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Gonçalves DS, Moscaleski LA, da Silva GM, Morgans R, Okano AH, Moreira A. The Effect of Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Pneumatic Compression as Part of a Comprehensive Recovery Strategy in Professional Male Top-Level Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1658-1666. [PMID: 39074250 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gonçalves, DS, Moscaleski, LA, da Silva, GM, Morgans, R, Okano, AH, and Moreira, A. The effect of combined transcranial direct current stimulation and pneumatic compression as part of a comprehensive recovery strategy in professional male top-level soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1658-1666, 2024-This retrospective study aimed to examine the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with lower limb pneumatic compression during the postmatch recovery period in top-level professional male soccer players' physiological and perceptual markers of recovery status. During the 2022 season (baseline), pneumatic compression was performed as part of the recovery strategy, applied the day after official match play and psychophysiological measurements (pain, sleep, perceived recovery, and creatine kinase [CK] sampling) were performed on the second day postmatch. During the 2023 season, the tDCS protocol was introduced, with its application being performed simultaneously (in conjunction) with pneumatic compression. Recovery sessions following 10 matches in the 2022 season and following 10 matches in the 2023 season were included in the analyses. Compared with 2022 (baseline; pneumatic compression isolated), the players perceived an increased recovery on the second day postmatch when tDCS was used in conjunction with the pneumatic compression (mean = 12%; p = 0.008) and rated improved sleep quality for the nights after applying tDCS combined with pneumatic compression (mean = 7.5%; p = 0.029). On the second day postmatch, a significant reduction was observed in muscle pain/soreness (mean = 64%; p < 0.0001) and the CK concentration decreased when baseline (pneumatic compression isolated) was compared with tDCS + pneumatic compression (mean = 76%; p = 0.001). In summary, combining pneumatic compression with tDCS may enhance the effects of both interventions, leading to greater overall improvements in recovery. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciane Aparecida Moscaleski
- Health and Performance Center, Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | | | - Ryland Morgans
- Football Performance Hub, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Hideki Okano
- Center of Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
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Nosaka K, Chen TC. Recovery from sport-induced muscle damage in relation to match-intervals in major events. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1422986. [PMID: 39086854 PMCID: PMC11288855 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1422986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle damage could affect the next match performance in sports when the time to recover from a previous match is shorter. We examined the interval between matches in nine team sports (e.g., soccer, rugby, field hockey, basketball, volleyball, baseball) and two racket sports (badminton, tennis) in World Cups held in 2022-2023, 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games and Gland Slam in 2023. We then performed narrative review using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) to get information about muscle damage and recovery in the 11 sports, and discussed whether the intervals in the events would be enough for athletes. We found that the match intervals varied among sports and events ranging from 0 to 17 days. The interval was the shortest for softball (0-2 days) and the longest (5-17 days) for rugby. Regarding muscle damage, changes in muscle function and/or performance measures after a match were not reported for cricket, volleyball and softball, but some information was available for other sports, although the studies did not necessarily use athletes who participated in the major events. It was found that recovery was longer for soccer and rugby than other sports. Importantly, the match-intervals in the events did not appear to accommodate the recovery time required from the previous match in many sports. This could increase a risk of injury and affect players' conditions and health. Changing the match-intervals may be difficult, since it affects the budget of sporting events, but an adequate interval between matches should be considered for each sport from the player's and coach's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Trevor C. Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mangini A, Macchi R, Giraud D, Pomportes L, Galantine P, Bertin D, Nicol C, Hays A. Towards a more individualised assessment of post-training fatigue in young footballers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33626. [PMID: 39027500 PMCID: PMC11255448 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in training load and fatigue monitoring, fatigue status may adversely affect intrinsic risk factors, particularly in young footballers. This study aimed to better individualise the fatigue effects of a 75-min football training session in young elite male players. Eighteen players (15.6 ± 1.7 years) completed a test battery before and after a football training session. Assessments included capillary blood samples (HCO3 -, lactate, pH), subjective ratings of muscle soreness and fatigue. Functional tests included 30 m field sprint, laboratory drop jump (DJ) and horizontal force-velocity (H-FvP). The k-means method was applied to the first two dimensions of principal component analysis of changes in the H-FvP and DJ tests. Football training resulted in significant physiological changes and functional impairments, in particular an increase in interlimb asymmetry in the DJ test. No significant fatigue effect was found on the H-FvP test data. However, confirming the interest of combining the two tests, cluster analysis revealed two subgroups: In the H-FvP test, Cluster 1 decreased inV ‾ 0 (p < 0.001) andP ‾ max (p < 0.01), while Cluster 2 decreased inF ‾ 0 (p < 0.001). In the DJ test, Cluster 1 decreased in mean velocity (p < 0.01), relative mean and maximum power (p < 0.01) during push-off, while Cluster 2 decreased in relative mean push-off force (p < 0.01) and increased in interlimb asymmetry during braking (p < 0.01). This study highlights the contribution and complementarity of the H-FvP and DJ tests to improve individual screening for fatigue-related functional changes in footballers. Extrapolated values from the H-FvP test led to the identification of two subgroups with opposite fatigue profiles. One subgroup showed increased interlimb asymmetry in DJ, indicating an increased risk of injury with fatigue. These findings highlight the need for individualised fatigue assessment in young footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Mangini
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM (UMR 7287), Marseille, France
| | - Robin Macchi
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Dorian Giraud
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IUSTI (UMR 7343), Marseille, France
| | - Laura Pomportes
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
| | | | - Denis Bertin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM (UMR 7287), Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Nicol
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM (UMR 7287), Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Hays
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, HIPE Human-Lab (UAR 202324378), Marseille, France
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Barreira J, Gantois P, Castro J, Mesquita X, Peixoto R, Cid MF, Loturco I, Sousa A, Nakamura FY. Using Bar Velocity to Assess Post-match Neuromuscular Fatigue in Young Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:589-597. [PMID: 37549884 DOI: 10.1055/a-2150-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the recovery of neuromuscular performance using mechanical parameters collected during jump (vertical and horizontal) and strength-power exercises in youth soccer players after official soccer matches. Twenty-one outfield highly trained youth male soccer athletes (age: 18.23±0.73 years; weight: 72.12±6.99 kg; height: 1.78±0.08 m) from two teams competing in the 1st division of U-19 Portuguese National Championship participated in this study. Players completed a battery of physical tests at -2 h, + 30 min, +24 h, and +48 h in relation to the match. Countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, and bar velocity during the half squat, bench press, and hip thrust exercises, at fixed loads, were recorded. Countermovement jump was impaired until 24 h post-match (-: 1.7% from pre- to 24 h post-match, p=0.050; ES=-: 0.82). Half-squat bar velocity was reduced immediately following the match (-: 6.8% from pre-match, p=0.004; ES=-: 0.64) but recovered at +24 h (+2.9%, p=1.00; ES=0.02). Hip-thrust bar velocity was reduced for up to 48 h post-match (-: 7.4% from pre- to 48 h post-match, p<0.001; ES=-: 0.80). No impairments were found in the horizontal jump and bench press at any moment. Our findings show prolonged decrements in strength of the posterior chain following a soccer match, measured in the hip thrust exercise, while the other exercises displayed faster recovery dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barreira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jorge Castro
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Xavier Mesquita
- Physical Performance, Independent Researcher, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rafael Peixoto
- Department of Sport Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Group in Strength Training and Fitness Activities, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Sports Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ana Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
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Zhang J, McClean ZJ, Khaledi N, Morgan SJ, Millet GY, Aboodarda SJ. Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked responses on knee extensor muscles during cycling. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1681-1695. [PMID: 38806709 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures the excitability and inhibition of corticomotor networks. Despite its task-specificity, few studies have used TMS during dynamic movements and the reliability of TMS paired pulses has not been assessed during cycling. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of motor evoked potentials (MEP) and short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) on vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscle activity during a fatiguing single-leg cycling task. Nine healthy adults (2 female) performed two identical sessions of counterweighted single-leg cycling at 60% peak power output until failure. Five single pulses and ten paired pulses were delivered to the motor cortex, and two maximal femoral nerve stimulations (Mmax) were administered during two baseline cycling bouts (unfatigued) and every 5 min throughout cycling (fatigued). When comparing both baseline bouts within the same session, MEP·Mmax-1 and LICI (both ICC: >0.9) were rated excellent while SICI was rated good (ICC: 0.7-0.9). At baseline, between sessions, in the vastus lateralis, Mmax (ICC: >0.9) and MEP·Mmax-1 (ICC: 0.7) demonstrated good reliability; LICI was moderate (ICC: 0.5), and SICI was poor (ICC: 0.3). Across the fatiguing task, Mmax demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC > 0.8), MEP·Mmax-1 ranged good to excellent (ICC: 0.7-0.9), LICI was moderate to excellent (ICC: 0.5-0.9), and SICI remained poorly reliable (ICC: 0.3-0.6). These results corroborate the cruciality of retaining mode-specific testing measurements and suggest that during cycling, Mmax, MEP·Mmax-1, and LICI measures are reliable whereas SICI, although less reliable across days, can be reliable within the same session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zachary J McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Neda Khaledi
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sophie-Jayne Morgan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Lyon 1, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
| | - Saied Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Oxendale CL, Highton J, Smith G, Twist C. Can Player Tracking Devices Monitor Changes in Internal Response During Multidirectional Running? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:975-981. [PMID: 35797088 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2092049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We examined the movement, physiological and muscle function responses to running with and without (i.e. linear) multiple directional changes to understand which measures of external demands better reflected changes in the internal response. Methods: Twelve team sport athletes completed a linear and multidirectional running trial during which movement characteristics, oxygen consumption (V ˙ O 2 ), blood lactate (B[La]) and heart rate (HR) were measured. Isometric peak torque of knee extensors and flexors was also assessed before and after each trial. Results: High speed running distance was higher during the linear trial (p < 0.001), whereas time at high metabolic power (p = 0.046), number of accelerations (p < 0.001), summated HR (p = 0.003) and B[La] (p = 0.002) were higher during the multidirectional trial. Integrated external to internal ratios of high-speed running: summated HR and high-speed running: total V ˙ O 2 were different between multidirectional and linear trials (p ≤ 0.001). Conversely, high metabolic power: summated HR and high metabolic power: total V ˙ O 2 were similar (p ≥ 0.246). Small decrements in knee flexor (p = 0.003) and extensor torque (p = 0.004) were observed after both trials. Conclusion: Time at high metabolic power better reflects the increased internal response during running with more directional changes than high speed running.
