from Large Yellow Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12565-12576. [PMID: 36154025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel homogeneous polysaccharide (LYP-S3) that promotes the M2 polarization of macrophages was obtained from large yellow tea by a bioactivity-guided sequential isolation procedure and activity evaluation in the present study. Structural characterization revealed that LYP-S3 has an average molecular weight of 28.6 kDa and is composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid at the molar ratio of 8.08:11.66:11.77:3.96:58.02. The main backbone of LYP-S3 consists of →4)-α-d-GalpA-6-OMe-(1→, β-d-GalpA-(1→, →4)-β-d-Galp-(→1, and →β-d-Galp-(1→, and the branches are composed of α-l-Araf-(→1, →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →2,4)-β-l-Rhap-(1→, →2)-β-l-Rhap-(1→, and →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→. An in vitro bioactivity evaluation assay showed that LYP-S3 remarkably reduced the expression of M1 macrophage markers and increased the expression of M2 macrophage markers. In addition, LYP-S3 inhibited adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and blocked macrophage migration toward 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the cocultures of bone-marrow-derived monocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, LYP-S3 promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages in cocultures. These findings suggested that LYP-S3 has a potential function in preventing inflammation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Daxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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Factors of Obesity and Metabolically Healthy Obesity in Asia. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58091271. [PMID: 36143948 PMCID: PMC9500686 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The East Asian region (China, Japan, and South Korea) is comprised of almost 1.5 billion people and recent industrialization has brought with it a pandemic of rising obesity, even in children. As these countries are rapidly aging and functioning at sub-replacement birthrates, the burgeoning costs of obesity-related care may threaten socialized healthcare systems and quality of life. However, a condition called metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) has been found to be without immediate cardiopulmonary or diabetic risk. Thus, maintenance of the MHO condition for the obese in East Asia could buffer the burden of long-term obesity care on medical systems and knowledge of the biochemical, genetic, and physiological milieu associated with it could also provide new targets for intervention. Diverse physiological, psychological, environmental, and social factors play a role in obesogenesis and the transition of MHO to a metabolically unhealthy obesity. This review will give a broad survey of the various causes of obesity and MHO, with special emphasis on the East Asian population and studies from that region.
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He M, Wang D, Xu Y, Jiang F, Zheng J, Feng Y, Cao J, Zhou X. Nitric Oxide-Releasing Platforms for Treating Cardiovascular Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071345. [PMID: 35890241 PMCID: PMC9317153 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the first leading cause of death globally. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that mediates diverse processes in the cardiovascular system, thereby providing a fundamental basis for NO-based therapy of CVD. At present, numerous prodrugs have been developed to release NO in vivo. However, the clinical application of these prodrugs still faces many problems, including the low payloads, burst release, and non-controlled delivery. To address these, various biomaterial-based platforms have been developed as the carriers to deliver NO to the targeted tissues in a controlled and sustained manner. This review aims to summarize recent developments of various therapeutic platforms, engineered to release NO for the treatment of CVD. In addition, two potential strategies to improve the effectiveness of existing NO therapy are also discussed, including the combination of NO-releasing platforms and either hydrogen sulfide-based therapy or stem cell therapy. Hopefully, some NO-releasing platforms may provide important therapeutic benefits for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue He
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (M.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Deping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.W.); (F.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yumei Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (M.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Fangying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.W.); (F.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.W.); (F.J.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yanlin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.W.); (F.J.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (J.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.W.); (F.J.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (J.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (M.H.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.W.); (F.J.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (J.C.); (X.Z.)
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Țaranu I, Iancu M, Lazea C, Alkhzouz C, Răcătăianu N, Cătană CS, Mirea AM, Miclea D, Bolboacă SD, Drugan C. Evaluation of Circulating Chitotriosidase Activity in Children with Obesity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133634. [PMID: 35806923 PMCID: PMC9267881 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity progresses to metabolic disturbances via low-grade inflammation. Identifying novel molecules that reflect the activity of the immune responses is critical in understanding its underlying pathogenesis. Our exploratory study aimed to evaluate the change of chitotriosidase (CHIT1) plasma activity according to Body Mass Index (BMI)-for-age z score in pediatric patients. The study evaluated 68 children consisting of 47.1% girls with a mean age of 12.47 ± 3.71 years and 52.9% boys with a mean age of 11.93 ± 3.18 years. The effect of the most frequent CHIT1 gene variants, the 24 base pair duplication (dup24) and G102S polymorphism, upon the association between circulating CHIT1 activity and the obesity level, was also investigated. A significantly higher logCHIT1 plasma activity was found in children with extreme obesity than in children with overweight (p = 0.048 for the uncorrected CHIT1 and 0.026 for the corrected CHIT1). The BMI-for-age z score significantly (p = 0.031) predicts increased CHIT1 activity in children with overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity after controlling for the two gene variants, age, gender, and time since weight gain. Dup24 and G102S polymorphism were significant independent predictors (p-values < 0.002) for the change of CHIT1 plasma activity. Circulating CHIT1 might be an accurate indicator of inflammation in children with obesity. Its role and the effect of the dup24 and G102S variants on the CHIT1 activity should be validated in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Țaranu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Str., No. 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.Ț.); (M.I.); (S.D.B.)
