1
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Epstein AL, Rabkin SD. Safety of non-replicative and oncolytic replication-selective HSV vectors. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00136-9. [PMID: 38886138 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a DNA virus and human pathogen used to construct promising therapeutic vectors. HSV-1 vectors fall into two classes: replication-selective oncolytic vectors for cancer therapy and defective non-replicative vectors for gene therapy. Vectors from each class can accommodate ≥30 kb of inserts, have been approved clinically, and demonstrate a relatively benign safety profile. Despite oncolytic HSV (oHSV) replication in tumors and elicited immune responses, the virus is well tolerated in cancer patients. Current non-replicative vectors elicit only limited immune responses. Seropositivity and immune responses against HSV-1 do not eliminate either the vector or infected cells, and the vectors can therefore be re-administered. In this review we highlight vectors that have been translated to the clinic and host-virus immune interactions that impact on the safety and efficacy of HSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Khushalani NI, Harrington KJ, Melcher A, Bommareddy PK, Zamarin D. Breaking the barriers in cancer care: The next generation of herpes simplex virus-based oncolytic immunotherapies for cancer treatment. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100729. [PMID: 37841530 PMCID: PMC10570124 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the US Food and Drug Administration first approved talimogene laherparepvec for the treatment of melanoma in 2015, the field of oncolytic immunotherapy (OI) has rapidly evolved. There are numerous ongoing clinical studies assessing the clinical activity of OIs across a wide range of tumor types. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor immune response has led to the development of OIs with improved immune-mediated preclinical efficacy. In this review, we discuss the key approaches for developing the next generation of herpes simplex virus-based OIs. Modifications to the viral genome and incorporation of transgenes to promote safety, tumor-selective replication, and immune stimulation are reviewed. We also review the advantages and disadvantages of intratumoral versus intravenous administration, summarize clinical evidence supporting the use of OIs as a strategy to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade, and consider emerging opportunities to improve OI efficacy in the combination setting.
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3
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Shyr CR, Liu LC, Chien HS, Huang CP. Immunotherapeutic Agents for Intratumoral Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1717. [PMID: 38006049 PMCID: PMC10674963 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using systemic immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has revolutionized cancer treatment, but it only benefits a subset of patients. Systemic immunotherapies cause severe autoimmune toxicities and cytokine storms. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) plus the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) have been linked to the inefficacy of systemic immunotherapy. Intratumoral immunotherapy that increases immunotherapeutic agent bioavailability inside tumors could enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies and reduce systemic toxicities. In preclinical and clinical studies, intratumoral administration of immunostimulatory agents from small molecules to xenogeneic cells has demonstrated antitumor effects not only on the injected tumors but also against noninjected lesions. Herein, we review and discuss the results of these approaches in preclinical models and clinical trials to build the landscape of intratumoral immunotherapeutic agents and we describe how they stimulate the body's immune system to trigger antitumor immunity as well as the challenges in clinical practice. Systemic and intratumoral combination immunotherapy would make the best use of the body's immune system to treat cancers. Combining precision medicine and immunotherapy in cancer treatment would treat both the mutated targets in tumors and the weakened body's immune system simultaneously, exerting maximum effects of the medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Rong Shyr
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (C.-R.S.); (H.-S.C.)
- eXCELL Biotherapeutics Inc., Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Lang-Chi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Shan Chien
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (C.-R.S.); (H.-S.C.)
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Department of Medicine, Urology Division, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
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4
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Palomäki J, Kalke K, Orpana J, Lund L, Frejborg F, Paavilainen H, Järveläinen H, Hukkanen V. Attenuated Replication-Competent Herpes Simplex Virus Expressing an ECM-Modifying Transgene Hyaluronan Synthase 2 of Naked Mole Rat in Oncolytic Gene Therapy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2657. [PMID: 38004669 PMCID: PMC10673056 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has proven successful in treating human cancer. Since the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015, HSV has been thoroughly researched to discover novel mechanisms to combat cancer and treat other diseases. Another HSV-based drug, beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), received approval in 2023 to treat the rare genetic disease dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and was also the first clinically approved HSV vector carrying an extracellular matrix (ECM)-modifying transgene. The ECM is a network of macromolecules surrounding cells, which provides support and regulates cell growth and differentiation, the disruption of which is common in cancer. The naked mole rat (NMR) has a thick ECM and a unique mutation in the hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene, which has been linked to the high cancer resistance of the species. To study the effect of this mutation in human cancer, we have developed an attenuated, replication-competent HSV vector expressing the NMR-HAS2 gene. The viral replication, transgene expression and cytotoxic effect of the novel vector was studied in glioma cells. Our results show that an attenuated, replication-competent HSV vector expressing a foreign ECM-modifying transgene, namely HAS2, provides an effective tool to study and combat cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Palomäki
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Kiira Kalke
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Julius Orpana
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Liisa Lund
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Fanny Frejborg
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Paavilainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Hospital District, Satasairaala Central Hospital, Sairaalantie 3, 28500 Pori, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
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5
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Brănişteanu DE, Porumb-Andrese E, Porumb V, Stărică A, Moraru AD, Nicolescu AC, Zemba M, Brănişteanu CI, Brănişteanu G, Brănişteanu DC. New Treatment Horizons in Uveal and Cutaneous Melanoma. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1666. [PMID: 37629523 PMCID: PMC10455832 DOI: 10.3390/life13081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a complex and heterogeneous malignant tumor with distinct genetic characteristics and therapeutic challenges in both cutaneous melanoma (CM) and uveal melanoma (UM). This review explores the underlying molecular features and genetic alterations in these melanoma subtypes, highlighting the importance of employing specific model systems tailored to their unique profiles for the development of targeted therapies. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in unraveling the molecular and genetic characteristics of CM and UM, leading to notable advancements in treatment options. Genetic mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway drive CM, while UM is characterized by mutations in genes like GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, EIF1AX, and SF3B1. Chromosomal aberrations, including monosomy 3 in UM and monosomy 10 in CM, play significant roles in tumorigenesis. Immune cell infiltration differs between CM and UM, impacting prognosis. Therapeutic advancements targeting these genetic alterations, including oncolytic viruses and immunotherapies, have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies. Oncolytic viruses selectively infect malignant cells, inducing oncolysis and activating antitumor immune responses. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is an FDA-approved oncolytic virus for CM treatment, and other oncolytic viruses, such as coxsackieviruses and HF-10, are being investigated. Furthermore, combining oncolytic viruses with immunotherapies, such as CAR-T cell therapy, holds great potential. Understanding the intrinsic molecular features of melanoma and their role in shaping novel therapeutic approaches provides insights into targeted interventions and paves the way for more effective treatments for CM and UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daciana Elena Brănişteanu
- Department of Medical Specialties (III)-Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Porumb-Andrese
- Department of Medical Specialties (III)-Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Vlad Porumb
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Military Emergency Clinical Hospital “Dr. Iacob Czihac”, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Andreea Dana Moraru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | | | - Mihail Zemba
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - George Brănişteanu
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.I.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Daniel Constantin Brănişteanu
- Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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6
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Kciuk M, Yahya EB, Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed M, Rashid S, Iqbal MO, Kontek R, Abdulsamad MA, Allaq AA. Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2721. [PMID: 37345057 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the current leading causes of death worldwide, despite the novel advances that have been made toward its treatment, it is still considered a major public health concern. Considering both the serious impact of cancer on public health and the significant side effects and complications of conventional therapeutic options, the current strategies towards targeted cancer therapy must be enhanced to avoid undesired toxicity. Cancer immunotherapy has become preferable among researchers in recent years compared to conventional therapeutic options, such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. The understanding of how to control immune checkpoints, develop therapeutic cancer vaccines, genetically modify immune cells as well as enhance the activation of antitumor immune response led to the development of novel cancer treatments. In this review, we address recent advances in cancer immunotherapy molecular mechanisms. Different immunotherapeutic approaches are critically discussed, focusing on the challenges, potential risks, and prospects involving their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Esam Bashir Yahya
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Omer Iqbal
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Muhanad A Abdulsamad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Sabratha University, Sabratha 00218, Libya
| | - Abdulmutalib A Allaq
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
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7
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Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Where Do We Stand in 2023? Viruses 2023; 15:v15030698. [PMID: 36992407 PMCID: PMC10059137 DOI: 10.3390/v15030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been used for a broad spectrum of gene therapy for both acute and chronic diseases. In the context of cancer gene therapy, viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, suicide and immunostimulatory genes, such as cytokines and chemokines, have been applied. Oncolytic viruses, which specifically replicate in and kill tumor cells, have provided tumor eradication, and even cure of cancers in animal models. In a broader meaning, vaccine development against infectious diseases and various cancers has been considered as a type of gene therapy. Especially in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines such as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S have demonstrated excellent safety and vaccine efficacy in clinical trials, leading to Emergency Use Authorization in many countries. Viral vectors have shown great promise in the treatment of chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, β-thalassemia, and sickle cell disease (SCD). Proof-of-concept has been established in preclinical studies in various animal models. Clinical gene therapy trials have confirmed good safety, tolerability, and therapeutic efficacy. Viral-based drugs have been approved for cancer, hematological, metabolic, neurological, and ophthalmological diseases as well as for vaccines. For example, the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, the oncolytic HSV T-VEC for melanoma, lentivirus-based treatment of ADA-SCID disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease have been approved for human use.
