1
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Sharma S, Kumar S, Tomar MS, Chauhan D, Kulkarni C, Rajput S, Sadhukhan S, Porwal K, Guha R, Shrivastava A, Gayen JR, Kumar N, Chattopadhyay N. Multiscale effects of the calcimimetic drug, etelcalcetide on bone health of rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by chronic kidney disease. Bone 2024; 185:117126. [PMID: 38777312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism (CKD-SHPT) heightens fracture risk through impaired mineral homeostasis and elevated levels of uremic toxins (UTs), which in turn enhance bone remodeling. Etelcalcetide (Etel), a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist, suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) in hyperparathyroidism to reduce excessive bone resorption, leading to increased bone mass. However, Etel's effect on bone quality, chemical composition, and strength is not well understood. To address these gaps, we established a CKD-SHPT rat model and administered Etel at a human-equivalent dose concurrently with disease induction. The effects on bone and mineral homeostasis were compared with a CKD-SHPT (vehicle-treated group) and a control group (rats without SHPT). Compared with vehicle-treated CKD-SHPT rats, Etel treatment improved renal function, reduced circulating UT levels, improved mineral homeostasis parameters, decreased PTH levels, and prevented mineralization defects. The upregulation of mineralization-promoting genes by Etel in CKD-SHPT rats might explain its ability to prevent mineralization defects. Etel preserved both trabecular and cortical bones with attendant suppression of osteoclast function, besides increasing mineralization. Etel maintained the number of viable osteocytes to the control level, which could also contribute to its beneficial effects on bone. CKD-SHPT rats displayed increased carbonate substitution of matrix and mineral, decreased crystallinity, mineral-to-matrix ratio, and collagen maturity, and these changes were mitigated by Etel. Further, Etel treatment prevented CKD-SHPT-induced deterioration in bone strength and mechanical behavior. Based on these findings, we conclude that in CKD-SHPT rats, Etel has multiscale beneficial effects on bone that involve remodeling suppression, mineralization gene upregulation, and preservation of osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Manendra Singh Tomar
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Divya Chauhan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Chirag Kulkarni
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Swati Rajput
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sreyanko Sadhukhan
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Division of Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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2
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Rathod ML, Aw WY, Huang S, Lu J, Doherty EL, Whithworth CP, Xi G, Roy-Chaudhury P, Polacheck WJ. Donor-Derived Engineered Microvessels for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification of Patients with Kidney Failure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307901. [PMID: 38185718 PMCID: PMC11168887 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the cause of death in ≈50% of hemodialysis patients. Accumulation of uremic solutes in systemic circulation is thought to be a key driver of the endothelial dysfunction that underlies elevated cardiovascular events. A challenge in understanding the mechanisms relating chronic kidney disease to cardiovascular disease is the lack of in vitro models that allow screening of the effects of the uremic environment on the endothelium. Here, a method is described for microfabrication of human blood vessels from donor cells and perfused with donor serum. The resulting donor-derived microvessels are used to quantify vascular permeability, a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction, in response to serum spiked with pathophysiological levels of indoxyl sulfate, and in response to serum from patients with chronic kidney disease and from uremic pigs. The uremic environment has pronounced effects on microvascular integrity as demonstrated by irregular cell-cell junctions and increased permeability in comparison to cell culture media and healthy serum. Moreover, the engineered microvessels demonstrate an increase in sensitivity compared to traditional 2D assays. Thus, the devices and the methods presented here have the potential to be utilized to risk stratify and to direct personalized treatments for patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh L. Rathod
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and
Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Wen Yih Aw
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and
Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Huang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and
Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Jingming Lu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and
Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Doherty
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and
Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Chloe P. Whithworth
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Gang Xi
- UNC Kidney Centre, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- UNC Kidney Centre, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, NC, United States of America
- WG (Bill Hefner) Salisbury VA Medical Center, United States
of America
| | - William J. Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and
Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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3
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Al-Dajani AR, Hou QK, Kiang TKL. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analytical Methods for the Quantitation of p-Cresol Sulfate and Indoxyl Sulfate in Human Matrices: Biological Applications and Diagnostic Potentials. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:743. [PMID: 38931865 PMCID: PMC11206749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IxS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) are toxic uremic compounds with documented pathological outcomes. This review critically and comprehensively analyzes the available liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods quantifying IxS and pCS in human matrices and the biological applications of these validated assays. Embase, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until December 2023 to identify assays with complete analytical and validation data (N = 23). Subsequently, citation analysis with PubMed and Scopus was utilized to identify the biological applications for these assays (N = 45). The extraction methods, mobile phase compositions, chromatography, and ionization methods were evaluated with respect to overall assay performance (e.g., sensitivity, separation, interference). Most of the assays focused on human serum/plasma, utilizing acetonitrile or methanol (with ammonium acetate/formate or formic/acetic acid), liquid-liquid extraction, reverse phase (e.g., C18) chromatography, and gradient elution for analyte separation. Mass spectrometry conditions were also consistent in the identified papers, with negative electrospray ionization, select multiple reaction monitoring transitions and deuterated internal standards being the most common approaches. The validated biological applications indicated IxS and/or pCS were correlated with renal disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes, with limited data on central nervous system disorders. Methods for reducing IxS and/or pCS concentrations were also identified (e.g., drugs, natural products, diet, dialysis, transplantation) where inconsistent findings have been reported. The clinical monitoring of IxS and pCS is gaining significant interest, and this review will serve as a useful compendium for scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tony K. L. Kiang
- Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.R.A.-D.); (Q.K.H.)
