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Zhang Y, Qu Y, Cai R, Gao J, Xu Q, Zhang L, Kang M, Jia H, Chen Q, Liu Y, Ren F, Zhou MS. Atorvastatin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through inhibiting oxidative stress and ferroptosis signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176699. [PMID: 38825302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Clinically, statins have long been used for the prevention and treatment of chronic renal diseases, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of atorvastatin on diabetes renal injury and ferroptosis signaling. A mouse model of diabetes was established by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg/day) plus a high fat diet with or without atorvastatin treatment. Diabetes mice manifested increased plasma glucose and lipid profile, proteinuria, renal injury and fibrosis, atorvastatin significantly lowered plasma lipid profile, proteinuria, renal injury in diabetes mice. Atorvastatin reduced renal reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron accumulation and renal expression of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), and increased renal expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH) in diabetes mice. Consistent with the findings in vivo, atorvastatin prevented high glucose-induced ROS formation and Fe2+ accumulation, an increase in the expression of 4-HNE, MDA and TFR1, and a decrease in cell viability and the expression of NRF2, GPX4 and FTH in HK2 cells. Atorvastatin also reversed ferroptosis inducer erastin-induced ROS production, intracellular Fe2+ accumulation and the changes in the expression of above-mentioned ferroptosis signaling molecules in HK2 cells. In addition, atorvastatin alleviated high glucose- or erastin-induced mitochondria injury. Ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 and antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) equally reversed the expression of high glucose-induced ferroptosis signaling molecules. Our data support the notion that statins can inhibit diabetes-induced renal oxidative stress and ferroptosis, which may contribute to statins protection of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxia Zhang
- Science and Experiment Research Center & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China; Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Science and Experiment Research Center & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China; Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Junjia Gao
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, 110000, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Science and Experiment Research Center & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Science and Experiment Research Center & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Mengjie Kang
- Science and Experiment Research Center & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China; Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Hui Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Science and Experiment Research Center & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China; Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China.
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Abais-Battad JM, Dasinger JH, Lund H, Burns-Ray EC, Walton SD, Baldwin KE, Fehrenbach DJ, Cherian-Shaw M, Mattson DL. Sex-Dependency of T Cell-Induced Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Kidney Damage. Hypertension 2024; 81:1511-1523. [PMID: 38757269 PMCID: PMC11168867 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is established that the immune system, namely T cells, plays a role in the development of hypertension and renal damage in male Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats, but far less is known about this relationship in females. Rats with genetically deleted T cells via CD247 gene mutation on the Dahl SS background (SSCD247-/-) were utilized to interrogate the effect of sex and T cells on salt sensitivity. METHODS We assessed the hypertensive and kidney injury phenotypes in male versus female SS and SSCD247-/- rats challenged with 3 weeks of high salt (4.0% NaCl). Differences in T cell activation genes were examined in renal T cells from male and female SS rats, and a sex-specific adoptive transfer was performed by injecting male or female splenocytes into either male or female SSCD247-/- recipients to determine the potential contribution of T cell sex. RESULTS The lack of functional T cells in SSCD247-/- rats significantly reduced salt-induced hypertension and proteinuria in both sexes, although SSCD247-/- females exhibited greater protection from kidney damage. Adoptive transfer of either Dahl SS male or female splenocytes into SSCD247-/- male recipients exacerbated hypertension and proteinuria compared with controls, while in SSCD247-/- female recipients, exacerbation of disease occurred only upon transfer of male, but not female, SS splenocytes. CONCLUSIONS The absence of T cells in the SSCD247-/- normalized sex differences in blood pressure, though sex differences in renal damage persisted. Splenocyte transfer experiments demonstrated that salt sensitivity is amplified if the sex of the T cell or the recipient is male.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta GA
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI
| | - Emily C. Burns-Ray
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta GA
| | - Samuel D. Walton
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta GA
| | - Kaitlyn E. Baldwin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta GA
| | | | - Mary Cherian-Shaw
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta GA
| | - David L. Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta GA
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Peter JK, Umene R, Wu CH, Nakamura Y, Washimine N, Yamamoto R, Ngugi C, Linge K, Kweri JK, Inoue T. Renal macrophages induce hypertension and kidney fibrosis in Angiotensin II salt mice model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 715:149997. [PMID: 38678782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is involved in hypertension development with different immune cells reported to have either pro or anti-hypertensive effects. In hypertension, immune cells have been thought to infiltrate blood pressure-regulating organs, resulting in either elevation or reduction of blood pressure. There is controversy over whether macrophages play a detrimental or beneficial role in the development of hypertension, and the few existing studies have yielded conflicting results. This study aimed to determine the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) salt-induced hypertension on renal immune cells and to determine whether renal macrophages are involved in the induction of hypertension. Hypertension was induced by administration of Ang II and saline for two weeks. The effects of hypertension on kidney immune cells were assessed using flow cytometry. Macrophage infiltration in the kidney was assessed by immunohistochemistry and kidney fibrosis was assessed using trichrome stain and kidney real time-qPCR. Liposome encapsulated clodronate was used to deplete macrophages in C57BL/6J mice and investigate the direct role of macrophages in hypertension induction. Ang II saline mice group developed hypertension, had increased renal macrophages, and had increased expression of Acta2 and Col1a1 and kidney fibrotic areas. Macrophage depletion blunted hypertension development and reduced the expression of Acta2 and Col1a1 in the kidney and kidney fibrotic areas in Ang II saline group. The results of this study demonstrate that macrophages infiltrate the kidneys and increase kidney fibrosis in Ang II salt-induced hypertension, and depletion of macrophages suppresses the development of hypertension and decreases kidney fibrosis. This indicates that macrophages play a direct role in hypertension development. Hence macrophages have a potential to be considered as therapeutic target in hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kasyoki Peter
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Ryusuke Umene
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
| | - Chia-Hsien Wu
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Yasuna Nakamura
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Norito Washimine
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Caroline Ngugi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Kavoo Linge
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Joseph K Kweri
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
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Guzik TJ, Nosalski R, Maffia P, Drummond GR. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:396-416. [PMID: 38172242 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global health problem, with >1.3 billion individuals with high blood pressure worldwide. In this Review, we present an inflammatory paradigm for hypertension, emphasizing the crucial roles of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines in disease initiation and progression. T cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and natural killer cells are all implicated in hypertension. Neoantigens, the NLRP3 inflammasome and increased sympathetic outflow, as well as cytokines (including IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21) and a high-salt environment, can contribute to immune activation in hypertension. The activated immune cells migrate to target organs such as arteries (especially the perivascular fat and adventitia), kidneys, the heart and the brain, where they release effector cytokines that elevate blood pressure and cause vascular remodelling, renal damage, cardiac hypertrophy, cognitive impairment and dementia. IL-17 secreted by CD4+ T helper 17 cells and γδ T cells, and interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor secreted by immunosenescent CD8+ T cells, exert crucial effector roles in hypertension, whereas IL-10 and regulatory T cells are protective. Effector mediators impair nitric oxide bioavailability, leading to endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular contractility. Inflammatory effector mediators also alter renal sodium and water balance and promote renal fibrosis. These mechanisms link hypertension with obesity, autoimmunity, periodontitis and COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding of the immune and inflammatory mechanisms of hypertension is crucial for safely and effectively translating the findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Guzik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Medicine and Omicron Medical Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland.