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8
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DePalo DK, Zager JS. Advances in Intralesional Therapy for Locoregionally Advanced and Metastatic Melanoma: Five Years of Progress. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051404. [PMID: 36900196 PMCID: PMC10000422 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Locoregionally advanced and metastatic melanoma are complex diagnoses with a variety of available treatment options. Intralesional therapy for melanoma has been under investigation for decades; however, it has advanced precipitously in recent years. In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), the only FDA-approved intralesional therapy for advanced melanoma. There has been significant progress since that time with other oncolytic viruses, toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, xanthene dyes, and immune checkpoint inhibitors all under investigation as intralesional agents. Further to this, there has been exploration of numerous combinations of intralesional therapies and systemic therapies as various lines of therapy. Several of these combinations have been abandoned due to their lack of efficacy or safety concerns. This manuscript presents the various types of intralesional therapies that have reached phase 2 or later clinical trials in the past 5 years, including their mechanism of action, therapeutic combinations under investigation, and published results. The intention is to provide an overview of the progress that has been made, discuss ongoing trials worth following, and share our opinions on opportunities for further advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K. DePalo
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Zager
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(813)-745-1085; Fax: +1-(813)-745-5725
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9
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Lundstrom K. Gene Therapy Cargoes Based on Viral Vector Delivery. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:111-134. [PMID: 36154608 DOI: 10.2174/1566523222666220921112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors have been proven useful in a broad spectrum of gene therapy applications due to their possibility to accommodate foreign genetic material for both local and systemic delivery. The wide range of viral vectors has enabled gene therapy applications for both acute and chronic diseases. Cancer gene therapy has been addressed by the delivery of viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, and suicide genes for the destruction of tumors. Delivery of immunostimulatory genes such as cytokines and chemokines has also been applied for cancer therapy. Moreover, oncolytic viruses specifically replicating in and killing tumor cells have been used as such for tumor eradication or in combination with tumor killing or immunostimulatory genes. In a broad meaning, vaccines against infectious diseases and various cancers can be considered gene therapy, which has been highly successful, not the least for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccines. Viral vector-based gene therapy has also demonstrated encouraging and promising results for chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia. Preclinical gene therapy studies in animal models have demonstrated proof-of-concept for a wide range of disease indications. Clinical evaluation of drugs and vaccines in humans has showed high safety levels, good tolerance, and therapeutic efficacy. Several gene therapy drugs such as the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, lentivirus-based treatment of SCID-X1 disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease, and adenovirus-based vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed.
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10
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Abdelmoneim M, Eissa IR, Aboalela MA, Naoe Y, Matsumura S, Sibal PA, Bustos-Villalobos I, Tanaka M, Kodera Y, Kasuya H. Metformin enhances the antitumor activity of oncolytic herpes simplex virus HF10 (canerpaturev) in a pancreatic cell cancer subcutaneous model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21570. [PMID: 36513720 PMCID: PMC9747797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising cancer immunotherapy, especially for cold tumors by inducing the direct lysis of cancer cells and initiation of potent antitumor response. Canerpaturev (C-REV) is an attenuated oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1, which demonstrated a potent antitumor effect in various preclinical models when used either alone or combined. Metformin is a commonly prescribed antidiabetic drug that demonstrated a potent immune modulator effect and antitumor response. We combined C-REV with metformin in a low immunogenic bilateral murine tumor model to enhance C-REV's antitumor efficacy. In vitro, metformin does not enhance the C-REV cell cytotoxic effect. However, in in vivo model, intratumoral administration of C-REV with the systemic administration of metformin led to synergistic antitumor effect on both sides of tumor and prolonged survival. Moreover, combination therapy increased the effector CD44+ CD8+ PD1- subset and decreased the proportion of terminally-differentiated CD103+ KLRG-1+ T-regulatory cells on both sides of tumor. Interestingly, combination therapy efficiently modulates conventional dendritic cells type-1 (cDC1) on tumors, and tumor-drained lymph nodes. Our findings suggest that combination of C-REV and metformin enhances systemic antitumor immunity. This study may provide insights into the mechanism of action of OV therapy plus metformin combination against various tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelmoneim
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.412258.80000 0000 9477 7793Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mona Alhussein Aboalela
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yoshinori Naoe
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsumura
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Patricia Angela Sibal
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itzel Bustos-Villalobos
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- grid.410820.fTakara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kasuya
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Medicine, Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Kuroda S, Miyagawa Y, Sukegawa M, Tomono T, Yamamoto M, Adachi K, Verlengia G, Goins WF, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC, Okada T. Evaluation of parameters for efficient purification and long-term storage of herpes simplex virus-based vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:132-143. [PMID: 35795777 PMCID: PMC9249677 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Replication competent oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors have been used extensively to treat solid tumors with promising results. However, highly defective HSV vectors will be needed for applications that require sustained therapeutic gene expression in the absence of vector-related toxicity or inflammation. These vectors require complementing cell lines for their manufacture, creating significant challenges to achieve high yields of infectious virus particles. We recently described an improved upstream process for the production of a non-cytotoxic HSV vector for gene therapy applications. Here, we sought to optimize the downstream conditions for purification and long-term storage of the same vector, JΔNI5. We compared different methods to remove cellular impurities and concentrate the vector by monitoring both physical and biological titers, resulting in the establishment of optimal conditions for vector production. To optimize the long-term storage parameters for non-cytotoxic HSV vectors, we evaluated vector stability at low temperature and sensitivity to freeze-thaw cycles. We report that suboptimal purification and storage methods resulted in loss of vector viability. Our results describe effective and reproducible protocols for purification and storage of HSV vectors for pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kuroda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sukegawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Tomono
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Majors in Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motoko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gianluca Verlengia
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - William F Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justus B Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Joseph C Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Takashi Okada
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Yun CO, Hong J, Yoon AR. Current clinical landscape of oncolytic viruses as novel cancer immunotherapeutic and recent preclinical advancements. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953410. [PMID: 36091031 PMCID: PMC9458317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been gaining attention in the pharmaceutical industry as a novel immunotherapeutic and therapeutic adjuvant due to their ability to induce and boost antitumor immunity through multiple mechanisms. First, intrinsic mechanisms of OVs that enable exploitation of the host immune system (e.g., evading immune detection) can nullify the immune escape mechanism of tumors. Second, many types of OVs have been shown to cause direct lysis of tumor cells, resulting in an induction of tumor-specific T cell response mediated by release of tumor-associated antigens and danger signal molecules. Third, armed OV-expressing immune stimulatory therapeutic genes could be highly expressed in tumor tissues to further improve antitumor immunity. Last, these OVs can inflame cold tumors and their microenvironment to be more immunologically favorable for other immunotherapeutics. Due to these unique characteristics, OVs have been tested as an adjuvant of choice in a variety of therapeutics. In light of these promising attributes of OVs in the immune-oncology field, the present review will examine OVs in clinical development and discuss various strategies that are being explored in preclinical stages for the next generation of OVs that are optimized for immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: A-Rum Yoon,
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Scanlan H, Coffman Z, Bettencourt J, Shipley T, Bramblett DE. Herpes simplex virus 1 as an oncolytic viral therapy for refractory cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940019. [PMID: 35965554 PMCID: PMC9364694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for efficacious and non-toxic cancer therapies is paramount. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are showing great promise and are introducing new possibilities in cancer treatment with their ability to selectively infect tumor cells and trigger antitumor immune responses. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) is a commonly selected OV candidate due to its large genome, relative safety profile, and ability to infect a variety of cell types. Talimogene laherparevec (T-VEC) is an HSV-1-derived OV variant and the first and only OV therapy currently approved for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review provides a concise description of HSV-1 as an OV candidate and the genomic organization of T-VEC. Furthermore, this review focuses on the advantages and limitations in the use of T-VEC compared to other HSV-1 OV variants currently in clinical trials. In addition, approaches for future directions of HSV-1 OVs as cancer therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayle Scanlan
- Rowan School of Medicine, RowanSOM-Jefferson Health-Virtua Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Zachary Coffman
- Monroe Clinic Rural Family Medicine Program, The University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Monroe, WI, United States
| | - Jeffrey Bettencourt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Timothy Shipley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, AZ, United States
| | - Debra E. Bramblett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
- *Correspondence: Debra E. Bramblett,
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The In Vitro Replication, Spread, and Oncolytic Potential of Finnish Circulating Strains of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061290. [PMID: 35746761 PMCID: PMC9230972 DOI: 10.3390/v14061290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the only FDA- and EMA- approved oncolytic virus, and accordingly, many potential oncolytic HSVs (oHSV) are in clinical development. The utilized oHSV parental strains are, however, mostly based on laboratory reference strains, which may possess a compromised cytolytic capacity in contrast to circulating strains of HSV-1. Here, we assess the phenotype of thirty-six circulating HSV-1 strains from Finland to uncover their potential as oHSV backbones. First, we determined their capacity for cell-to-cell versus extracellular spread, to find strains with replication profiles favorable for each application. Second, to unfold the differences, we studied the genetic diversity of two relevant viral glycoproteins (gB/UL27, gI/US7). Third, we examined the oncolytic potential of the strains in cells representing glioma, lymphoma, and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Our results suggest that the phenotype of a circulating isolate, including the oncolytic potential, is highly related to the host cell type. Nevertheless, we identified isolates with increased oncolytic potential in comparison with the reference viruses across many or all of the studied cancer cell types. Our research emphasizes the need for careful selection of the backbone virus in early vector design, and it highlights the potential of clinical isolates as backbones in oHSV development.
