Reverse Cholesterol Transport: Molecular Mechanisms and the Non-medical Approach to Enhance HDL Cholesterol

A Facile LC-MS Method for Profiling Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters in Mammalian Cells and Tissues

Cholesterol is central to mammalian lipid metabolism and serves many critical functions in the regulation of diverse physiological processes. Dysregulation in cholesterol metabolism is causally linked to numerous human diseases, and therefore, in vivo, the concentrations and flux of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters (fatty acid esters of cholesterol) are tightly regulated. While mass spectrometry has been an analytical method of choice for detecting cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in biological samples, the hydrophobicity, chemically inert nature, and poor ionization of these neutral lipids have often proved a challenge in developing lipidomics compatible liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods to study them. To overcome this problem, here, we report a reverse-phase LC-MS method that is compatible with existing high-throughput lipidomics strategies and capable of identifying and quantifying cholesterol and cholesteryl esters from mammalian cells and tissues. Using this sensitive yet robust LC-MS method, we profiled different mammalian cell lines and tissues and provide a comprehensive picture of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters content in them. Specifically, among cholesteryl esters, we find that mammalian cells and tissues largely possess monounsaturated and polyunsaturated variants. Taken together, our lipidomics compatible LC-MS method to study this lipid class opens new avenues in understanding systemic and tissue-level cholesterol metabolism under various physiological conditions.

Relationship between Ikigai and longitudinal changes in serum HDL cholesterol levels: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS)

BACKGROUND

Having positive psychological well-being has been associated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), but no longitudinal study to date has examined the association between Ikigai and serum HDLC. Therefore, we examined the association between Ikigai and change in serum HDLC over time using a cohort dataset spanning 2010-2018.

METHODS

The study included 471 men and 776 women aged 40-74 years who underwent a cardiovascular examination in 2010 and were asked their levels of Ikigai. We combined "definitely yes" and "yes" as "with Ikigai" and recorded "a little" as "with a little Ikigai" and "no" as "without Ikigai". We measured serum HDLC using direct methods. The association between Ikigai and serum HDLC levels at baseline, and changes in this relationship during an eight-year period, were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models.

RESULTS

At the baseline, relative to those without Ikigai, women with Ikigai had higher serum HDLC (baseline difference in those with a little Ikigai = 7.52 mg/dl, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12 to 13.9 and in those with Ikigai = 8.11 mg/dl, 95% CI: 1.54 to 14.7). The difference in serum HDLC between women with and without Ikigai remained over the eight-year follow-up period. There were no similar Ikigai-associated differences in the serum HDLC of men.

CONCLUSIONS

Women with Ikigai showed differences in serum HDLC that were observed at baseline and persisted over time.

LDL-Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of a Dietary Supplement Containing Onion and Garlic Extract Used in Healthy Volunteers

Hypercholesterolemia plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, and its prevention seems to be a crucial healthcare strategy to ameliorate these conditions. Subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia are frequently advised against using cholesterol-lowering drugs due to potential side effects, with an emphasis instead on prioritizing dietary adjustments and lifestyle modifications as the primary strategy. In this context, the use of dietary supplements based on medicinal plants may be recommended as a complementary approach to managing elevated cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and potential therapeutic effectiveness of a standardized formulation containing extracts from garlic and onions in addressing the health concerns of individuals with slightly elevated cholesterol levels. A controlled, randomized, double-blind, two parallel-group study was conducted over 8 weeks, with clinical visits scheduled at baseline, weeks 2 and 4, as well as at the end of the study. The results revealed significant reductions in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels among participants who received the extract. Additionally, improvements in blood pressure, as well as in oxidative and inflammatory markers were observed, thus suggesting its potential as a valuable therapeutic intervention for managing mild hypercholesterolemia.

Effectiveness of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Cognition, Metabolic Health, Physical Function, and Health-related Quality of Life in Middle-aged and Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effectiveness of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on cognition, metabolic health, physical function, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

DATA SOURCE AND STUDY SELECTION

Systematic search of CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis, PsycINFO, Web of Science databases, and gray literature from Google Scholar. Pertinent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected. The Protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42023387336).

DATA EXTRACTION

The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool by 2 reviewers independently. Outcome data were extracted in a fixed-effect model if heterogeneity test were not significant and I2≤50%; otherwise, the random-effects model was used.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Sixteen studies with 2426 participants were included in this review. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise had significant positive effects on cognition (SMD=0.34, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.55), metabolic health on HbA1c (SMD=-0.35, 95% CI: -0.48 to -0.22) and lipid profile (total cholesterol SMD=-0.20, 95% CI: -0.34 to -0.07; low-density lipoprotein SMD=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.05; high-density lipoprotein SMD=0.25, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.39; and triglycerides SMD=-0.18, 95% CI: -0.31 to -0.04), physical function on aerobic oxygen uptake (SMD=0.58, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.95) and body mass index (MD=-1.33, 95% CI: -1.84 to -0.82), and physical HRQoL (MD=4.17, 95% CI: 0.86 to 7.48). Our results showed that clinically important effects on cognition may occur in combining the low-moderate intensity of aerobic exercise and progressive intensity of resistance training, the total duration of the exercise needs to be at least 135 minutes per week, among which, resistance training should be at least 60 minutes.

CONCLUSION

Combined aerobic and resistance exercise effectively improves cognition, ameliorates metabolic health, enhances physical function, and increases physical HRQoL in middle-aged and older adults with T2DM. More RCTs and longitudinal follow-ups are required to provide future evidence of structured combined aerobic and resistance exercise on other domains of cognition.

Hepatic glucagon action: beyond glucose mobilization

Glucagon's ability to promote hepatic glucose production has been known for over a century, with initial observations touting this hormone as a diabetogenic agent. However, glucagon receptor agonism [when balanced with an incretin, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to dampen glucose excursions] is now being developed as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic diseases, like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), and may also have benefit for obesity and chronic kidney disease. Conventionally regarded as the opposing tag-team partner of the anabolic mediator insulin, glucagon is gradually emerging as more than just a "catabolic hormone." Glucagon action on glucose homeostasis within the liver has been well characterized. However, growing evidence, in part thanks to new and sensitive "omics" technologies, has implicated glucagon as more than just a "glucose liberator." Elucidation of glucagon's capacity to increase fatty acid oxidation while attenuating endogenous lipid synthesis speaks to the dichotomous nature of the hormone. Furthermore, glucagon action is not limited to just glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, as traditionally reported. Glucagon plays key regulatory roles in hepatic amino acid and ketone body metabolism, as well as mitochondrial turnover and function, indicating broader glucagon signaling consequences for metabolic homeostasis mediated by the liver. Here we examine the broadening role of glucagon signaling within the hepatocyte and question the current dogma, to appreciate glucagon as more than just that "catabolic hormone."

ApoA1/HDL-C ratio as a predictor for coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a matched case-control study

INTRODUCTION

This study investigated the possible relationship between the Apo lipoprotein A1 /high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ApoA1/HDL-C) ratio and coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

This was a matched case-control study of 482 patients with T2D in two groups of CAD and (n = 241) non-CAD (n = 241). The patients were classified into four quartiles according to the ApoA1/HDL-C ratio, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between ApoA1/HDL-C and CAD. ROC analysis was also conducted.