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Benson LN, Mu S. Interferon gamma in the pathogenesis of hypertension - recent insights. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:154-160. [PMID: 38164939 PMCID: PMC10842676 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mounting body of evidence underscores the pivotal role of interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the pathogenesis of hypertension, prompting exploration of the mechanisms by which this cytokine fosters a pro-inflammatory immune milieu, subsequently exacerbating hypertension. In this review, we delve into recent preclinical and clinical studies from the past two years to elucidate how IFNγ participates in the progression of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS IFNγ promotes renal CD8 + T cell accumulation by upregulating tubular PDL1 and MHC-I, intensifying cell-to-cell interaction. Intriguingly, a nucleotide polymorphism in LNK, predisposing towards hypertension, correlates with augmented T cell IFNγ production. Additionally, anti-IFNγ treatment exhibits protective effects against T cell-mediated inflammation during angiotensin II infusion or transverse aortic constriction. Moreover, knockout of the mineralocorticoid receptor in T cells protects against cardiac dysfunction induced by myocardial infarction, correlating with reduced IFNγ and IL-6, decreased macrophage recruitment, and attenuated fibrosis. Interestingly, increased IFNγ production correlates with elevated blood pressure, impacting individuals with type 2 diabetes, nondiabetics, and obese hypertensive patients. SUMMARY These revelations spotlight IFNγ as the critical mediator bridging the initial phase of blood pressure elevation with the sustained and exacerbated pathology. Consequently, blocking IFNγ signaling emerges as a promising therapeutic target to improve the management of this 'silent killer.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance N. Benson
- Heersink School of Medicine: Department of CardioRenal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Gao P, Zhu J, Xiangyun G, Li J, Wu J. GPR97 deficiency suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hypertensive nephropathy. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23479. [PMID: 38345813 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302298r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that renal fibrosis plays a key role in the development of hypertensive nephropathy (HTN). Therefore, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of renal fibrosis regulation in HTN would be critical for designing rational strategies for therapeutic interventions. In this study, we revealed that GPR97, a novel identified adhesion G coupled receptor, plays an important role in the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is the crucial driver of renal fibrosis in HTN. First, we identified that the expression of GPR97 correlated with the β-catenin expression in renal biopsy from patients with HTN. Moreover, we found that GPR97 deficiency inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mice with HTN, as evidenced by the reduction of β-catenin expression and downstream target proteins, including MMP7 and Fibronectin. Mechanistically, we found that GPR97 could directly bind with Wnt1 in cultured tubular cells and TGF-β1 treatment enhanced the binding ability of GPR97 and Wnt1. In addition, the gene silencing of GPR97 could decrease the Wnt1-induced fibrotic phenotype of tubular cells and inflammatory responses, suggesting that the binding of GPR97 and Wnt1 promoted Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Collectively, our studies reveal that GPR97 is a regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HTN, and targeting GPR97 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for HTN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guo Xiangyun
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jichao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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7
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Dinh QN, Lo C, Zhang DW, Tran V, Gibson-Hughes T, Sheriff A, Diep H, Kim HA, Zhang SR, Barreto-Arce LJ, Jelinic M, Vinh A, Arumugam TV, Chan ST, Lim R, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, De Silva TM. Human amnion epithelial cell therapy reduces hypertension-induced vascular stiffening and cognitive impairment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1837. [PMID: 38246932 PMCID: PMC10800338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation and fibrosis are hallmarks of hypertension and contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment. However, current anti-hypertensive drugs do not treat the underlying tissue damage, such as inflammation-associated fibrosis. Human amnion epithelial cells have several properties amenable for treating vascular pathology. This study tested the effect of amnion epithelial cells on vascular pathology and cognitive impairment during hypertension. Male C57Bl6 mice (8-12 weeks) were administered vehicle (saline; n = 58) or angiotensin II (0.7 mg/kg/d, n = 56) subcutaneously for 14 d. After surgery, a subset of mice were injected with 106 amnion epithelial cells intravenously. Angiotensin II infusion increased systolic blood pressure, aortic pulse wave velocity, accumulation of aortic leukocytes, and aortic mRNA expression of collagen subtypes compared to vehicle-infused mice (n = 9-11, P < 0.05). Administration of amnion epithelial cells attenuated these effects of angiotensin II (P < 0.05). Angiotensin II-induced cognitive impairment was prevented by amnion epithelial cell therapy (n = 7-9, P < 0.05). In the brain, amnion epithelial cells modulated some of the inflammatory genes that angiotensin II promoted differential expression of (n = 6, p-adjusted < 0.05). These findings suggest that amnion epithelial cells could be explored as a potential therapy to inhibit vascular pathology and cognitive impairment during hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Nhu Dinh
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - David Wong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Vivian Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Tayla Gibson-Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Sheriff
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Henry Diep
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Shenpeng R Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Liz J Barreto-Arce
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Maria Jelinic
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Siow Teng Chan
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - T Michael De Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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8
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Xu Q, Zhuo K, Zhang X, Zhen Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Gu Y, Jia H, Chen Q, Liu M, Dong J, Zhou MS. The role of angiotensin II activation of yes-associated protein/PDZ-binding motif signaling in hypertensive cardiac and vascular remodeling. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176252. [PMID: 38061470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the pathogenic basis of hypertension and end organ injury, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is central to vascular remodeling. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are key effectors of the Hippo pathway and crucial for controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. The present study investigated the role of YAP/TAZ in cardiac and vascular remodeling of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Ang II induced YAP/TAZ activation in the heart and aorta, which was prevented by YAP/TAZ inhibitor verteporfin. Treatment with verteporfin significantly reduced Ang II-induced cardiac and vascular hypertrophy with a mild reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP), verteporfin attenuated Ang II-induced cardiac and aortic fibrosis with the inhibition of transform growth factor (TGF)β/Smad2/3 fibrotic signaling and extracellular matrix collagen I deposition. Ang II induced Rho A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and YAP/TAZ activation in VSMCs, either Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil or ERK inhibitor PD98059 suppressed Ang II-induced YAP/TAZ activation, cell proliferation and fibrosis of VSMCs. Verteporfin also inhibited Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation and fibrotic TGFβ1/Smad2/3 pathway. These results demonstrate that Ang II activates YAP/TAZ via Rho kinase/ERK1/2 pathway in VSMCs, which may contribute to cardiac and vascular remodeling in hypertension. Our results suggest that YAP/TAZ plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and end organ damage, and targeting the YAP/TAZ pathway may be a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Science and Experiment Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China; Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Kunping Zhuo
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanru Zhen
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Second Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Science and Experiment Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China; Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufan Gu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Meixi Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiawei Dong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Science and Experiment Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China; Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
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9
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Hirata T, Fan F, Fan L, Amin G, White T, Geurts AM, Kojima N, Takahashi T, Miyata N, Williams J, Roman RJ. Knockout of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Opposes Hypertension- and Diabetes-induced Nephropathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 82:445-457. [PMID: 37643020 PMCID: PMC10691661 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The progression of chronic kidney disease results from the accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to end-stage renal disease. We previously demonstrated that a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor reduced renal injury in rat models of hypertension and diabetes. However, the isoforms and mechanisms involved are unclear. This study examined the role of MMP2 during the development of proteinuria and renal injury after induction of hypertension or diabetes in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) and MMP2 knockout (KO) rats. Mean arterial pressure rose from 115 ± 2 to 145 ± 2 mm Hg and 116 ± 1 to 152 ± 3 mm Hg in MMP2 KO and SS rats fed a high-salt (8% NaCl) diet for 3 weeks. The degree of proteinuria, glomerular injury, renal fibrosis, and podocyte loss was lower in MMP2 KO rats than in SS rats. Blood glucose and HbA1c levels, and mean arterial pressure rose to the same extent in streptozotocin-treated SS and MMP2 KO rats. However, the degree of proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, renal fibrosis, renal hypertrophy, glomerular permeability to albumin, and the renal expression of MMP2 and TGFβ1 were significantly reduced in MMP2 KO rats. Glomerular filtration rate fell by 33% after 12 weeks of diabetes in streptozotocin-treated SS rats compared with time-control rats, but glomerular filtration rate only fell by 12% in MMP2 KO rats. These results indicate that activation of MMP2 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy and suggests that an MMP2 inhibitor might slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Letao Fan
- Research Headquarters of Pharmaceutical Operation, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ghadir Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | | | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Naoki Kojima
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teisuke Takahashi
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyata
- Research Headquarters of Pharmaceutical Operation, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jan Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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10
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Yang H, Cheng H, Dai R, Shang L, Zhang X, Wen H. Macrophage polarization in tissue fibrosis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16092. [PMID: 37849830 PMCID: PMC10578305 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can occur in all major organs with relentless progress, ultimately leading to organ failure and potentially death. Unfortunately, current clinical treatments cannot prevent or reverse tissue fibrosis. Thus, new and effective antifibrotic therapeutics are urgently needed. In recent years, a growing body of research shows that macrophages are involved in fibrosis. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous, polarizing into different phenotypes. Some studies have found that regulating macrophage polarization can inhibit the development of inflammation and cancer. However, the exact mechanism of macrophage polarization in different tissue fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. This review will discuss the major signaling pathways relevant to macrophage-driven fibrosis and profibrotic macrophage polarization, the role of macrophage polarization in fibrosis of lung, kidney, liver, skin, and heart, potential therapeutics targets, and investigational drugs currently in development, and hopefully, provide a useful review for the future treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rongrong Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Lili Shang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wen