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Nisar M, Paracha RZ, Adil S, Qureshi SN, Janjua HA. An Extensive Review on Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Oncolytic Viruses Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875188. [PMID: 35686109 PMCID: PMC9171400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance and peculiar tumor microenvironment, which diminish or mitigate the effects of therapies, make pancreatic cancer one of the deadliest malignancies to manage and treat. Advanced immunotherapies are under consideration intending to ameliorate the overall patient survival rate in pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic viruses therapy is a new type of immunotherapy in which a virus after infecting and lysis the cancer cell induces/activates patients’ immune response by releasing tumor antigen in the blood. The current review covers the pathways and molecular ablation that take place in pancreatic cancer cells. It also unfolds the extensive preclinical and clinical trial studies of oncolytic viruses performed and/or undergoing to design an efficacious therapy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Adil
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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16
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Beyond Immunotherapy: Seizing the Momentum of Oncolytic Viruses in the Ideal Platform of Skin Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122873. [PMID: 35740539 PMCID: PMC9221332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are the most innovative and promising class of intratumoral immunotherapies. The broad immunogenic landscape of skin cancer, accessible to intralesional infusion and available for direct response assessment, seems to be an ideal platform to expand the role of OVs. The established efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in this field and their hypothetical synergy with OVs have generated expectations for their combined use beyond the current immunotherapy achievements. Despite the recent negative phase III results of the MASTERKEY-265 trial for the combination of T-VEC plus pembrolizumab, such projects, including different ICIs and various natural or genetically modified OVs, continue to attract considerable interest, with numerous clinical trials underway for all the subtypes of skin cancer. To date, the majority of studies confirm the safety of tested OVs in patients with advanced skin cancers but cannot clearly prove whether these viral agents add any therapeutic benefit in the standard ICI-based approach. The aim of this overview is to present the main findings related to the examined OV-containing regimens at pre-clinical and clinical levels, and to discuss the previous failures as well as the future perspectives of oncolytic virotherapy. Abstract Despite the durable remissions induced by ICIs and targeted therapies in advanced melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, both subtypes usually relapse. Many systematic therapies have been tested to increase efficacy and delay relapse in ICIs, but their success has been limited. Due the feasibility of this approach, skin cancers have become the ideal platform for intralesional infusions of many novel agents, including oncolytic viruses (OVs). Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) was the first FDA-approved OV for the treatment of unresectable melanoma and this virus opened up further potential for the use of this class of agents, especially in combination with ICIs, in order to achieve deeper and longer immune-mediated responses. However, the recently announced phase III MASTERKEY-265 trial was not able to confirm that the addition of T-VEC to pembrolizumab treatment improves progression-free or overall survival over the use of pembrolizumab alone. Despite these results, numerous studies are currently active, evaluating T-VEC and several other OVs as monotherapies or in regimens with ICIs in different subtypes of skin cancer. This overview provides a comprehensive update on the evolution status of all available OVs in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers and summarizes the more interesting preclinical findings, the latest clinical evidence, and the future insights in relation to the expected selective incorporation of some of these OVs into oncological practice.
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Tang C, Li L, Mo T, Na J, Qian Z, Fan D, Sun X, Yao M, Pan L, Huang Y, Zhong L. Oncolytic viral vectors in the era of diversified cancer therapy: from preclinical to clinical. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1682-1701. [PMID: 35612653 PMCID: PMC9131313 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the in-depth research and wide application of immunotherapy recently, new therapies based on oncolytic viruses are expected to create new prospects for cancer treatment via eliminating the suppression of the immune system by tumors. Currently, an increasing number of viruses are developed and engineered, and various virus vectors based on effectively stimulating human immune system to kill tumor cells have been approved for clinical treatment. Although the virus can retard the proliferation of tumor cells, the choice of oncolytic viruses in biological cancer therapy is equally critical given their therapeutic efficacy, safety and adverse effects. Moreover, previously known oncolytic viruses have not been systematically classified. Therefore, in this review, we summarized and distinguished the characteristics of several common types of oncolytic viruses: herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, reovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Subsequently, we outlined that these oncolytic viral vectors have been transformed from preclinical studies in combination with immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and nanoparticles into clinical therapeutic strategies for various advanced solid malignancies or circulatory system cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tong Mo
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jintong Na
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhangbo Qian
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dianfa Fan
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Sun
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Yao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lina Pan
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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18
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Luo W, Wang Y, Zhang T. Win or loss? Combination therapy does improve the oncolytic virus therapy to pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:160. [PMID: 35443724 PMCID: PMC9022249 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a growing global burden, remaining one of the most lethal cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, PC is resistant to various treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. New therapies are urgently needed to improve the prognosis of PC. Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising new treatment option. OV is a genetically modified virus that selectively replicates in tumor cells. It can kill tumor cells without harming normal cells. The activation of tumor-specific T-cells is a unique feature of OV-mediated therapy. However, OV-mediated mono-therapeutic efficacy remains controversial, especially for metastatic or advanced patients who require systemically deliverable therapies. Hence, combination therapies will be critical to improve the therapeutic efficacy of OV-mediated therapy and prevent tumor recurrence. This review aims to investigate novel combinatorial treatments with OV therapy and explore the inner mechanism of those combined therapies, hopefully providing a new direction for a better prognosis of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, The Translational Medicine Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), PUMCH, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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19
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Sbeit W, Napoléon B, Khoury T. Endoscopic ultrasound role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma treatment: A review focusing on technical success, safety and efficacy. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:332-347. [PMID: 35110953 PMCID: PMC8771609 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i3.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impressive technological advances in recent years have rapidly translated into the shift of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) from diagnostic modality into an interventional and therapeutic tool. Despite the great advance in its diagnosis, the majority of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases are inoperable when diagnosed, thus demanding alternative optional therapies. EUS has emerged as an easy, minimally invasive modality targeting this carcinoma with different interventions that have been reported recently. In this review we summarize the evolving role of interventional therapeutic EUS in pancreatic adenocarcinoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam Sbeit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Nahariya 2221006, Israel
| | - Bertrand Napoléon
- Department of Endoscopy Unit, Private Hospital Jean Mermoz, Ramsay Generale de Sante, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Tawfik Khoury
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Nahariya 2221006, Israel
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20
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DePalo DK, Tarhini A, Zager JS. The treatment of advanced melanoma: a review of systemic and local therapies in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:95-104. [PMID: 34996314 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2027366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the incidence of melanoma continues to rise, the mortality of the disease appears to have stabilized. This may, in part, be due to the development and application of immune checkpoint inhibitors as standard of care in advanced melanoma. However, many patients do not respond to these therapies alone. Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other classes of therapeutics appears to be a promising direction to improve response and survival in advanced melanoma. AREAS COVERED This review article aims to discuss phase 1 and 2 clinical trials examining immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination therapy for the treatment of advanced, unresectable melanoma. In particular, these regimens include various kinase inhibitors, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, and oncolytic viral therapies. The combinations under discussion include both systemic and combination systemic/local therapies. EXPERT OPINION Drug combinations discussed here appear to be promising therapeutic regimens for advanced melanoma. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors may guide the development of future combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K DePalo
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ahmad Tarhini
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan S Zager
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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21
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Jiang Y, Jiang Z, Wang M, Ma L. Current understandings and clinical translation of nanomedicines for breast cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114034. [PMID: 34736986 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers that is threatening women's life. Current clinical treatment regimens for breast cancer often involve neoadjuvant and adjuvant systemic therapies, which somewhat are associated with unfavorable features. Also, the heterogeneous nature of breast cancers requires precision medicine that cannot be fulfilled by a single type of systemically administered drug. Taking advantage of the nanocarriers, nanomedicines emerge as promising therapeutic agents for breast cancer that could resolve the defects of drugs and achieve precise drug delivery to almost all sites of primary and metastatic breast tumors (e.g. tumor vasculature, tumor stroma components, breast cancer cells, and some immune cells). Seven nanomedicines as represented by Doxil® have been approved for breast cancer clinical treatment so far. More nanomedicines including both non-targeting and active targeting nanomedicines are being evaluated in the clinical trials. However, we have to realize that the translation of nanomedicines, particularly the active targeting nanomedicines is not as successful as people have expected. This review provides a comprehensive landscape of the nanomedicines for breast cancer treatment, from laboratory investigations to clinical applications. We also highlight the key advances in the understanding of the biological fate and the targeting strategies of breast cancer nanomedicine and the implications to clinical translation.