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Pexa BS, Johnston CJ, Taylor JB, Ford KR. Training Load and Current Soreness Predict Future Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Collegiate Female Soccer Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:1271-1282. [PMID: 38050552 PMCID: PMC10693489 DOI: 10.26603/001c.89890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed onset muscles soreness (DOMS) is an indication of muscle stress and trauma that develops from excessive musculoskeletal loads. Musculoskeletal loads can be measured with wearable devices, but there is limited research on specific training load metrics that most correlate with DOMS after activity. Purpose To determine the predictive capabilities of training load variables on the development of lower extremity DOMS in female collegiate soccer athletes throughout an entire season. Study Design Prospective Cohort. Methods Twenty-seven collegiate female soccer athletes reported their lower extremity DOMS each day prior to all soccer activity. Participants wore Polar heart rate and global positioning monitors to capture training load measures. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the training load variables and change in DOMS when collapsed across dates. Separate linear mixed models were performed with the following day's DOMS as the outcome variable, training load and the current day's DOMS as predictor variables, and participants serving as random intercepts. Results All training load variables significantly predicted change in DOMS, with number of decelerations (ρ=0.72, p <0.001), minutes spent at greater than 80% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) (ρ=0.71 , p <0.001), and distance (ρ=0.70 , p <0.001) best correlating with change in DOMS. Linear mixed models revealed a significant interaction of all training load and current day's DOMS on the following day's DOMS (p<0.001), but number of decelerations, HRmax, and total number of accelerations demonstrated the highest coefficient of determination (R2 marginal=33.2% - 29.2% , R2 conditional= 46.9% - 44.8%). Conclusions Training load variables paired with the current day's DOMS significantly predict lower extremity DOMS in the future, with number of decelerations, accelerations, and HRmax best predicting future DOMS. Although this demonstrates that training load variables predict lower extremity DOMS, future research should incorporate objective measures of strength or jump kinetics to identify if similar relationships exist. Level of Evidence Level 3.
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Hubbard J, Pitcairn J, Brownstein CG. Exacerbated impairments in neuromuscular function when two bouts of team sport match simulations are separated by 48 h. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1422-1433. [PMID: 37811800 PMCID: PMC10988426 DOI: 10.1113/ep091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent team sports, involving high metabolic and mechanical demands, elicit prolonged impairments in neuromuscular function which persist for ∼48-72 h. Whether impairments in neuromuscular function are exacerbated when such exercise is repeated with incomplete recovery is unknown. This study assessed the neuromuscular, heart rate and metabolic responses to two bouts of ∼90 min modified team sport match simulations separated by 48 h in 12 competitive football players. Before and 2 min after both bouts, knee extensor isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), contractile function (Qtw,pot ) and voluntary activation (VA) were measured. Heart rate (HR), sprint time, blood lactate and glucose were measured throughout both bouts. MVC was reduced relative to baseline at post-bout 1 (21 ± 12%; P = 0.003) and pre-bout 2 (14 ± 11%; P = 0.009), and was lower post-bout 2 (33 ± 14%; P < 0.001) relative to post-bout 1 (P = 0.036). Qtw,pot was reduced post-bout 1 (30 ± 11%; P < 0.001) and pre-bout 2 (9 ± 6%; P = 0.004), and was not different post-bout 2 (28 ± 8%; P < 0.001) relative to post-bout 1 (P = 0.872). VA was reduced post-bout 1 (8 ± 7%; P = 0.023), recovered pre-bout 2 (P = 0.133) and was lower post-bout 2 (16 ± 7%; P < 0.001) relative to post-bout 1 (P = 0.029). Total sprint time was longer, and HR, blood lactate and glucose were lower during bout 2 than bout 1 (P ≤ 0.021). Thus, impairments in neuromuscular function are exacerbated when high-intensity intermittent exercise is performed with incomplete recovery concurrent with accentuated reductions in VA. The lower blood lactate and glucose during the second bout might be due, at least in part, to reduced glycogen availability upon commencing exercise and consequently a greater reliance on glucose extraction. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? There is limited evidence on whether impairments in neuromuscular function are exacerbated when prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise is repeated with incomplete recovery: what are the neuromuscular consequences of performing two bouts of a modified team sport match simulations separated by 48 h? What is the main finding and its importance? Impairments in knee extensor force generating capacity are exacerbated concurrent with accentuated reductions in nervous system activation of muscle when prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise is repeated with 48 h recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hubbard
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport SciencesFaculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jade Pitcairn
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport SciencesFaculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Callum G. Brownstein
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport SciencesFaculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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Wilson MT, Hunter AM, Fairweather M, Kerr S, Hamilton DL, Macgregor LJ. Enhanced skeletal muscle contractile function and corticospinal excitability precede strength and architectural adaptations during lower-limb resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1911-1928. [PMID: 37185932 PMCID: PMC10460716 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evolving investigative techniques are providing greater understanding about the early neuromuscular responses to resistance training among novice exercisers. The aim of this study was to investigate the time-course of changes in muscle contractile mechanics, architecture, neuromuscular, and strength adaptation during the first 6-weeks of lower-limb resistance training. METHODS Forty participants: 22 intervention (10 males/12 females; 173.48 ± 5.20 cm; 74.01 ± 13.13 kg) completed 6-week resistance training, and 18 control (10 males/8 females; 175.52 ± 7.64 cm; 70.92 ± 12.73 kg) performed no resistance training and maintained their habitual activity. Radial muscle displacement (Dm) assessed via tensiomyography, knee extension maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), corticospinal excitability and inhibition via transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor unit (MU) firing rate, and muscle thickness and pennation angle via ultrasonography were assessed before and after 2, 4, and 6-weeks of dynamic lower-limb resistance training or control. RESULTS After 2-weeks training, Dm reduced by 19-25% in the intervention group; this was before any changes in neural or morphological measures. After 4-weeks training, MVC increased by 15% along with corticospinal excitability by 16%; however, there was no change in VA, corticospinal inhibition, or MU firing rate. After 6-weeks training there was further MVC increase by 6% along with muscle thickness by 13-16% and pennation angle by 13-14%. CONCLUSION Enhanced contractile properties and corticospinal excitability occurred before any muscle architecture, neural, and strength adaptation. Later increases in muscular strength can be accounted for by architectural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wilson
- Physiology, Exercise, and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise, and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
- Department of Sports Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | | | - Stewart Kerr
- Life Fit Wellness, Healthcare & Exercise Centre, Falkirk, Scotland, UK
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise, and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Henríquez M, Sabido R, Barbado D, Roldan A, Elvira JLL, Yanci J, Reina R. Differences in kinetic characteristics during countermovement jump of football players with cerebral palsy according to impairment profiles. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121652. [PMID: 37179834 PMCID: PMC10169619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was 1) to determine and compare kinetic parameters during the realization of a countermovement jump (CMJ) between footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) and non-impaired footballers, and 2) to analyze the differences in this action between different players' impairment profiles and a group of non-impaired footballers. Methods: This study involved 154 participants comprising 121 male footballers with CP from 11 national teams and 33 male non-impaired football players recruited as the control group (CG). The footballers with CP were described according to the different impairment profiles (bilateral spasticity = 10; athetosis or ataxia = 16; unilateral spasticity = 77; minimum impairment = 18). All participants performed three CMJs on a force platform to record kinetic parameters during the test. Results: The group of para-footballers presented significantly lower values than the CG in the jump height (p < 0.01, d = -1.28), peak power (p < 0.01, d = -0.84), and the net concentric impulse (p < 0.01, d = -0.86). Concerning the pairwise comparisons between CP profiles and the CG, significant differences were found for the bilateral spasticity, athetosis or ataxia, and unilateral spasticity subgroups compared to the non-impaired players for jump height (p < 0.01; d = -1.31 to -2.61), power output (p < 0.05; d = -0.77 to -1.66), and concentric impulse of the CMJ (p < 0.01; d = -0.86 to -1.97). When comparing the minimum impairment subgroup with the CG, only significant differences were found for jump height (p = 0.036; d = -0.82). Footballers with minimum impairment presented higher jumping height (p = 0.002; d = -1.32) and concentric impulse (p = 0.029; d = -1.08) compared to those with bilateral spasticity. Also, the unilateral spasticity subgroup reports a higher jump height performance than the bilateral group (p = 0.012; d = -1.12). Conclusion: These results suggest that the variables related to power production during the concentric phase of the jump are crucial for the performance differences between groups with and without impairment. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of kinetic variables that would differentiate CP and non-impaired footballers. However, more studies are necessary to clarify which parameters better differentiate among different profiles of CP. The findings could help to prescribe effective physical training programs and support the classifier's decision-making for class allocation in this para-sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Chile
| | - Rafael Sabido
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - David Barbado
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Alba Roldan
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Jose L. L. Elvira
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports, and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Raúl Reina
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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Woodhead A, North JS, Hill J, Murphy CP, Kidgell DJ, Tallent J. Corticospinal and spinal adaptations following lower limb motor skill training: a meta-analysis with best evidence synthesis. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:807-824. [PMID: 36740653 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Motor skill training alters the human nervous system; however, lower limb motor tasks have been less researched compared to upper limb tasks. This meta-analysis with best evidence synthesis aimed to determine the cortical and subcortical responses that occur following lower limb motor skill training, and whether these responses are accompanied by improvements in motor performance. Following a literature search that adhered to the PRISMA guidelines, data were extracted and analysed from six studies (n = 172) for the meta-analysis, and 11 studies (n = 257) were assessed for the best evidence synthesis. Pooled data indicated that lower limb motor skill training increased motor performance, with a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 1.09 being observed. However, lower limb motor skill training had no effect on corticospinal excitability (CSE), Hoffmann's reflex (H-reflex) or muscle compound action potential (MMAX) amplitude. The best evidence synthesis found strong evidence for improved motor performance and reduced short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) following lower limb motor skill training, with conflicting evidence towards the modulation of CSE. Taken together, this review highlights the need for further investigation on how motor skill training performed with the lower limb musculature can modulate corticospinal responses. This will also help us to better understand whether these neuronal measures are underpinning mechanisms that support an improvement in motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Woodhead
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Jamie S North
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Jessica Hill
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Colm P Murphy
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia.,School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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12
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Field A, Corr LD, Sarmento H, Naughton R, Clifford T, Haines M, Page RM, Harper LD. The Impact of 120 Minutes of Soccer-Specific Exercise on Recovery. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:237-245. [PMID: 35344470 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1964697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The extra-time (ET) period of soccer is competed during fixture congested schedules with often limited recovery time between matches. The aim of this study was to assess muscle damage recovery following 90- and 120-min (i.e., incorporation of ET) of simulated soccer match-play. Methods: Twelve semiprofessional soccer players completed 90 and 120-min treadmill-based soccer-specific exercise in a counterbalanced order. Creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, perceived muscle soreness, pain pressure threshold, reactive strength index, countermovement jump height, and isokinetic strength assessments of eccentric knee flexors at 60, 180 and 270 deg‧s-1 were taken at baseline and immediately-, 24, 48 and 72-hr post-exercise to assess recovery. Results: No significant between-trial interactions except for CK were found. Pairwise comparisons detected a 53% increase in CK at 24-hr (455 ± 29 μ∙L-1) following 120-min of simulated match-play vs. the corresponding post 90-min time-point (299 ± 29 μ∙L-1; p < .01). The 120-min trial caused a 58% higher CK response at 72-hr (244 ± 25 μ∙L-1) vs. post 90-min comparisons (154 ± 29 μ∙L-1; p = .02). No interaction effects were detected for any other recovery variables. Creatine kinase and perceived muscle soreness remained elevated up to 72-hr in both trials (p < .01). Conclusions: These data indicate that 120 min of simulated soccer match-play delays the time-course of CK recovery up to 72-hr post-match. However, 120 min of simulated soccer has no additional impact on functional recovery and perceived muscle soreness vs. 90 min. Recovery should be investigated following 90- and 120-min of actual match-play.Trial registration The study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/VGU6T Date: 10/06/2019).