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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11
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Copur S, Peltek IB, Mutlu A, Tanriover C, Kanbay M. A new immune disease: systemic hypertension. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1403-1419. [PMID: 37664577 PMCID: PMC10469084 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypertension is the most common medical comorbidity affecting the adult population globally, with multiple associated outcomes including cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, vascular calcification, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome and mortality. Despite advancements in the therapeutic field approximately one in every five adult patients with hypertension is classified as having treatment-resistant hypertension, indicating the need for studies to provide better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the need for more therapeutic targets. Recent pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the role of the innate and adaptive immune system including various cell types and cytokines in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Moreover, pre-clinical studies have indicated the potential beneficial effects of immunosuppressant medications in the control of hypertension. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether such pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic alternatives are applicable to human subjects, while this area of research is undoubtedly a rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim B Peltek
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Li J, Hu G, Liu W, Cao X, Chen G, Peng F, Xiaofang X, Peng C. Patchouli alcohol against renal fibrosis of spontaneously hypertensive rats via Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7161501. [PMID: 37177974 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to obverse the protection of patchouli alcohol (PA) ameliorates hypertensive nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and reveals potential mechanism. METHODS Briefly, the adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (half male and half female) were intragastric gavaged or not with PA (80, 40 and 20 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), renal weight, renal function and renal morphology were measured. Further, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis were used to study the underlying mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Compared with the WKY group, plasmatic levels of renin, angiotensin II (Ang-II), transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal index, mRNA levels of ERK1/2 and α-SMA were significantly increased in SHR. Histology results showed that renal tubular injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis occurred in SHR. After administration, SBP of captopril group decreased at each week after administration, especially at 3, 5, 6 7 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There is no significant effect was assessed in the olive oil group. Decreased plasma Cr, Renin, Ang-II, TGF-β1, PAI-1, SCFAs and Renin, TGF-β1, PAI-1 in renal tissues were observed significantly in captopril (P <0.05 or P < 0.01). Plasma BUN, Ang-II, TGF-β1 and PAI-1 in renal tissues decreased in the olive oil group significantly (P <0.05 or P < 0.01). PA (80, 40 and 20 mg/kg) lowered BP and plasmatic levels of Renin, Ang-II, TGF-β1 and PAI-1. Treatment with PA (40, 20 mg/kg) decreased levels of Cr, BUN and suppressed of activation of pro-fibrosis cytokines including TGF-β1 in kidney. There is no ameliorative change in the olive oil group and the captopril group (P > 0.05) while PA treatment alleviated renal tubular injury and produced dramatic collagen fibre area reductions in mesangial membrane, basement membrane, and renal interstitium obviously (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Treatment of SHR with PA-inhibited MFB activation and downregulated mRNA of α-SMA. Treatment with PA suppressed excessive production of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via decreasing Col I, III and FN, downregulating mRNA of tissue inhibitor of TIMP-1 along with upregulating mRNA of MMP-9. The expression of Col III and MMP-9 mRNA-reduced in the captopril group (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 also reduced in the captopril group significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Treatment with PA (20 mg/kg) downregulated proteins expression of Raf-1, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 and mRNA expression of Ras, Raf-1 and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Overall, PA restored normal BP, alleviated renal dysfunction and renal fibrosis, possibly by suppressing Ang II and TGF-β1-mediated Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guanying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guanru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xie Xiaofang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
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13
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Benson LN, Guo Y, Deck K, Mora C, Liu Y, Mu S. The link between immunity and hypertension in the kidney and heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1129384. [PMID: 36970367 PMCID: PMC10034415 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1129384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease, which is a leading killer worldwide. Despite the prevalence of this non-communicable disease, still between 90% and 95% of cases are of unknown or multivariate cause ("essential hypertension"). Current therapeutic options focus primarily on lowering blood pressure through decreasing peripheral resistance or reducing fluid volume, but fewer than half of hypertensive patients can reach blood pressure control. Hence, identifying unknown mechanisms causing essential hypertension and designing new treatment accordingly are critically needed for improving public health. In recent years, the immune system has been increasingly implicated in contributing to a plethora of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have demonstrated the critical role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension, particularly through pro-inflammatory mechanisms within the kidney and heart, which, eventually, drive a myriad of renal and cardiovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets remain largely unknown. Therefore, identifying which immune players are contributing to local inflammation and characterizing pro-inflammatory molecules and mechanisms involved will provide promising new therapeutic targets that could lower blood pressure and prevent progression from hypertension into renal or cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance N. Benson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
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14
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Benson LN, Liu Y, Deck K, Mora C, Mu S. IFN- γ Contributes to the Immune Mechanisms of Hypertension. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:2164-2173. [PMID: 36591357 PMCID: PMC9802558 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001292022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and the primary risk factor for mortality worldwide. For more than half a century, researchers have demonstrated that immunity plays an important role in the development of hypertension; however, the precise mechanisms are still under investigation. The current body of knowledge indicates that proinflammatory cytokines may play an important role in contributing to immune-related pathogenesis of hypertension. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), in particular, as an important cytokine that modulates immune responses, has been recently identified as a critical regulator of blood pressure by several groups, including us. In this review, we focus on exploring the role of IFN-γ in contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension, outlining the various immune producers of this cytokine and described signaling mechanisms involved. We demonstrate a key role for IFN-γ in hypertension through global knockout studies and related downstream signaling pathways that IFN-γ production from CD8+ T cell (CD8T) in the kidney promoting CD8T-stimulated salt retention via renal tubule cells, thereby exacerbating hypertension. We discuss potential activators of these T cells described by the current literature and relay a novel hypothesis for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance N. Benson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Yunmeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Katherine Deck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christoph Mora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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15
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Goodlett BL, Balasubbramanian D, Navaneethabalakrishnan S, Love SE, Luera EM, Konatham S, Chiasson VL, Wedgeworth S, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Genetically inducing renal lymphangiogenesis attenuates hypertension in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1759-1772. [PMID: 36345993 PMCID: PMC10586591 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) is associated with renal proinflammatory immune cell infiltration and increased sodium retention. We reported previously that renal lymphatic vessels, which are responsible for trafficking immune cells from the interstitial space to draining lymph nodes, increase in density under hypertensive conditions. We also demonstrated that augmenting renal lymphatic density can prevent HTN in mice. Whether renal lymphangiogenesis can treat HTN in mice is unknown. We hypothesized that genetically inducing renal lymphangiogenesis after the establishment of HTN would attenuate HTN in male and female mice from three different HTN models. METHODS Mice with inducible kidney-specific overexpression of VEGF-D (KidVD) experience renal lymphangiogenesis upon doxycycline administration. HTN was induced in KidVD+ and KidVD- mice by subcutaneous release of angiotensin II, administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, or consumption of a 4% salt diet following a L-NAME priming and washout period. After a week of HTN stimuli treatment, doxycycline was introduced. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) readings were taken weekly. Kidney function was determined from urine and serum measures. Kidneys were processed for RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, and imaging. RESULTS Mice that underwent renal-specific lymphangiogenesis had significantly decreased SBP and renal proinflammatory immune cells. Additionally, renal lymphangiogenesis was associated with a decrease in sodium transporter expression and increased fractional excretion of sodium, indicating improved sodium handling efficiency. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that augmenting renal lymphangiogenesis can treat HTN in male and female mice by improving renal immune cell trafficking and sodium handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Goodlett
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Sydney E Love
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
| | - Emily M Luera
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
| | - Sunitha Konatham
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
| | - Valorie L Chiasson
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
| | - Sophie Wedgeworth
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, U.S.A
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16
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Guo CL, Liu HM, Li B, Lu ZY. Angiotensin-(1–9) prevents angiotensin II-induced endothelial apoptosis through CNPY2/PERK pathway. Apoptosis 2022; 28:379-396. [PMID: 36422742 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial apoptosis caused by activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vital part in the occurrence and progress of hypertension. Angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-(1-9)) is a peptide of the counter-regulatory non-classical RAS with anti-hypertensive effects in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). However, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Considering that the endothelial apoptosis was closely related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrial function. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the effects of Ang-(1-9) on endothelial apoptosis and the underlying molecular mechanism in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertension. In human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), we observed Ang-(1-9) inhibited Ang II-induced ERS associated endothelial apoptosis. Mechanically, Ang-(1-9) inhibited endothelial apoptosis by blocking CNPY2/PERK mediated CaMKII/Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and eIF2α/CHOP signal. Consistent with above effects in HUVECs, in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice, we found administration of exogenous Ang-(1-9) attenuated endothelial apoptosis and arterial blood pressure, which were mediated by CNPY2/PERK signaling pathway. Our study indicated Ang-(1-9) inhibited Ang II-induced hypertension through CNPY2/PERK pathway. These findings may provide new insights for prevention and treatment of hypertension in future.