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22
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Zhang Y, Zeng LS, Wang J, Cai WQ, Cui W, Song TJ, Peng XC, Ma Z, Xiang Y, Cui SZ, Xin HW. Multifunctional Non-Coding RNAs Mediate Latent Infection and Recurrence of Herpes Simplex Viruses. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5335-5349. [PMID: 34934329 PMCID: PMC8684386 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s334769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) often cause latent infection for a lifetime, leading to repeated recurrence. HSVs have been engineered as oncolytic HSVs. The mechanism of the latent infection and recurrence remains largely unknown, which brings great challenges and limitations to eliminate HSVs in clinic and engineer safe oHSVs. Here, we systematically reviewed the latest development of the multi-step complex process of HSV latency and reactivation. Significantly, we first summarized the three HSV latent infection pathways, analyzed the structure and expression of the LAT1 and LAT2 of HSV-1 and HSV-2, proposed the regulation of LAT expression by four pathways, and dissected the function of LAT mediated by five LAT products of miRNAs, sRNAs, lncRNAs, sncRNAs and ORFs. We further analyzed that application of HSV LAT deletion mutants in HSV vaccines and oHSVs. Our review showed that deleting LAT significantly reduced the latency and reactivation of HSV, providing new ideas for the future development of safe and effective HSV therapeutics, vaccines and oHSVs. In addition, we proposed that RNA silencing or RNA interference may play an important role in HSV latency and reactivation, which is worth validating in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chun’an County First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Chun’an Branch), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311700, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Si Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lianjiang People’s Hospital, Guangdong, 524400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tong-Jun Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518104, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Abd-Aziz N, Poh CL. Development of oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Transl Res 2021; 237:98-123. [PMID: 33905949 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a therapeutic approach that uses replication-competent viruses to kill cancers. The ability of oncolytic viruses to selectively replicate in cancer cells leads to direct cell lysis and induction of anticancer immune response. Like other anticancer therapies, oncolytic virotherapy has several limitations such as viral delivery to the target, penetration into the tumor mass, and antiviral immune responses. This review provides an insight into the different characteristics of oncolytic viruses (natural and genetically modified) that contribute to effective applications of oncolytic virotherapy in preclinical and clinical trials, and strategies to overcome the limitations. The potential of oncolytic virotherapy combining with other conventional treatments or cancer immunotherapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T therapy could form part of future multimodality treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Abd-Aziz
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Miyajima N, Ragab Eissa I, Abdelmoneim M, Naoe Y, Ichinose T, Matsumura S, Bustos-Villalobos I, Mukoyama N, Morimoto D, Shibata M, Takeuchi D, Tsunoda N, Kikumori T, Tanaka M, Kodera Y, Kasuya H. S-1 facilitates canerpaturev (C-REV)-induced antitumor efficacy in a triple-negative breast cancer model. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2021; 83:683-696. [PMID: 34916713 PMCID: PMC8648537 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.83.4.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Canerpaturev (C-REV) is a highly attenuated, replication-competent, mutant strain of oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 that may be an effective new cancer treatment option. S-1, an oral formulation containing the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) prodrug tegafur and the two enzyme modulators gimeracil and oteracil, is used as a key chemotherapeutic agent for metastatic recurrent breast cancer. Although the antitumor effects of oncolytic viruses combined with 5-FU in vivo have been reported, the detailed mechanisms are unknown. Here, we investigated the antitumor mechanism of the combination of C-REV and S-1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the context of tumor immunity. The combined effect of C-REV and S-1 was evaluated in a bilateral tumor model of murine TNBC 4T1 in vivo. S-1 enhanced the TNBC growth inhibitory effects of C-REV, and decreased the number of tumor-infiltrating, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, C-REV alone and in combination with S-1 significantly increased the number of CD8+ T cells in the tumor and the production of interferon γ (IFNγ) from these cells. Our findings indicate that C-REV suppresses TNBC tumor growth by inducing the expansion of effector CD8+ T cell subsets in tumors in which S-1 can inhibit MDSC function. Our study suggests that MDSCs may be an important cellular target for breast cancer treatment. The combination of C-REV and S-1 is a new approach that might be directly translated into future clinical trials against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Miyajima
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
,Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
,Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdelmoneim
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
,Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Naoe
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
| | - Toru Ichinose
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsumura
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
| | - Itzel Bustos-Villalobos
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mukoyama
- Department of Otolaryngology Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daishi Morimoto
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dai Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyone Kikumori
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kasuya
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya Japan
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Jahan N, Ghouse SM, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD. In Situ Cancer Vaccination and Immunovirotherapy Using Oncolytic HSV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091740. [PMID: 34578321 PMCID: PMC8473045 DOI: 10.3390/v13091740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be genetically altered to acquire oncolytic properties so that oncolytic HSV (oHSV) preferentially replicates in and kills cancer cells, while sparing normal cells, and inducing anti-tumor immune responses. Over the last three decades, a better understanding of HSV genes and functions, and improved genetic-engineering techniques led to the development of oHSV as a novel immunovirotherapy. The concept of in situ cancer vaccination (ISCV) was first introduced when oHSV was found to induce a specific systemic anti-tumor immune response with an abscopal effect on non-injected tumors, in the process of directly killing tumor cells. Thus, the use of oHSV for tumor vaccination in situ is antigen-agnostic. The research and development of oHSVs have moved rapidly, with the field of oncolytic viruses invigorated by the FDA/EMA approval of oHSV talimogene laherparepvec in 2015 for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immunovirotherapy can be enhanced by arming oHSV with immunomodulatory transgenes and/or using them in combination with other chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents. This review offers an overview of the development of oHSV as an agent for ISCV against solid tumors, describing the multitude of different oHSVs and their efficacy in immunocompetent mouse models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (N.J.); (S.M.G.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Shanawaz M. Ghouse
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (N.J.); (S.M.G.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Robert L. Martuza
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (N.J.); (S.M.G.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Samuel D. Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN-3800, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lu SY, Hua J, Xu J, Wei MY, Liang C, Meng QC, Liu J, Zhang B, Wang W, Yu XJ, Shi S. Microorganisms in chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer: An overview of current research and future directions. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2666-2682. [PMID: 34326701 PMCID: PMC8315022 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive system with a very high mortality rate. While gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the predominant treatment for terminal pancreatic cancer, its therapeutic effect is not satisfactory. Recently, many studies have found that microorganisms not only play a consequential role in the occurrence and progression of pancreatic cancer but also modulate the effect of chemotherapy to some extent. Moreover, microorganisms may become an important biomarker for predicting pancreatic carcinogenesis and detecting the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. However, the existing experimental literature is not sufficient or convincing. Therefore, further exploration and experiments are imperative to understanding the mechanism underlying the interaction between microorganisms and pancreatic cancer. In this review, we primarily summarize and discuss the influences of oncolytic viruses and bacteria on pancreatic cancer chemotherapy because these are the two types of microorganisms that are most often studied. We focus on some potential methods specific to these two types of microorganisms that can be used to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao-Yan Wei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Cai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The Effect of Herpes Simplex Virus-Type-1 (HSV-1) Oncolytic Immunotherapy on the Tumor Microenvironment. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071200. [PMID: 34206677 PMCID: PMC8310320 DOI: 10.3390/v13071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer causes disruption of anti-tumor immunity required for surveillance and elimination of tumor cells. Immunotherapeutic strategies aim for the restoration or establishment of these anti-tumor immune responses. Cancer immunotherapies include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), adoptive cellular therapy (ACT), cancer vaccines, and oncolytic virotherapy (OVT). The clinical success of some of these immunotherapeutic modalities, including herpes simplex virus type-1 derived OVT, resulted in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in treatment of human cancers. However, a significant proportion of patients do not respond or benefit equally from these immunotherapies. The creation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) represents an important barrier preventing success of many immunotherapeutic approaches. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in the TME are a major area of current research. In this review, we discuss how oncolytic HSV affects the tumor microenvironment to promote anti-tumor immune responses. Where possible we focus on oncolytic HSV strains for which clinical data is available, and discuss how these viruses alter the vasculature, extracellular matrix and immune responses in the tumor microenvironment.