RESULTS

This study showed that the ApoA1/HDL-C ratio has an independent association with CAD in individuals with T2D. The CAD group exhibited a significantly higher ApoA1/HDL-C ratio than those without CAD (p-value = 0.004). Moreover, the risk of CAD increased significantly across the ApoA1/HDL-C ratio quartiles, with the highest odds in the fourth quartile. The second quartile showed an odds ratio (OR) of 2.03 (p-value = 0.048) compared to the first. Moving to the third quartile, the OR increased to 2.23 (p-value = 0.023). The highest OR was noted in the fourth, reaching 3.41 (p-value = 0.001). Employing a cut-off value of 2.66 and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.885, the ApoA1/HDL-C ratio predicts CAD among patients with T2D with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 91% (p-value < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The current study revealed an independent association between ApoA1/HDL-C ratio and CAD in patients with T2D. This ratio can be a promising tool for predicting CAD during the follow-up of patients with T2D, aiding in identifying those at higher risk for CAD.

Interactions of Serum Amyloid A Proteins with the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Central Nervous System Disease

Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are highly conserved lipoproteins that are notoriously involved in the acute phase response and systemic amyloidosis, but their biological functions are incompletely understood. Recent work has shown that SAA proteins can enter the brain by crossing the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), and that they can impair BBB functions. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), SAA proteins can have both protective and harmful effects, which have important implications for CNS disease. In this review of the thematic series on SAA, we discuss the existing literature that relates SAA to neuroinflammation and CNS disease, and the possible roles of the BBB in these relations.

Silicon as a Functional Meat Ingredient Improves Jejunal and Hepatic Cholesterol Homeostasis in a Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Model

Silicon included in a restructured meat (RM) matrix (Si-RM) as a functional ingredient has been demonstrated to be a potential bioactive antidiabetic compound. However, the jejunal and hepatic molecular mechanisms by which Si-RM exerts its cholesterol-lowering effects remain unclear. Male Wistar rats fed an RM included in a high-saturated-fat high-cholesterol diet (HSFHCD) combined with a low dose of streptozotocin plus nicotinamide injection were used as late-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model. Si-RM was included into the HSFHCD as a functional food. An early-stage TD2M group fed a high-saturated-fat diet (HSFD) was taken as reference. Si-RM inhibited the hepatic and intestinal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) reducing the apoB-containing lipoprotein assembly and cholesterol absorption. Upregulation of liver X receptor (LXRα/β) by Si-RM turned in a higher low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCG5/8, ABCA1) promoting jejunal cholesterol efflux and transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), and facilitating partially reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Si-RM decreased the jejunal absorptive area and improved mucosal barrier integrity. Consequently, plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels decreased, as well as the formation of atherogenic lipoprotein particles. Si-RM mitigated the dyslipidemia associated with late-stage T2DM by Improving cholesterol homeostasis. Silicon could be used as an effective nutritional approach in diabetic dyslipidemia management.

Targeting the vivid facets of apolipoproteins as a cardiovascular risk factor in rheumatoid arthritis

Mostly, cardiovascular diseases are blamed for casualties in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Customarily, dyslipidemia is probably the most prevalent underlying cause of untimely demise in people suffering from RA as it hastens the expansion of atherosclerosis. The engagement of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), etc., is crucial in the progression and proliferation of both RA and abnormal lipid parameters. Thus, lipid abnormalities should be monitored frequently in patients with both primary and advanced RA stages. An advanced lipid profile examination, i.e., direct role of apolipoproteins associated with various lipid molecules is a more dependable approach for better understanding of the disease and selecting suitable therapeutic targets. Therefore, studying their apolipoproteins is more relevant than assessing RA patients' altered lipid profile levels. Among the various apolipoprotein classes, Apo A1 and Apo B are primarily being focused. In addition, it also addresses how calculating Apo B:Apo A1 ratio can aid in analyzing the disease's risk. The marketed therapies available to control lipid abnormalities are associated with many other risk factors. Hence, directly targeting Apo A1 and Apo B would provide a better and safer option.

An explorative assessment of ChatGPT as an aid in medical education: Use it with caution

OBJECTIVE

To explore the use of ChatGPT by educators and students in a medical school setting.

METHOD

This study used the public version of ChatGPT launched by OpenAI on November 30, 2022 (https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/). We employed prompts to ask ChatGPT to 1) generate a content outline for a session on the topics of cholesterol, lipoproteins, and hyperlipidemia for medical students; 2) produce a list of learning objectives for the session; and 3) write assessment questions with and without clinical vignettes related to the identified learning objectives. We assessed the responses by ChatGPT for accuracy and reliability to determine the potential of the chatbot as an aid to educators and as a "know-it-all" medical information provider for students.

RESULTS

ChatGPT can function as an aid to educators, but it is not yet suitable as a reliable information resource for educators and medical students.

CONCLUSION

ChatGPT can be a useful tool to assist medical educators in drafting course and session content outlines and create assessment questions. At the same time, caution must be taken as ChatGPT is prone to providing incorrect information; expert oversight and caution are necessary to ensure the information generated is accurate and beneficial to students. Therefore, it is premature for medical students to use the current version of ChatGPT as a "know-it-all" information provider. In the future, medical educators should work with programming experts to explore and grow the full potential of AI in medical education.

Exploring the Hypocholesterolemic Potential of a Fucus vesiculosus Extract: Omic Insights into Molecular Mechanisms at the Intestinal Level

High blood cholesterol levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. A purified aqueous extract of Fucus vesiculosus, rich in phlorotannins and peptides, has been described for its potential to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and intestinal absorption. In this work, the effect of this extract on intestinal cells' metabolites and proteins was analysed to gain a deeper understanding of its mode of action on lipids' metabolism, particularly concerning the absorption and transport of exogenous cholesterol. Caco-2 cells, differentiated into enterocytes, were exposed to the extract, and analysed by untargeted metabolomics and proteomics. The results of the metabolomic analysis showed statistically significant differences in glutathione content of cells exposed to the extract compared to control cells, along with an increased expression of fatty acid amides in exposed cells. A proteomic analysis showed an increased expression in cells exposed to the extract compared to control cells of FAB1 and NPC1, proteins known to be involved in lipid metabolism and transport. To the extent of our knowledge, this study is the first use of untargeted metabolomics and a proteomic analysis to investigate the effects of F. vesiculosus on differentiated Caco-2 cells, offering insights into the molecular mechanism of the extract's compounds on intestinal cells.