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13
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Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Performance Adaptations to Intensified Training in Top-Level Football. Sports Med 2023; 53:577-594. [PMID: 36380164 PMCID: PMC9667002 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because physical demands are surging in football (soccer, USA), clubs are more and more seeking players who have a high capacity to perform repeated intense exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), comprising exercise performed at intensities near or exceeding the capacity of aerobic energy systems, effectively enhances the physical conditioning of players. But given that HIIT imposes high loads, it increases the risk of overload-associated match performance decline and injury. This makes some coaches inclined to conduct HIIT in the weeks leading up to the season and during the season. Therefore, the challenge is how to optimize and dose HIIT during these phases, as they can be decisive. Studies have highlighted the utility of conducting periods of intensified training to overcome the risk of overload while at the same time enhancing performance. During intensified training periods of typically a few weeks, intensity is increased by enlarging the amount of HIIT, for example, aerobic high-intensity training or speed endurance training, while volume at low-to-moderate intensity is significantly reduced. The outcome depends on training composition and prescription-most notably, intensity and duration of bouts and recovery. When work intervals are prescribed for a few minutes at intensities > 90% heart rate max (i.e., aerobic high-intensity training), then beneficial adaptations pertaining to aerobic power and capacity are apparent. But when work intervals are conducted at much higher intensities, as all-out efforts or sprinting of typically 10- to 40-s duration with longer recovery periods (i.e., speed endurance training), beneficial adaptations pertaining to anaerobic energy systems, ion handling, and fatigue resilience are commonly observed. In this review, we discuss the utility of conducting intensified training periods to enhance performance in elite football players during the late preparation phase and competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Cross R, Lovell R, Marshall PW, Norris D, Siegler JC. Scheduling Concurrent Training 48 versus 72 h after Simulated Match Play: Effects on Neuromuscular Function and Fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:301-310. [PMID: 36635860 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scheduling concurrent training (CT) during the in-season microcycle in field-based team sport is driven by prematch and postmatch recovery. This study examined the neuromuscular function, fatigue, and soreness responses to CT administered 48 h (match day (MD) + 2) versus 72 h (MD + 3) after match. METHODS Ten male recreational-level team sport athletes were monitored daily during two 5-d microcycles, which began with a simulated match (Soccer-specific Aerobic Field Test (SAFT90)) and CT performed either 48 or 72 h after match. Maximal voluntary force, quadriceps maximum EMG, voluntary activation, muscle contractile function (evoked twitch responses), muscle soreness, and fatigue were assessed immediately before and after the SAFT90, and every 24 up to 96 h after match. Outcome measures were also assessed immediately after CT. The CT consisted of an intermittent sprint protocol and a lower limb resistance training session separated by 1 h. RESULTS Immediately after the SAFT90 in both conditions, maximal voluntary force was below baseline (mean change (Δ), -14.6% ± 10.0%; P = 0.03), recovering 48 h post. Quadriceps contractile function (Δ, -31.5% ± 11.4%; P = 0.003) and voluntary activation (Δ, -8.9 ± 6.2%; P = 0.003) were also hampered after the SAFT90, recovering 24 h post in both conditions. In addition, the SAFT90 elicited elevated levels of fatigue and muscle soreness that recovered 24 h after the SAFT90 before increasing at 72 and 96 h post in the MD + 2 and MD + 3 conditions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Recovery of fatigue was only observed at the end of the microcycle when CT was prescribed on MD + 2. Therefore, CT scheduled early (MD + 2) in the microcycle might avoid compromising forthcoming match preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Dean Norris
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jason C Siegler
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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15
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Majano C, García-Unanue J, Hernandez-Martin A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L, Felipe JL. Relationship between Repeated Sprint Ability, Countermovement Jump and Thermography in Elite Football Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:631. [PMID: 36679427 PMCID: PMC9863071 DOI: 10.3390/s23020631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Football is a very demanding sport which requires players to exert maximum effort, producing fatigue and eventually injuries. Thermography can be used to detect fatigue and prevent its consequences through thermal asymmetries in the bilateral body areas; however, its adequacy for elite footballers has not been widely studied. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to determine the suitability of thermography to detect fatigue in male football players. For this reason, twenty participants were gathered into a pair of subgroups (low [<0.2 °C] vs. high thermal asymmetry [≥0.2 °C]) based on a thermography session of the lower limbs (thighs, calves, and hamstrings). After the thermography session, players performed CMJs before and after an RSA test (6 × 30 m/20″). A mixed two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparisons were undertaken to analyse the results. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in any of the RSA test variables between low and high thermal asymmetry groups for thighs and calves. On the other hand, the low thermal asymmetry hamstring group reported a smaller percentage difference in sprints for the first sprint (%Diff) and a larger percentage difference in sprints two and three with respect to the best sprint (%Best). For CMJs, the low thermal asymmetry hamstring group reported significantly higher values post-RSA test, indicating better performance. Accordingly, thermography can provide information about performance in CMJ and RSA tests through hamstring asymmetries over 0.2 °C. Meanwhile, larger asymmetries than 0.2 °C in calves and thighs do not seem to be related to performance in these tests; therefore, coaches should consider if it is optimal to align players with high hamstring asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Majano
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Martin
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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16
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Perspectives on Postmatch Fatigue From 300 Elite European Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:55-60. [PMID: 36521189 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the general perspectives of elite soccer players on the time course of perceived postmatch fatigue and the influence of away matches on subjective perceptions. METHODS Adopting a cross-sectional study design, we invited 371 subjects from 14 top-division European clubs competing in the Belgian First Division A, English Premier League, French Ligue 1, Italian Serie A, Portuguese Primeira Liga, Russian Premier League, and Swiss Premier League to take part in a short survey on general issues relating to postmatch fatigue measurement and tracking in professional soccer. RESULTS Three hundred male professional soccer players completed the short questionnaire. For perceptions relevant to the time course of postmatch fatigue, two-thirds of respondents (67%) indicated higher postmatch fatigue perceived 2 days (48 h) after an official competition. Among these respondents, a higher proportion of answers was observed in wide midfielders (74%), attackers (74%), and central midfielders (68%). Approximately two-thirds of respondents (63%) indicated more than usual and much more than usual perceived postmatch fatigue following away matches. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, our investigation addressed practical aspects that remained unexplored and fundamental to the definition of an optimal player management process following a competition. From a practical standpoint, perspectives of individual elite soccer players substantiated the notion of implementing processes with dedicated recovery protocols within 48 hours postmatch and highlighted the need for differential strategies addressing the additional burden of away matches and travel.
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17
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Goulart KNO, Coimbra CC, Campos HO, Drummond LR, Ogando PHM, Brown G, Couto BP, Duffield R, Wanner SP. Fatigue and Recovery Time Course After Female Soccer Matches: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:72. [PMID: 35657571 PMCID: PMC9166924 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze the extent of fatigue responses after female soccer matches and the ensuing recovery time course of performance, physiological, and perceptual responses. Methods Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) were searched in October 2020 and updated in November 2021. Studies were included when participants were female soccer players, regardless of their ability level. Further, the intervention was an official soccer match with performance, physiological, or perceptual parameters collected pre- and post-match (immediately, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h-post).
Results A total of 26 studies (n = 465 players) were included for meta-analysis. Most performance parameters showed some immediate post-match reduction (effect size [ES] = − 0.72 to − 1.80), apart from countermovement jump (CMJ; ES = − 0.04). Reduced CMJ performance occurred at 12 h (ES = − 0.38) and 24 h (ES = − 0.42) and sprint at 48 h post-match (ES = − 0.75). Inflammatory and immunological parameters responded acutely with moderate-to-large increases (ES = 0.58–2.75) immediately post-match. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase alterations persisted at 72 h post-match (ES = 3.79 and 7.46, respectively). Small-to-moderate effects were observed for increased cortisol (ES = 0.75) and reduced testosterone/cortisol ratio (ES = -0.47) immediately post-match, while negligible to small effects existed for testosterone (ES = 0.14) and estradiol (ES = 0.34). Large effects were observed for perceptual variables, with increased fatigue (ES = 1.79) and reduced vigor (ES = − 0.97) at 12 h post-match, while muscle soreness was increased immediately post (ES = 1.63) and at 24 h post-match (ES = 1.00). Conclusions Acute fatigue exists following female soccer matches, and the performance, physiological, and perceptual parameters showed distinctive recovery timelines. Importantly, physical performance was recovered at 72 h post-match, whereas muscle damage markers were still increased at this time point. These timelines should be considered when planning training and match schedules. However, some caution should be advised given the small number of studies available on this population.