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28
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Morimoto D, Matsumura S, Bustos-Villalobos I, Sibal PA, Ichinose T, Naoe Y, Eissa IR, Abdelmoneim M, Mukoyama N, Miyajima N, Tanaka M, Kodera Y, Kasuya H. C-REV Retains High Infectivity Regardless of the Expression Levels of cGAS and STING in Cultured Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061502. [PMID: 34203706 PMCID: PMC8232185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is widely considered as a major breakthrough in anti-cancer treatments. In our previous study, the efficacy and safety of using C-REV for anti-cancer therapy in patients during stage I clinical trial was reported. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-TBK1-IRF3-IFN pathway is known to act as the central cellular host defense against viral infection. Recent reports have linked low expression levels of cGAS and STING in cancer cells to poor prognosis among patients. Moreover, downregulation of cGAS and STING has been linked to higher susceptibility to OV infection among several cancer cell lines. In this paper, we show that there is little correlation between levels of cGAS/STING expression and susceptibility to C-REV among human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Despite having a responsive STING pathway, BxPC-3 cells are highly susceptible to C-REV infection. Upon pre-activation of the STING pathway, BxPc-3 cells exhibited resistance to C-REV infection. However, without pre-activation, C-REV completely suppressed the STING pathway in BxPC-3 cells. Additionally, despite harboring defects in the STING pathway, other high-grade cancer cell lines, such as Capan-2, PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2, still exhibited low susceptibility to C-REV infection. Furthermore, overexpression of STING in MiaPaCa-2 cells altered susceptibility to a limited extent. Taken together, our data suggest that the cGAS-STING pathway plays a minor role in the susceptibility of pancreatic cancer cell lines to C-REV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Morimoto
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shigeru Matsumura
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Itzel Bustos-Villalobos
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Patricia Angela Sibal
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Ichinose
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshinori Naoe
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelmoneim
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nobuaki Mukoyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Miyajima
- Department of Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0058, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (D.M.); (I.R.E.); (M.A.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hideki Kasuya
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (S.M.); (I.B.-V.); (P.A.S.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Zawit M, Swami U, Awada H, Arnouk J, Milhem M, Zakharia Y. Current status of intralesional agents in treatment of malignant melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1038. [PMID: 34277838 PMCID: PMC8267328 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of metastatic melanoma has undergone substantial improvement with the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapies and targeted therapies have improved the median overall survival (OS) of metastatic melanoma from 6 months to more than 3 years. However, still about half of the patients die due to uncontrolled disease. Therefore, multiple strategies are currently being investigated to improve outcomes. One such strategy is intralesional/intratumoral (IT) therapies which can either directly kill the tumor cells or make the tumor more immunogenic to be recognized by the immune system. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), an oncolytic virus, is the first FDA approved IT therapy. This review focuses on the current status of IT agents currently under clinical trials in melanoma. Reviewed therapies include T-VEC, T-VEC with immune checkpoint inhibitors including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab or other agents, RP1, OrienX010, Canerpaturev (C-REV, HF10), CAVATAK (coxsackievirus A21, CVA21) alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic polio/rhinovirus recombinant (PVSRIPO), MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus, VSV-IFNbetaTYRP1, suicide gene therapy, ONCOS-102, OBP-301 (Telomelysin), Stimulation of Interferon Genes Pathway (STING agonists) including DMXAA, MIW815 (ADU-S100) and MK-1454, PV-10, toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists including TLR-9 agonists (SD-101, CMP-001, IMO-2125 or tilsotolimod, AST-008 or cavrotolimod, MGN1703 or lefitolimod), CV8102, NKTR-262 plus NKTR-214, LHC165, G100, intralesional interleukin-2, Daromun (L19IL2 plus L19TNF), Hiltonol (poly-ICLC), electroporation including calcium electroporation and plasmid interleukin-12 electroporation (pIL-12 EP), IT ipilimumab, INT230-6 (cisplatin and vinblastine with an amphiphilic penetration enhancer), TTI-621 (SIRPαFc), CD-40 agonistic antibodies (ABBV-927 and APX005M), antimicrobial peptide LL37 and other miscellaneous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misam Zawit
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hassan Awada
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joyce Arnouk
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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30
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Lin W, Zhao Y, Zhong L. Current strategies of virotherapy in clinical trials for cancer treatment. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4668-4692. [PMID: 33738818 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a novel immune-active agent for cancer treatment, viruses have the ability of infecting and replicating in tumor cells. The safety and efficacy of viruses has been tested and confirmed in preclinical and clinical trials. In the last decade, virotherapy has been adopted as a monotherapy or combined therapy with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, showing promising outcomes against cancer. In this review, the current strategies of viruses used in clinical trials are classified and described. Besides this, the challenge and future prospects of virotherapy in the management for cancer patients are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Lin
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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31
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Eissa IR, Mukoyama N, Abdelmoneim M, Naoe Y, Matsumura S, Bustos-Villalobos I, Ichinose T, Miyajima N, Morimoto D, Tanaka M, Fujimoto Y, Sone M, Kodera Y, Kasuya H. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus HF10 (canerpaturev) promotes accumulation of CD8 + PD-1 - tumor-infiltrating T cells in PD-L1-enriched tumor microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:214-227. [PMID: 33687756 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) remodel the tumor microenvironment by switching a "cold" tumor into a "hot" tumor with high CD8+ T-cell infiltration. CD8+ T-cell activity plays an essential role in the antitumor efficacy of OVs. However, the activity of T cells is impaired by the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) interaction. To date, it remains unclear why OVs alone have a significant antitumor activity even when PD-L1 expression persists on tumor or immune cells. In this study, we found that canerpaturev (C-REV) treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth, even though it induced a significant increase in PD-L1 expression in tumors in vivo as well as persistence of high PD-L1 expression on antigen-presenting cells (macrophage and dendritic cells [DCs]). Surprisingly, we observed that C-REV treatment increased the abundance of activated CD8+ PD-1- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor on both the injected and contralateral sides, although infiltration of CD8+ PD-1high TILs into the tumor was observed in the control group. Moreover, the difference in PD-1 expression was observed only in tumors after treatment with C-REV, whereas most CD8+ T cells in the spleen, tumor-draining lymph nodes and blood were PD-1-negative, and this did not change after C-REV treatment. In addition, changes in expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and T-cell immune-receptor with Ig and ITIM domains were not observed on CD8+ TILs after C-REV treatment. Taken together, our findings may reveal mechanisms that allow OVs to trigger an antitumor immune response, irrespective of a PD-L1-enriched tumor microenvironment, by recruitment of CD8+ PD-1- TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nobuaki Mukoyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdelmoneim
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Naoe
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsumura
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itzel Bustos-Villalobos
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Ichinose
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyajima
- Department of Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daishi Morimoto
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Development & Strategy, Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Michihiko Sone
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kasuya
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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32
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Jin KT, Tao XH, Fan YB, Wang SB. Crosstalk between oncolytic viruses and autophagy in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:110932. [PMID: 33370632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have attracted attention as a promising strategy in cancer therapy owing to their ability to selectively infect and kill tumor cells, without affecting healthy cells. They also exert their anti-tumor effects by releasing immunostimulatory molecules from dying cancer cells. Several regulatory mechanisms, such as autophagy, contribute to the anti-tumor properties of oncolytic viruses. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process in responses to various stresses, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and infection that produces energy by lysosomal degradation of intracellular contents. Autophagy can support infectivity and replication of the oncolytic virus and enhance their anti-tumor effects via mediating oncolysis, autophagic cell death, and immunogenic cell death. On the other hand, autophagy can reduce the cytotoxicity of oncolytic viruses by providing survival nutrients for tumor cells. In his review, we summarize various types of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials, their mechanism of action, and autophagy machinery. Furthermore, we precisely discuss the interaction between oncolytic viruses and autophagy in cancer therapy and their combinational effects on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hua Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yi-Bin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Haines BB, Denslow A, Grzesik P, Lee JS, Farkaly T, Hewett J, Wambua D, Kong L, Behera P, Jacques J, Goshert C, Ball M, Colthart A, Finer MH, Hayes MW, Feau S, Kennedy EM, Lerner L, Quéva C. ONCR-177, an Oncolytic HSV-1 Designed to Potently Activate Systemic Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 9:291-308. [PMID: 33355229 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ONCR-177 is an engineered recombinant oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) with complementary safety mechanisms, including tissue-specific miRNA attenuation and mutant UL37 to inhibit replication, neuropathic activity, and latency in normal cells. ONCR-177 is armed with five transgenes for IL12, FLT3LG (extracellular domain), CCL4, and antagonists to immune checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4. In vitro assays demonstrated that targeted miRNAs could efficiently suppress ONCR-177 replication and transgene expression, as could the HSV-1 standard-of-care therapy acyclovir. Although ONCR-177 was oncolytic across a panel of human cancer cell lines, including in the presence of type I IFN, replication was suppressed in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes. Dendritic cells activated with ONCR-177 tumor lysates efficiently stimulated tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. In vivo, biodistribution analyses suggested that viral copy number and transgene expression peaked approximately 24 to 72 hours after injection and remained primarily within the injected tumor. Intratumoral administration of ONCR-177 mouse surrogate virus, mONCR-171, was efficacious across a panel of syngeneic bilateral mouse tumor models, resulting in partial or complete tumor regressions that translated into significant survival benefits and to the elicitation of a protective memory response. Antitumor effects correlated with local and distant intratumoral infiltration of several immune effector cell types, consistent with the proposed functions of the transgenes. The addition of systemic anti-PD-1 augmented the efficacy of mONCR-171, particularly for abscopal tumors. Based in part upon these preclinical results, ONCR-177 is being evaluated in patients with metastatic cancer (ONCR-177-101, NCT04348916).
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Takano G, Esaki S, Goshima F, Enomoto A, Hatano Y, Ozaki H, Watanabe T, Sato Y, Kawakita D, Murakami S, Murata T, Nishiyama Y, Iwasaki S, Kimura H. Oncolytic activity of naturally attenuated herpes-simplex virus HF10 against an immunocompetent model of oral carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 20:220-227. [PMID: 33665360 PMCID: PMC7889449 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prognosis for advanced oral carcinoma remains poor. Oncolytic virotherapy uses replication-competent viruses to infect and kill only the tumor cells. However, it has been difficult to investigate the oncolytic activity of viruses against oral carcinomas in mouse models. This study established a mouse model of oral cancer and investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of HF10, a highly attenuated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1. Mouse tongue cancer was induced by injecting 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide into the mouse tongue. The murine oral cancer cell line isolated from this tumor, named NMOC1, formed invasive carcinoma within a week when injected into mouse tongue. HF10 successfully infected, replicated, and spread in the cancer cells in vitro. HF10 was able to kill cancer cells isolated from human or mouse tongue tumor. HF10 injection into tongue carcinomas prolonged mouse survival without any side effects or weight loss. Intertumoral injection of GFP-expressing HF10 confirmed that viral spread was confined within the tumors. Immunohistochemical staining showed that HF10 induced infiltration of CD8-positive T cells around HSV-infected cells in the tumor mass, implying increased anti-tumor immunity. We successfully established an oral cancer cell line and showed that HF10 is a promising therapeutic agent for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Esaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hatano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruka Ozaki
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawakita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nishiyama
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Iwasaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Koch MS, Lawler SE, Chiocca EA. HSV-1 Oncolytic Viruses from Bench to Bedside: An Overview of Current Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3514. [PMID: 33255871 PMCID: PMC7760226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) provides a genetic chassis for several oncolytic viruses (OVs) currently in clinical trials. Oncolytic HSV1 (oHSV) have been engineered to reduce neurovirulence and enhance anti-tumor lytic activity and immunogenicity to make them attractive candidates in a range of oncology indications. Successful clinical data resulted in the FDA-approval of the oHSV talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) in 2015, and several other variants are currently undergoing clinical assessment and may expand the landscape of future oncologic therapy options. This review offers a detailed overview of the latest results from clinical trials as well as an outlook on newly developed HSV-1 oncolytic variants with improved tumor selectivity, replication, and immunostimulatory capacity and related clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Research Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.S.K.); (E.A.C.)
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Mohamadi A, Pagès G, Hashemzadeh MS. The Important Role of Oncolytic Viruses in Common Cancer Treatments. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200211120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are considered as promising tools in cancer treatment. In addition
to direct cytolysis, the stimulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses is the most
important mechanism in oncolytic virotherapy that finally leads to the long-standing tumor retardations
in the advanced melanoma clinical trials. The OVs have become a worthy method in cancer
treatment, due to their several biological advantages including (1) the selective replication in
cancer cells without affecting normal cells; (2) the lack of resistance to the treatment; (3) cancer
stem cell targeting; (4) the ability to be spread; and (5) the immune response induction against the
tumors. Numerous types of viruses; for example, Herpes simplex viruses, Adenoviruses, Reoviruses,
Poliovirus, and Newcastle disease virus have been studied as a possible cancer treatment
strategy. Although some viruses have a natural orientation or tropism to cancer cells, several others
need attenuation and genetic manipulation to increase the safety and tumor-specific replication activity.
Two important mechanisms are involved in OV antitumor responses, which include the tumor
cell death due to virus replication, and also induction of immunogenic cell death as a result of
the immune system responses against the tumor cells. Furthermore, the high efficiency of OV on
antitumor immune response stimulation can finally lead to a significant tumor shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamadi
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University of Cote d’Azur, Nice, France
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Haller SD, Monaco ML, Essani K. The Present Status of Immuno-Oncolytic Viruses in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111318. [PMID: 33213031 PMCID: PMC7698570 DOI: 10.3390/v12111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. The incidence of PDAC has increased over the last 40 years and is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer death by 2030. Despite aggressive treatment regimens, prognosis for patients diagnosed with PDAC is very poor; PDAC has the lowest 5-year survival rate for any form of cancer in the United States (US). PDAC is very rarely detected in early stages when surgical resection can be performed. Only 20% of cases are suitable for surgical resection; this remains the only curative treatment when combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment regimens excluding surgical intervention such as chemotherapeutic treatments are associated with adverse effects and genetherapy strategies also struggle with lack of specificity and/or efficacy. The lack of effective treatments for this disease highlights the necessity for innovation in treatment options for patients diagnosed with early- to late-phase PDAC and immuno-oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been of particular interest since 2006 when the first oncolytic virus was approved as a therapy for nasopharyngeal cancers in China. Interest resurged in 2015 when T-Vec, an oncolytic herpes simplex virus, was approved in the United States for treatment of advanced melanoma. While many vectors have been explored, few show promise as treatment for pancreatic cancer, and fewer still have progressed to clinical trial evaluation. This review outlines recent strategies in the development of OVs targeting treatment of PDAC, current state of preclinical and clinical investigation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karim Essani
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(269)-387-2661; Fax: +1-(269)-387-5609
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38
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Hwang JK, Hong J, Yun CO. Oncolytic Viruses and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Preclinical Developments to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8627. [PMID: 33207653 PMCID: PMC7697902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology (IO) has been an active area of oncology research. Following US FDA approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), ipilimumab (human IgG1 k anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody), in 2011, and of the first oncolytic virus, Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec), in 2015, there has been renewed interest in IO. In the past decade, ICIs have changed the treatment paradigm for many cancers by enabling better therapeutic control, resuming immune surveillance, suppressing tumor immunosuppression, and restoring antitumor immune function. However, ICI therapies are effective only in a small subset of patients and show limited therapeutic potential due to their inability to demonstrate efficacy in 'cold' or unresponsive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Relatedly, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been shown to induce antitumor immune responses, augment the efficacy of existing cancer treatments, and reform unresponsive TME to turn 'cold' tumors 'hot,' increasing their susceptibility to checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. For this reason, OVs serve as ideal complements to ICIs, and multiple preclinical studies and clinical trials are demonstrating their combined therapeutic efficacy. This review will discuss the merits and limitations of OVs and ICIs as monotherapy then progress onto the preclinical rationale and the results of clinical trials of key combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Kyu Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.K.H.); (J.H.)
| | - JinWoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.K.H.); (J.H.)
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.K.H.); (J.H.)
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Cao GD, He XB, Sun Q, Chen S, Wan K, Xu X, Feng X, Li PP, Chen B, Xiong MM. The Oncolytic Virus in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1786. [PMID: 33014876 PMCID: PMC7509414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has always been an enormous threat to human health and survival. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy could improve the survival of cancer patients, but most patients with advanced cancer usually have a poor survival or could not afford the high cost of chemotherapy. The emergence of oncolytic viruses provided a new strategy for us to alleviate or even cure malignant tumors. An oncolytic virus can be described as a genetically engineered or naturally existing virus that can selectively replicate in cancer cells and then kill them without damaging the healthy cells. There have been many kinds of oncolytic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, and Coxsackievirus. Moreover, they have different clinical applications in cancer treatment. This review focused on the clinical application of oncolytic virus and predicted the prospect by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-dong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-bo He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sihan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng-ping Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mao-ming Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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40
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Scarfì F, Patrizi A, Veronesi G, Lambertini M, Tartari F, Mussi M, Melotti B, Dika E. The role of topical imiquimod in melanoma cutaneous metastases: A critical review of the literature. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e14165. [PMID: 32772481 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite of the emerging new systemic and local oncologic treatments (immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viral treatments and injected immunostimulants) the management of skin melanoma metastasis can be still challenging. The main aim of this review was to assess the efficacy and the role of imiquimod in local metastatic melanoma disease. An extensive literature review was performed from September 2000 to March 2020 using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Selected articles regarded topical imiquimod, its mode of action as an antitumoral agent and its applications in melanoma metastases treatment. We analyzed a total of 18 published article of clinical cases and small case series and five studies: two retrospective large case series, two Phase I and II clinical trials and one cohort non randomized study. Generally, the treatment is safe and well tolerated. Imiquimod lead to an unstable locoregional control. The use of topical imiquimod for the treatment of MM cutaneous metastases should be considered in selected cases and in palliative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarfì
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Patrizi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Lambertini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Tartari
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Mussi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Melotti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Prevention, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emi Dika
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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41
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Middleton MR, Hoeller C, Michielin O, Robert C, Caramella C, Öhrling K, Hauschild A. Intratumoural immunotherapies for unresectable and metastatic melanoma: current status and future perspectives. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:885-897. [PMID: 32713938 PMCID: PMC7492252 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of human intratumoural immunotherapy (HIT-IT) is a major step forward in the management of unresectable melanoma. The direct injection of treatments into melanoma lesions can cause cell lysis and induce a local immune response, and might be associated with a systemic immune response. Directly injecting immunotherapies into tumours achieves a high local concentration of immunostimulatory agent while minimising systemic exposure and, as such, HIT-IT agents are associated with lower toxicity than systemic immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), enabling their potential use in combination with other therapies. Consequently, multiple HIT-IT agents, including oncolytic viruses, pattern-recognition receptor agonists, injected CPIs, cytokines and immune glycolipids, are under investigation. This review considers the current clinical development status of HIT-IT agents as monotherapy and in combination with systemic CPIs, and the practical aspects of administering and assessing the response to these agents. The future of HIT-IT probably lies in its use in combination with systemic CPIs; data from Phase 2 trials indicate a synergy between HIT-IT and CPIs. Data also suggest that the addition of HIT-IT to a CPI might generate responses in CPI-refractory tumours, thereby overcoming resistance and addressing a current unmet need in unresectable and metastatic melanoma for treatment options following progression after CPI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Middleton
- University of Oxford Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, and Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Caroline Caramella
- Department of Radiology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Huang A, Pressnall MM, Lu R, Huayamares SG, Griffin JD, Groer C, DeKosky BJ, Forrest ML, Berkland CJ. Human intratumoral therapy: Linking drug properties and tumor transport of drugs in clinical trials. J Control Release 2020; 326:203-221. [PMID: 32673633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapies aim to kill tumor cells directly or engage the immune system to fight malignancy. Checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, cell-based immunotherapies, cytokines, and adjuvants have been applied to prompt the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. However, systemic exposure of cancer therapies can induce unwanted adverse events. Intratumoral administration of potent therapies utilizes small amounts of drugs, in an effort to minimize systemic exposure and off-target toxicities. Here, we discuss the properties of the tumor microenvironment and transport considerations for intratumoral drug delivery. Specifically, we consider various tumor tissue factors and physicochemical factors that can affect tumor retention after intratumoral injection. We also review approved and clinical-stage intratumoral therapies and consider how the molecular and biophysical properties (e.g. size and charge) of these therapies influences intratumoral transport (e.g. tumor retention and cellular uptake). Finally, we offer a critical review and highlight several emerging approaches to promote tumor retention and limit systemic exposure of potent intratumoral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Melissa M Pressnall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ruolin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - J Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT There is an unmet need for additional treatments for metastatic melanoma, besides anti-PD1 antibodies which are FDA approved for adjuvant therapy for stage III or resected stage IV melanoma. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is the first and only FDA-approved oncolytic virus for the treatment of melanoma. New viral vectors including coxsackieviruses, HF-10, adenovirus, reovirus, echovirus, and newcastle disease virus are currently under active development and investigation with varying degrees of efficacy in targeting melanoma. The use of T-VEC as a neoadjuvant therapy is emerging, but more data is needed at this point. T-VEC has also shown promise for use in combination therapy with ipilimumab, as T-VEC plus ipilimumab has a significantly higher objective response compared to ipilimumab alone. Data comparing T-VEC in combination with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors is awaited, and a phase III trial is underway. It is likely that oncolytic viruses will have long-term application in the treatment of melanoma and that T-VEC in particular will continue to have a role in the treatment of patients with readily accessible cutaneous lesions both for local control and synergistic induction of antitumor immunity as part of combination therapies.
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Development of oncolytic virotherapy: from genetic modification to combination therapy. Front Med 2020; 14:160-184. [PMID: 32146606 PMCID: PMC7101593 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel form of immunotherapy using natural or genetically modified viruses to selectively replicate in and kill malignant cells. Many genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) with enhanced tumor targeting, antitumor efficacy, and safety have been generated, and some of which have been assessed in clinical trials. Combining OVT with other immunotherapies can remarkably enhance the antitumor efficacy. In this work, we review the use of wild-type viruses in OVT and the strategies for OV genetic modification. We also review and discuss the combinations of OVT with other immunotherapies.