Serum high-density lipoprotein level and prognosis of ovarian cancer

This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in patients with ovarian cancer. This study enrolled 152 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 119 patients with benign ovarian tumors. The associations of patient characteristics and disease with survival were determined using Cox regression analysis, t tests, analysis of variance for multiple-group comparisons, and chi-square tests. The potential association between HDL levels and the clinical characteristics of the disease was also analyzed. The diagnostic value of HDL was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and calculation of the area under the curve. Progression-free survival and overall survival were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method, and their associations with patient and pathological variables, including HDL, were determined using the log-rank test. The median serum HDL was 1.15 mm measured in 152 patients with ovarian cancer and 1.30 mm in 119 patients with benign ovarian tumors (P = .000054). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.735 for serum HDL levels. Serum HDL levels were significantly associated with tumor pathological types (non-serous vs serous, P < .05). No association was observed between serum HDL levels and patient age, age at menarche or marriage, number of children, tumor grade, or clinical stage (P > .05). Patients with high serum HDL levels had a longer progression-free survival and overall survival than those with low serum HDL levels. Serum HDL levels are an independent prognostic factor for ovarian cancer.

Effects of Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor) By-Product Oil Supplementation on HOMA-IR and Lipid Profile in Obese Male Wistar Rats

The prevalence of people being overweight and obese has increased globally over the past decades. The use of omega-3 fatty acids-a compound usually primarily found in fish oil-has been known to improve the metabolic profile of obese patients. As the demand for eels increases, the number of waste products from the eels increases and creates environmental problems. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a newly discovered Indonesian Shortfin eel by-product oil supplementation on the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Estimated Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and lipid profiles of obese male (Lee index ≥ 0.3) Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). The oil was extracted from waste products (heads). Fifteen obese rats were divided into three groups and were administered NaCl (C), commercial fish oil (CO), and Indonesian shortfin eel by-product oil (EO). All groups had statistically significant differences in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels (p < 0.05). The CO and EO group showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride after treatment. However, no significant difference was found in HDL levels and HOMA-IR. The supplementation of Indonesian shortfin eel by-product oil significantly improved lipid profile while effectively mitigating environmental challenges.

Disturbed lipid profile in common variable immunodeficiency - a pathogenic loop of inflammation and metabolic disturbances

The relationship between metabolic and inflammatory pathways play a pathogenic role in various cardiometabolic disorders and is potentially also involved in the pathogenesis of other disorders such as cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in adults, characterized by increased frequency of airway infections with capsulated bacteria. In addition, a large proportion of CVID patients have autoimmune and inflammatory complications associated with systemic inflammation. We summarize the evidence that support a role of a bidirectional pathogenic interaction between inflammation and metabolic disturbances in CVID. This include low levels and function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high levels of triglycerides (TG) and its major lipoprotein very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and an unfavorable fatty acid (FA) profile. The dysregulation of TG, VLDL and FA were linked to disturbed gut microbiota profile, and TG and VLDL levels were strongly associated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a marker of gut leakage in blood. Of note, the disturbed lipid profile in CVID did not include total cholesterol levels or high low-density lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, increased VLDL and TG levels in blood were not associated with diet, high body mass index and liver steatosis, suggesting a different phenotype than in patients with traditional cardiovascular risk such as metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that these metabolic disturbances are linked to inflammation in a bidirectional manner with disturbed gut microbiota as a potential contributing factor.

Protective mechanisms of a microbial oil against hypercholesterolemia: evidence from a zebrafish model

A Western diet elevates the circulating lipoprotein and triglyceride levels which are the major risk factors in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids can stall the disease progression. Although these fatty acids can significantly impact the intestine under a hypercholesterolemic condition, the associated changes have not been studied in detail. Therefore, we investigated the alterations in the intestinal transcriptome along with the deviations in the plasma lipids and liver histomorphology of zebrafish offered DHA- and EPA-rich oil. Fish were allocated to 4 dietary treatments: a control group, a high cholesterol group and microbial oil groups with low (3.3%) and high (6.6%) inclusion levels. We quantified the total cholesterol, lipoprotein and triglyceride levels in the plasma. In addition, we assessed the liver histology, intestinal transcriptome and plasma lipidomic profiles of the study groups. The results suggested that higher levels of dietary microbial oil could control the CVD risk factor indices in zebrafish plasma. Furthermore, microbial oil-fed fish had fewer liver vacuoles and higher mRNA levels of genes involved in β-oxidation and HDL maturation. Analyses of the intestine transcriptome revealed that microbial oil supplementation could influence the expression of genes altered by a hypercholesterolemic diet. The plasma lipidomic profiles revealed that the higher level of microbial oil tested could elevate the long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acid content of triglyceride species and lower the concentration of several lysophosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol molecules. Our study provides insights into the effectiveness of microbial oil against dyslipidemia in zebrafish.

Maternal High-Fat Diet Controls Offspring Kidney Health and Disease

A balanced diet during gestation is critical for fetal development, and excessive intake of saturated fats during gestation and lactation is related to an increased risk of offspring kidney disease. Emerging evidence indicates that a maternal high-fat diet influences kidney health and disease of the offspring via so-called renal programming. This review summarizes preclinical research documenting the connection between a maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation and offspring kidney disease, as well as the molecular mechanisms behind renal programming, and early-life interventions to offset adverse programming processes. Animal models indicate that offspring kidney health can be improved via perinatal polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation, gut microbiota changes, and modulation of nutrient-sensing signals. These findings reinforce the significance of a balanced maternal diet for the kidney health of offspring.

The role of exercise in improving hyperlipidemia-renal injuries induced by a high-fat diet: a literature review

A diet that is high in sugar and fat is a precursor to various chronic diseases, especially hyperlipidemia. Patients with hyperlipidemia have increased levels of plasma free fatty acids and an ectopic accumulation of lipids. The kidney is one of the main organs affected by this disease and, recently, there have been more studies conducted on renal injury caused by hyperlipidemia. The main pathological mechanism is closely related to renal lipotoxicity. However, in different kidney cells, the reaction mechanism varies due to the different affinities of the lipid receptors. At present, it is believed that in addition to lipotoxicity, hyperlipidemia induced-renal injury is also closely related to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammatory reactions, which are the result of multiple factors. Exercise plays an important role in the prevention of various chronic diseases and recently emerging researches indicated its positive effects to renal injury caused by hyperlipidemia. However, there are few studies summarizing the effects of exercise on this disease and the specific mechanisms need to be further explored. This article summarizes the mechanisms of hyperlipidemia induced-renal injury at the cellular level and discusses the ways in which exercise may regulate it. The results provide theoretical support and novel approaches for identifying the intervention target to treat hyperlipidemia induced-renal injury.

Associations between Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposures and Blood Lipid Levels among Adults-A Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and blood lipid levels in humans were mixed.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this meta-analysis was to summarize associations between PFAS and blood lipids in adults.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted on PubMed and Web of Science for articles published through 13 May 2022 that examined associations between PFAS and blood lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TGs). Inclusion criteria included the presence of associations between five PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA, and PFNA) and four blood lipid measures (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TGs) in adults. Data on study characteristics and PFAS-lipid associations were extracted. Assessments of individual study quality were performed. Associations of changes of blood lipid levels corresponding to 1 interquartile range (IQR)-unit increase of blood PFAS levels were pooled using random effects models. Dose-response relationships were examined.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine publications were included in the present analyses. Every IQR increase of PFOA was significantly associated with a 2.1 -mg / dL increase in TC (95% CI: 1.2, 3.0), a 1.3 -mg / dL increase in TGs (95% CI: 0.1, 2.4), and a 1.4 -mg / dL increase in LDL-C (95% CI: 0.6, 2.2). PFOS was also significantly associated with TC and LDL-C levels, and the corresponding values were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.6) and 1.9 (95% CI: 0.9, 3.0), respectively. Associations of PFOS and PFOA with HDL-C levels were largely null. For minor PFAS species, PFHxS was significantly associated with higher levels of HDL-C [0.8 (95% CI: 0.5, 1.2)]. Inverse associations were observed between PFDA and TGs [- 5.0 (95% CI: - 8.1 , - 1.9 )] and between PFNA and TGs [- 1.7 (95% CI: - 3.5 , - 0.02 )], whereas a positive association was observed between PFDA and HDL-C [1.4 (95% CI: 0.1, 2.7)]. Nonsignificant nonlinear dose-response relationships were identified for associations of PFOA and PFOS with certain blood lipids.