Registration The protocol for this systematic review was pre-registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, Registration Number: CRD42021237857). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00466-3.
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel-Imaz I, Terrados N. Match Loads May Predict Neuromuscular Fatigue and Intermittent-Running Endurance Capacity Decrement after a Soccer Match. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15390. [PMID: 36430106 PMCID: PMC9692713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
How the match-derived load metrics relate to post-match fatigue in soccer is scarcely researched. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the associations between soccer match-related internal and external loads, neuromuscular performance decrease and intermittent-running endurance capacity decrement immediately post-match. Vertical jump (countermovement jump), straight-line sprinting (10- and 20-m sprint), change of direction ability (T-test) and intermittent-running endurance capacity (YO-YO intermittent recovery level 2) were measured one day before and immediately after a friendly match in male soccer players. During the match, players' internal and external loads were also monitored, including heart rate-derived indices, total distance at various speed thresholds, average running velocity, maximal running velocity, number of sprints and number of accelerations and decelerations at various intensity thresholds. The results show that match-induced fatigue was reflected on neuromuscular performance and intermittent-running endurance capacity immediately post-match (p < 0.05). The quantification of percentage change of match external-load metrics, particularly accelerations and decelerations, provides a useful non-invasive predictor of subsequent neuromuscular fatigue status in soccer players immediately post-match (p < 0.05). However, only internal load metrics present a practical application for predicting intermittent-running endurance capacity impairment (p < 0.05). In summary, internal and external load metrics may allow for predicting the extent of acute fatigue, and variability between halves may represent a valuable alternative to facilitate the analysis of match-related fatigue both for research and applied purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arratibel-Imaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Sports Medicine Center Tolosa Kirol Medikuntza, 20400 Tolosa, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine of the Principality of Asturias (URMD), 33401 Avilés, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Moreno-Villanueva A, Rico-González M, Gómez-Carmona CD, Gómez-Ruano MÁ, Silva N, Pino-Ortega J. What Is the Most Sensitive Test to Identify Fatigue through the Analysis of Neuromuscular Status in Male Elite Futsal Players? SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7702. [PMID: 36298053 PMCID: PMC9609378 DOI: 10.3390/s22207702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine which of the neuromuscular status (NMS) monitoring tests (1: Counter-movement jump, CMJ; 2: back squat with additional load) is the most sensitive and effective for evaluating the state of fatigue in futsal players during the preseason. Seventeen professional futsal players were recruited for this study (age: 23.07 ± 6.76 years; height: 1.75 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 75.47 ± 7.47 kg; playing experience in elite: 5.38 ± 2.03 years). All of them were evaluated during the preseason phase in two tests (CMJ and back squat with additional load) before and after each training session (pre- vs. post-test). A jump platform was used to extract jump height during CMJ, while a linear position transducer was used to extract mean velocity (MV) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) during the back squat exercise. Significant differences were obtained for intra-subject analysis for MV and MPV in loaded back squat exercise (p < 0.001), finding lower values during the post-test. In conclusion, the monitoring of NMS through the back squat provides greater sensitivity and objectivity in comparison with CMJ, due to a more direct neuromuscular extrapolation to the physical demands of futsal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markel Rico-González
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Gómez-Ruano
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuno Silva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
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20
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Akyildiz Z, Ocak Y, Clemente FM, Birgonul Y, Günay M, Nobari H. Monitoring the post-match neuromuscular fatigue of young Turkish football players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13835. [PMID: 35974069 PMCID: PMC9381501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue tests have been used in previous studies to organize post-match training programs and to minimize injuries. The aim of this study is to describe the neuromuscular fatigue that occurs after a football match and to examine the relationship between internal and external load values in the match and fatigue parameters obtained at different time intervals. Twenty male U19 academy league soccer players (age: 19; height: 181.3 ± 4.3; weight: 73.4 ± 6.7) participated in the study. The countermovement jump (CMJ) test was applied to the players 24 h before, as well as 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after a football match. During the CMJ tests, the maximum velocity of each player during the jump was recorded by using the GymAware linear position transducer. The CMJ maximum velocity values 24 h before and 24 h after the match, as well as the CMJ height values (Cohen’s d: 1.210; p < 0.001), were statistically different from the values recorded 24 h before and 24 and 48 h after the match (Cohen’s d: 1.578; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d: 0,922; p < 0.009). The correlation values were not statistically significant. The results suggest, CMJ height and CMJ maximum velocity values, which determine neuromuscular fatigue after a football match, can be used by practitioners to display post-match neuromuscular fatigue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Akyildiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yücel Ocak
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yasar Birgonul
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Günay
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
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21
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Bouchiba M, Bragazzi NL, Zarzissi S, Turki M, Zghal F, Grati MA, Daab W, Ayadi F, Rebai H, Ibn Hadj Amor H, Hureau TJ, Bouzid MA. Cold Water Immersion Improves the Recovery of Both Central and Peripheral Fatigue Following Simulated Soccer Match-Play. Front Physiol 2022; 13:860709. [PMID: 36045743 PMCID: PMC9420968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.860709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of neuromuscular fatigue following simulated soccer match-play. In a randomized design, twelve soccer players completed a 90-min simulated soccer match followed by either CWI or thermoneutral water immersion (TWI, sham condition). Before and after match (immediately after CWI/TWI through 72 h recovery), neuromuscular and performance assessments were performed. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and twitch responses, delivered through electrical femoral nerve stimulation, were used to assess peripheral fatigue (quadriceps resting twitch force, Qtw,pot) and central fatigue (voluntary activation, VA). Performance was assessed via squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 20 m sprint tests. Biomarkers of muscle damages (creatine kinase, CK; Lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) were also collected. Smaller reductions in CWI than TWI were found in MVC (-9.9 ± 3%vs-23.7 ± 14.7%), VA (-3.7 ± 4.9%vs-15.4 ± 5.6%) and Qtw,pot (-15.7 ± 5.9% vs. -24.8 ± 9.5%) following post-match intervention (p < 0.05). On the other hand, smaller reductions in CWI than TWI were found only in Qtw,pot (-0.2 ± 7.7% vs. -8.8 ± 9.6%) at 72 h post-match. Afterwards, these parameters remained lower compared to baseline up to 48–72 h in TWI while they all recovered within 24 h in CWI. The 20 m sprint performance was less impaired in CWI than TWI (+11.1 ± 3.2% vs. +18 ± 3.6%, p < 0.05) while SJ and CMJ were not affected by the recovery strategy. Plasma LDH, yet no CK, were less increased during recovery in CWI compared to TWI. This study showed that CWI reduced both central and peripheral components of fatigue, which in turn led to earlier full recovery of the neuromuscular function and performance indices. Therefore, CWI might be an interesting recovery strategy for soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Bouchiba
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, mailto:
| | - Slim Zarzissi
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Turki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Firas Zghal
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Grati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wael Daab
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Thomas J. Hureau
- Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR3072), Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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22
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Neira A, Silvestre R, Debandi A, Darras D, Cristi-Sánchez I, Barra I, Peñailillo L, De La Fuente C. Is the Rotatory Knee Stability Immediately Decreased Following a Competitive Soccer Match? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:903131. [PMID: 35935511 PMCID: PMC9354053 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.903131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue induced by soccer playing increases physical efforts, which might alter the transverse knee stability, a known factor that promotes knee injuries, particularly anterior cruciate ligament injury. Thereby, primarily, we aimed to determine whether rotatory knee stability decreases immediately following a competitive soccer match in amateur players. Furthermore, we assessed the role of the preferred and non-preferred limbs to kick a ball in rotatory knee stability and the correlation between performance parameters and rotatory knee stability. We hypothesized that the knee stability decreases immediately after a competitive soccer match in amateur players. Eight healthy amateur soccer players (aged 27.2 ± 4.7 years and with body mass index of 23.8 ± 1.2 kg m−2) were included immediately before and after a competitive soccer match. The rotatory knee stability was assessed in the preferred and non-preferred limbs through the acceleration and jerk of the pivot shift maneuver and by the internal knee rotation of a pivoting landing task. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA for factors time (before and after the soccer match) and limb (preferred and non-preferred) and multiple comparisons were performed using α = 5%. There was a statistical significance for the main factor time in the acceleration (5.04 vs. 6.90 ms−2, Δ = 1.86 ms−2, p = 0.020, η2 = 0.331) and jerk (18.46 vs. 32.10 ms−2, Δ = 13.64 ms−2, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.456) of the pivot shift maneuver. Rotatory stability decreases following a competitive soccer match in amateur soccer players under fatigue. Both the acceleration and jerk during the pivot shift maneuver is increased without significant internal knee rotation changes during the pivoting landing task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Neira
- Escuela Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alejandro Neira,
| | - Rony Silvestre
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Debandi
- Traumatología, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Servicio Traumatologéa, Hospital Clénico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Iver Cristi-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuromecánica Aplicada, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Barra
- Escuela Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos De La Fuente
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, Brazil
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23
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Montoro-Bombú R, de la Paz Arencibia L, Buzzichelli C, Miranda-Oliveira P, Fernandes O, Santos A, Rama L. The Validity of the Push Band 2.0 on the Reactive Strength Index Assessment in Drop Jump. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134724. [PMID: 35808221 PMCID: PMC9269219 DOI: 10.3390/s22134724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to verify the validity of the Push Band 2.0 (PB2.0) device on the reactive strength index (RSI) measurement, using a force plate (FP) and an optical sensor device, OptoJump (OPT), as a reference. Twenty trained athletes performed 60 drop jump trials with a height box of 30 cm. A randomized repeated measures study was conducted during a single session using the PB2.0, the OPT, and the plate force manually synchronized to obtain RSI data for each jump. Validity was analyzed by contrasting three measures: the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the Bland–Altman test, and R2 coefficient of determination. Bland–Altman analysis showed that RSI and FP for PB2.0 (media = −0.047; IC 93.34%) of all data were within the confidence interval, indicating a statistically reliable result. The RSI measured by the OPT and PB2.0 also provided similar values (media = −0.047). These data are identical to other validity measures (ICC and linear correlation) but differ in the R2 values. The explained variation of PB2.0 measures attained only 29.3% of the FP (R2 = 0.293) and 29.5% (R2 = 0.295) of the OPT assessment, showing a very low determination coefficient. The results of this study point to caution in the use of PB2.0 when measuring RSI in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raynier Montoro-Bombú
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lázaro de la Paz Arencibia
- Faculty of Sports, University of Physical Culture and Sport Sciences Manuel Fajardo, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Carlo Buzzichelli
- Faculty of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paulo Miranda-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
- School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA), 2799-538 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal;
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal
| | - Amândio Santos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Luis Rama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (L.R.)