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4
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Guo Z, Zhong Y, Zhou L, Xu P, Gao N, Lu J, Yan X, Cao H. Unveiling the microbiota-metabolite-myocardium axis: a novel perspective on cardiovascular health. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1389311. [PMID: 38784809 PMCID: PMC11112089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1389311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, remain a leading cause of death globally. Emerging evidence suggests the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health. This study aims to explore the impact of gut microbiota on myocardial infarction using a mouse model. Methods The research utilizes a multi-omics approach, including 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics to analyze fecal and serum samples from mice modeled to mimic myocardial infarction. This methodology allows for a comprehensive analysis of microbial populations and their metabolic output. Results The findings reveal a significant reduction in gut microbiota α-diversity in mice with induced myocardial infarction compared to healthy controls. Notably, there is an increase in populations of Fusobacteria and Clostridia. Metabolomic analysis indicates disruptions in amino acid and energy metabolism, suggesting a metabolic dysregulation linked to myocardial health. Discussion The study proposes a novel microbiota-metabolite-myocardium axis, where specific microbial metabolites may directly affect heart health. This connection points to the gut microbiota as a potential player in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and may open new therapeutic avenues targeting the gut microbiome to combat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfang Zhong
- Shanghai Jing’an District Pengpu Town Second Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peier Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Naijing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyue Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaming Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
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5
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de Oliveira RM, Paiva MUB, Picossi CRC, Paiva DVN, Ricart CAO, Ruperez FJ, Barbas C, Atik FA, Martins AMA. Metabolomic insights in advanced cardiomyopathy of chronic chagasic and idiopathic patients that underwent heart transplant. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9810. [PMID: 38684702 PMCID: PMC11059181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) studies typically focus on ischemic and idiopathic heart diseases. Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is a progressive degenerative inflammatory condition highly prevalent in Latin America that leads to a disturbance of cardiac conduction system. Despite its clinical and epidemiological importance, CCC molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we characterize and discriminate the plasma metabolomic profile of 15 patients with advanced HF referred for heart transplantation - 8 patients with CCC and 7 with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) - using gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Compared to the 12 heart donor individuals, also included to represent the control (CTRL) scenario, patients with advanced HF exhibited a metabolic imbalance with 21 discriminating metabolites, mostly indicative of accumulation of fatty acids, amino acids and important components of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. CCC vs. IDC analyses revealed a metabolic disparity between conditions, with 12 CCC distinctive metabolites vs. 11 IDC representative metabolites. Disturbances were mainly related to amino acid metabolism profile. Although mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of metabolic flexibility may be a central mechanistic event in advanced HF, metabolic imbalance differs between CCC and IDC populations, possibly explaining the dissimilar clinical course of Chagas' patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela M de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina R C Picossi
- Center of Excellence in Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, University of San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego V N Paiva
- School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carlos A O Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Ruperez
- Center of Excellence in Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, University of San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Center of Excellence in Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, University of San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando A Atik
- School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Institute of Cardiology and Transplantation of the Federal District, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Aline M A Martins
- School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
- Center of Excellence in Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, University of San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Park G, Kim S, Lee W, Kim G, Shin H. Deciphering the Impact of Defecation Frequency on Gut Microbiome Composition and Diversity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4657. [PMID: 38731876 PMCID: PMC11083994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the impact of defecation frequency on the gut microbiome structure by analyzing fecal samples from individuals categorized by defecation frequency: infrequent (1-3 times/week, n = 4), mid-frequent (4-6 times/week, n = 7), and frequent (daily, n = 9). Utilizing 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and LC-MS/MS metabolome profiling, significant differences in microbial diversity and community structures among the groups were observed. The infrequent group showed higher microbial diversity, with community structures significantly varying with defecation frequency, a pattern consistent across all sampling time points. The Ruminococcus genus was predominant in the infrequent group, but decreased with more frequent defecation, while the Bacteroides genus was more common in the frequent group, decreasing as defecation frequency lessened. The infrequent group demonstrated enriched biosynthesis genes for aromatic amino acids and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), in contrast to the frequent group, which had a higher prevalence of genes for BCAA catabolism. Metabolome analysis revealed higher levels of metabolites derived from aromatic amino acids and BCAA metabolism in the infrequent group, and lower levels of BCAA-derived metabolites in the frequent group, consistent with their predicted metagenomic functions. These findings underscore the importance of considering stool consistency/frequency in understanding the factors influencing the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwoncheol Park
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (G.P.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (G.K.)
- Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health, Nutrition & Food Sciences, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Seongok Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (G.P.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (G.K.)
- Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - WonJune Lee
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (G.P.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (G.K.)
- Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungcheon Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (G.P.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (G.K.)
- Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakdong Shin
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (G.P.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (G.K.)
- Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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7
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Ghajavand B, Avesani C, Stenvinkel P, Bruchfeld A. Unlocking the Potential of Brewers' Spent Grain: A Sustainable Model to Use Beer for Better Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2024:S1051-2276(24)00057-8. [PMID: 38621435 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The rising global incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases calls for innovative and sustainable medical solutions. Brewers' spent grain (BSG), a byproduct of beer production, presents a unique opportunity in this regard. This review explores the multifaceted health benefits of BSG, with a focus on managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). BSG is identified as a potent prebiotic with potential as a therapeutic agent in CKD. We emphasize the role of gut dysbiosis in CKD and discuss how BSG could help mitigate metabolic derangements resulting from dysbiosis and CKD. Fermentation of BSG further enhances its positive impact on gut health. Incorporating fermented BSG as a key component in preventive health care could promote a more sustainable and healthier future. By optimizing the use of this typically discarded byproduct, we can align proactive health-care strategies with responsible resource management, benefiting both people and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Ghajavand
- Department of Renal Medicine, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Carla Avesani
- Department of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Bruchfeld
- Department of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Dinh H, Kovács ZZA, Kis M, Kupecz K, Sejben A, Szűcs G, Márványkövi F, Siska A, Freiwan M, Pósa SP, Galla Z, Ibos KE, Bodnár É, Lauber GY, Goncalves AIA, Acar E, Kriston A, Kovács F, Horváth P, Bozsó Z, Tóth G, Földesi I, Monostori P, Cserni G, Podesser BK, Lehoczki A, Pokreisz P, Kiss A, Dux L, Csabafi K, Sárközy M. Role of the kisspeptin-KISS1R axis in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and uremic cardiomyopathy. GeroScience 2024; 46:2463-2488. [PMID: 37987885 PMCID: PMC10828495 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing globally, especially in elderly patients. Uremic cardiomyopathy is a common cardiovascular complication of CKD, characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), diastolic dysfunction, and fibrosis. Kisspeptins and their receptor, KISS1R, exert a pivotal influence on kidney pathophysiology and modulate age-related pathologies across various organ systems. KISS1R agonists, including kisspeptin-13 (KP-13), hold promise as novel therapeutic agents within age-related biological processes and kidney-related disorders. Our investigation aimed to elucidate the impact of KP-13 on the trajectory of CKD and uremic cardiomyopathy. Male Wistar rats (300-350 g) were randomized into four groups: (I) sham-operated, (II) 5/6 nephrectomy-induced CKD, (III) CKD subjected to a low dose of KP-13 (intraperitoneal 13 µg/day), and (IV) CKD treated with a higher KP-13 dose (intraperitoneal 26 µg/day). Treatments were administered daily from week 3 for 10 days. After 13 weeks, KP-13 increased systemic blood pressure, accentuating diastolic dysfunction's echocardiographic indicators and intensifying CKD-associated markers such as serum urea levels, glomerular hypertrophy, and tubular dilation. Notably, KP-13 did not exacerbate circulatory uremic toxin levels, renal inflammation, or fibrosis markers. In contrast, the higher KP-13 dose correlated with reduced posterior and anterior wall thickness, coupled with diminished cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas and concurrent elevation of inflammatory (Il6, Tnf), fibrosis (Col1), and apoptosis markers (Bax/Bcl2) relative to the CKD group. In summary, KP-13's influence on CKD and uremic cardiomyopathy encompassed heightened blood pressure and potentially activated inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in the left ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Dinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Zsuzsanna Z A Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Merse Kis
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Kupecz
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Anita Sejben
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Márványkövi
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Siska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marah Freiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szonja Polett Pósa
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Galla
- Metabolic and Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Eszter Ibos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Éva Bodnár
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Gülsüm Yilmaz Lauber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Isabel Antunes Goncalves
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eylem Acar
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - András Kriston
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ferenc Kovács
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Péter Horváth
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zsolt Bozsó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Monostori
- Metabolic and Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Cserni
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Lehoczki
- Departments of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Saint Ladislaus Campus, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Pokreisz
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - László Dux
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Csabafi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Márta Sárközy
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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9
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Sánchez-Ospina D, Mas-Fontao S, Gracia-Iguacel C, Avello A, González de Rivera M, Mujika-Marticorena M, Gonzalez-Parra E. Displacing the Burden: A Review of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Clearance Strategies in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1428. [PMID: 38592263 PMCID: PMC10934686 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins (UTs), particularly protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), accumulate in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, causing significant health complications like uremic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and immune dysfunction. The binding of PBUTs to plasma proteins such as albumin presents a formidable challenge for clearance, as conventional dialysis is often insufficient. With advancements in the classification and understanding of UTs, spearheaded by the European Uremic Toxins (EUTox) working group, over 120 molecules have been identified, prompting the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Innovations such as online hemodiafiltration aim to enhance the removal process, while novel adsorptive therapies offer a means to address the high affinity of PBUTs to plasma proteins. Furthermore, the exploration of molecular displacers, designed to increase the free fraction of PBUTs, represents a cutting-edge approach to facilitate their dialytic clearance. Despite these advancements, the clinical application of displacers requires more research to confirm their efficacy and safety. The pursuit of such innovative treatments is crucial for improving the management of uremic toxicity and the overall prognosis of CKD patients, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Sánchez-Ospina
- Servicio Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Sebastián Mas-Fontao
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedicine, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gracia-Iguacel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
| | - Alejandro Avello
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
| | - Marina González de Rivera
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
| | | | - Emilio Gonzalez-Parra
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Univerdad Autonoma de madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-I.); (A.A.); (M.G.d.R.)