- Pediatric Clinic 1, Emergency Pediatric Hospital, Calea Moților, No. 68, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Iancu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Str., No. 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.Ț.); (M.I.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Cecilia Lazea
- Pediatric Clinic 1, Emergency Pediatric Hospital, Calea Moților, No. 68, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department Mother and Child, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Calea Moților, No. 68, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744353764
| | - Camelia Alkhzouz
- Department Mother and Child, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Calea Moților, No. 68, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Nicoleta Răcătăianu
- Integrated Ambulatory of Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, Calea Moților, No. 19, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cristina-Sorina Cătană
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Louis Pasteur Str., No. 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-S.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Andreea-Manuela Mirea
- Pediatric Clinic 1, Emergency Pediatric Hospital, Calea Moților, No. 68, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Miclea
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Str., No. 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Sorana D. Bolboacă
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Str., No. 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.Ț.); (M.I.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Cristina Drugan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Louis Pasteur Str., No. 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-S.C.); (C.D.)
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Talley S, Bonomo R, Gavini C, Hatahet J, Gornick E, Cook T, Chun BJ, Kekenes-Huskey P, Aubert G, Campbell E, Mansuy-Aubert V. Monitoring of inflammation using novel biosensor mouse model reveals tissue- and sex-specific responses to Western diet. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049313. [PMID: 35466363 PMCID: PMC9235879 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic, and it is characterized by a state of low-grade systemic inflammation. A key component of inflammation is the activation of inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that form in response to danger signals and that lead to activation of caspase-1. Previous studies have found that a Westernized diet induces activation of inflammasomes and production of inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiota metabolites, including the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, have received increased attention as underlying some obesogenic features, but the mechanisms of action by which butyrate influences inflammation in obesity remain unclear. We engineered a caspase-1 reporter mouse model to measure spatiotemporal dynamics of inflammation in obese mice. Concurrent with increased capsase-1 activation in vivo, we detected stronger biosensor signal in white adipose and heart tissues of obese mice ex vivo and observed that a short-term butyrate treatment affected some, but not all, of the inflammatory responses induced by Western diet. Through characterization of inflammatory responses and computational analyses, we identified tissue- and sex-specific caspase-1 activation patterns and inflammatory phenotypes in obese mice, offering new mechanistic insights underlying the dynamics of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Talley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Raiza Bonomo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Chaitanya Gavini
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jomana Hatahet
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Emily Gornick
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Tyler Cook
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Byeong Jae Chun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Pete Kekenes-Huskey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Gregory Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Edward Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Rahman MM, Liu FF, Eckel SP, Sankaranarayanan I, Shafiei-Jahani P, Howard E, Baronikian L, Sattler F, Lurmann FW, Allayee H, Akbari O, McConnell R. Near-roadway air pollution, immune cells and adipokines among obese young adults. Environ Health 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35305663 PMCID: PMC8933931 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has been associated with metabolic disease and obesity. Adipokines are potential mediators of these effects, but studies of air pollution-adipokine relationships are inconclusive. Macrophage and T cells in adipose tissue (AT) and blood modulate inflammation; however, the role of immune cells in air pollution-induced dysregulation of adipokines has not been studied. We examined the association between air pollution exposure and circulating and AT adipokine concentrations, and whether these relationships were modified by macrophage and T cell numbers in the blood and AT. METHODS Fasting blood and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were collected from 30 overweight/obese 18-26 year-old volunteers. Flow cytometry was used to quantify T effector (Teff, inflammatory) and regulatory (Treg, anti-inflammatory) lymphocytes and M1 [inflammatory] and M2 [anti-inflammatory]) macrophage cell number. Serum and AT leptin and adiponectin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Exposure to near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) from freeway and non-freeway vehicular sources and to regional particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were estimated for the year prior to biopsy, based on participants' residential addresses. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between air pollution exposures and adipokines and to evaluate effect modification by immune cell counts. RESULTS An interquartile increase in non-freeway NRAP exposure during 1 year prior to biopsy was associated with higher leptin levels in both serum [31.7% (95% CI: 10.4, 52.9%)] and AT [19.4% (2.2, 36.6%)]. Non-freeway NRAP exposure effect estimates were greater among participants with greater than median Teff/Treg ratio and M1/M2 ratio in blood, and with greater M1 counts in AT. No adipokine associations with regional air pollutants were found. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that NRAP may increase serum leptin levels in obese young adults, and this association may be promoted in a pro-inflammatory immune cell environment in blood and AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafijur Rahman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Fei Fei Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lilit Baronikian
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fred Sattler
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
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Guerreiro VA, Carvalho D, Freitas P. Obesity, Adipose Tissue, and Inflammation Answered in Questions. J Obes 2022; 2022:2252516. [PMID: 35321537 PMCID: PMC8938152 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2252516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Obesity is a global health problem of epidemic proportions, which is characterized by increased adipose tissue (AT) mass and significant repercussions in different body apparati and systems. AT is a special connective tissue, which contains several types of cells, in addition to adipocytes, and is a highly active endocrine and immune organ, which directly modulates many processes, including energy balance, metabolism, and inflammation. Summary. In this paper, the authors list and attempt to answer in a brief and simple way several questions regarding the complex relationships between obesity, adipose tissue, and inflammation, with the objective to provide an easy way to understand the main changes that occur in this pathological state. The questions are the following: Is adipose tissue only made up of adipocytes? Are adipocytes just a reservoir of free fatty acids? Do different types of fatty tissue exist? If so, which types? Can we further subcategorize the types of adipose tissue? Is it possible to form new adipocytes during adulthood? What is the role of inflammation? What is the role of macrophages? Are macrophages central mediators of obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance? What causes macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue? What is the role of hypoxia in AT alterations? Is there cross talk between adipocytes and immune cells? What other changes occur in AT in obesity? Does metabolically healthy obesity really exist? Is this a benign condition? Key messages. Obesity is a complex disease with numerous metabolic consequences, which are mainly the result of dysfunction that occurs in the adipose tissue of patients with this pathology. Understanding the pathophysiology of AT and the changes that occur in obesity would contribute to a better approach to patients with obesity, with the inherent medical implications that could result from this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Guerreiro
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Paula Freitas
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
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Mechanism of protection from insulin resistance by toll-like receptor 2 deficiency in high-fat diet fed mice: involvement in macrophage polarization. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2591-2599. [PMID: 35034283 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) deficiency can increase insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance. However, it is not yet fully understood about its underlying mechanism. The regulation of M1/M2 macrophage polarization has been verified to involve in insulin resistance. Here, we evaluated whether the beneficial effect of TLR2 deficiency is mediated by TLR2-associated macrophage polarization in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type and TLR2 knockout (TLR2-/-) mice received HFD for two months. Following intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tests, peripheral monocytes were isolated, and in vitro induced for differentiation into M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. Macrophages polarization was evaluated using flow cytometry. The expression of macrophage polarization marker genes and cytokine production in visceral adipose tissue were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Compared to wild-type mice, TLR2-/- mice showed higher glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, along with significantly reduced the population of M1 and increased M2 count in vitro. Additionally, TLR2-/- mice demonstrated higher expression of M2 marker iNOS mRNA and interleukin-10 level in adipose tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that TLR2 knockout-mediated macrophages M2 polarization is a crucial factor for preventing against diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. These findings deepen our knowledge about the mechanism underlying HFD-induced insulin resistance.