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Deely C, Tallent J, Bennett R, Woodhead A, Goodall S, Thomas K, Howatson G. Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Function Following Academy Soccer Training. Front Physiol 2022; 13:911009. [PMID: 35770192 PMCID: PMC9235147 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.911009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To profile the etiology and recovery time-course of neuromuscular function in response to a mixed-content, standard training week in professional academy soccer players. We concurrently examined physical performance, cognitive function, and perceptual measures of mood and wellness states to identify a range of simple tests applied practitioners could use in the field as surrogate measures of neuromuscular function. Methods: Sixteen professional academy soccer players completed a range of neuromuscular, physical, perceptual, mood, and cognitive function tests at baseline and after a strenuous training day (pitch and gym), with retest at 24, 48, and 72 h, and further pitch and gym sessions after 48 h post-baseline. Maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and twitch responses to electrical stimulation (femoral nerve) during isometric knee-extensor contractions and at rest were measured to assess central nervous system (voluntary activation, VA) and muscle contractile (potentiated twitch force, Qtw,pot) function. Results: Strenuous training elicited decrements in MVC force post-session (−11%, p = 0.001) that remained unresolved at 72 h (−6%, p = 0.03). Voluntary activation (motor nerve stimulation) was reduced immediately post-training only (−4%, p = 0.03). No change in muscle contractile function (Qtw,pot) was observed post-training, though was reduced at 24 h (−13%, p = 0.01), and had not fully recovered 72 h after (−9%, p = 0.03). Perceptions of wellness were impaired post-training, and recovered by 24 h (sleepiness, energy) and 48 h (fatigue, muscle soreness, readiness to train). Countermovement jump performance declined at 24 h, while RSI (Reactive Strength Index) decrements persisted at 48 h. No changes were evident in adductor squeeze, mood, or cognitive function. Conclusion: Elite youth soccer training elicits substantial decrements in neuromuscular function, which are still present 72 h post-strenuous exercise. Though central processes contribute to post-exercise neuromuscular alterations, the magnitude and prolonged presence of impairments in contractile function indicates it is the restitution of muscular function (peripheral mechanisms) that explains recovery from strenuous training in academy soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Deely
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- Queen Park Rangers Football Club, Crane Lodge Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Bennett
- Queen Park Rangers Football Club, Crane Lodge Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Woodhead
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Sciences, St. Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Glyn Howatson,
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25
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Riazati S, Caplan N, Matabuena M, Hayes PR. Gait and Neuromuscular Changes Are Evident in Some Masters Club Level Runners 24-h After Interval Training Run. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:830278. [PMID: 35721873 PMCID: PMC9201250 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.830278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the time course of recovery for gait and neuromuscular function immediately after and 24-h post interval training. In addition, this study compared the impact of different statistical approaches on detecting changes. Methods Twenty (10F, 10M) healthy, recreational club runners performed a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session consisting of six repetitions of 800 m. A 6-min medium intensity run was performed pre, post, and 24-h post HIIT to assess hip and knee kinematics and coordination variability. Voluntary activation and twitch force of the quadriceps, along with maximum isometric force were examined pre, post, and 24-h post significance HIIT. The time course of changes were examined using two different statistical approaches: traditional null hypothesis significance tests and “real” changes using minimum detectable change. Results Immediately following the run, there were significant (P < 0.05) increases in the hip frontal kinematics and coordination variability. The runners also experienced a loss of muscular strength and neuromuscular function immediately post HIIT (P < 0.05). Individual assessment, however, showed that not all runners experienced fatigue effects immediately post HIIT. Null hypothesis significance testing revealed a lack of recovery in hip frontal kinematics, coordination variability, muscle strength, and neuromuscular function at 24-h post, however, the use of minimum detectable change suggested that most runners had recovered. Conclusion High intensity interval training resulted in altered running kinematics along with central and peripheral decrements in neuromuscular function. Most runners had recovered within 24-h, although a minority still exhibited signs of fatigue. The runners that were not able to recover prior to their run at 24-h were identified to be at an increased risk of running-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherveen Riazati
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Biomechanics, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sherveen Riazati
| | - Nick Caplan
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Matabuena
- Unique Research Center on Intelligent Technologies (CiTIUS), University of Santiago of Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip R. Hayes
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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26
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Field A, Page RM, Corr L, Naughton R, Haines M, Harper LD, Hudson S. Lower-Limb Muscle Excitation, Peak Torque, and External Load Responses to a 120-Minute Treadmill-Based Soccer-Specific Simulation. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:368-378. [PMID: 33306941 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1844858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate thigh musculature excitation and torque generation in response to soccer-specific exercise incorporating an extra-time (ET) period. Methods: Twelve semiprofessional soccer players performed 120-min treadmill-based soccer-specific exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals for the rectus femoris (EMGRF) and biceps femoris (EMGBF) were measured as the mean response across a pre-determined 10-second sprint bout during each 15-min block of exercise. Peak eccentric torque of the knee flexors (eccKF) and concentric torque of the knee extensors (conKE) were recorded across angular velocities of 60, 180, and 270 deg∙s-1 immediately pre- and post-exercise. Tri-axial PlayerLoad™ (PL-T) was monitored throughout exercise and defined across vertical (PL-V), anterior-posterior (PL-AP), and medial-lateral (PL-ML) planes of motion. Results: A reduction in normalized EMGRF amplitude was evident at 105‒120 min, versus 0‒15 min (-12.5%; p = .037), 15‒30 min (-12.5%; p = .047), and 45‒60 min (-14%; p = .030). Peak torque of the eccKF was significantly reduced from pre- to post-exercise at 60 (-7.7%; p = .018), 180 (-10.5%; p = .042), and 270 deg∙s-1 (-7.5%; p = .034). A main effect for time was identified for PL-T (p < .010), PL-V (p = .033), and PL-AP (p < .010). Conclusions: These findings suggest that muscle excitation of the rectus femoris is reduced during ET, accompanied with a deficit in the torque generation of the knee flexors following 120 min of soccer-specific activity. Practitioners should adequately condition players for the additional ET period by incorporating exercises into training schedules that develop fatigue-resistant eccentric hamstring strength to minimize injury risk.
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27
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Henríquez M, de Campos LFC, Muñoz-Hinrichsen F, Cornejo MI, Yanci J, Reina R. Neuromuscular Fatigue in Cerebral Palsy Football Players after a Competitive Match According to Sport Classification and Playing Position. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106070. [PMID: 35627606 PMCID: PMC9140681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the rated perceived exertion (RPE) and match load (RPE-ML) to compare pre-post-match vertical jump (VJ) capacity according to cerebral palsy (CP) players’ sport classes (i.e., FT1−FT3) and playing positions and to explore whether the neuromuscular performance variation is associated with the internal load of para-footballers with CP. Fifty-six male para-footballers performed two VJ tests before and immediately after a competitive CP football match, followed by measurements of the players’ RPE and RPE-ML. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the pairwise comparisons for RPE and RPE-ML according to sport classes and playing position. A significant reduction in the VJ performance was found for each player sport class and playing position in squat jump (SJ) (p < 0.01; 0.24 < dg < 0.58) and countermovement jump (CMJ) (p < 0.05; 0.22 < dg < 0.45). Regarding the pairwise comparisons, players with the minimal impairment criteria (FT3) obtained higher deficit scores during SJ than those belonging to the FT1 and FT2 (p = 0.003; 1.00 < dg < 1.56). Defenders experienced the lowest performance compared to midfielders and attackers in SJ performance (p = 0.027; 0.94 < dg < 1.28). Significant correlations were obtained between ΔSJ or ΔCMJ and RPE or RPE-ML (r = −0.58 to −0.75; p < 0.001). These findings provide novel information supporting the notion that fatigue induced after a competitive match causes notable impairments in VJ performance differentiated according to sport class and playing position in para-footballers with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Sport Research Centre, Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (M.I.C.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-522-2437
| | | | | | - María Isabel Cornejo
- Sport Research Centre, Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (M.I.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Raul Reina
- Sport Research Centre, Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (M.I.C.); (R.R.)
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28
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Thomas RJ, Timmins RG, Tofari PJ, Williams MD, Opar DA. Assessing isometric kicking force and post-match responses using the Kicker test. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1275-1281. [PMID: 35502468 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2065772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the inter-session reliability of force output from a novel isometric strength assessment protocol (the Kicker); and its suitability to monitor soccer player's combined hip flexion and knee extension force capacity over 72-h post-competitive matches. Reliability (Part-A) testing was completed over three sessions on 20 individuals participating in various sports at a recreational level or higher. Post-match strength response (Part-B) data were collected for 72-h after a game (24-h (+24), 48-h (+48) and 72-h (+72) post-match) in 17 male academy soccer players. After familiarisation, Kicker force for each limb showed high inter-session reliability (ICC >0.95; typical error <14 N, CV <6%); minimum detectable change at a 95% confidence interval <40 N). Across the 72-h post-match period, Kicker force for each limb was suppressed compared to baseline (force loss range = -5.8% to -12.5%; effect sizes range = -0.26 to -0.43) at all time points. The Kicker assessment protocol measures combined isometric hip flexor and knee extensor force capacity with high inter-session reliability. The proof of concept that the protocol can be used as a monitoring tool was evidenced by sustained suppression of baseline force capacity in both kicking limbs for 72-h post soccer matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rees J Thomas
- Melbourne Victory Football Club, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
| | - Paul J Tofari
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
| | - Morgan D Williams
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK
| | - David A Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
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29
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Three Simulated Goalball Games in the Same Day Cause Central Fatigue and Can Impair Game Technical Performance. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2022; 39:356-373. [PMID: 35287114 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2021-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three simulated goalball games on neuromuscular, physiological, perceptual, and technical parameters. Ten male players underwent assessments before and immediately after each game. Heart rate was recorded at rest and during all games that were entirely filmed for further technical performance analysis. Exercise significantly decreased knee extensor muscles peak force and percentage of voluntary activation after the second and third games, indicating the presence of central fatigue. Heart rate responses remained predominantly in a range equivalent to moderate activity intensity in all games. In addition, perceptual parameters were associated with reduced frequency of throws and density of actions. These findings suggest significant implications for the management of physical training, game strategy during a competition, and fixture change from three to two games per day.