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17
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Alexander MR, Hank S, Dale BL, Himmel L, Zhong X, Smart CD, Fehrenbach DJ, Chen Y, Prabakaran N, Tirado B, Centrella M, Ao M, Du L, Shyr Y, Levy D, Madhur MS. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in SH2B3/LNK Promotes Hypertension Development and Renal Damage. Circ Res 2022; 131:731-747. [PMID: 36169218 PMCID: PMC9588739 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SH2B3 (SH2B adaptor protein 3) is an adaptor protein that negatively regulates cytokine signaling and cell proliferation. A common missense single nucleotide polymorphism in SH2B3 (rs3184504) results in substitution of tryptophan (Trp) for arginine (Arg) at amino acid 262 and is a top association signal for hypertension in human genome-wide association studies. Whether this variant is causal for hypertension, and if so, the mechanism by which it impacts pathogenesis is unknown. METHODS We used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to create mice homozygous for the major (Arg/Arg) and minor (Trp/Trp) alleles of this SH2B3 polymorphism. Mice underwent angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion to evaluate differences in blood pressure (BP) elevation and end-organ damage including albuminuria and renal fibrosis. Cytokine production and Stat4 phosphorylation was also assessed in Arg/Arg and Trp/Trp T cells. RESULTS Trp/Trp mice exhibit 10 mmHg higher systolic BP during chronic Ang II infusion compared to Arg/Arg controls. Renal injury and perivascular fibrosis are exacerbated in Trp/Trp mice compared to Arg/Arg controls following Ang II infusion. Renal and ex vivo stimulated splenic CD8+ T cells from Ang II-infused Trp/Trp mice produce significantly more interferon gamma (IFNg) compared to Arg/Arg controls. Interleukin-12 (IL-12)-induced IFNg production is greater in Trp/Trp compared to Arg/Arg CD8+ T cells. In addition, IL-12 enhances Stat4 phosphorylation to a greater degree in Trp/Trp compared to Arg/Arg CD8+ T cells, suggesting that Trp-encoding SH2B3 exhibits less negative regulation of IL-12 signaling to promote IFNg production. Finally, we demonstrated that a multi-SNP model genetically predicting increased SH2B3 expression in lymphocytes is inversely associated with hypertension and hypertensive chronic kidney disease in humans.. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that the Trp encoding allele of rs3184504 is causal for BP elevation and renal dysfunction, in part through loss of SH2B3-mediated repression of T cell IL-12 signaling leading to enhanced IFNg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Hank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bethany L. Dale
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Himmel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles D. Smart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J. Fehrenbach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | - Megan Centrella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mingfang Ao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liping Du
- Department of Biostatistics, VUMC, Nashville, TN
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, VUMC, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA and Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VUMC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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18
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Time-restricted feeding: a free and effective method of managing hypertension by ameliorating inflammation? J Hypertens 2022; 40:1899-1901. [PMID: 36052520 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Maaliki D, Itani MM, Itani HA. Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001434. [PMID: 36176775 PMCID: PMC9513236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most hypertensive cases are primary and heavily associated with modifiable risk factors like salt intake. Evidence suggests that even small reductions in salt consumption reduce blood pressure in all age groups. In that regard, the ACC/AHA described a distinct set of individuals who exhibit salt-sensitivity, regardless of their hypertensive status. Data has shown that salt-sensitivity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is still unclear and tremendously challenged by its multifactorial etiology, complicated genetic influences, and the unavailability of a diagnostic tool. So far, the important roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and immune system in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension have been studied. In the first part of this review, we focus on how the systems mentioned above are aberrantly regulated in salt-sensitive hypertension. We follow this with an emphasis on genetic variants in those systems that are associated with and/or increase predisposition to salt-sensitivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maaliki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maha M. Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A. Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Hana A. Itani,
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Lu X, Crowley SD. The Immune System in Hypertension: a Lost Shaker of Salt 2021 Lewis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture. Hypertension 2022; 79:1339-1347. [PMID: 35545942 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The seminal observations of Dr Lewis Dahl regarding renal mechanisms of hypertension remain highly relevant in light of more recent experiments showing that immune system dysfunction contributes to hypertension pathogenesis. Dr Dahl established that inappropriate salt retention in the kidney plays a central role via Ohm's Law in permitting blood pressure elevation. Nevertheless, inflammatory cytokines whose expression is induced in the early stages of hypertension can alter renal blood flow and sodium transporter expression and activity to foster renal sodium retention. By elaborating these cytokines and reactive oxygen species, myeloid cells and T lymphocytes can connect systemic inflammatory signals to aberrant kidney functions that allow sustained hypertension. By activating T lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells represent an afferent sensing mechanism triggering T cell activation, cytokine generation, and renal salt and water reabsorption. Manipulating these inflammatory signals to attenuate hypertension without causing prohibitive systemic immunosuppression will pose a challenge, but disrupting actions of inflammatory mediators locally within the kidney may offer a path through which to target immune-mediated mechanisms of hypertension while capitalizing on Dr Dahl's key recognition of the kidney's importance in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC
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21
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Yang XF, Wang H, Huang Y, Huang JH, Ren HL, Xu Q, Su XM, Wang AM, Ren F, Zhou MS. Myeloid Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Mediates Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Vascular Injury in DOCA/Salt Hypertensive Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879693. [PMID: 35721173 PMCID: PMC9204513 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the renin–angiotensin system has been implicated in hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II is a potent proinflammatory mediator. The present study investigated the role of myeloid angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in control of macrophage phenotype in vitro and vascular injury in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt hypertension. In human THP-1/macrophages, Ang II increased mRNA expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokine expressions. Overexpression of AT1R further increased Ang II-induced expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokines. Silenced AT1R reversed Ang II-induced changes in M1 and M2 cytokines. Ang II upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, and the ratio of pIκB/IκB, which were prevented by silenced AT1R. Silenced HIF1α prevented Ang II activation of the TLR4/NFκB pathway. Furthermore, Ang II increased HIF1α via reactive oxygen species-dependent reduction in prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) expression. The expressions of AT1R and HIF1α and the ratio of pIκB/IκB were upregulated in the peritoneal macrophages of DOCA hypertensive mice, and the specific deletion of myeloid AT1R attenuated cardiac and vascular injury and vascular oxidative stress, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and M1 cytokine expressions, and improved endothelial function without significant reduction in blood pressure. Our results demonstrate that Ang II/AT1R controls the macrophage phenotype via stimulating the HIF1α/NFκB pathway, and specific myeloid AT1R KO improves endothelial function, vascular inflammation, and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. The results support the notion that myeloid AT1R plays an important role in the regulation of the macrophage phenotype, and dysfunction of this receptor may promote vascular dysfunction and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hao-Lin Ren
- Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai-Mei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
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22
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dos Passos Junior RR, Bomfim GF, Giachini FR, Tostes RC, Lima VV. O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Modification: Linking Hypertension and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852115. [PMID: 35371030 PMCID: PMC8967968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins dynamically regulates protein function, localization, stability, and interactions. This post-translational modification is intimately linked to cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. An increasing number of studies suggest that components of innate and adaptive immunity, active players in the pathophysiology of hypertension, are targets for O-GlcNAcylation. In this review, we highlight the potential roles of O-GlcNAcylation in the immune system and discuss how those immune targets of O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Rodrigues dos Passos Junior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda R. Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Victor Vitorino Lima,
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23