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Altun I, Yan X, Ussar S. Immune Cell Regulation of White Adipose Progenitor Cell Fate. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:859044. [PMID: 35422761 PMCID: PMC9001836 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.859044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is essential for energy storage and endocrine regulation of metabolism. Imbalance in energy intake and expenditure result in obesity causing adipose tissue dysfunction. This alters cellular composition of the stromal cell populations and their function. Moreover, the individual cellular composition of each adipose tissue depot, regulated by environmental factors and genetics, determines the ability of the depots to expand and maintain its endocrine and storage function. Thus, stromal cells modulate adipocyte function and vice versa. In this mini-review we discuss heterogeneity in terms of composition and fate of adipose progenitor subtypes and their interactions with and regulation by different immune cell populations. Immune cells are the most diverse cell populations in adipose tissue and play essential roles in regulating adipose tissue function via interaction with adipocytes but also with adipocyte progenitors. We specifically discuss the role of macrophages, mast cells, innate lymphoid cells and T cells in the regulation of adipocyte progenitor proliferation, differentiation and lineage commitment. Understanding the factors and cellular interactions regulating preadipocyte expansion and fate decision will allow the identification of novel mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to promote healthy adipose tissue expansion without systemic metabolic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Altun
- Research Group Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xiaocheng Yan
- Research Group Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- Research Group Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Siegfried Ussar,
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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Abstract
Cell membrane fusion and multinucleation in macrophages are associated with physiologic homeostasis as well as disease. Osteoclasts are multinucleated macrophages that resorb bone through increased metabolic activity resulting from cell fusion. Fusion of macrophages also generates multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese individuals. For years, our knowledge of MGCs in WAT has been limited to their description as part of crown-like structures (CLS) surrounding damaged adipocytes. However, recent evidence indicates that these cells can phagocytose oversized lipid remnants, suggesting that, as in osteoclasts, cell fusion and multinucleation are required for specialized catabolic functions. We thus reason that WAT MGCs can be viewed as functionally analogous to osteoclasts and refer to them in this article as adipoclasts. We first review current knowledge on adipoclasts and their described functions. In view of recent advances in single cell genomics, we describe WAT macrophages from a ‘fusion perspective’ and speculate on the ontogeny of adipoclasts. Specifically, we highlight the role of CD9 and TREM2, two plasma membrane markers of lipid-associated macrophages in WAT, which have been previously described as regulators of fusion and multinucleation in osteoclasts and MGCs. Finally, we consider whether strategies aiming to target WAT macrophages can be more selectively directed against adipoclasts.
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Ma T, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Su H, Deng X, Liu X, Fan Y. Delivery of Nitric Oxide in the Cardiovascular System: Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212166. [PMID: 34830052 PMCID: PMC8625126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule in cardiovascular homeostasis and its abnormal delivery is highly associated with the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The assessment and manipulation of NO delivery is crucial to the diagnosis and therapy of CVD, such as endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic progression, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiovascular manifestations of coronavirus (COVID-19). However, due to the low concentration and fast reaction characteristics of NO in the cardiovascular system, clinical applications centered on NO delivery are challenging. In this tutorial review, we first summarized the methods to estimate the in vivo NO delivery process, based on computational modeling and flow-mediated dilation, to assess endothelial function and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque. Then, emerging bioimaging technologies that have the potential to experimentally measure arterial NO concentration were discussed, including Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical sensors. In addition to diagnostic methods, therapies aimed at controlling NO delivery to regulate CVD were reviewed, including the NO release platform to treat endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis and inhaled NO therapy to treat pulmonary hypertension and COVID-19. Two potential methods to improve the effectiveness of existing NO therapy were also discussed, including the combination of NO release platform and computational modeling, and stem cell therapy, which currently remains at the laboratory stage but has clinical potential for the treatment of CVD.
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On the Role of Paraoxonase-1 and Chemokine Ligand 2 (C-C motif) in Metabolic Alterations Linked to Inflammation and Disease. A 2021 Update. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070971. [PMID: 34356595 PMCID: PMC8301931 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious and many non-infectious diseases share common molecular mechanisms. Among them, oxidative stress and the subsequent inflammatory reaction are of particular note. Metabolic disorders induced by external agents, be they bacterial or viral pathogens, excessive calorie intake, poor-quality nutrients, or environmental factors produce an imbalance between the production of free radicals and endogenous antioxidant systems; the consequence being the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Oxidation and inflammation are closely related, and whether oxidative stress and inflammation represent the causes or consequences of cellular pathology, both produce metabolic alterations that influence the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we highlight two key molecules in the regulation of these processes: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). PON1 is an enzyme bound to high-density lipoproteins. It breaks down lipid peroxides in lipoproteins and cells, participates in the protection conferred by HDL against different infectious agents, and is considered part of the innate immune system. With PON1 deficiency, CCL2 production increases, inducing migration and infiltration of immune cells in target tissues and disturbing normal metabolic function. This disruption involves pathways controlling cellular homeostasis as well as metabolically-driven chronic inflammatory states. Hence, an understanding of these relationships would help improve treatments and, as well, identify new therapeutic targets.
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