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30
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Immediate voluntary activation deficits following submaximal eccentric contractions of knee extensors are associated with alterations of the sense of movement. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2338. [PMID: 35149737 PMCID: PMC8837602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying movement sense alterations following repeated eccentric contractions remain unclear. This study concomitantly investigated the effects of unilateral eccentric contractions on movement sense and on neuromuscular function at the knee before, immediately after (POST), 24 (POST24) and 48 (POST48) h after the exercise. Twelve participants performed sets of submaximal knee extensors (KE) eccentric contractions until a 20% decrease in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque was reached. Threshold to detect passive movement (TTDPM) tasks were used to assess movement sense during both knee flexion (TTDPMFLEX) and extension (TTDPMEXT). KE fatigability was assessed using the interpolated twitch technique. TTDPM values expressed in seconds and the percentage of unsuccessful trials only increased at POST during TTDPMFLEX and TTDPMEXT. The 20%-MVIC decrease was associated with significant decreases in voluntary activation level (- 12.7%, p < 0.01) and potentiated doublet torque at 100 Hz (- 18.1%, p < 0.001). At POST24, despite persistent reductions of maximal voluntary and electrically evoked torques associated with increased perceived muscle soreness, TTDPM values and the percentage of unsuccessful trials returned to baseline values. Consequently, movement sense alterations were only observed in the presence of voluntary activation deficits, suggesting that some exercise-induced central alterations may affect the somatosensory function.
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31
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Edwards T, Piggott B, Banyard HG, Haff GG, Joyce C. Sprint acceleration force-velocity-power characteristics in drafted vs non-drafted junior Australian football players: preliminary results. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:204-207. [PMID: 35077285 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1830159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the maximal sprint acceleration profiles of drafted and non-drafted elite junior Australian football (AF) players. Nineteen players (10 drafted and 9 non-drafted) from an elite junior AF state team participated in this study. Instantaneous velocity was measured via radar gun during maximal 30 m sprints. The velocity-time data were analysed to derive individual force-velocity-power characteristics and sprint times. No significant differences existed between groups, however drafted players reached moderately faster maximum velocity (Hedges' g = 0.70 [-0.08; 1.48] and theoretical maximum velocity (g = 0.65 [-0.13; 1.42]) than non-drafted players indicating a superior ability to apply higher amounts of force at increasing sprinting velocity. Further, drafted players produced moderately higher absolute theoretical maximum force (g = 0.72 [-0.06; 1.50]) and absolute maximum power (g = 0.83 [0.04; 1.62]) which reflects their moderately higher body mass (g = 0.61[-0.16;1.38]). Although not significant, in this sample of elite junior AF players, those drafted into the AFL displayed greater absolute sprint acceleration characteristics and maximal velocity capabilities than their non-drafted counterparts (moderate effect size). Whether force-velocity-power characteristics can be more beneficial in differentiating sprint performance of elite junior Australian footballers compared to the traditional sprint time approach warrants further investigation with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Benjamin Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Harry G Banyard
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Joyce
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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32
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Fitzpatrick JF, Hicks KM, Russell M, Hayes PR. The Reliability of Potential Fatigue-Monitoring Measures in Elite Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3448-3452. [PMID: 31498220 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fitzpatrick, JF, Hicks, KM, Russell, M, and Hayes, PR. The reliability of potential fatigue-monitoring measures in elite youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3448-3452, 2021-Monitoring fatigue is of vital importance to practitioners; however, logistics and concerns about reliability may impede the use of certain measures. This study aimed to quantify the reliability of potential measures of fatigue; a subjective wellness questionnaire, jump performance tests, and tri-axial accelerometer variables derived during submaximal shuttle running in elite youth soccer players. A secondary aim was to establish the minimum test duration that could be used for the submaximal shuttle run while maintaining good reliability. Seventeen male youth team players (age: 17.4 ± 0.5 years) were assessed on 2 occasions, spaced 7 days apart. Typical error, coefficient of variation (CV%), interclass correlation (ICC), and minimum detectable change were calculated for a subjective wellness questionnaire, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) and drop jump contact time (DJ-CT), drop jump height (DJ-JH), and reactive strength (DJ-RSI). A novel submaximal shuttle running test was also used to assess tri-axial accelerometer data reliability. Results suggest that CMJ, SJ, DJ-CT, and DJ-RSI have good test-retest reliability (CV% = 4.5-7.7; ICC = 0.80-0.88); however DJ-JH did not show acceptable reliability (CV% = 6.0; ICC = 0.76). Good reliability was found for all tri-axial accelerometer variables during a 3-minute (2-minute analysis) submaximal shuttle run (CV% = 2.4-8.0; ICC = 0.81-0.95), except for % PlayerLoad anterior-posterior (%PLAP) (CV% = 7.2; ICC = 0.63). The subjective wellness questionnaire demonstrated poor reliability for all items (CV% = 11.2-30.0; ICC = 0.00-0.78). The findings from this study provide practitioners with valuable information about the reliability of a range of potential fatigue-monitoring measures. This can be used to help make accurate decisions about the magnitude of change in these assessments when used in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Fitzpatrick
- Department Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- Sports Science and Medical Department, Newcastle United Football Club, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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The Effects of Successive Soccer Matches on the Internal Match Load, Stress Tolerance, Salivary Cortisol and Jumping Performance in Youth Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:173-184. [PMID: 34868427 PMCID: PMC8607784 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to analyze the effects of successive matches on the internal match load, stress tolerance, salivary cortisol concentration and countermovement vertical jump height in twelve youth soccer players (16.6 ± 0.5 yr; 175 ± 8 cm; 65 ± 8 kg) who performed four official matches within a four day-period with a 24-h recovery interval between the matches. The internal match load, monotony index and competitive strain, as well as stress tolerance were examined. Saliva samples were collected and countermovement vertical jump height was assessed 60 min pre and 30 min post each match; delta of salivary cortisol and countermovement vertical jump height for each match were analyzed. Salivary cortisol was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed no differences between matches for the internal match load (p > 0.05). The scores of the monotony index and competitive strain were 4.3 (±2.3) and 8104 (±6795) arbitrary units, respectively. There was no difference for stress tolerance between matches (p > 0.05). Delta values of salivary cortisol were not different among the assessed matches (F(3,33) = 1.397, p = 0.351, η2: 0.09); however, delta of countermovement vertical jump height decreased from match 1 to match 4 (F(3,33) = 8.64, p < 0.001, η2: 0.44). The current findings suggest that participating in four successive matches, with 24-h of recovery in between, may not lead to changes in stress tolerance and salivary cortisol of youth players, but it may induce a decrease in players' jumping performance after the fourth match.