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Balasubbramanian D, Mitchell BM. Lymphatics in Cardiovascular Physiology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:cshperspect.a041173. [PMID: 35288403 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vessels play an essential role in maintaining immune and fluid homeostasis and in the transport of dietary lipids. The discovery of lymphatic endothelial cell-specific markers facilitated the visualization and mechanistic analysis of lymphatic vessels over the past two decades. As a result, lymphatic vessels have emerged as a crucial player in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, as demonstrated by worsened disease progression caused by perturbations to lymphatic function. In this review, we discuss the major findings on the role of lymphatic vessels in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshnapriya Balasubbramanian
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
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24
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Kriska T, Herrnreiter A, Pfister SL, Adebesin A, Falck JR, Campbell WB. Macrophage 12(S)-HETE Enhances Angiotensin II-Induced Contraction by a BLT2 (Leukotriene B 4 Type-2 Receptor) and TP (Thromboxane Receptor)-Mediated Mechanism in Murine Arteries. Hypertension 2022; 79:104-114. [PMID: 34784723 PMCID: PMC8849474 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
12/15-LO (12/15-lipoxygenase), encoded by Alox15 gene, metabolizes arachidonic acid to 12(S)-HETE (12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid). Macrophages are the major source of 12/15-LO among immune cells, and 12/15-LO plays a crucial role in development of hypertension. Global Alox15- or macrophage-deficient mice are resistant to Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced hypertension. This study tests the hypothesis that macrophage 12(S)-HETE contributes to Ang II-mediated arterial constriction and thus to development of Ang II-induced hypertension. Ang II constricted isolated abdominal aortic and mesenteric arterial rings. 12(S)-HETE (100 nmol/L) alone was without effect; however, it significantly enhanced Ang II-induced constriction. The presence of wild-type macrophages also enhanced the Ang II-induced constriction, while Alox15-/- macrophages did not. Using this model, pretreatment of aortic rings with inhibitors, receptor agonists/antagonists, or removal of the endothelium, systematically uncovered an endothelium-mediated, Ang II receptor-2-mediated and superoxide-mediated enhancing effect of 12(S)-HETE on Ang II constrictions. The role of superoxide was confirmed using aortas from p47phox-/- mice where 12(S)-HETE failed to enhance constriction to Ang II. In cultured arterial endothelial cells, 12(S)-HETE increased the production of superoxide, and 12(S)-HETE or Ang II increased the production of an isothromboxane-like metabolite. A TP (thromboxane receptor) antagonist inhibited 12(S)-HETE enhancement of Ang II constriction. Both Ang II-induced hypertension and the enhancing effect of 12(S)-HETE on Ang II contractions were eliminated by a BLT2 (leukotriene B4 receptor-2) antagonist. These results outline a mechanism where the macrophage 12/15-LO pathway enhances the action of Ang II. 12(S)-HETE, acting on the BLT2, contributes to the hypertensive action of Ang II in part by promoting endothelial synthesis of a superoxide-derived TP agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kriska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (T.K., A.H., S.L.P., W.B.C.)
| | - Anja Herrnreiter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (T.K., A.H., S.L.P., W.B.C.)
| | - Sandra L Pfister
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (T.K., A.H., S.L.P., W.B.C.)
| | - Adeniyi Adebesin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.A., J.R.F.)
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.A., J.R.F.)
| | - William B Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (T.K., A.H., S.L.P., W.B.C.)
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25
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Is the Macrophage Phenotype Determinant for Fibrosis Development? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121747. [PMID: 34944564 PMCID: PMC8698841 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathophysiological process of wound repair that leads to the deposit of connective tissue in the extracellular matrix. This complication is mainly associated with different pathologies affecting several organs such as lung, liver, heart, kidney, and intestine. In this fibrotic process, macrophages play an important role since they can modulate fibrosis due to their high plasticity, being able to adopt different phenotypes depending on the microenvironment in which they are found. In this review, we will try to discuss whether the macrophage phenotype exerts a pivotal role in the fibrosis development in the most important fibrotic scenarios.
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26
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Tian Y, Luo J, Xu Q, Liu Y, Cai R, Zhou MS. Macrophage depletion protects against endothelial dysfunction and cardiac remodeling in angiotensin II hypertensive mice. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 43:699-706. [PMID: 34176379 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1945075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Hypertension is associated with a low-grade systemic inflammation in cardiovascular system. Macrophage infiltration may initiate an inflammatory process that contributes to vascular and ventricular remodeling in hypertensive human and mice. The present study investigated the effect of chemical depletion of macrophage using liposome encapsulated clodronate (LEC) on cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in angiotensin (Ang) II hypertensive mice.Methods: C57BL/6 mice received an Ang II (1.1 mg/kg/day with a minipump) infusion for 2 weeks to induce hypertension. Endothelium-dependent relaxation (ED) was examined by organ bath, hematoxylin and staining and Masson-Trichrome staining were used to evaluate aorta and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.Results: Ang II infusion significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and impaired EDR accompanied by increased macrophage infiltration in the heart. Treatment with LEC significantly lowered Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and cardiac macrophage infiltration, and improved EDR with a mild reduction in SBP. Ang II increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines tumor necross factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta and profibrotic factors transforming growth factor beta 1 and fibronectin in the heart, with was reduced by LEC treatment. Treatment with LEC prevented Ang II-induced the phosphorphorylation of ERK1/2 and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase.Conclusions: Our study suggests that cardiac macrophage may be critical for hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, the underlying mechanisms may involve initial heart inflammation and the activation of hypertrophic MAPKs pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantong Tian
- The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Ganzhou City Hospital, Nanchang Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. of China
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. of China
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. of China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. Of China & the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University. Ganzhou, P.R. of China
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27
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Murray EC, Nosalski R, MacRitchie N, Tomaszewski M, Maffia P, Harrison DG, Guzik TJ. Therapeutic targeting of inflammation in hypertension: from novel mechanisms to translational perspective. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2589-2609. [PMID: 34698811 PMCID: PMC9825256 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Both animal models and human observational and genetic studies have shown that immune and inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in hypertension and its complications. We review the effects of immunomodulatory interventions on blood pressure, target organ damage, and cardiovascular risk in humans. In experimental and small clinical studies, both non-specific immunomodulatory approaches, such as mycophenolate mofetil and methotrexate, and medications targeting T and B lymphocytes, such as tacrolimus, cyclosporine, everolimus, and rituximab, lower blood pressure and reduce organ damage. Mechanistically targeted immune interventions include isolevuglandin scavengers to prevent neo-antigen formation, co-stimulation blockade (abatacept, belatacept), and anti-cytokine therapies (e.g. secukinumab, tocilizumab, canakinumab, TNF-α inhibitors). In many studies, trial designs have been complicated by a lack of blood pressure-related endpoints, inclusion of largely normotensive study populations, polypharmacy, and established comorbidities. Among a wide range of interventions reviewed, TNF-α inhibitors have provided the most robust evidence of blood pressure lowering. Treatment of periodontitis also appears to deliver non-pharmacological anti-hypertensive effects. Evidence of immunomodulatory drugs influencing hypertension-mediated organ damage are also discussed. The reviewed animal models, observational studies, and trial data in humans, support the therapeutic potential of immune-targeted therapies in blood pressure lowering and in hypertension-mediated organ damage. Targeted studies are now needed to address their effects on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Murray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK,Department of Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | - Neil MacRitchie
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK,Manchester Heart Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, M13 9WL Manchester, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK,Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbildt University Medical Centre, Nashville, 37232 TN, USA
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Corresponding author. Tel: +44 141 3307590; fax: +44 141 3307590, E-mail:
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28