DISCUSSION

PFOA and PFOS were significantly associated with TC and LDL-C levels in adults. Whether these findings may translate into an elevated cardiovascular disease risk associated with PFAS exposure warrants further investigation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11840.

Purple Sweet Potato Powder Containing Anthocyanin Mitigates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Dry Eye Disease

Purple sweet potato (PSP) powder with anthocyanins possesses the ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. Studies have presumed a positive correlation between body fat and dry eye disease (DED) in adults. The regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation has been proposed as the mechanism underlying DED. This study developed an animal model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced DED. We added 5% PSP powder to the HFD to evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms in mitigating HFD-induced DED. A statin drug, atorvastatin, was also added to the diet separately to assess its effect. The HFD altered the structure of lacrimal gland (LG) tissue, reduced LG secretory function, and eliminated the expression of proteins related to DED development, including α-smooth muscle actin and aquaporin-5. Although PSP treatment could not significantly reduce body weight or body fat, it ameliorated the effects of DED by preserving LG secretory function, preventing ocular surface erosion, and preserving LG structure. PSP treatment increased superoxide dismutase levels but reduced hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α levels, indicating that PSP treatment reduced oxidative stress. PSP treatment increased ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 levels in LG tissue, signifying that PSP treatment regulated lipid homeostasis maintenance to reduce the effects of DED. In conclusion, PSP treatment ameliorated the effects of HFD-induced DED through the regulation of oxidative stress and lipid homeostasis in the LG.

The atheroprotective role of fucoidan involves the reduction of foam cell formation by altering cholesterol flux-associated factors in macrophages

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipid-laden cells in the arterial walls, resulting from dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the macrophage, triggered by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Previous studies have shown that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweeds, has several atheroprotective activities, however, the mechanism of fucoidan protection is not fully understood. Thus, we investigated the effect of fucoidan on atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, on oxLDL uptake by macrophages, and on the expression of the flux-associated scavenger receptors by macrophages. Also, we examined the absorption and biodistribution of orally administered fucoidan. ApoE-/- mice fed on a cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with 1% fucoidan showed reduced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Fucoidan was detected in blood and peripheral tissue after gavage, suggesting that it can exert direct systemic effects. In vitro, fucoidan reduced macrophage oxLDL uptake, which resulted in lower foam cell formation. This effect was associated with downregulation of the cholesterol influx-associated scavenger receptor (SR)-A expression, and upregulation of the cholesterol efflux-associated SR-B1 expression. In conclusion, fucoidan prevented oxLDL-mediated foam cell formation in macrophages by downregulating SR-A1/2 and by up-regulating SR-B1.

Utility of neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio in patients with coronary artery disease: a narrative review

The neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio (NHR) is thought to reflect inflammatory status and dyslipidaemia, both of which play significant roles in coronary artery disease (CAD). The objective of this narrative review is to summarise the results of studies that have explored the utility of NHR for the diagnosis and management of CAD. The PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for articles related to NHR from their inception to October 2022. Seven relevant articles were obtained for review. There were unclear relationships of NHR with age, sex, smoking status, hypertension and diabetes. However, NHR had a sensitivity and specificity as high as 94.8% and 59%, respectively, for the identification of significant coronary stenosis. NHR was also a superior predictor of prognosis to conventional parameters. NHR had a sensitivity and specificity as high as 77.6% and 74.2%, respectively, for the prediction of adverse events, including mortality, associated with acute coronary syndrome. Thus, NHR could be used in clinical cardiovascular medicine for risk stratification and the prediction of the short-term and long-term outcomes of CAD. However, more studies are required before a quantitative assessment of the efficacy of NHR for use in patient management can be completed.

The Association between the Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Review

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition caused by a combination of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMR). MetS leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), both of which place a burden on not only the patients but also the healthcare system. Diagnostic criteria for MetS vary, and there is no universal tool to detect it. Recently, many studies have found positive associations between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and some CMR factors. Therefore, a comprehensive review was needed to recapitulate these studies and qualitatively estimate the likelihood of AIP being associated with CMR. We aimed to review and summarise observational data on AIP and CMR factors and verify their association. Materials and Methods: A review of observational studies was conducted by searching “atherogenic index of plasma” in PubMed, One Search, and the Cochrane library. A total of 2068 articles were screened, and 32 were included after excluding paediatric, non-human and interventional studies, and those carried out on cohorts with conditions unrelated to MetS or on lipid-lowering medication. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess their quality. Results: Most studies that reported high waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG), insulin resistance (IR) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration, also reported high AIP. Few studies investigated blood pressure (BP) and some discrepancies existed between their results. Conclusion: AIP may be associated with WC, TG, IR, and HDL-C. It is unclear if AIP is associated with BP. The current study’s results should be used to inform futureward a meta-analysis to be seen quantitatively. It is also recommended that more cohort studies stratified by gender and ethnicity be performed to ascertain if AIP can predict MetS before it manifests.

Different eccentric-based power training volumes improve glycemic, lipidemic profile and body composition of females in a dose-dependent manner: Associations with muscle fibres composition adaptations

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different volumes of fast eccentric-based training on body composition and lipidemic-glycemic profiles in females, as well as to explore the relationship between the change in glycemic-lipidemic profiles and the change in muscle fibre composition. Twenty-nine young females were assigned into three groups and performed 10 weeks (2 training sessions per week) of either 3 (LV), 6 (MV) or 9 (HV) sets/session of four fast velocity eccentric-only half-squats against 70% of concentric 1RM, followed by 3 maximum countermovement jumps (CMJ) after each set. Body composition, vastus lateralis fibre-type composition, and resting blood lipidemic and glycemic indices were evaluated 1 week before and after the training intervention. Significant changes in body composition, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR and blood lipids were found after training with MV and HV (p < 0.05; η2: 0.135-0.390). Significant correlations were found between muscle fibres' percentage cross-sectional areas (%CSA) and resting glycemic-lipid values (r:-0.543to 0.730, p < 0.05). Training-induced changes of glycemic-lipid profiles were highly correlated to those of type IIa and IIx %CSAs (r: -0.895 to 0.898, p < 0.05). Partial Correlations revealed a significant impact of the imposed training volumes on these correlations. These results suggest that six but mostly nine sets per training session of the imposed training stimuli are needed for beneficial changes in resting glycemic-lipidemic profiles, changes which are related to the training-induced changes in muscle fibre composition. However, these relationships are dictated by the imposed training volumes.Highlights Power training induces beneficial changes in body composition, glycemic and lipidemic profiles.Greater training volumes are needed for the healthier changes in glycemic-lipidemic profiles.Higher Type I, IIA and lower IIX percentage cross-sectional areas are linked with healthier body composition and glycemic-lipidemic profiles.Individuals experiencing the greatest increase in Type IIa and decrease in Type IIX muscle fibres cross-sectional areas after power training are those with the greatest beneficial changes in body composition, glycemic and lipidemic profiles.