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10
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Zwaenepoel B, De Backer T, Glorieux G, Verbeke F. Predictive value of protein-bound uremic toxins for heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. ESC Heart Fail 2024; 11:466-474. [PMID: 38041505 PMCID: PMC10804180 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This retrospective cohort study aimed to be the first to evaluate the association between plasma protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) concentrations, echocardiographic parameters of heart failure (HF), and incident HF events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not on dialysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Retrospective, single-centre, cohort study at the Ghent University Hospital, Belgium. Adults with CKD stages G1-G5, not on dialysis, could be included. Exclusion criteria were ongoing pregnancy, age <18 years, active acute infection, active malignancy, history of transplantation, or a cardiovascular event within 3 months prior to inclusion. Free and total concentrations of five PBUTs were quantified at baseline: indoxyl sulfate (IxS), p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG), indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), and hippuric acid (HA). Patients were grouped into three echocardiographic categories: normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), normal LVEF and increased LVEDP, and reduced LVEF, based on available echocardiographic data in a time interval of ±6 months around the plasma sample collection. A total of 523 patients were included between January 2011 and January 2014. Echocardiographic data within the predefined timeframe were available for 210 patients (40% of patients). Levels of pCG and pCS were significantly higher in patients with reduced (<50%) versus normal LVEF (P < 0.05). After a median follow-up 5.5 years, 43 (8.4%) patients reached the composite endpoint of hospitalization or mortality due to HF. Free fractions of IxS, pCS, and pCG showed the strongest association with clinical outcome: free IxS: HR 1.71 (95% CI 1.11-2.63; P = 0.015), free pCS: HR 1.82 (95% CI 1.11-3.01; P = 0.019), and free pCG: HR 1.67 (95% CI 1.08-2.58; P = 0.020), and these results were independent of age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, and systolic blood pressure. In models that were also adjusted for serum creatinine, the free fractions of these PBUTs remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Elevated free concentrations of IxS, pCG, and pCS were independently associated with an increased risk of HF events in non-dialysed CKD patients. Further research is necessary to confirm these findings and investigate the potential impact of PBUT-lowering interventions on HF events in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Zwaenepoel
- Department of CardiologyGhent University Hospital, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tine De Backer
- Department of CardiologyGhent University Hospital, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Department of NephrologyGhent University Hospital, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Francis Verbeke
- Department of NephrologyGhent University Hospital, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
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11
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Brown RB, Bigelow P, Dubin JA, Neiterman E. Breast cancer, alcohol, and phosphate toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:17-27. [PMID: 37332052 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, even at low alcohol intake levels, but public awareness of the breast cancer risk associated with alcohol intake is low. Furthermore, the causative mechanisms underlying alcohol's association with breast cancer are unknown. The present theoretical paper uses a modified grounded theory method to review the research literature and propose that alcohol's association with breast cancer is mediated by phosphate toxicity, the accumulation of excess inorganic phosphate in body tissue. Serum levels of inorganic phosphate are regulated through a network of hormones released from the bone, kidneys, parathyroid glands, and intestines. Alcohol burdens renal function, which may disturb the regulation of inorganic phosphate, impair phosphate excretion, and increase phosphate toxicity. In addition to causing cellular dehydration, alcohol is an etiologic factor in nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis, which ruptures cell membranes and releases inorganic phosphate into the serum, leading to hyperphosphatemia. Phosphate toxicity is also associated with tumorigenesis, as high levels of inorganic phosphate within the tumor microenvironment activate cell signaling pathways and promote cancer cell growth. Furthermore, phosphate toxicity potentially links cancer and kidney disease in onco-nephrology. Insights into the mediating role of phosphate toxicity may lead to future research and interventions that raise public health awareness of breast cancer risk and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Bigelow
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel A Dubin
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Neiterman
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Nogal A, Alkis T, Lee Y, Kifer D, Hu J, Murphy RA, Huang Z, Wang-Sattler R, Kastenmüler G, Linkohr B, Barrios C, Crespo M, Gieger C, Peters A, Price J, Rexrode KM, Yu B, Menni C. Predictive metabolites for incident myocardial infarction: a two-step meta-analysis of individual patient data from six cohorts comprising 7897 individuals from the COnsortium of METabolomics Studies. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2743-2754. [PMID: 37706562 PMCID: PMC10757581 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Most metabolomics studies investigating metabolites predicting MI are limited by the participant number and/or the demographic diversity. We sought to identify biomarkers of incident MI in the COnsortium of METabolomics Studies. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 7897 individuals aged on average 66 years from six intercontinental cohorts with blood metabolomic profiling (n = 1428 metabolites, of which 168 were present in at least three cohorts with over 80% prevalence) and MI information (1373 cases). We performed a two-stage individual patient data meta-analysis. We first assessed the associations between circulating metabolites and incident MI for each cohort adjusting for traditional risk factors and then performed a fixed effect inverse variance meta-analysis to pull the results together. Finally, we conducted a pathway enrichment analysis to identify potential pathways linked to MI. On meta-analysis, 56 metabolites including 21 lipids and 17 amino acids were associated with incident MI after adjusting for multiple testing (false discovery rate < 0.05), and 10 were novel. The largest increased risk was observed for the carbohydrate mannitol/sorbitol {hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.40 [1.26-1.56], P < 0.001}, whereas the largest decrease in risk was found for glutamine [HR (95% CI) = 0.74 (0.67-0.82), P < 0.001]. Moreover, the identified metabolites were significantly enriched (corrected P < 0.05) in pathways previously linked with cardiovascular diseases, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS In the most comprehensive metabolomic study of incident MI to date, 10 novel metabolites were associated with MI. Metabolite profiles might help to identify high-risk individuals before disease onset. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and elaborate pathway findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nogal
- Department of Twin Research, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, SE1 7EH London, UK
| | - Taryn Alkis
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Suite E407, Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | - Yura Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Suite E407, Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | - Domagoj Kifer
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jie Hu
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel A Murphy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhe Huang
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rui Wang-Sattler
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüler
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Linkohr
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clara Barrios
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d´Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Crespo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d´Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jackie Price
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Suite E407, Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, SE1 7EH London, UK
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13
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Caldarelli M, Franza L, Rio P, Gasbarrini A, Gambassi G, Cianci R. Gut-Kidney-Heart: A Novel Trilogy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3063. [PMID: 38002063 PMCID: PMC10669427 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota represents a key factor in determining health and disease. Its role in inflammation and immunological disorders is well known, but it is also involved in several complex conditions, ranging from neurological to psychiatric, from gastrointestinal to cardiovascular diseases. It has recently been hypothesized that the gut microbiota may act as an intermediary in the close interaction between kidneys and the cardiovascular system, leading to the conceptualization of the "gut-kidney-heart" axis. In this narrative review, we will discuss the impact of the gut microbiota on each system while also reviewing the available data regarding the axis itself. We will also describe the role of gut metabolites in this complex interplay, as well as potential therapeutical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caldarelli
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (P.R.); (A.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Laura Franza
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Rio
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (P.R.); (A.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (P.R.); (A.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Gambassi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (P.R.); (A.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (P.R.); (A.G.); (G.G.)