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Zhang Y, Xin Q, Zhang JY, Wang YY, Cheng JT, Cai WQ, Han ZW, Zhou Y, Cui SZ, Peng XC, Wang XW, Ma Z, Xiang Y, Su XL, Xin HW. Transcriptional Regulation of Latency-Associated Transcripts (LATs) of Herpes Simplex Viruses. J Cancer 2020; 11:3387-3399. [PMID: 32231745 PMCID: PMC7097949 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) cause cold sores and genital herpes and can establish lifelong latent infection in neurons. An engineered oncolytic HSV (oHSV) has recently been approved to treat tumors in clinics. HSV latency-associated transcripts (LATs) are associated with the latent infection, but LAT transcriptional regulation was seldom reported. For a better treatment of HSV infection and tumors, here we sequenced the LAT encoding DNA and LAT transcription regulatory region of our recently isolated new strain HSV-1-LXMW and did comparative analysis of the sequences together with those of other four HSV-1 and two HSV-2 strains. Phylogenetic analysis of LATs revealed that HSV-1-LXMW is evolutionarily close to HSV-1-17 from MRC University, Glasgow, UK. For the first time, Using a weight matrix-based program Match and multi-sequences alignment of the 6 HSV strains, we identified HSV LAT transcription regulatory sequences that bind to 9 transcription factors: AP-1, C-REL, Comp1, E2F, Hairy, HFH-3, Kr, TCF11/MAFG, v-Myb. Interestingly, these transcription regulatory sequences and factors are either conserved or unique among LATs of HSV-1 and HSV-2, suggesting they are potentially functional. Furthermore, literature analysis found that the transcription factors v-myb and AP-1 family member JunD are functional in regulating HSV gene transcription, including LAT transcription. For the first time, we discovered seven novel transcription factors and their corresponding transcription regulatory sequences of HSV LATs. Based on our findings and other reports, we proposed potential mechanisms of the initiation and maintenance of HSV latent infection. Our findings may have significant implication in our understanding of HSV latency and engineering of better oncolytic HSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Jun-Yi Zhang
- Department of Neural Surgery, People's Hospital of Dongsheng District of Erdos City, Erdos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Zi-Wen Han
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
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46
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Xu W, Atkinson VG, Menzies AM. Intratumoural immunotherapies in oncology. Eur J Cancer 2020; 127:1-11. [PMID: 31962197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the standard of care for many tumours, the majority of patients fail to achieve sustained benefit, often owing to the lack of a T-cell inflamed tumour microenvironment (TME). Directly injected intratumoural therapies present a potential strategy to induce T-cell inflammation and convert a 'cold' immune-inert TME into a 'hot' immune-inflamed TME. Various approaches including chemoablation, oncolytic viral therapy, cytokines and agents targeting innate immunity such as Toll-like receptor agonists and stimulator of interferon genes agonists are in clinical development. Thus far, melanoma has led the way in intratumoural drug development owing to its relative immunogenicity and propensity for cutaneous metastasis easily amenable to injections. However, intratumoural therapies are moving to other tumour types and advances in endoscopic and interventional radiological techniques are allowing these agents to be injected into visceral lesions. This review provides an overview of the current status of intratumoural therapies in oncology, as well as future directions regarding therapeutic niches and appropriate trial design for intratumoural agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Victoria G Atkinson
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland, Australia; Greenslopes Private Hospital, Cyril Gilbert Cancer Centre, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Australia; Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Intratumoral immunotherapies aim to trigger local and systemic immunologic responses via direct injection of immunostimulatory agents with the goal of tumor cell lysis, followed by release of tumor‐derived antigens and subsequent activation of tumor‐specific effector T cells. In 2019, a multitude of intratumoral immunotherapies with varied mechanisms of action, including nononcolytic viral therapies such as PV‐10 and toll‐like receptor 9 agonists and oncolytic viral therapies such as CAVATAK, Pexa‐Vec, and HF10, have been extensively evaluated in clinical trials and demonstrated promising antitumor activity with tolerable toxicities in melanoma and other solid tumor types. Talimogene laherparepvec (T‐VEC), a genetically modified herpes simplex virus type 1–based oncolytic immunotherapy, is the first oncolytic virus approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of unresectable melanoma recurrent after initial surgery. In patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma, T‐VEC demonstrated a superior durable response rate (continuous complete response or partial response lasting ≥6 months) over subcutaneous GM‐CSF (16.3% vs. 2.1%; p < .001). Responses were seen in both injected and uninjected lesions including visceral lesions, suggesting a systemic antitumor response. When combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, T‐VEC significantly improved response rates compared with single agent; similar results were seen with combinations of checkpoint inhibitors and other intratumoral therapies such as CAVATAK, HF10, and TLR9 agonists. In this review, we highlight recent results from clinical trials of key intratumoral immunotherapies that are being evaluated in the clinic, with a focus on T‐VEC in the treatment of advanced melanoma as a model for future solid tumor indications. Implications for Practice This review provides oncologists with the latest information on the development of key intratumoral immunotherapies, particularly oncolytic viruses. Currently, T‐VEC is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved oncolytic immunotherapy. This article highlights the efficacy and safety data from clinical trials of T‐VEC both as monotherapy and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This review summarizes current knowledge on intratumoral therapies, a novel modality with increased utility in cancer treatment, and T‐VEC, the only U.S. FDA‐approved oncolytic viral therapy, for medical oncologists. This review evaluates approaches to incorporate T‐VEC into daily practice to offer the possibility of response in selected melanoma patients with manageable adverse events as compared with other available immunotherapies. This review highlights recent results from clinical trials of key intratumoral immunotherapies that are being evaluated in the clinic, with a focus on talimogene laherparepvec in the treatment of advanced melanoma as a model for future solid tumor indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Hamid
- The Angeles Clinic and Research InstituteLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Igor Puzanov
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew YorkUSA
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Abstract
Melanoma has a unique propensity for locoregional metastasis secondary to intralymphatic transit not seen in other cutaneous or soft tissue malignancies. Novel intralesional therapies using oncolytic immunotherapy exhibit increasing response rates with observed bystander effect. Intralesional modalities in combination with systemic immunotherapy are the subject of ongoing clinical trials. Regional therapy is used in isolated limb locoregional metastasis whereby chemotherapy is delivered to an isolated limb avoiding systemic side effects. Multimodal treatment strategy is imperative in the treatment of locoregionally advanced melanoma. One must be versed on these quickly evolving therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Pointer
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 10920 McKinley Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612; Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 13220 USF Laurel Dr., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Jonathan S Zager
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 10920 McKinley Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612; Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 13220 USF Laurel Dr., Tampa, FL 33612.
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49
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Oncolytic activity of HF10 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:585-598. [PMID: 31477804 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in therapeutic strategies have improved the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Nevertheless, 5-year survival rate remains only 40%, necessitating new therapeutic agents. Oncolytic virotherapy entails use of replication-competent viruses to selectively kill cancer cells. We aimed to explore the potential of HF10 as an oncolytic virus against human or mouse HNSCC cell lines, and primary-cultured HNSCC cells. HF10 replicated well in all the HNSCC cells, in which it induced cytopathic effects and cell killing. Next, we investigated the oncolytic effects of HF10 in ear tumor models with human or mouse tumor cells. We detected HF10-infected cells within the ear tumors based on their expression of green fluorescent protein. HF10 injection suppressed ear tumor growth and prolonged overall survival. In the syngeneic model, HF10 infection induced tumor necrosis with infiltration of CD8-positive cells. Moreover, the splenocytes of HF10-treated mice released antitumor cytokines, IL-2, IL-12, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, after stimulation with tumor cells in vitro. The HF10-treated mice that survived their original tumor burdens rejected tumor cells upon re-challenge. These results suggested that HF10 killed HNSCC cells and induced antitumoral immunity, thereby establishing it as a promising agent for the treatment of HNSCC patients.
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Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a viable option for clinical therapy of monogenic disorders and other genetically defined diseases, with approved gene therapies available in Europe and newly approved gene therapies in the United States. In the past 10 years, gene therapy has moved from a distant possibility, even in the minds of much of the scientific community, to being widely realized as a valuable therapeutic tool with wide-ranging potential. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved Luxturna (Spark Therapeutics Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA), a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) 2 gene therapy for one type of Leber congenital amaurosis 2 ( 1 , 2 ). The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has approved 3 recombinant viral vector products: Glybera (UniQure, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), an rAAV vector for lipoprotein lipase deficiency; Strimvelis (Glaxo Smith-Kline, Brentford, United Kingdom), an ex vivo gammaretrovirus-based therapy for patients with adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immune deficiency (ADA-SCID); and Kymriah (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), an ex vivo lentivirus-based therapy to engineer autologous chimeric antigen-receptor T (CAR-T) cells targeting CD19-positive cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These examples will be followed by the clinical approval of other gene therapy products as this field matures. In this review we provide an overview of the state of gene therapy by discussing where the field stands with respect to the different gene therapy vector platforms and the types of therapies that are available.-Gruntman, A. M., Flotte, T. R. The rapidly evolving state of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha M Gruntman
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terence R Flotte
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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