Status and influencing factors of lower limb amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer

To investigate the influencing factors of lower limb amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Patients with diabetic foot ulcers who were hospitalised in a tertiary general hospital in Guizhou Province from January 2019 to March 2022 were retrospectively collected. Sociological information of the general population, comorbidities, laboratory-related indicators, and information on the specialty situation, using univariate analysis and multifactor analysis, compared the influencing factors of amputation and non-amputee patients. A total of 205 patients with diabetic foot and 69 ampute patients (33.7%) were enrolled. The univariate analysis found that the decrease in HDL cholesterol levels was associated with the occurrence of lower extremity amputation, and logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that HDL-C was inversely correlated with the amputation rate of patients with diabetic foot ulcers, and the risk of amputation at low levels of HDL-C was 2.452 times higher than that of high-level HDL-C (95% CI: 1.105-5.846). Decreased HDL cholesterol levels are an independent predictor of amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.

Treatment of Dyslipidemia through Targeted Therapy of Gut Microbiota

Dyslipidemia is a multifaceted condition with various genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Further, this condition represents an important risk factor for its related sequalae including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Emerging evidence has shown that gut microbiota and their metabolites can worsen or protect against the development of dyslipidemia. Although there are currently numerous treatment modalities available including lifestyle modification and pharmacologic interventions, there has been promising research on dyslipidemia that involves the benefits of modulating gut microbiota in treating alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we examine the relationship between gut microbiota and dyslipidemia, the impact of gut microbiota metabolites on the development of dyslipidemia, and the current research on dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and microbiota transplant as therapeutic modalities in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites affect dyslipidemia progression will help develop more precise therapeutic targets to optimize lipid metabolism.

Chronic consumption of a hypercaloric diet increases neuroinflammation and brain senescence, promoting cognitive decline in middle-aged female Wistar rats

Being overweight and obesity are world health problems, with a higher prevalence in women, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that increases the risk of chronic diseases. Excess energy leads to adipose expansion, generating hypertrophic adipocytes that produce various pro-inflammatory molecules. These molecules cause chronic low-intensity inflammation, affecting the organism's functioning and the central nervous system (CNS), inducing neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammatory response during obesity occurs in different structures of the CNS involved in memory and learning, such as the cortex and the hippocampus. Here we analyzed how obesity-related peripheral inflammation can affect CNS physiology, generating neuroinflammation and promoting cellular senescence establishment. Since some studies have shown an increase in senescent cells during aging, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, we proposed that cellular senescence participation may contribute to the cognitive decline in an obesity model of middle-aged female Wistar rats. The inflammatory state of 6 and 13 months-old female Wistar rats fed with a hypercaloric diet was measured in serum and CNS (cortex and hippocampus). Memory was evaluated using the novel object recognition (NOR) test; the presence of senescent markers was also determined. Our data suggest that the systemic inflammation generated by obesity induces a neuroinflammatory state in regions involved in learning and memory, with an increase in senescent markers, thus proposing senescence as a potential participant in the negative consequences of obesity in cognition.

Oxidative Stress and Lipid Accumulation Augments Cell Death in LDLR-Deficient RPE Cells and Ldlr-/- Mice

Lipid peroxidation from oxidative stress is considered a major contributor to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The retina is abundant with circulating low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which are taken up by LDL receptor (LDLR) in the RPE and Müller cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of LDLR in the NaIO3-induced model of dry AMD. Confluent primary human RPE (hRPE) and LDLR-silenced ARPE-19 cells were stressed with 150 µM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH) and caspase 3/7 activation was determined. WT and Ldlr-/- mice were administered NaIO3 (20 mg/kg) intravenously. On day 7, fundus imaging, OCT, ERG, and retinal thickness were measured. Histology, TUNEL, cleaved caspase 3 and lipid accumulation were assessed. Treatment of hRPE with tBH markedly decreased LDLR expression. Caspase 3/7 activation was significantly increased in LDLR-silenced ARPE-19 cells treated with tBH. In Ldlr-/- mice, NaIO3 administration resulted in significant (a) retinal thinning, (b) compromised photoreceptor function, (c) increased percentage of cleaved caspase 3 positive and apoptotic cells, and (d) increased lipid droplet accumulation in the RPE, Bruch membrane, choroid, and sclera, compared to WT mice. Our findings imply that LDLR loss leads to lipid accumulation and impaired retinal function, which may contribute to the development of AMD.

Prognostic Factor of Lower Limb Amputation among Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients in North-East Peninsular Malaysia

Lower limb amputation (LLA) is a common complication of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), which can lead to a higher 5-year mortality rate compared to all cancers combined. This study aimed to determine the prognostic factors of LLA among DFU patients in Kelantan from 2014 to 2018. A population-based study was conducted using secondary data obtained from the National Diabetic Registry (NDR). There were 362 cases that fulfilled the study criteria and were further analysed. The prognostic factors were determined by Multiple Cox Proportional Hazards Regression. There were 66 (18.2%) DFU patients who underwent LLA in this study, while 296 (81.8%) were censored. The results revealed that the factor leading to a higher risk of LLA was abnormal HDL-cholesterol levels (Adj. HR 2.18; 95% CI: 1.21, 3.92). Factors that led to a lower risk of LLA include DFU in patients aged 60 or more (Adj. HR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.89) and obesity (Adj. HR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.89). In conclusion, our model showed that abnormal HDL cholesterol was associated with a 2 times higher risk of LLA when adjusted for age and BMI. Any paradoxical phenomena should be addressed carefully to avoid wrong clinical decision making that can harm the patient.

Physicochemical property optimization and nutrient redistribution in the muscle of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by conjugated linoleic acid

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The demand for high-quality fish products increasing from consumers.

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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) caused nutrient redistribution in fish muscle.

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CLA improved muscle beneficial fatty acids composition of fish.

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CLA increased shear force involved collagen synthesis and myofiber growth.

We studied the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the amount of nutrients, flavour substances, and healthcare fatty acids, the physicochemical properties, and the potential molecular mechanisms in the muscles of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed graded levels of CLA (0.0, 3.1, 6.4, 9.6, 12.7, and 15.9 g/kg diets) for 60 days. Protein, glutamic acid, alanine, inosine monophosphate (IMP), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), and total CLA contents (p < 0.05) increased in CLA 3.1 ∼ 12.7, 6.4 ∼ 9.6, 6.4 ∼ 9.6, 6.4 ∼ 15.9, 3.1 ∼ 9.6, 3.1 ∼ 9.6, and 3.1 ∼ 15.9 g/kg diet, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, optimal CLA significantly increased pH₂₄, shear force, collagen content, and myofibre density in the muscle (P < 0.05); however, it decreased myofibre diameter (p < 0.05). We concluded that 6–9 g/kg CLA in the diet could improve the flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp.