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Cross R, Lovell R, Marshall PW, Siegler J. Acute Neuromuscular Response to Team Sports-specific Running, Resistance, and Concurrent Training: A Cross-over Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 54:456-465. [PMID: 34652335 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the changes in muscle contractile function, voluntary activation, and muscle damage following lower limb resistance training (RT), intermittent sprint exercise and concurrent training (CT). METHODS Ten male, recreational team sport athletes with a history of RT participated in a randomised cross-over study involving an intermittent sprint protocol (ISP), lower limb RT and CT (ISP and RT separated by 1 h). Prior to (PRE), immediately post (POST), 24 h and 48 h following each exercise condition, quadriceps muscle activation, voluntary activation, muscle contractile function (evoked twitch responses), creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness and POMS-fatigue were recorded. RESULTS Quadriceps contractile function was hampered in all conditions, with a significantly greater decline observed POST RT (58.4 ± 18.0%) and CT (54.8 ± 8.6%) compared to ISP (35.9 ± 10.7%; p < 0.05), recovering at 48 h following all exercise conditions. POMS-fatigue ratings increased at POST in all conditions with CT and ISP eliciting the greatest increase, returning to baseline 48 h following all exercise conditions. Quadriceps muscle soreness remained elevated from PRE at 48 h following all exercise conditions. No changes across time were observed for voluntary activation and quadriceps surface EMG amplitude following any exercise condition. The volume and load lifted in the RT session was unaffected by prior intermittent exercise (ISP) in CT. CONCLUSION RT impairs contractile function which is not exacerbated when performed 1 h following the ISP. Contractile function following all exercise conditions displayed the same recovery profile (48 h) despite the post-exercise decrement being smaller following the ISP compared to RT and CT. Prior intermittent sprint exercise does not negatively impact the volume of exercise performed in a lower limb RT session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cross
- School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ Department of Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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35
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Silva R, Clemente FM, González-Fernández FT, Bernardo A, Ardigò LP. Weekly Variations of Short-Duration Maximal Jumping Performance in Soccer Players: Exploring Relationships With Accumulated Training Load and Match Demands. Front Physiol 2021; 12:690353. [PMID: 34489720 PMCID: PMC8417052 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.690353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) to analyze variations of short-duration maximal jumping performance in players exposed to a match and those who were not and (2) to analyze the relationships between changes in the short-duration maximal jumping performance and different accumulated training load and match demands measures. Methods: Twenty-four professional soccer players (age: 20.3 ± 1.7 years) were monitored daily for their training load and match demands over 6 weeks. In addition, they performed a weekly short-duration maximal jumping performance test (72 h after the last match). Results: Negative moderate correlations were found between percentage of change of countermovement jump (CMJ) height and Acummulated training load (ATL) of total distance (TD), high metabolic load (HML), accelerations (ACC), and decelerations (DEC) (r = −0.38, p = 0.004; r = −0.33, p = 0.013; r = −0.39, p = 0.003; and r = −0.30, p = 0.026). No correlations were found for match load (ML). TD, HML, ACC, and DCC (r = 0.27, r = 0.25, r = 0.31, and r = 0.22, respectively) were used to predict the percentage of change of CMJ height. Conclusion: Match participation has negative effects on CMJ performance. The ATL of HML, ACC, DCC, and TD have a significant influence on both CMJ measures changes. Also, the ATL values of those metrics are the best predictors of the percentage changes of CMJ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, Centro de Estudios Superiores Alberta Giménez, Palma, Spain.,SER (Salud, Educación y Rendimiento) Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, Centro de Estudios Superiores Alberta Giménez, Palma, Spain
| | - André Bernardo
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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36
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Football de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Moreira A, Machado DGDS, Bikson M, Unal G, Bradley PS, Moscaleski L, Costa T, Kalil GCSG, Chao LW, Baptista AF, Morya E, Okano AH. Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Professional Female Soccer Players' Recovery Following Official Matches. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1504-1529. [PMID: 34056967 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211021239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with a recovery training session on the well-being and self-perceived recovery of professional female soccer players after official matches. Data from 13 world-class players were analyzed after participating in four official soccer matches of the first division of the Brazilian Women's Soccer Championship (7-, 10-, and 13-day intervals). We applied anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with 2 mA for 20 minutes (+F3/-F4 montage) the day after each match. Participants underwent two randomly ordered sessions of a-tDCS or sham. Players completed the Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ) and the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale before each experimental condition and again the following morning. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant time x condition interaction on the WBQ (F(1,11)=5.21; p=0.043; ηp2=0.32), but not on the TQR (F(1,12) = 0.552; p = 0.47; ηp2 = 0.044). There was a large effect size (ES) for a-tDCS for the WBQ score (ES = 1.02; 95%CI = 0.17;1.88), and there was a moderate WBQ score increase (ES = 0.53; 95%CI = -0.29;1.34) for the sham condition. We found similar increases in the TQR score for a-tDCS (ES = 1.50; 95%CI = 0.63-2.37) and the sham condition (ES = 1.36; 95%CI = 0.51-2.22). These results suggest that a-tDCS (+F3/-F4 montage) combined with a recovery training session may slightly improve perceived well-being beyond the level of improvement after only the recovery training session among world-class female soccer players. Prior to widely adopting this recovery approach, further study is needed with larger and more diverse samples, including for female teams of different performance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, United States
| | - Gozde Unal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, United States
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luciane Moscaleski
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taline Costa
- Sports Medicine Department, Sport Clube Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriella C S G Kalil
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liaw W Chao
- Centro de Acupuntura, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia - HCFMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abrahão F Baptista
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 54 (LIM-54), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgard Morya
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Okano
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/ CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Ribeiro J, Sarmento H, Silva AF, Clemente FM. Practical Postexercise Recovery Strategies in Male Adult Professional Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Purdom TM, Levers KS, Giles J, Brown L, McPherson CS, Howard J. Accumulative Competitive Season Training Stress Affects Neuromuscular Function and Increases Injury Risk in Uninjured D1 Female Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:610475. [PMID: 33644748 PMCID: PMC7902694 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.610475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that acute competition training stress negatively affects neuromuscular function which can perpetuate a predisposition to injury. This study's aim was to investigate the effect of accumulated competition training stress effect on neuromuscular function and incidence of increased injury risk in uninjured female D1 soccer players. Neuromuscular function was evaluated in fifteen female division I soccer athletes who played >85% of competitive season competitions who were tested for mobility/stability, leg length symmetry, and vertical power at three different points across the competitive season (pre, mid, and post time blocks). Leg length symmetry was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the lateral malleolus prior to Y-balance testing. The Y-balance testing measures unilateral anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach achieved in single leg stance using metrics that include L/R normalized composite reach (NCOMP), L/R normalized antiorior reach (NANT), and L/R NCOMP/NANT segmental differences across time. Injury risk was evaluated using validated objective criteria that included: (NCOMP total reach <94% of limb length*3), (NANT reach distance <84% leg length) along with NCOMP and NANT asymmetries >4.0. Maximal vertical power (MVP) was measured via vertical jump. Multiple repeated measures ANOVAs evaluated NCOMP, NANT, MVP, and leg length symmetry across time with LSD post hoc testing when relevant (X ± SD). A significant main effect was found [F(1, 14) = 62.92, p < 0.001; η2 =0.82] with training stress and neuromuscular function without affecting maximal vertical power. Eighty percent of subject's bilateral NCOMP scores fell below the YBT reach standard at midseason (ES = 0.95, p = 0.02) while all subjects NANT reach distance remained below the reach threshold (ES = 0.74, p = 0.003) indicating a 6.5× and 2.5× greater injury risk, respectively. Competition stress affected neuromuscular function without affecting maximal power, which negatively impacted stability and increased injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Purdom
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Kyle S Levers
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jacob Giles
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States
| | - Lindsey Brown
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Virginia Common Wealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Chase S McPherson
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States
| | - Jordan Howard
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States
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40
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Julian R, Page RM, Harper LD. The Effect of Fixture Congestion on Performance During Professional Male Soccer Match-Play: A Systematic Critical Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:255-273. [PMID: 33068272 PMCID: PMC7846542 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fixture congestion (defined as a minimum of two successive bouts of match-play, with an inter-match recovery period of < 96 h) is a frequent and contemporary issue in professional soccer due to increased commercialisation of the sport and a rise in the number of domestic and international cup competitions. To date, there is no published systematic review or meta-analysis on the impact of fixture congestion on performance during soccer match play. OBJECTIVE We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature related to the effects of fixture congestion on physical, technical, and tactical performance in professional soccer match-play. METHODS Adhering to PRISMA guidelines and following pre-registration with the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/fqbuj ), a comprehensive and systematic search of three research databases was conducted to identify articles related to soccer fixture congestion. For inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis, studies had to include male professional soccer players, a congestion period that contained two matches ≤ 96 h, and have outcome measures related to physical, technical or tactical performance. Exclusion criteria comprised non-male and/or youth players, data that only assessed impact of congestion on injury, used simulated protocols, or were grey literature, such as theses or dissertations. RESULTS Out of sixteen articles included in the systematic review, only five were eligible for the meta-analysis, and the only variable that was measured consistently across studies was total distance covered. Fixture congestion had no impact on total distance covered [p = 0.134; pooled standardized mean difference; Hedge's G = 0.12 (- 0.04, 0.28)]. Between-study variance, heterogeneity, and inconsistency across studies were moderate [Cochrane's Q = 6.7, p = 0.150, I2 = 40.7% (CI 0.00, 93.34)]. Data from articles included in the systematic review suggest fixture congestion has equivocal effects on physical performance, with variation between studies and low quality of research design in some instances. Tactical performance may be negatively impacted by fixture congestion; however, only one article was identified that measured this element. Technical performance is unchanged during fixture congestion; however, again, research design and the sensitivity and relevance of methods and variables require improvement. CONCLUSION Total distance covered is not impacted by fixture congestion. However, some studies observed a negative effect of fixture congestion on variables such as low- and moderate-intensity distance covered, perhaps suggesting that players employ pacing strategies to maintain high-intensity actions. There is a lack of data on changes in tactical performance during fixture congestion. With ever increasing numbers of competitive matches scheduled, more research needs to be conducted using consistent measures of performance (e.g., movement thresholds) with an integration of physical, technical and tactical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Julian
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire, GL50 2RH, UK
| | - Richard Michael Page
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Liam David Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
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Brownstein CG, Millet GY, Thomas K. Neuromuscular responses to fatiguing locomotor exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13533. [PMID: 32627930 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, an abundance of research has explored the impact of fatiguing locomotor exercise on the neuromuscular system. Neurostimulation techniques have been implemented prior to and following locomotor exercise tasks of a wide variety of intensities, durations, and modes. These techniques have allowed for the assessment of alterations occurring within the central nervous system and the muscle, while techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and spinal electrical stimulation have permitted further segmentalization of locomotor exercise-induced changes along the motor pathway. To this end, the present review provides a comprehensive synopsis of the literature pertaining to neuromuscular responses to locomotor exercise. Sections of the review were divided to discuss neuromuscular responses to maximal, severe, heavy and moderate intensity, high-intensity intermittent exercise, and differences in neuromuscular responses between exercise modalities. During maximal and severe intensity exercise, alterations in neuromuscular function reside primarily within the muscle. Although post-exercise reductions in voluntary activation following maximal and severe intensity exercise are generally modest, several studies have observed alterations occurring at the cortical and/or spinal level. During prolonged heavy and moderate intensity exercise, impairments in contractile function are attenuated with respect to severe intensity exercise, but are still widely observed. While reductions in voluntary activation are greater during heavy and moderate intensity exercise, the specific alterations occurring within the central nervous system remain unclear. Further work utilizing stimulation techniques during exercise and integrating new and emerging techniques such as high-density electromyography is warranted to provide further insight into neuromuscular responses to locomotor exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G. Brownstein
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology Université LyonUJM‐Saint‐Etienne Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology Université LyonUJM‐Saint‐Etienne Saint‐Etienne France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) France
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
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42
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Birdsey LP, Weston M, Russell M, Johnston M, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. The neuromuscular, physiological, endocrine and perceptual responses to different training session orders in international female netball players. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:314-325. [PMID: 33393427 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1869837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe 20 h responses of International female netball players to training days requiring two sessions (netball and strength, separated by two hours) ordered alternatively were examined. Eleven players completed strength followed by netball training two hours later (STR-NET), with the order reversed (NET-STR) on a separate day. Well-being, neuromuscular performance (jump height [JH], peak power output [PPO], peak velocity [PV]) and endocrine function (testosterone, cortisol concentrations) were measured before sessions one (PreS1) and two (PreS2), immediately after sessions one (IPS1) and two (IPS2), and 20 h post session one (20P). Session and differential ratings of perceived exertion (upper-body, cognitive/technical [RPE-T], lower-body, breathlessness) were collected, and accelerometry and heart rate measured netball load. Identification of clear between-order differences was based on the nonoverlap of the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for mean differences relative to baseline. Compared to PreS1, greater increases in JH (percentage difference between trials; 95%CI: 9%; 4-14%), PPO (5%; 2-8%), PV (3%; 1-5%) and cortisol concentration (45%; 1-88%), and a greater decrease for testosterone/cortisol ratio (-35%; -72 to -2%) occurred at PreS2 in NET-STR. At 20P, greater decreases in JH (10%; 5-15%), PPO (4%; 1-8%) and PV (4%; 2-6%) were observed following STR-NET. No differences existed for well-being, whilst RPE-T was greater (15 AU; 3-26 AU) for strength training during NET-STR. Session order influenced neuromuscular and endocrine responses in International female netball players, highlighting session ordering as a key consideration when planning training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence P Birdsey
- A-STEM College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesborough, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Upper-Body Resistance Training Following Soccer Match Play: Compatible, Complementary, or Contraindicated? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:165-175. [PMID: 33440333 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During heavily congested schedules, professional soccer players can experience exacerbated fatigue responses, which are thought to contribute to an increased risk of injury. Given that match-induced residual fatigue can last up to 72 hours, many coaches naturally prioritize recovery in the days immediately following match day. While it is intuitive for coaches and training staff to decrease the amount of auxiliary training practices to focus on recovery, prescribing upper-body resistance training on the day after match play has recently emerged as a specific training modality in this context. While these sessions may be implemented to increase training stimulus, there are limited data available regarding the efficacy of such a practice to improve recovery kinetics. METHODS In this narrative review, the authors look at the theoretical implications of performing upper-body resistance training on the day after match play on the status of various physiological and psychological systems, including neuromuscular, metabolic, hormonal, perceptual, and immunological recovery. RESULTS The available evidence suggests that in most cases this practice, as currently implemented (ie, low volume, low intensity), is unlikely to be complementary (ie, does not accelerate recovery) but is potentially compatible (ie, does not impair recovery). CONCLUSION Overall, because the perception of such sessions may be player dependent, their programming requires an individualized approach and should take into account match dynamics (eg, fixture scheduling, playing time, travel).