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14
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Falconi CA, Fogaça-Ruiz F, da Silva JV, Neres-Santos RS, Sanz CL, Nakao LS, Stinghen AEM, Junho CVC, Carneiro-Ramos MS. Renocardiac Effects of p-Cresyl Sulfate Administration in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Unilateral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury In Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:649. [PMID: 37999512 PMCID: PMC10674368 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular complications due to acute kidney injury (AKI) and the retention of uremic toxins like p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the renocardiac effects of PCS administration in animals subjected to AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL6 mice were subjected to distinct protocols: (i) administration with PCS (20, 40, or 60 mg/L/day) for 15 days and (ii) AKI due to unilateral IR injury associated with PCS administration for 15 days. The 20 mg/L dose of PCS led to a decrease in renal mass, an increase in the gene expression of Cystatin C and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), and a decrease in the α-actin in the heart. During AKI, PCS increased the renal injury biomarkers compared to control; however, it did not exacerbate these markers. Furthermore, PCS did not enhance the cardiac hypertrophy observed after 15 days of IR. An increase, but not potentialized, in the cardiac levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the IR group treated with PCS, as well as in the injured kidney, was also noticed. In short, PCS administration did not intensify kidney injury, inflammation, and cardiac outcomes after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Falconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (F.F.-R.); (J.V.d.S.); (R.S.N.-S.)
| | - Fernanda Fogaça-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (F.F.-R.); (J.V.d.S.); (R.S.N.-S.)
| | - Jéssica Verônica da Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (F.F.-R.); (J.V.d.S.); (R.S.N.-S.)
| | - Raquel Silva Neres-Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (F.F.-R.); (J.V.d.S.); (R.S.N.-S.)
| | - Carmen Lucía Sanz
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, PR, Brazil; (C.L.S.); (L.S.N.)
| | - Lia Sumie Nakao
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, PR, Brazil; (C.L.S.); (L.S.N.)
| | - Andréa Emília Marques Stinghen
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
| | - Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (F.F.-R.); (J.V.d.S.); (R.S.N.-S.)
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (F.F.-R.); (J.V.d.S.); (R.S.N.-S.)
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15
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da Silva Costa N, de Araujo JR, da Silva Melo MF, da Costa Mota J, Almeida PP, Coutinho-Wolino KS, Da Cruz BO, Brito ML, de Souza Carvalho T, Barreto-Reis E, de Luca BG, Mafra D, Magliano D'AC, de Souza Abboud R, Rocha RS, da Cruz AG, de Toledo Guimarães J, Stockler-Pinto MB. Effects of Probiotic-Enriched Minas Cheese (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05) on Cardiovascular Parameters in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10173-4. [PMID: 37917394 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Dairy foods have become an interest in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to their nutritional profile, which makes them a good substrate for probiotics incorporation. This study evaluated the effect of probiotic-enriched Minas cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 in an experimental rat model for CKD on cardiac, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 7/group): 5/6 nephrectomy + conventional Minas cheese (NxC); 5/6 nephrectomy + probiotic Minas cheese (NxPC); Sham + conventional Minas cheese (ShamC); Sham + probiotic Minas cheese (ShamPC). Offering 20 g/day of Minas cheese with Lact. acidophilus La-05 (108-109 log CFU/g) for 6 weeks. The cardiomyocyte diameter was determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in plasma, heart, kidney, and colon tissue was performed. At the end of supplementation, no significant changes in lipid profile and renal parameters were found. The NxPC group showed a decrease in cardiomyocyte diameter compared to the NxC group (16.99 ± 0.85 vs. 19.05 ± 0.56 μm, p = 0.0162); also they showed reduced plasmatic SOD activity (502.8 ± 49.12 vs. 599.4 ± 94.69 U/mL, p < 0.0001). In summary, probiotic-enriched Minas cheese (Lact. acidophilus La-05) consumption suggests a promisor cardioprotective effect and was able to downregulate SOD activity in a rat model of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia da Silva Costa
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Joana Ramos de Araujo
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Oliveira Da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michele Lima Brito
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaís de Souza Carvalho
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle Barreto-Reis
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gouvêa de Luca
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - D 'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato de Souza Abboud
- Morphology Department, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ramon Silva Rocha
- Veterinary Hygiene and Technical Processing of Animal Products Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes da Cruz
- Veterinary Hygiene and Technical Processing of Animal Products Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Food Department, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas de Toledo Guimarães
- Food Technology Department, Veterinary College, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Nutrition Faculty, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Junho CVC, Frisch J, Soppert J, Wollenhaupt J, Noels H. Cardiomyopathy in chronic kidney disease: clinical features, biomarkers and the contribution of murine models in understanding pathophysiology. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1786-1803. [PMID: 37915935 PMCID: PMC10616472 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as a multi-organ disease encompassing bidirectionally heart and kidney. In CRS type 4, chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to cardiac injury. Different pathological mechanisms have been identified to contribute to the establishment of CKD-induced cardiomyopathy, including a neurohormonal dysregulation, disturbances in the mineral metabolism and an accumulation of uremic toxins, playing an important role in the development of inflammation and oxidative stress. Combined, this leads to cardiac dysfunction and cardiac pathophysiological and morphological changes, like left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiac electrical changes. Given that around 80% of dialysis patients suffer from uremic cardiomyopathy, the study of cardiac outcomes in CKD is clinically highly relevant. The present review summarizes clinical features and biomarkers of CKD-induced cardiomyopathy and discusses underlying pathophysiological mechanisms recently uncovered in the literature. It discloses how animal models have contributed to the understanding of pathological kidney-heart crosstalk, but also provides insights into the variability in observed effects of CKD on the heart in different CKD mouse models, covering both "single hit" as well as "multifactorial hit" models. Overall, this review aims to support research progress in the field of CKD-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Frisch
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Josefin Soppert
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Wollenhaupt
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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17
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Fernandes SR, Barreiros L, Sampaio-Maia B, Miró M, Segundo MA. Total analysis system for the determination of uremic toxins in human plasma based on bead injection solid phase extraction hyphenated to mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1277:341668. [PMID: 37604622 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (INDS) and p-cresol sulfate (pCS) are two of the most relevant uremic toxins that are recognized to have an essential role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and associated cardiovascular risk. Thus, it is crucial to accurately assess their circulating levels in the body. Aiming at establishing an analytical strategy for quantification of INDS and pCS in human plasma, an automatic on-line micro-solid-phase extraction (μSPE) procedure hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection without previous chromatographic separation was herein developed. The bead injection (BI) concept was used to implement the μSPE procedure in the lab-on-valve (LOV) format. After studying the extraction conditions, the anion-exchange OASIS WAX sorbent beads (10 mg) and 99% ACN-H2O (15:85, v/v)-1% (v/v) NH4OH were chosen as sorbent and eluent, respectively, as they provided the highest analyte recoveries. Subsequently, the μSPE-BI-LOV system was hyphenated on-line to a MS/MS detector and the full analytical cycle, comprising sample preparation and analytes detection, was completed in <20 min. The developed μSPE-BI-LOV-MS methodology presented good linearity (r2 > 0.999) for quantification of the target analytes at concentrations ranging from 18 to 360 μg mL-1 in plasma. LOQ values were 2 μg mL-1 for INDS and 7 μg mL-1 for pCS in plasma. Human plasma samples from healthy subjects and individuals with CKD were successfully analyzed using the developed approach. The proposed automatic methodology can be described as an eco-friendly strategy, with a favorable score of 0.64 after greenness evaluation using the AGREE metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barreiros