Exercise training-induced changes in immunometabolic markers in youth badminton athletes

The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic and inflammatory fluctuations in two seasonal phases of badminton training, and the ability of youth badminton athletes to respond to an inflammatory challenge given by acute exercise on these markers. Thirteen youth badminton athletes who participated in national and international competitions were recruited. Metabolic and cytokine profile were measured at rest and in response to a maximal exercise intermittent test, in the pre- and final phases of a badminton annual season. At rest, glucose (-7.58 mg/dL; p = 0.045) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) (-26.87 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) decreased at final-season. The variation of HDL-c in response to a maximal exercise test increased at final-season in comparison to pre-season (+ 10.20 mg/dL p = 0.042). Similarly, delta changes of IL-10 (+ 3.41 pg/ml; p = 0.047) and IL-1Ra (+ 141.3 pg/ml; p = 0.031) were greater at final-season. In addition, a significantly greater variation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10/IL-17 ratio was observed at final-season (+ 0.37; p = 0.010). In conclusion, our results showed a major responsivity of IL-10 and IL-1Ra to a maximal exercise even at the end of an entire season. The major responsivity of these cytokines at this time point suggests a more effective acute inflammatory response in youth badminton athletes. Therefore, the results of this study may be applied by coaches, trainers and sport nutritionist for proper training management.

Reversal of High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Metformin Combined with PGG, an Inducer of Glycine N-Methyltransferase

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidities and mortality, and no effective drug treatment currently exists. We aimed to develop a novel treatment strategy to induce the expression of glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), which is an important enzyme regulating S-adenosylmethionine metabolism whose expression is downregulated in patients with NAFLD. Because 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a GNMT inducer, and metformin was shown to upregulate liver mitochondrial GNMT protein expression, the effect of PGG and metformin was evaluated. Biochemical analysis, histopathological examination, immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting (WB), proteomic analysis and Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test were performed. The high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice were treated with PGG and metformin. Combination of PGG and metformin nearly completely reversed weight gain, elevation of serum aminotransferases, and hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. In addition, the downregulated GNMT expression in liver tissues of HFD-induced NAFLD mice was restored. The GNMT expression was further confirmed by RT-qPCR and WB analysis using both in vitro and in vivo systems. In addition, PGG treatment was shown to increase oxygen consumption rate (OCR) maximum capacity in a dose-dependent manner, and was capable of rescuing the suppression of mitochondrial OCR induced by metformin. Proteomic analysis identified increased expression of glutathione S-transferase mu 4 (GSTM4), heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) and 40S ribosomal protein S28 (RS28) in the metformin plus PGG treatment group. Our findings show that GNMT expression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and combination of an inducer of GNMT and metformin can be of therapeutic potential for patients with NAFLD.

Lymphatics in Cardiovascular Physiology

The lymphatic vessels play an essential role in maintaining immune and fluid homeostasis and in the transport of dietary lipids. The discovery of lymphatic endothelial cell-specific markers facilitated the visualization and mechanistic analysis of lymphatic vessels over the past two decades. As a result, lymphatic vessels have emerged as a crucial player in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, as demonstrated by worsened disease progression caused by perturbations to lymphatic function. In this review, we discuss the major findings on the role of lymphatic vessels in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.

Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics

Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.

Cholesterol-Mediated Seeding of Protein Corona on DNA Nanostructures for Targeted Delivery of Oligonucleotide Therapeutics to Treat Liver Fibrosis

The protein corona is a protein layer formed on the surface of nanoparticles administered in vivo and considerably affects the in vivo fate of nanoparticles. Although it is challenging to control protein adsorption on nanoparticles precisely, the protein corona may be harnessed to develop a targeted drug delivery system if the nanoparticles are decorated with a ligand with enhanced affinity to target tissue- and cell-homing proteins. Here, we prepared a DNA tetrahedron with trivalent cholesterol conjugation (Chol₃-Td) that can induce enhanced interaction with lipoproteins in serum, which in situ generates the lipoprotein-associated protein corona on a DNA nanostructure favorable for cells abundantly expressing lipoprotein receptors in the liver, such as hepatocytes in healthy mice and myofibroblasts in fibrotic mice. Chol₃-Td was further adopted for liver delivery of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting TGF-β1 mRNA to treat liver fibrosis in a mouse model. The potency of ASO@Chol₃-Td was comparable to that of ASO conjugated with the clinically approved liver-targeting ligand, trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc₃), demonstrating the potential of Chol₃-Td as a targeted delivery system for oligonucleotide therapeutics. This study suggests that controlled seeding of the protein corona on nanomaterials can provide a way to steer nanoparticles into the target area.

ADRB2 gene influences responsiveness to physical exercise programs: A longitudinal study applied to overweight or obese Brazilian children and adolescents

We aimed to investigate whether the expression levels and polymorphisms in the ADRB2 gene have influenced the anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes changes in obese/overweight children submitted to physical exercise programs. This longitudinal study included 197 overweight or obese children aged 10-16 years, submitted to physical exercise programs - three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic profile was collected before and after interventions. The ADRB2 gene expression levels were also measured in these two moments in a small intervention group (n = 17) and a control group (n = 18). Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms were genotyped. A positive correlation between ADRB2 expression and loss of body fat (%) (p = 0.038) was observed, which remained after sex and BMI change corrections. Carriers of the Glu27Glu genotype presented a better response to physical exercise programs regarding their triglycerides levels and triglyceride-glucose index (p = 0.001 for both). The participants' responsiveness to physical exercise programs showed variation due to the ADRB2 gene expression and the Gln27Glu polymorphism. A more significant loss of body fat was associated with higher levels of ADRB2 expression, and the Glu27Glu genotype was associated with a better cardiometabolic response. The Arg16Gly polymorphism did not show interaction with the responsiveness to physical exercise.

Exercise Ameliorates Atherosclerosis via Up-Regulating Serum β-Hydroxybutyrate Levels

Atherosclerosis, accompanied by inflammation and metabolic disorders, is the primary cause of clinical cardiovascular death. In recent years, unhealthy lifestyles (e.g., sedentary lifestyles) have contributed to a worldwide epidemic of atherosclerosis. Exercise is a known treatment of atherosclerosis, but the precise mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we show that 12 weeks of regular exercise training on a treadmill significantly decreased lipid accumulation and foam cell formation in ApoE^−/− mice fed with a Western diet, which plays a critical role in the process of atherosclerosis. This was associated with an increase in β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) levels in the serum. We provide evidence that BHB treatment in vivo or in vitro increases the protein levels of cholesterol transporters, including ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI, and is capable of reducing lipid accumulation. It also ameliorated autophagy in macrophages and atherosclerosis plaques, which play an important role in the step of cholesterol efflux. Altogether, an increase in serum BHB levels after regular exercise is an important mechanism of exercise inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis. This provides a novel treatment for atherosclerotic patients who are unable to undertake regular exercise for whatever reason. They will gain a benefit from receiving additional BHB.