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Xu Q, Zhuo K, Cai R, Su X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhu L, Ren F, Zhou MS. Activation of Yes-Associated Protein/PDZ-Binding Motif Pathway Contributes to Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation in AngiotensinII Hypertension. Front Physiol 2021; 12:732084. [PMID: 34650444 PMCID: PMC8505766 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.732084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its associated coactivator of PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are co-transcriptional regulators and down effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway. Recent studies have shown that the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway may play a role in mediating vascular homeostasis. This study investigated the role of YAP/TAZ in endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in angiotensin (Ang)II hypertensive mice. The infusion of AngII (1.1 mg/kg/day by mini-pump) for 3 weeks induced the activation of YAP/TAZ, manifested by decreased cytosolic phosphor-YAP and phosphor-TAZ, and increased YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation, which were prevented by YAP/TAZ inhibitor verteporfin. AngII significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), macrophage infiltration, and expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, and impaired endothelial function in the aorta of the mice. Treatment with verteporfin improved endothelial function and reduced vascular inflammation with a mild reduction in SBP. AngII also induced YAP/TAZ activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro, which were prevented by LB-100, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A, a major dephosphorylase). Treatment with LB-100 reversed AngII-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression and impairment of phosphor-eNOS expression in vitro. Our results suggest that AngII induces YAP/TAZ activation via PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation, which may contribute to the impairment of endothelial function and the induction of vascular inflammation in hypertension. YAP/TAZ may be a new target for hypertensive vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Kunping Zhuo
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomin Su
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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29
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Fujiu K, Manabe I. Nerve-macrophage interactions in cardiovascular disease. Int Immunol 2021; 34:81-95. [PMID: 34173833 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is highly innervated by autonomic neurons, and dynamic autonomic regulation of the heart and blood vessels is essential for animals to carry out the normal activities of life. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and myocardial infarction, are often characterized in part by an imbalance in autonomic nervous system activation, with excess sympathetic and diminished parasympathetic activation. Notably, however, this is often accompanied by chronic inflammation within the cardiovascular tissues, which suggests there are interactions between autonomic dysregulation and inflammation. Recent studies have been unraveling the mechanistic links between autonomic nerves and immune cells within cardiovascular disease. The autonomic nervous system and immune system also act in concert to coordinate the actions of multiple organs that not only maintain homeostasis but also likely play key roles in disease-disease interactions, such as cardiorenal syndrome and multimorbidity. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathological interactions between autonomic nerves and macrophages in the context of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Cardiology, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Systems Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Zhang J, Xu Q, Ren F, Liu Y, Cai R, Yao Y, Zhou MS. Inhibition of YAP activation attenuates renal injury and fibrosis in angiotensin II hypertensive mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1000-1006. [PMID: 33852804 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo/YAP (yes-associated protein) pathway is an important signaling pathway to control organ development and tissue homeostasis. YAP is a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway and a critical mediator of mechanic stress. Hypertensive nephropathy is characterized with glomerular sclerosis stiffness and renal fibrosis. The present study investigated the role of YAP pathway in angiotensin (Ang) II hypertensive renal injury by using YAP activation inhibitor verteporfin. Ang II increased the protein expression of YAP in renal nucleus fraction, decreased phospho-YAP, and phospho-LATS1/2 (large tumor suppressors 1 and 2) expressions in renal cytoplasmic fraction, suggesting Ang II activation of renal YAP. Ang II significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), proteinuria, glomerular sclerosis, and fibrosis; treatment with verteporfin attenuated Ang II-induced proteinuria and renal injury with a mild reduction in SBP. Moreover, Ang II increased the protein expressions of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and profibrotic factors including transforming growth factor β, phospho-Smad3 and fibronectin. Verteporfin reversed abovementioned Ang II-induced molecule expressions. Our results for the first time demonstrate that the activation of the YAP pathway promotes hypertensive renal inflammation and fibrosis, which may promote hypertensive renal injury. YAP may be a new target for prevention and treatment of hypertensive renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China, 110034
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College
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31
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Yu SQ, Ma S, Wang DH. Ablation of TRPV1-positive nerves exacerbates salt-induced hypertension and tissue injury in rats after renal ischemia-reperfusion via infiltration of macrophages. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 43:254-262. [PMID: 33327798 PMCID: PMC7858237 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2020.1860078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: High-salt intake after renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to hypertension and further renal injury, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that degeneration of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-positive nerves exacerbates salt-induced hypertension and renal injury after I/R via enhancing renal macrophage infiltration.Methods: Large dose of capsaicin (CAP, 100 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was used to degenerate rat TRPV1-positive nerves. Then, rats were subjected to renal I/R injury and fed with a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet for 5 weeks after I/R, followed by a high-salt (4% NaCl) diet for 4 weeks during which macrophages were depleted using liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LC, 1.3 ml/kg/week, intravenously).Results: The protein level of TRPV1 in the kidney was downregulated by renal I/R injury and was further decreased by CAP treatment. LC treatment did not affect the protein levels of renal TRPV1. After renal I/R injury, high-salt diet significantly increased renal macrophage infiltration, inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1 beta), systolic blood pressure, the urine/water intake ratio, plasma creatine and urea levels, urinary 8-isoprostane, and renal collagen deposition. Interestingly, CAP treatment further increased these parameters. These increases were abolished by depleting macrophages with LC treatment.Conclusions: These data suggest that degenerating TRPV1-positive nerves exacerbates salt-induced hypertension and tissue injury in rats after renal I/R injury via macrophages-mediated renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Quan Yu
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Donna H Wang
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
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32
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Wenstedt EFE, van Croonenburg TJ, van den Born BJH, Van den Bossche J, Hooijmans CR, Vogt L. The effect of macrophage-targeted interventions on blood pressure - a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Transl Res 2021; 230:123-138. [PMID: 33166696 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence shows a role for macrophages and monocytes (as their precursors) in hypertension, but with conflicting results with regard to whether they are protective or harmful. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the effect of macrophage interventions on blood pressure in animal models, to explore which factors determine the blood pressure increasing vs. decreasing effect. A search in PubMED and EMBASE yielded 9620 records, 26 of which were included. Eighteen studies (involving 22 different experiments (k = 22)) performed macrophage depletion, whereas 12 studies specifically deleted certain macrophage proteins. The blood pressure effects of macrophage depletion were highly various and directed toward both directions, as expected, which could not be reduced to differences in animal species or methods of hypertension induction. Prespecified subgroup analysis did reveal a potential role for the route in which the macrophage-depleting agent is being administrated (intraperitoneal vs intravenous subgroup difference of P = 0.07 (k = 22), or P < 0.001 in studies achieving considerable (ie, >50%) depletion (k = 18)). Along with findings from specific macrophage protein deletion studies-showing that deletion of one single macrophage protein (like TonEBP, endothelin-B, EP4, NOX-2 and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor) can alter blood pressure responses to hypertensive stimuli-the indication that each route has its specific depletion pattern regarding targeted tissues and macrophage phenotypes suggests a determinative role for these features. These hypothesis-generating results encourage more detailed depletion characterization of each technique by direct experimental comparisons, providing a chance to obtain more knowledge on which macrophages are beneficial versus detrimental in hypertension development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane F E Wenstedt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thirza J van Croonenburg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn R Hooijmans
- Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department of Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liffert Vogt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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McCarthy CG, Saha P, Golonka RM, Wenceslau CF, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Innate Immune Cells and Hypertension: Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1575-1589. [PMID: 33577121 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled immune system activation amplifies end-organ injury in hypertension. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms initiating this exacerbated inflammatory response, thereby contributing to further increases in blood pressure (BP), are still being revealed. While participation of lymphoid-derived immune cells has been well described in the hypertension literature, the mechanisms by which myeloid-derived innate immune cells contribute to T cell activation, and subsequent BP elevation, remains an active area of investigation. In this article, we critically analyze the literature to understand how monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils, contribute to hypertension and hypertension-associated end-organ injury. The most abundant leukocytes, neutrophils, are indisputably increased in hypertension. However, it is unknown how (and why) they switch from critical first responders of the innate immune system, and homeostatic regulators of BP, to tissue-damaging, pro-hypertensive mediators. We propose that myeloperoxidase-derived pro-oxidants, neutrophil elastase, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and interactions with other innate and adaptive immune cells are novel mechanisms that could contribute to the inflammatory cascade in hypertension. We further posit that the gut microbiota serves as a set point for neutropoiesis and their function. Finally, given that hypertension appears to be a key risk factor for morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, we put forth evidence that neutrophils and NETs cause cardiovascular injury post-coronavirus infection, and thus may be proposed as an intriguing therapeutic target for high-risk individuals. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1575-1589, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Program in Physiological Genomics, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Lu J, Bai Z, Kuang X, Li L. [High-salt exposure induces macrophage polarization to promote proliferation and phenotypic transformation of co-cultured renal fibroblasts]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1472-1479. [PMID: 33118503 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate high-salt exposure-induced polarization of mononuclear macrophages and the changes in proliferation and phenotypic transformation of renal fibroblasts in a co-culture system. METHODS Cultured mononuclear macrophages were exposed to high salt (161 mmol/L Na +) for 2 h and the surface markers of M0, M1 and M2-type macrophages were detected with RT-qPCR. The culture medium of the macrophages in normal and high-salt groups was collected for detection of the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6 and TGF-β1 using RT-qPCR and ELISA. A co-culture system of high salt-exposed macrophages and renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) was established using a Transwell chamber, and the changes in proliferation and migration of NRK-49F cells were examined using EdU assay and Transwell assay, respectively. Western blotting was performed to detect the expressions of collagen I, collagen III and collagen α-SMA in NRK-49F cells. RESULTS The high salt-exposed macrophages showed significantly increased mRNA levels of M2-type macrophage surface markers mannose receptor and arginase (P < 0.05). The results of EdU and Transwell assays showed that NRK-49F cells co-cultured with high salt-exposed macrophages exhibited significantly increased proliferation and migration ability (P < 0.05). Co-culture with high salt-exposed macrophages resulted in significantly enhanced protein expressions of collagen I, collagen III and α-SMA in NRK-49F cells (P < 0.05) and significantly increased levels of IL-6 and TGF-β1 in the culture medium (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High-salt exposure induces polarization of mononuclear macrophages into M2-type macrophages and promotes secretion of IL-6 and TGF-β1 by the macrophages to induce the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of NRK-49F cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhixun Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Kuang
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi 563000, China
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Zhang J, Zhu M, Zhang S, Xie S, Gao Y, Wang Y. Triptolide attenuates renal damage by limiting inflammatory responses in DOCA-salt hypertension. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107035. [PMID: 33045566 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triptolide (TP), a principal bioactive component of traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., has been shown to have immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory actions in vitro. Moreover, it is well established that inflammatory mechanisms contribute to the progression of hypertension-induced renal injury. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the protective effects of TP on renal injury in salt-sensitive hypertension and to identify the possible mechanisms for TP-induced protection. METHODS Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to uninephrectomy and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treatment with or without intraperitoneal administration of various concentrations of TP. RESULTS Five weeks after the treatment, systolic blood pressure measured by tail-cuff plethysmography increased in DOCA-salt-treated mice, but no difference was found between DOCA-salt-treated mice with or without TP treatment. Treatment with TP dose-dependently attenuated increments in urinary albumin and 8-isoprostane excretion, and glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis in DOCA-salt-treated mice. Moreover, our data showed that treatment with TP dose-dependently inhibited DOCA-salt-induced interstitial monocyte/macrophage infiltration associated with decreases in renal levels of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine and adhesion molecule, as well as renal activated NF-κB concentrations. Our results also demonstrated that suppression of inflammatory responses with dexamethasone, an immunosuppressive agent, alleviated DOCA-salt hypertension-induced renal injury. CONCLUSIONS TP treatment induced renal protection associated with inhibition of monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses without lowering blood pressure. Thus, our data for the first time indicate that TP treatment ameliorates renal injury possibly via attenuating inflammatory responses in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Mingjun Zhu
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shiyang Xie
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Youping Wang
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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Macrophage Depletion Improves Endothelial Insulin Resistance and Protects against Cardiovascular Injury in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5073762. [PMID: 32851077 PMCID: PMC7439208 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5073762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial insulin signaling is critical for the maintenance of vascular and metabolic homeostasis. We have previously shown that in hypertensive Dahl rats, impaired vascular insulin action is linked to angiotensin II activation of the NFκB inflammatory pathway. Macrophage polarization (M1) has implicated in hypertensive and metabolic diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of macrophage depletion using liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LEC) on endothelial insulin resistance and cardiovascular remodeling in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. High salt intake (HS) for 5 weeks increased systolic blood pressure (SBP: 192 ± 5 vs. 144 ± 4 mmHg in NS, p < 0.05), aortic and cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and impaired acetylcholine- and insulin-induced vasorelaxation, accompanied by impaired insulin activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS)/NO signaling. HS rats had a significant increase in CD68 (a monocyte/macrophage marker) expression in the aorta and the heart. LEC reduced SBP (168 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.05) and cardiovascular injury and improved acetylcholine- and insulin-mediated vasorelaxation and insulin signaling molecules with a reduction in the macrophage infiltration in the aorta and the heart. HS rats also manifested an increase in the aortic expressions of inflammatory cytokines, including the ratio of phosphorylated inhibitory kappa B (Iκb)/Iκb, tumor necrosis factor α, and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and oxidative stress, which were reduced in HS/LEC rats. Our results suggest that in salt-sensitive hypertension, macrophage may importantly contribute to endothelial insulin resistance, vascular inflammation, and injury. These findings support the idea that macrophages may be a new target for immunotherapy of vasculopathy in hypertensive and metabolic disorders.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory processes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Innate and adaptive immune responses participate in blood pressure (BP) elevation and end-organ damage. In this review, we discuss recent studies illustrating mechanisms through which immune cells and cytokines regulate BP via their actions in the kidney. RECENT FINDINGS Cells of the innate immune system, including monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, can all promote BP elevation via effects on kidney function. These innate immune cells can directly impact oxidative stress and cytokine generation in the kidney and/or present antigens to lymphocytes for the engagement of the adaptive immune system. Once activated by dendritic cells, effector memory T cells accumulate in the hypertensive kidney and facilitate renal salt and water retention. Individual subsets of activated T cells can secrete tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-17a (IL-17a), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), each of which has augmented the elevation of blood pressure in hypertensive models by enhancing renal sodium transport. B cells, regulate blood pressure via vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R)-dependent effects on fluid transport in the kidney. SUMMARY Immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems drive sodium retention and blood pressure elevation in part by altering renal solute transport.