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica / i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Huang PY, Hsu BG, Lai YH, Wang CH, Tsai JP. Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide Level Is Positively Associated with Aortic Stiffness Measured by Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:572. [PMID: 37755998 PMCID: PMC10538077 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a biomarker that is effective in predicting major adverse cardiovascular (CV) events. Age-related vascular problems are significantly affected by aortic stiffness (AS), which is independently linked to CV morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the association between serum TMAO levels and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) therapy. In total, 115 patients with HD were enrolled in this study. The AS group included patients whose cfPWV was >10 m/s. Using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, the levels of serum TMAO were measured. The AS group included 42 (36.5%) patients, and compared with the non-AS group, the rates of diabetes, hypertension, older age, systolic blood pressure, serum glucose, and TMAO levels were high. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, serum TMAO and age were independently linked with AS after correcting for the factors significantly associated with AS. Following multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis, serum TMAO in these individuals was found to be strongly correlated with cfPWV values (p < 0.001). In patients on chronic HD, serum TMAO level is an independent measure of AS and strongly correlated with cfPWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan;
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (B.-G.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (B.-G.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (B.-G.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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19
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Mitrea L, Medeleanu M, Pop CR, Rotar AM, Vodnar DC. Biotics (Pre-, Pro-, Post-) and Uremic Toxicity: Implications, Mechanisms, and Possible Therapies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:548. [PMID: 37755974 PMCID: PMC10535688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, more scientific data have pointed out the close connection between intestinal microbial community, nutritional habits, lifestyle, and the appearance of various affections located at certain anatomical systems. Gut dysbiosis enhances the formation and accumulation of specific metabolites with toxic potential that induce the appearance of kidney-associated illnesses. Intestinal microbes are involved in the degradation of food, drugs, or other ingested products that lead to the formation of various metabolites that end up in renal tissue. Over the last few years, the possibilities of modulating the gut microbiota for the biosynthesis of targeted compounds with bioactive properties for reducing the risk of chronic illness development were investigated. In this regard, the present narrative review provides an overview of the scientific literature across the last decade considering the relationship between bioactive compounds, pre-, pro-, and post-biotics, uremic toxicity, and kidney-associated affections, and the possibility of alleviating the accumulation and the negative effects of uremic toxins into the renal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitrea
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mădălina Medeleanu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
| | - Carmen-Rodica Pop
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
| | - Ancuța-Mihaela Rotar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
| | - Dan-Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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20
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Sárközy M, Watzinger S, Kovács ZZ, Acar E, Márványkövi F, Szűcs G, Lauber GY, Galla Z, Siska A, Földesi I, Fintha A, Kriston A, Kovács F, Horváth P, Kővári B, Cserni G, Krenács T, Szabó PL, Szabó GT, Monostori P, Zins K, Abraham D, Csont T, Pokreisz P, Podesser BK, Kiss A. Neuregulin-1β Improves Uremic Cardiomyopathy and Renal Dysfunction in Rats. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1160-1176. [PMID: 37791301 PMCID: PMC10543921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem affecting 10% to 12% of the population. Uremic cardiomyopathy is often characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. Dysregulation of neuregulin-1β signaling in the heart is a known contributor to heart failure. The systemically administered recombinant human neuregulin-1β for 10 days in our 5/6 nephrectomy-induced model of chronic kidney disease alleviated the progression of uremic cardiomyopathy and kidney dysfunction in type 4 cardiorenal syndrome. The currently presented positive preclinical data warrant clinical studies to confirm the beneficial effects of recombinant human neuregulin-1β in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Sárközy
- MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Simon Watzinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Z.A. Kovács
- MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eylem Acar
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fanni Márványkövi
- MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gülsüm Yilmaz Lauber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsolt Galla
- Metabolic and Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Siska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Fintha
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Kriston
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ferenc Kovács
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Péter Horváth
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bence Kővári
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Cserni
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Lujza Szabó
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gábor Tamás Szabó
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Péter Monostori
- Metabolic and Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karin Zins
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Abraham
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamás Csont
- MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Pokreisz
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K. Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research at Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Ahmed S, de Vries JC, Lu J, Stuart MHV, Mihăilă SM, Vernooij RWM, Masereeuw R, Gerritsen KGF. Animal Models for Studying Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Removal-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13197. [PMID: 37686004 PMCID: PMC10487432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated morbidity and mortality. The conventional dialysis techniques are unable to efficiently remove PBUTs due to their plasma protein binding. Therefore, novel approaches are being developed, but these require validation in animals before clinical trials can begin. We conducted a systematic review to document PBUT concentrations in various models and species. The search strategy returned 1163 results for which abstracts were screened, resulting in 65 full-text papers for data extraction (rats (n = 41), mice (n = 17), dogs (n = 3), cats (n = 4), goats (n = 1), and pigs (n = 1)). We performed descriptive and comparative analyses on indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentrations in rats and mice. The data on large animals and on other PBUTs were too heterogeneous for pooled analysis. Most rodent studies reported mean uremic concentrations of plasma IS close to or within the range of those during kidney failure in humans, with the highest in tubular injury models in rats. Compared to nephron loss models in rats, a greater rise in plasma IS compared to creatinine was found in tubular injury models, suggesting tubular secretion was more affected than glomerular filtration. In summary, tubular injury rat models may be most relevant for the in vivo validation of novel PBUT-lowering strategies for kidney failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbir Ahmed
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Joost C. de Vries
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Milan H. Verrijn Stuart
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
| | - Silvia M. Mihăilă
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Robin W. M. Vernooij
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (J.L.); (S.M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.d.V.); (M.H.V.S.); (R.W.M.V.)