Network analysis of atherosclerotic genes elucidates druggable targets

Background

Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque in arteries under the influence of inflammatory responses, proliferation of smooth muscle cell, accumulation of modified low density lipoprotein. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves the interplay of a number of genes and metabolic pathways. In traditional translation method, only a limited number of genes and pathways can be studied at once. However, the new paradigm of network medicine can be explored to study the interaction of a large array of genes and their functional partners and their connections with the concerned disease pathogenesis. Thus, in our study we employed a branch of network medicine, gene network analysis as a tool to identify the most crucial genes and the miRNAs that regulate these genes at the post transcriptional level responsible for pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Result

From NCBI database 988 atherosclerotic genes were retrieved. The protein–protein interaction using STRING database resulted in 22,693 PPI interactions among 872 nodes (genes) at different confidence score. The cluster analysis of the 872 genes using MCODE, a plug-in of Cytoscape software revealed a total of 18 clusters, the topological parameter and gene ontology analysis facilitated in the selection of four influential genes viz., AGT, LPL, ITGB2, IRS1 from cluster 3. Further, the miRNAs (miR-26, miR-27, and miR-29 families) targeting these genes were obtained by employing MIENTURNET webtool.

Conclusion

Gene network analysis assisted in filtering out the 4 probable influential genes and 3 miRNA families in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These genes, miRNAs can be targeted to restrict the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Given the importance of atherosclerosis, any approach in the understanding the genes involved in its pathogenesis can substantially enhance the health care system.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01195-y.

Adaptive and maladaptive roles of lipid droplets in health and disease

Advances in the understanding of lipid droplet biology have revealed essential roles for these organelles in mediating proper cellular homeostasis and stress response. Lipid droplets were initially thought to play a passive role in energy storage. However, recent studies demonstrate that they have substantially broader functions, including protection from reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lipotoxicity. Dysregulation of lipid droplet homeostasis is associated with various pathologies spanning neurological, metabolic, cardiovascular, oncological, and renal diseases. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of lipid droplet biology in both health and disease.

Race and sex differences in HDL peroxide content among American adults with and without type 2 diabetes

Background

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a critical role in protection against atherosclerosic and cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In addition to contributing to clearing excess vascular cholesterol, HDL particles exhibit antioxidative functions, helping to attenuate adverse effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. However, these beneficial properties can be undermined by oxidative stress, inflammation, and unhealthy lifestyles and diet, as well as influenced by race and sex. Thus, when assessing cardiovascular risk, it is important to consider multifactorial aspects of HDL, including antioxidant activity rather than just total amount and type of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) particles. Because prior research showed HDL peroxide content (HDLperox) can be inversely associated with normal anti-oxidant HDL activity, elevated HDLperox may serve as a bioindicator of HDL dysfunction.

Methods

In this study, data from a large national cohort of Americans was utilized to determine the impact of sex, race, and diabetes status on HDLperox in middle-aged and older adults. A previously developed cell-free fluorometric method was utilized to quantify HDLperox in serum depleted of apo-B containing lipoproteins.

Results

In keeping with predictions, white men and diabetics exhibited HDLperox in the atypical upper range, suggestive of less functional HDL. White men had higher HDLperox levels than African American males (13.46 ± 6.10 vs. 10.88 ± 5.81, p < .001). There was also a significant main effect of type 2 diabetes (F(1,1901) = 14.9, p < .0001). Overall, African Americans evinced lower HDLperox levels, despite more obesity (10.3 ± 4.7 vs.11.81 ± 5.66 for Whites) suggesting that other aspects of lipid metabolism and psychosocial factors account for the higher prevalence of ASCVD in African Americans.

Conclusion

This research helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding of HDL function in a racially and metabolically diverse adult population. HDLperox content was significantly different in adults with type 2 diabetes, and distinctive in nondiabetic White males, and suggests other processes account for the higher prevalence of ASCVD among African Americans.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01608-4.

Cholesterol Transport Dysfunction and Its Involvement in Atherogenesis

Atherosclerosis is the cause of the development of serious cardiovascular disorders, leading to disability and death. Numerous processes are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism disorders. Reverse transport of cholesterol is a mechanism presumably underlying the atheroprotective effect of high-density lipoprotein. In this review, we examined disorders of cholesterol metabolism and their possible effect on atherogenesis. We paid special attention to the reverse transport of cholesterol. Transformed cholesterol metabolism results in dyslipidemia and early atherosclerosis. Reverse cholesterol transport is an endogenous mechanism by which cells export cholesterol and maintain homeostasis. It is known that one of the main factors leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels are multiple modifications of low-density lipoprotein, and the formation of foam cells following them.

Modeling cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Western populations. Many risk factors have been identified for ASCVD; however, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remains the gold standard. Cholesterol metabolism at the cellular and whole-body level is maintained by an array of interacting components. These regulatory mechanisms have complex behavior. Likewise, the mechanisms which underpin atherogenesis are nontrivial and multifaceted. To help overcome the challenge of investigating these processes mathematical modeling, which is a core constituent of the systems biology paradigm has played a pivotal role in deciphering their dynamics. In so doing models have revealed new insights about the key drivers of ASCVD. The aim of this review is fourfold; to provide an overview of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, to briefly introduce mathematical approaches used in this field, to critically discuss models of cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis, and to highlight areas where mathematical modeling could help to investigate in the future. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Computational Models.

Genomic Variants and Multilevel Regulation of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SCARB1 Expression in Atherogenesis

Atheroprotective properties of human plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are determined by their involvement in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from the macrophage to the liver. ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI cholesterol transporters are involved in cholesterol efflux from macrophages to lipid-free ApoA-I and HDL as a first RCT step. Molecular determinants of RCT efficiency that may possess diagnostic and therapeutic meaning remain largely unknown. This review summarizes the progress in studying the genomic variants of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SCARB1, and the regulation of their function at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in atherosclerosis. Defects in the structure and function of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI are caused by changes in the gene sequence, such as single nucleotide polymorphism or various mutations. In the transcription initiation of transporter genes, in addition to transcription factors, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), transcription activators, and repressors are also involved. Furthermore, transcription is substantially influenced by the methylation of gene promoter regions. Post-transcriptional regulation involves microRNAs and lncRNAs, including circular RNAs. The potential biomarkers and targets for atheroprotection, based on molecular mechanisms of expression regulation for three transporter genes, are also discussed in this review.

Exposure to a mixture of legacy, alternative, and replacement per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) results in sex-dependent modulation of cholesterol metabolism and liver injury

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological studies have shown Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to be associated with diseases of dysregulated lipid and sterol homeostasis such as steatosis and cardiometabolic disorders. However, the majority of mechanistic studies rely on single chemical exposures instead of identifying mechanisms related to the toxicity of PFAS mixtures.

OBJECTIVES

The goal of the current study is to investigate mechanisms linking exposure to a PFAS mixture with alterations in lipid metabolism, including increased circulating cholesterol and bile acids.