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Green DJ, Thomas K, Howatson G. Greater decrements in neuromuscular function following interval compared to continuous eccentric cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:200-208. [PMID: 33256553 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1858174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the demands and consequences of a single session of continuous (CONT) or interval (INT) eccentric cycling. Fourteen healthy males performed 'work-matched' CONT and INT eccentric cycling in a cross over design. Measures of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), resting twitch force, voluntary activation (VA), muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) were taken at baseline, immediately post, and 24, 48 and 72 h post the first exercise bout. The second bout was used to characterise within session demands. Decreases in MVC (INT 19%, CONT 13%), twitch force (INT 31%, CONT 18%), and VA (INT 10%, CONT 6%) were observed immediately post session (p < 0.05). Reductions in twitch force were greater after INT (p < 0.05) and lasted 48 h. Muscle soreness was greater following INT, versus CONT (p < 0.05), although no differences in CK were observed. Metabolic demands (% of V̇O2peak and [BLa]) were greater during INT vs. CONT (32 ± 6% 28 ± 6%; p < 0.001), [BLa] (1.0 ± 0.4 vs. 0.8 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1; p < 0.001) and RPE (12 ± 1 vs. 11 ± 1; p < 0.001), respectively. Total time under tension was 48% greater in CONT compared to INT (p < 0.001), whereas average torque (during exercise) was 40% greater during INT compared to CONT (p < 0.001). Interval eccentric cycling exacerbates muscle soreness, decrements in muscle function and lengthens recovery compared to a work matched continuous bout, which is attributable to increased force rather than time under tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David James Green
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Kennedy RA, Drake D. Improving the Signal-To-Noise Ratio When Monitoring Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:85-90. [PMID: 29742747 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kennedy, RA and Drake, D. Improving the signal-to-noise ratio when monitoring countermovement jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 85-90, 2021-Countermovement jump (CMJ) performance has been routinely used to monitor neuromuscular status. However, the protocol used to establish the criterion score is not well documented. The purpose of this study was to examine how the protocol used would influence of the sensitivity of CMJ variables in rugby union players. Fifteen male (age: 19.7 ± 0.5 years) rugby union players performed 8 CMJs on 2 occasions, separated by 7 days. The between-session coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated using 2 techniques for treating multiple trials, the average, and the trial with the best jump height (JH), and then compared with the smallest worthwhile change (SWC). The signal-to-noise ratio was measured as the group mean change in a variable divided by the CV. Using the average value across multiple trials is superior to the best trial method, based on lower CVs for all variables. Only the average performance across 6 or more trials was classified as ideal (CV < 0.5 × SWC) for peak velocity (PV). In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio for peak concentric power (PCP), PV, and JH were classified as good, irrespective of the treatment method. Although increasing the number of trials can reduce the random error, it may be pragmatic to simply take the average from 2 to 3 trials, facilitating a CV < SWC for PV, PCP, and JH. Due to its simplicity, JH may be considered the principal variable to monitor neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Kennedy
- School of Sport, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland ; and
| | - David Drake
- Ulster Rugby, Kingspan Stadium, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Brownstein CG, Espeit L, Royer N, Lapole T, Millet GY. Fatigue-induced changes in short-interval intracortical inhibition and the silent period with stimulus intensities evoking maximal versus submaximal responses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:205-217. [PMID: 32584668 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00282.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During fatiguing exercise, previous studies have employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms eliciting either maximal or submaximal short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and silent period (SP) durations. However, the effect of using either approach on the change in these variables with fatigue is unknown. This study examined the effects of using conditioning stimulus (CS, experiment A) and single-pulse TMS intensities (experiment B) that elicit maximal and submaximal SICI and SP duration (MaxSICI vs. SubmaxSICI in experiment A, MaxSP vs. SubmaxSP in experiment B) on the change in these measures with fatigue. In both experiments, participants performed a 10-min sustained isometric knee-extension contraction at a constant level of EMG, with measurements taken with maximal and submaximal intensities at baseline and every 2.5 min throughout the task. Immediately after the 10-min contraction (i.e., without recovery), responses were also measured at the same absolute force level as at baseline. In experiment A, no change in SICI was observed with either CS intensity throughout the EMG task (P > 0.05). However, an 18% decrease in SICI (i.e., less inhibition) was observed at the same absolute force only with the MaxSICI CS intensity (P < 0.01), with no change in SubmaxSICI (P = 0.72). In experiment B, the magnitude of increase in SP with fatigue was similar for both stimulus intensities (stimulus × time interaction: P = 0.44). These results suggest that CS intensities eliciting maximum SICI are more sensitive in detecting fatigue-induced reductions in SICI, whereas increases in SP are detectable with TMS intensities evoking maximal or submaximal SPs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study compared the change in silent period (SP) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) with conditioning stimulus and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) intensities (for SICI and SP, respectively) eliciting maximal and submaximal SICI and SP during fatiguing exercise. The results showed that changes in SICI were only detectable with intensities evoking maximal responses, with no difference between intensities for SP. These findings highlight the importance of maximizing SICI with appropriate intensities before measuring SICI during fatiguing exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G Brownstein
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Royer
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
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Diniz AFA, Ferreira RC, de Souza ILL, da Silva BA. Ionic Channels as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Erectile Dysfunction: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1120. [PMID: 32848741 PMCID: PMC7396897 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition, especially in men over 40 years old, characterized by the inability to obtain and/or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Several psychological and/or organic factors are involved in the etiopathogenesis of ED. In this context, we gathered evidence of the involvement of Large-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa), Small-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SKCa), KCNQ-encoded voltage-dependent K+ channels (KV7), Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP), and Calcium-activated Chloride channels (CaCC) dysfunctions on ED. In addition, the use of modulating agents of these channels are involved in relaxation of the cavernous smooth muscle cell and, consequent penile erection, suggesting that these channels are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Fellyp Avelino Diniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carlos Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Iara Leão Luna de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Tofari
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin G. Kemp
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart J. Cormack
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Koral J, Oranchuk DJ, Wrightson JG, Twomey R, Millet GY. Mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in unilateral versus bilateral maximal voluntary contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:785-794. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in neuromuscular function and corticospinal excitability in response to sustained unilateral (UNIL) and bilateral (BIL) isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC) of the knee extensors. Eleven men performed a 1-min sustained IMVC of the knee extensors with one or both legs. Central and peripheral measures of neuromuscular function and corticospinal excitability were assessed via surface electromyography (EMG), peripheral nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation before, immediately after, and during recovery from IMVC. IMVC force and root-mean-squared EMG decreased during the fatiguing 1-min IMVC, with a larger decrease in EMG during BIL. All neuromuscular function indexes decreased significantly after the IMVC ( P < 0.005), but the magnitude of these decreases did not differ between conditions. Changes in corticospinal excitability (motor evoked potential) and inhibition (silent period) did not differ between conditions. In contrast to previous studies utilizing submaximal exercise, no more peripheral fatigue was found after UNIL vs. BIL conditions, even though central drive was lower after BIL 1-min IMVC. Corticospinal excitability and inhibition were not found to be different between UNIL and BIL conditions, in line with maximal voluntary activation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present experiment used peripheral nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulations during a sustained isometric maximal voluntary contraction to investigate the influence of muscle mass on neuromuscular fatigue. Contrary to previous studies that used submaximal exercise, peripheral fatigue was not found to be greater in unilateral vs. bilateral knee extensions even though central drive was lower during bilateral contractions. Corticospinal excitability and inhibition were not found to be different between unilateral and bilateral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Koral
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dustin J. Oranchuk
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James G. Wrightson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rosie Twomey
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
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Benítez-Jiménez A, Falces-Prieto M, García-Ramos A. RENDIMIENTO DEL SALTO TRAS VARIOS PARTIDOS DE FÚTBOL DISPUTADOS EN DÍAS CONSECUTIVOS. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2020.77.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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