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22
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Kasahara K, Kerby RL, Zhang Q, Pradhan M, Mehrabian M, Lusis AJ, Bergström G, Bäckhed F, Rey FE. Gut bacterial metabolism contributes to host global purine homeostasis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1038-1053.e10. [PMID: 37279756 PMCID: PMC10311284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbes and microbial pathways that influence host inflammatory disease progression remain largely undefined. Here, we show that variation in atherosclerosis burden is partially driven by gut microbiota and is associated with circulating levels of uric acid (UA) in mice and humans. We identify gut bacterial taxa spanning multiple phyla, including Bacillota, Fusobacteriota, and Pseudomonadota, that use multiple purines, including UA as carbon and energy sources anaerobically. We identify a gene cluster that encodes key steps of anaerobic purine degradation and that is widely distributed among gut-dwelling bacteria. Furthermore, we show that colonization of gnotobiotic mice with purine-degrading bacteria modulates levels of UA and other purines in the gut and systemically. Thus, gut microbes are important drivers of host global purine homeostasis and serum UA levels, and gut bacterial catabolism of purines may represent a mechanism by which gut bacteria influence health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kasahara
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert L Kerby
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meenakshi Pradhan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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23
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Stepanova N. Oxalate Homeostasis in Non-Stone-Forming Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Key Findings and Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1654. [PMID: 37371749 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant global public health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The maintenance of oxalate homeostasis plays a critical role in preserving kidney health, particularly in the context of CKD. Although the relationship between oxalate and kidney stone formation has been extensively investigated, our understanding of oxalate homeostasis in non-stone-forming CKD remains limited. This review aims to present an updated analysis of the existing literature, focusing on the intricate mechanisms involved in oxalate homeostasis in patients with CKD. Furthermore, it explores the key factors that influence oxalate accumulation and discusses the potential role of oxalate in CKD progression and prognosis. The review also emphasizes the significance of the gut-kidney axis in CKD oxalate homeostasis and provides an overview of current therapeutic strategies, as well as potential future approaches. By consolidating important findings and perspectives, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the present knowledge in this field and identifies promising avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stepanova
- State Institution «Institute of Nephrology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
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24
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Ribeiro A, Liu F, Srebrzynski M, Rother S, Adamowicz K, Wadowska M, Steiger S, Anders HJ, Schmaderer C, Koziel J, Lech M. Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Promotes Macrophage-Associated Low-Grade Inflammation and Epithelial Cell Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098031. [PMID: 37175735 PMCID: PMC10179130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate on macrophages and tubular epithelial cells and its role in modulating the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Indoxyl sulfate accumulates in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is a predictor of overall and cardiovascular morbidity/mortality. To simulate the uremic condition, primary macrophages and tubular epithelial cells were incubated with indoxyl sulfate at low concentrations as well as concentrations found in uremic patients, both alone and upon LPS challenge. The results showed that indoxyl sulfate alone induced the release of reactive oxygen species and low-grade inflammation in macrophages. Moreover, combined with LPS (proinflammatory conditions), indoxyl sulfate significantly increased TNF-α, CCL2, and IL-10 release but did not significantly affect the polarization of macrophages. Pre-treatment with indoxyl sulfate following LPS challenge induced the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further, experiments with tubular epithelial cells revealed that indoxyl sulfate might induce senescence in parenchymal cells and therefore participate in the progression of inflammaging. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that indoxyl sulfate provokes low-grade inflammation, modulates macrophage function, and enhances the inflammatory response associated with LPS. Finally, indoxyl sulfate signaling contributes to the senescence of tubular epithelial cells during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ribeiro
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Nephrologisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Feiyue Liu
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Nephrologisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Srebrzynski
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Nephrologisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rother
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Nephrologisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Adamowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Wadowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Nephrologisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Nephrologisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Lech
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Nephrologisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
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25
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Teodoro Nepomuceno G, Silva Neres Dos Santos R, Avance Pavese L, Parize G, Pallos D, Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos M, da Silva Martinho H. Periodontal disease in chronic kidney disease patients: salivomics by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:C93-C100. [PMID: 37132977 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.482903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that 58% of individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have moderate to advanced periodontitis due to alterations of pH and biochemical composition in the saliva. In fact, the composition of this important biofluid may be modulated by systemic disorders. Here we investigate the micro-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of saliva that CKD patients submitted to periodontal treatment, aiming to identify spectral biomarkers of kidney disease evolution and the effectiveness of periodontal treatment, proposing possible biomarkers of disease evolution. Saliva from 24 CKD patients-stage-5 men, 29 to 64 years old-was evaluated in (i) patients starting periodontal treatment; (ii) patients 30 days after periodontal treatment; and (iii) patients 90 days after periodontal treatment. Our findings indicated that there are statistically relevant changes among the groups after 30 and 90 days of periodontal treatment, when considering the overall spectra in the fingerprint region (800-1800cm-1). The key bands presenting good prediction power (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.70) were related to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) conjugated to DNA at 883, 1031, and 1060cm-1 (carbohydrates at 1043 and 1049cm-1) and triglycerides (1461cm-1). Interestingly when analyzing the derivative spectra in the secondary structure region (1590-1700cm-1), we detected over-expression of the β-sheet class of secondary structures in 90 days of periodontal treatment, possibly related to over-expression of human B-defensins. Conformational changes in ribose sugar in this region corroborate the interpretation concerning PARP detection. To our knowledge, PARP was detected for the first time in saliva samples of stage-5 CKD patients by FTIR. All observed changes were correctly interpreted in terms of intensive apoptosis and dyslipidemia due to kidney disease progression. Biomarkers due to CKD predominate in saliva, and the relative improvement in the periodontal state did not cause remarkable changes in the spectra of saliva.
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Coppola A, Lombari P, Mazzella E, Capolongo G, Simeoni M, Perna AF, Ingrosso D, Borriello M. Zebrafish as a Model of Cardiac Pathology and Toxicity: Spotlight on Uremic Toxins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065656. [PMID: 36982730 PMCID: PMC10052014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing health care problem. About 10% of the general population is affected by CKD, representing the sixth cause of death in the world. Cardiovascular events are the main mortality cause in CKD, with a cardiovascular risk 10 times higher in these patients than the rate observed in healthy subjects. The gradual decline of the kidney leads to the accumulation of uremic solutes with a negative effect on every organ, especially on the cardiovascular system. Mammalian models, sharing structural and functional similarities with humans, have been widely used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms and test new therapies, but many of them are rather expensive and difficult to manipulate. Over the last few decades, zebrafish has become a powerful non-mammalian model to study alterations associated with human disease. The high conservation of gene function, low cost, small size, rapid growth, and easiness of genetic manipulation are just some of the features of this experimental model. More specifically, embryonic cardiac development and physiological responses to exposure to numerous toxin substances are similar to those observed in mammals, making zebrafish an ideal model to study cardiac development, toxicity, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Coppola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lombari
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Mazzella
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariadelina Simeoni
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra F. Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Kim JK, Hong S, Park J, Kim S. Metabolic and Transcriptomic Changes in the Mouse Brain in Response to Short-Term High-Fat Metabolic Stress. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030407. [PMID: 36984847 PMCID: PMC10051449 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic consumption of diets rich in saturated fats leads to obesity and associated metabolic disorders including diabetes and atherosclerosis. Intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) is also recognized to dysregulate neural functions such as cognition, mood, and behavior. However, the effects of short-term high-fat diets on the brain are elusive. Here, we investigated molecular changes in the mouse brain following an acute HFD for 10 days by employing RNA sequencing and metabolomics profiling. Aberrant expressions of 92 genes were detected in the brain tissues of acute HFD-exposed mice. The differentially expressed genes were enriched for various pathways and processes such as superoxide metabolism. In our global metabolomic profiling, a total of 59 metabolites were significantly altered by the acute HFD. Metabolic pathways upregulated from HFD-exposed brain tissues relative to control samples included oxidative stress, oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acid metabolism (e.g., branched-chain amino acid catabolism, and lysine metabolism), and the gut microbiome. Acute HFD also elevated levels of N-acetylated amino acids, urea cycle metabolites, and uracil metabolites, further suggesting complex changes in nitrogen metabolism. The observed molecular events in the present study provide a valuable resource that can help us better understand how acute HFD stress impacts brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kwang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Stem Cell Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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28
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Caggiano G, Amodio L, Stasi A, Colabufo NA, Colangiulo S, Pesce F, Gesualdo L. Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins in CKD: An Improved Approach for the Evaluation of Serum Indoxyl Sulfate in Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5142. [PMID: 36982216 PMCID: PMC10049313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past years, indoxyl sulfate has been strongly implicated in kidney disease progression and contributed to cardiovascular morbidity. Moreover, as a result of its elevated albumin affinity rate, indoxyl sulfate is not adequately cleared by extracorporeal therapies. Within this scenario, although LC-MS/MS represents the conventional approach for IS quantification, it requires dedicated equipment and expert skills and does not allow real-time analysis. In this pilot study, we implemented a fast and simple technology designed to determine serum indoxyl sulfate levels that can be integrated into clinical practice. Indoxyl sulfate was detected at the time of enrollment by Tandem MS from 25 HD patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Next, we used a derivatization reaction to transform the serum indoxyl sulfate into Indigo blue. Thanks to the spectral shift to blue, its quantity was measured by the colorimetric assay at a wavelength of 420-450 nm. The spectrophotometric analysis was able to discriminate the levels of IS between healthy subjects and HD patients corresponding to the LC-MS/MS. In addition, we found a strong linear relationship between indoxyl sulfate levels and Indigo levels between the two methods (Tandem MS and spectrophotometry). This innovative method in the assessment of gut-derived indoxyl sulfate could represent a valid tool for clinicians to monitor CKD progression and dialysis efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Caggiano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Amodio
- Biofordrug S.R.L., University of Bari Spin-Off, 70019 Triggiano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Biofordrug S.R.L., University of Bari Spin-Off, 70019 Triggiano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Pesce
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70122 Bari, Italy
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Park JS, Kim DH, Choi HI, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) induces cell death through ferroptosis and acts as a trigger of apoptosis in kidney cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:78. [PMID: 36732325 PMCID: PMC9894909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a cell death mechanism characterized by intracellular iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Effects of uremic toxins on ferroptosis in the kidney are not well understood. We investigated whether protein-bound uremic toxins induce ferroptosis, resulting in cell death, using the bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) mouse model and kidney cells. In BUO mice, we observed elevated lipid peroxidation, increased iron concentration, and decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression. Levels of transferrin receptor 1 and system Xc-, which are involved in iron transport and storage, were also elevated, while those of ferritin heavy and light chains (FHC and FLC) were reduced. Treatment of HK-2 and NRK49F kidney cells with CMPF decreased GSH levels and the expression of GPX4, FHC, and FLC, and increased levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular iron concentration. CMPF-induced and erastin-induced decreases in GPX4 levels and increases in Bax and cytochrome C levels were counteracted by ferrostatin-1 pretreatment. However, GPX4 mRNA levels, protein abundance, or promoter activity were not restored by Z-VAD-FMK, a multi-caspase inhibitor. These results suggest that ferroptosis induced by CMPF treatment induces apoptosis, and inhibition of ferroptosis reduces apoptosis, suggesting that ferroptosis plays a role in triggering cell death by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Hoon-In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea.