METHODS

Male and female wild-type C57BL/6J mice were fed an atherogenic diet used in previous studies of pollutant-accelerated atherosclerosis and exposed to water containing a mixture of 5 PFAS representing legacy, replacement, and alternative subtypes (i.e., PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and GenX), each at a concentration of 2 mg/L, for 12 weeks. Changes at the transcriptome and metabolome level were determined by RNA-seq and high-resolution mass spectrometry, respectively.

RESULTS

We observed increased circulating cholesterol, sterol metabolites, and bile acids due to PFAS exposure, with some sexual dimorphic effects. PFAS exposure increased hepatic injury, demonstrated by increased liver weight, hepatic inflammation, and plasma alanine aminotransferase levels. Females displayed increased lobular and portal inflammation compared to the male PFAS-exposed mice. Hepatic transcriptomics analysis revealed PFAS exposure modulated multiple metabolic pathways, including those related to sterols, bile acids, and acyl carnitines, with multiple sex-specific differences observed. Finally, we show that hepatic and circulating levels of PFOA were increased in exposed females compared to males, but this sexual dimorphism was not the same for other PFAS examined.

DISCUSSION

Exposure of mice to a mixture of PFAS results in PFAS-mediated modulation of cholesterol levels, possibly through disruption of enterohepatic circulation.

Egg enrichment with n-3 fatty acids in farmed hens in sub-optimum temperature: A cold-temperament additive mix alleviates adverse effects of stress on performance and health

At some stage, laying hen farming is likely to be subjected to sub-optimum temperatures (SOTem) due to climate change. While egg enrichment with n-3 fatty acids is a common practice in the poultry industry, in SOTem it has been less investigated. This study tested the effects of egg enrichment through extruded flaxseed (FLX) (180 g/kg) alone or along with hulled-soaked barley (H-SB) (170 g/kg), namely FLBA, with and without a cold-temperament additive mix (CTA) (25 g/kg: 5 g/kg flixweed (Descurainia sophia), 10 g/kg dried herb-extraction residues from pussy willow (Salix aegyptiaca) and 10 g/kg dried lemon (Citrus limon) residue) in two temperatures (20°C and SOTem: 27°C) on egg performance, yolk fatty acids, lipid components, blood biochemistry, serological enzymes, antioxidant and immune system of Hy-Line W-36 53-week-old for 9 weeks. Two hundred seventy layers were randomly distributed to nine treatments, resulting in six replicates with five hens. Hens fed flaxseed diets, regardless of temperature or CTA, had higher levels of n-3 fatty acids in yolks than others. Temperature negatively influenced feed intake and egg production. FLX + H27 and FLBA + H27 groups outperformed the other groups regarding cholesterol in yolk (10.1, 10.3 mg/g yolk), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (5.19, 4.93 mg/g yolk), total protein (FLX + H27: 6.82 mg/dl), HDL in the blood (FLBA + H27:83.8 mg/dl), superoxide dismutase (FLBA + H27:90.4 U/ml), glutathione reductase (FLBA + H27: 1042.1 U/ml), glutathione peroxidase (FLX + H27: 1149.7 U/ml) and catalase (FLBA + H27: 12.5 U/ml). Total antibody, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M after 42 days were significantly higher in chicks fed CTA-added diets (p < 0.05). Replacing corn and soya bean meal with H-SB did not negatively change the above-mentioned factors. Our findings collectively suggest that egg enrichment with n-3 fatty acids through dietary FLBA + H27 (180 g/kg flaxseed, 170 g/kg H-SB, and 25 g/kg CTA) in SOtem is suggested without any adverse impacts.

Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Review of Therapies in the Pipeline

BackgroundThe 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines and 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway recommend nonpharmacological interventions and initiation of statin therapy for patients with moderate hypertriglyceridemia and addition of fibrates or omega-3 fatty acids in severe hypertriglyceridemia. Although the association between triglyceride (TG) lowering and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk reduction remains controversial, patients with hypertriglyceridemia may represent a subgroup that require additional therapy to further reduce residual ASCVD risk. Moreover, medications that target novel pathways could provide alternative options for patients who are intolerant of existing therapies or doses needed to provide adequate triglyceride lowering. Objective: Assess recent evidence for TG-lowering agents including omega-3 fatty acid-based therapies, PPARα modulators, apoC-III mRNA antisense inhibitors, angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) antibodies, and herbal supplements. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed with hypertriglyceridemia specified as a MeSH term or included in the title or abstract of the article along with each individual agent. For inclusion, trials needed to have a primary or secondary outcome of TG levels or TG lowering. Conclusion: Currently, the only US Food and Drug Administration approved medication for CV risk reduction in patients with hypertriglyceridemia is icosapent ethyl. Results from phase 3 trials for CaPre, pemafibrate, and volanesorsen as well as additional evidence for pipeline pharmacotherapies with novel mechanisms of action (e.g., ApoC-III mRNA antisense inhibitors and ANGPTL3 antibodies) will help to guide future pharmacotherapy considerations for patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

Pharmacogenomics of statins: lipid response and other outcomes in Brazilian cohorts

Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, that are highly effective in reducing plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and decreasing the risk of cardiovascular events. In recent years, a multitude of variants in genes involved in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) have been suggested to influence the cholesterol-lowering response. However, the vast majority of studies have analyzed the pharmacogenetic associations in populations in Europe and the USA, whereas data in other populations, including Brazil, are mostly lacking. This narrative review provides an update of clinical studies on statin pharmacogenomics in Brazilian cohorts exploring lipid-lowering response, adverse events and pleiotropic effects. We find that variants in drug transporter genes (SLCO1B1 and ABCB1) positively impacted atorvastatin and simvastatin response, whereas variants in genes of drug metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A5) decreased response. Furthermore, multiple associations of variants in PD genes (HMGCR, LDLR and APOB) with statin response were identified. Few studies have explored statin-related adverse events, and only ABCB1 but not SLCO1B1 variants were robustly associated with increased risk in Brazil. Statin-related pleiotropic effects were shown to be influenced by variants in PD (LDLR, NR1H2) and antioxidant enzyme (NOS3, SOD2, MTHFR, SELENOP) genes. The findings of these studies indicate that statin pharmacogenomic associations are distinctly different in Brazil compared to other populations. This review also discusses the clinical implications of pharmacogenetic studies and the rising importance of investigating rare variants to explore their association with statin response.

HDL Dysfunctionality: Clinical Relevance of Quality Rather Than Quantity

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) represent a class of lipoproteins very heterogeneous in structure, composition, and biological functions, which carry out reverse cholesterol transport, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and vasodilator actions. Despite the evidence suggesting a clear inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) concentration and the risk for cardiovascular disease, plasma HDL cholesterol levels do not predict the functionality and composition of HDLs. The importance of defining both the amount of cholesterol transported and lipoprotein functionality has recently been highlighted. Indeed, different clinical conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) can alter the HDL functionality, converting normal HDLs into dysfunctional ones, undergoing structural changes, and exhibiting proinflammatory, pro-oxidant, prothrombotic, and proapoptotic properties. The aim of the current review is to summarize the actual knowledge concerning the physical-chemical alteration of HDLs related to their functions, which have been found to be relevant in several pathological conditions associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.