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Poudel B, Shields CA, Brown AK, Ekperikpe U, Johnson T, Cornelius DC, Williams JM. Depletion of macrophages slows the early progression of renal injury in obese Dahl salt-sensitive leptin receptor mutant rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1489-F1499. [PMID: 32390513 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00100.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that obese Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) leptin receptor mutant (SSLepRmutant) rats display progressive renal injury. The present study demonstrated that the early development of renal injury in the SSLepRmutant strain is associated with an increase in the renal infiltration of macrophages compared with lean SS rats. We also examined whether depletion of macrophages with clodronate would reduce the early progression of renal injury in the SSLepRmutant strain. Four-week-old SS and SSLepRmutant rats were treated with either vehicle (PBS) or clodronate (50 mg/kg ip, 2 times/wk) for 4 wk. While the administration of clodronate did not reduce renal macrophage infiltration in SS rats, clodronate decreased macrophages in the kidneys of SSLepRmutant rats by >50%. Interestingly, clodronate significantly reduced plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels and markedly improved glucose tolerance in SSLepRmutant rats. Treatment with clodronate had no effect on the progression of proteinuria or renal histopathology in SS rats. In the SSLepRmutant strain, proteinuria was markedly reduced during the first 2 wk of treatment (159 ± 32 vs. 303 ± 52 mg/day, respectively). However, after 4 wk of treatment, the effect of clodronate was no longer observed in the SSLepRmutant strain (346 ± 195 vs. 399 ± 50 mg/day, respectively). The kidneys from SSLepRmutant rats displayed glomerular injury with increased mesangial expansion and renal fibrosis versus SS rats. Treatment with clodronate significantly decreased glomerular injury and renal fibrosis in the SSLepRmutant strain. Overall, these data indicate that the depletion of macrophages improves metabolic disease and slows the early progression of renal injury in SSLepRmutant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Poudel
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Corbin A Shields
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Andrea K Brown
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ubong Ekperikpe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Tyler Johnson
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jan M Williams
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Baek JH. The Impact of Versatile Macrophage Functions on Acute Kidney Injury and Its Outcomes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1016. [PMID: 31447703 PMCID: PMC6691123 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating clinical condition with a high morbidity and mortality rate and is associated with a rapid decline of kidney function mostly resulting from the injury of proximal tubules. AKI is typically accompanied by inflammation and immune activation and involves macrophages (Mϕ) from the beginning: The inflamed kidney recruits “classically” activated (M1) Mϕ, which are initially poised to destroy potential pathogens, exacerbating inflammation. Of note, they soon turn into “alternatively” activated (M2) Mϕ and promote immunosuppression and tissue regeneration. Based on their roles in kidney recovery, there is a growing interest to use M2 Mϕ and Mϕ-modulating agents therapeutically against AKI. However, it is pertinent to note that the clinical translation of Mϕ-based therapies needs to be critically reviewed and questioned since Mϕ are functionally plastic with versatile roles in AKI and some Mϕ functions are detrimental to the kidney during AKI. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge on the biology of different Mϕ subtypes during AKI and, especially, on their role in AKI and assess the impact of versatile Mϕ functions on AKI based on the findings from translational AKI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea-Hyun Baek
- Research & Early Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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Ma S, Zhang Y, He K, Wang P, Wang DH. Knockout of TRPA1 exacerbates angiotensin II-induced kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F623-F631. [PMID: 31339777 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00069.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated inflammation plays a critical role in hypertensive kidney disease. Here, we investigated the role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a sensor of inflammation, in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced renal injury. Subcutaneous infusion of ANG II (600 ng·min-1·kg-1) for 28 days was used to induce hypertension and renal injury in mice. The results showed that ANG II-induced hypertensive mice have decreased renal Trpa1 expression (P < 0.01), whereas ANG II receptor type 1a-deficient hypotensive mice have increased renal Trpa1 expression (P < 0.05) compared with their normotensive counterparts. ANG II induced similar elevations of systolic blood pressure in Trpa1-/- and wild-type (WT) mice but led to higher levels of blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05), serum creatinine (P < 0.05), and renal fibrosis (P < 0.01) in Trpa1-/- mice than WT mice. Similarly, ANG II increased both CD68+/inducible nitric oxide synthase+ M1 and CD68+/arginase 1+ M2 macrophages in the kidneys of both Trpa1-/- and WT mice (all P < 0.01), with higher extents in Trpa1-/- mice (both P < 0.01). Compared with WT mice, Trpa1-/- mice had significantly increased expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the kidney. Cultured murine macrophages were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which downregulated gene expression of TRPA1 (P < 0.01). A TRPA1 agonist, cinnamaldehyde, significantly inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated expression of IL-1β and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 in macrophages, which were attenuated by pretreatment with a TRPA1 antagonist, HC030031. Furthermore, activation of TRPA1 with cinnamaldehyde induced apoptosis of macrophages. These findings suggest that TRPA1 may play a protective role in ANG II-induced renal injury, likely through inhibiting macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Ma
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kecheng He
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peijian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Donna H Wang
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Fehrenbach DJ, Abais-Battad JM, Dasinger JH, Lund H, Mattson DL. Salt-sensitive increase in macrophages in the kidneys of Dahl SS rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F361-F374. [PMID: 31215801 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats have shown that renal CD3+ T cells and ED-1+ macrophages are involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension and renal damage. The present study demonstrated that the increase in renal immune cells, which accompanies renal hypertrophy and albuminuria in high-salt diet-fed Dahl SS rats, is absent in Sprague-Dawley and SSBN13 rats that are protected from the SS disease phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that >70% of the immune cells in the SS kidney are M1 macrophages. PCR profiling of renal myeloid cells showed a salt-induced upregulation in 9 of 84 genes related to Toll-like receptor signaling, with notable upregulation of the Toll-like receptor 4/CD14/MD2 complex. Because of the prominent increase in macrophages in the SS kidney, we used liposome-encapsulated clodronate (Clod) to deplete macrophages and assess their contribution to salt-sensitive hypertension and renal damage. Dahl SS animals were administered either Clod-containing liposomes (Clod-Lipo), Clod, or PBS-containing liposomes as a vehicle control. Clod-Lipo treatment depleted circulating and splenic macrophages by ∼50%; however, contrary to our hypothesis, Clod-Lipo-treated animals developed an exacerbated salt-sensitive response with respect to blood pressure and albuminuria, which was accompanied by increased renal T and B cells. Interestingly, those treated with Clod also demonstrated an exacerbated phenotype, but it was less severe than Clod-Lipo-treated animals and independent of changes to the number of renal immune cells. Here, we have shown that renal macrophages in Dahl SS animals sustain a M1 proinflammatory phenotype in response to increased dietary salt and highlighted potential adverse effects of Clod-Lipo macrophage depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | | | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
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Chade AR. Understanding and managing atherosclerotic renovascular disease: still a work in progress. F1000Res 2019; 7. [PMID: 30631430 PMCID: PMC6281014 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16369.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD) is an unresolved therapeutic dilemma despite extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies. The pathophysiology of the disease has been widely studied, and many factors that may be involved in progressive renal injury and cardiovascular risk associated with ARVD have been identified. However, therapies and clinical trials have focused largely on attempts to resolve renal artery stenosis without considering the potential need to treat the renal parenchyma beyond the obstruction. The results of these trials show a staggering consistence: although nearly 100% of the patients undergoing renal angioplasty show a resolution of the vascular obstruction, they do not achieve significant improvements in renal function or blood pressure control compared with those patients receiving medical treatment alone. It seems that we may need to take a step back and reconsider the pathophysiology of the disease in order to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. This mini-review discusses potential therapeutic alternatives that focus on the renal parenchyma distal to the vascular obstruction and may provide additional tools to enhance current treatment of ARVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine, and Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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Meng XM, Mak TSK, Lan HY. Macrophages in Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:285-303. [PMID: 31399970 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are highly involved in the process of renal injury, repair and fibrosis in many aspects of experimental and human renal diseases. Monocyte-derived macrophages, characterized by high heterogeneity and plasticity, are recruited, activated, and polarized in the whole process of renal fibrotic diseases in response to local microenvironment. As classically activated M1 or CD11b+/Ly6Chigh macrophages accelerate renal injury by producing pro-inflammatory factors like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukins, alternatively activated M2 or CD11b+/Ly6Cintermediate macrophages may contribute to kidney repair by exerting anti-inflammation and wound healing functions. However, uncontrolled M2 macrophages or CD11b+/Ly6Clow macrophages promote renal fibrosis via paracrine effects or direct transition to myofibroblast-like cells via the process of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT). In this regard, therapeutic strategies targeting monocyte/macrophage recruitment, activation, and polarization should be emphasized in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Thomas Shiu-Kwong Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Chi Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Chi Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Low-grade inflammation drives elevations in blood pressure (BP) and consequent target organ damage in diverse experimental models of hypertension. Here, we discuss recent advances elucidating immune-mediated mechanisms of BP elevation and associated target organ damage. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammatory mediators produced by immune cells or target organs act on the kidney, vasculature, skin, and nervous system to modulate hypertension. For example, cells of the innate immune system, including monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs), can all promote BP elevation via actions in the vasculature and kidney. Macrophages expressing VEGF-C impact non-osmotic sodium storage in the skin that in turn regulates salt sensitivity. Within the adaptive immune system, activated T cells can secrete tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-17a (IL-17a), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), each of which has augmented BP and renal damage in pre-clinical models. Inversely, deficiency of IL-17a in mice blunts the hypertensive response and attenuates renal sodium retention via a serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1)-dependent pathway. Linking innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells activated by augmented extracellular sodium concentrations stimulate T lymphocytes to produce pro-hypertensive cytokines. By contrast, regulatory T cells (Tregs) can protect against hypertension and associated kidney injury. Rodent studies reveal diverse mechanisms via which cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems drive blood pressure elevation by altering the inflammatory milieu in the kidney, vasculature, and brain.
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