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Lauriola M, Farré R, Evenepoel P, Overbeek SA, Meijers B. Food-Derived Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020116. [PMID: 36828430 PMCID: PMC9960799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher cardiovascular risk compared to the average population, and this is partially due to the plasma accumulation of solutes known as uremic toxins. The binding of some solutes to plasma proteins complicates their removal via conventional therapies, e.g., hemodialysis. Protein-bound uremic toxins originate either from endogenous production, diet, microbial metabolism, or the environment. Although the impact of diet on uremic toxicity in CKD is difficult to quantify, nutrient intake plays an important role. Indeed, most uremic toxins are gut-derived compounds. They include Maillard reaction products, hippurates, indoles, phenols, and polyamines, among others. In this review, we summarize the findings concerning foods and dietary components as sources of uremic toxins or their precursors. We then discuss their endogenous metabolism via human enzyme reactions or gut microbial fermentation. Lastly, we present potential dietary strategies found to be efficacious or promising in lowering uremic toxins plasma levels. Aligned with current nutritional guidelines for CKD, a low-protein diet with increased fiber consumption and limited processed foods seems to be an effective treatment against uremic toxins accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Lauriola
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricard Farré
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Björn Meijers
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-344-580
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31
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James KL, Gertz ER, Kirschke CP, Allayee H, Huang L, Kable ME, Newman JW, Stephensen CB, Bennett BJ. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Response to a Mixed Macronutrient Tolerance Test in a Cohort of Healthy United States Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2074. [PMID: 36768394 PMCID: PMC9917175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) concentration increases in responses to feeding TMAO, choline, phosphatidylcholine, L-carnitine, and betaine but it is unknown whether concentrations change following a mixed macronutrient tolerance test (MMTT) with limited amounts of TMAO precursors. In this proof-of-concept study, we provided healthy female and male adults (n = 97) ranging in age (18-65 years) and BMI (18-44 kg/m2) a MMTT (60% fat, 25% sucrose; 42% of a standard 2000 kilo calorie diet) and recorded their metabolic response at fasting and at 30 min, 3 h, and 6 h postprandially. We quantified total exposure to TMAO (AUC-TMAO) and classified individuals by the blood draw at which they experienced their maximal TMAO concentration (TMAO-response groups). We related AUC-TMAO to the 16S rRNA microbiome, to two SNPs in the exons of the FMO3 gene (rs2266782, G>A, p.Glu158Lys; and rs2266780, A>G, p.Glu308Gly), and to a priori plasma metabolites. We observed varying TMAO responses (timing and magnitude) and identified a sex by age interaction such that AUC-TMAO increased with age in females but not in males (p-value = 0.0112). Few relationships between AUC-TMAO and the fecal microbiome and FMO3 genotype were identified. We observed a strong correlation between AUC-TMAO and TNF-α that depended on TMAO-response group. These findings promote precision nutrition and have important ramifications for the eating behavior of adults who could benefit from reducing TMAO exposure, and for understanding factors that generate plasma TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. James
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erik R. Gertz
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Catherine P. Kirschke
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mary E. Kable
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John W. Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Charles B. Stephensen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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32
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Shiels P, Tran N, McCavitt J, Neytchev O, Stenvinkel P. Chronic Kidney Disease and the Exposome of Ageing. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:79-94. [PMID: 37120465 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The gap between improvements in lifespan and age-related health is widening. Globally, the demographic of ageing is increasing and there has emerged a 'diseasome of ageing', typified by a range of non-communicable diseases which share a common underlying component of a dysregulated ageing process. Within this, chronic kidney disease is an emerging global epidemic.The extensive inter-individual variation displayed in how people age and how their diseasome manifests and progresses, has required a renewed focus on their life course exposures and the interplay between the environment and the (epi)genome. Termed the exposome, life course abiotic and biotic factors have a significant impact on renal health.We explore how the exposome of renal ageing can predispose and affect CKD progression. We discuss how the kidney can be used as a model to understand the impact of the exposome in health and chronic kidney disease and how this might be manipulated to improve health span.Notably, we discuss the manipulation of the foodome to mitigate acceleration of ageing processes by phosphate and to explore use of emerging senotherapies. A range of senotherapies, for removing senescent cells, diminishing inflammatory burden and either directly targeting Nrf2, or manipulating it indirectly via modification of the microbiome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shiels
- SoMBS, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ngoc Tran
- SoMBS, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jen McCavitt
- SoMBS, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ognian Neytchev
- SoMBS, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Guo L, Fu B, Liu Y, Hao N, Ji Y, Yang H. Diuretic resistance in patients with kidney disease: Challenges and opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114058. [PMID: 36473405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Edema caused by kidney disease is called renal edema. Edema is a common symptom of many human kidney diseases. Patients with renal edema often need to take diuretics.However, After taking diuretics, patients with kidney diseases are prone to kidney congestion, decreased renal perfusion, decreased diuretics secreted by renal tubules, neuroendocrine system abnormalities, abnormal ion transporter transport, drug interaction, electrolyte disorder, and hypoproteinemia, which lead to ineffective or weakened diuretic use and increase readmission rate and mortality. The main causes and coping strategies of diuretic resistance in patients with kidney diseases were described in detail in this report. The common causes of DR included poor diet (electrolyte disturbance and hypoproteinemia due to patients' failure to limit diet according to correct sodium, chlorine, potassium, and protein level) and poor drug compliance (the patient did not take adequate doses of diuretics. true resistance occurs only if the patient takes adequate doses of diuretics, but they are not effective), changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, electrolyte disorders, changes in renal adaptation, functional nephron reduction, and decreased renal blood flow. Common treatment measures include increasing in the diuretic dose and/or frequency, sequential nephron blockade,using new diuretics, ultrafiltration treatment, etc. In clinical work, measures should be taken to prevent or delay the occurrence and development of DR in patients with kidney diseases according to the actual situation of patients and the mechanism of various causes. Currently, there are many studies on DR in patients with heart diseases. Although the phenomenon of DR in patients with kidney diseases is common, there is a relatively little overview of the mechanism and treatment strategy of DR in patients with kidney diseases. Therefore, this paper hopes to show the information on DR in patients with kidney diseases to clinicians and researchers and broaden the research direction and ideas to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxuan Guo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Baohui Fu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yang Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Na Hao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yue Ji
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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34
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Park EJ, Je J, Dusabimana T, Yun SP, Kim HJ, Kim H, Park SW. The Uremic Toxin Homocysteine Exacerbates the Brain Inflammation Induced by Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123048. [PMID: 36551804 PMCID: PMC9775228 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy), a homologue of cysteine, is biosynthesized during methionine metabolism. Elevated plasma Hcy is associated with glomerular injury and considered as a risk factor for renal dysfunction, predicting incident chronic kidney disease. Hcy promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden decline in renal function and is important clinically due to the high mortality rate in AKI patients with multiple organs failure, including the brain. However, the cytotoxic role of Hcy on the brain following AKI is not directly shown. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to renal ischemia reperfusion (IR), one of the causes of AKI, and treated with vehicle or Hcy (0.2 mg/kg) to analyse the brain inflammation. IR mice showed a significant induction in plasma creatinine and Hcy levels, associated with tubular injury and neutrophil infiltration, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tubular apoptosis. Hcy treatment aggravated these renal damage and dysfunction by regulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibitor of κB phosphorylation, and heme oxygenase-1. Consistently, Hcy treatment significantly increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and COX-2 in the prefrontal cortex of IR mice. We conclude that Hcy treatment aggravated the renal dysfunction and enhanced IR-induced inflammatory cytokines and astrocyte activation in the brain. We propose that lowering plasma Hcy levels may attenuate neurological dysfunction found in patients with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Je
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Theodomir Dusabimana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
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Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Indoxyl Sulfate Concentrations in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193964. [PMID: 36235617 PMCID: PMC9572718 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) are produced by the microbiota and the liver, and can contribute to brain aging and impaired cognitive function. This study aims to examine serum TMAO and IS concentrations in patients with alcohol-use disorder (AUD) at the entry for alcohol withdrawal, and the relationships with several biological, neuropsychological, and clinical parameters. Methods: TMAO and IS were quantified in thirty AUD inpatients and fifteen healthy controls (HC). The severities of AUD and alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), and general cognitive abilities were assessed in AUD patients. Results: TMAO concentrations did not differ between HC and AUD patients. Several biomarkers assessing nutritional status and liver function were significantly different in AUD patients with the lowest TMAO concentrations compared to other AUD patients. IS concentration was significantly lower in AUD patients and a significant positive predictor of serum prealbumin variation during the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal. No relationship was observed between the concentrations of these metabolites and the severities of alcohol dependence, AWS, or cognitive deficits. Conclusions: Our data suggest that AUD patients with low concentrations of TMAO or IS should probably benefit from a personalized refeeding program during the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal.
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Martín Giménez VM, Rukavina Mikusic NL, Lee HJ, García Menéndez S, Choi MR, Manucha W. Physiopathological mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension associated with gut dysbiosis and the effect of nutritional/pharmacological interventions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115213. [PMID: 35985404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota dysbiosis represents a triggering factor for cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. In addition to the harmful impact caused by hypertension on different target organs, gut dysbiosis is capable of causing direct damage to critical organs such as the brain, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. In this sense, it should be noted that pharmacological and nutritional interventions may influence gut microbiota composition, either inducing or preventing the development of hypertension. Some of the most important nutritional interventions at this level are represented by pro-, pre-, post- and/or syn-biotics, as well as polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3, polyphenols and fiber contained in different foods. Meanwhile, certain natural and synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients, including antibiotics, antihypertensive and immunosuppressive drugs, vegetable extracts and vitamins, may also have a key role in the modulation of both gut microbiota and cardiovascular health. Additionally, gut microbiota may influence drugs and food-derived bioactive compounds metabolism, positively or negatively affecting their biological behavior facing established hypertension. The understanding of the complex interactions between gut microbiome and drug/food response results of great importance to developing improved pharmacological therapies for hypertension prevention and treatment. The purpose of this review is to critically outline the most relevant and recent findings on cardiovascular, renal and brain physiopathological mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension associated with changes in gut microbiota, besides the nutritional and pharmacological interventions potentially valuable for the prevention and treatment of this prevalent pathology. Finally, harmful food/drug interventions on gut microbiota are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, Sede San Juan, Argentina
| | - Natalia Lucía Rukavina Mikusic
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET. Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hyun Jin Lee
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián García Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental Básica y Traslacional. Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IMBECU-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marcelo Roberto Choi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET. Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Manucha
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental Básica y Traslacional. Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IMBECU-CONICET), Argentina.
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Immune System Dysfunction and Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients: Two Sides of the Same Coin. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133759. [PMID: 35807042 PMCID: PMC9267256 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatibility in hemodialysis (HD) has considerably improved in recent decades, but remains an open issue to be solved, appearing essential to reduce systemic inflammation and enhance patients’ clinical outcomes. Clotting prevention, reduction in complement and leukocyte activation, and improvement of antioxidant effect represent the main goals. This review aims to analyze the different pathways involved in HD patients, leading to immune system dysfunction and inflammation. In particular, we mostly review the evidence about thrombogenicity, which probably represents the most important characteristic of bio-incompatibility. Platelet activation is one of the first steps occurring in HD patients, determining several events causing chronic sub-clinical inflammation and immune dysfunction involvement. Moreover, oxidative stress processes, resulting from a loss of balance between pro-oxidant factors and antioxidant mechanisms, have been described, highlighting the link with inflammation. We updated both innate and acquired immune system dysfunctions and their close link with uremic toxins occurring in HD patients, with several consequences leading to increased mortality. The elucidation of the role of immune dysfunction and inflammation in HD patients would enhance not only the understanding of disease physiopathology, but also has the potential to provide new insights into the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Ye X, Li H, Anjum K, Zhong X, Miao S, Zheng G, Liu W, Li L. Dual Role of Indoles Derived From Intestinal Microbiota on Human Health. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903526. [PMID: 35784338 PMCID: PMC9248744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous indole and its derivatives (indoles), considered as promising N-substituted heterocyclic compounds, are tryptophan metabolites derived from intestinal microbiota and exhibit a range of biological activities. Recent studies indicate that indoles contribute to maintaining the biological barrier of the human intestine, which exert the anti-inflammatory activities mainly through activating AhR and PXR receptors to affect the immune system’s function, significantly improving intestinal health (inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhagic colitis, colorectal cancer) and further promote human health (diabetes mellitus, central system inflammation, and vascular regulation). However, the revealed toxic influences cannot be ignored. Indoxyl sulfate, an indole derivative, performs nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. We addressed the interaction between indoles and intestinal microbiota and the indoles’ effects on human health as double-edged swords. This review provides scientific bases for the correlation of indoles with diseases moreover highlights several directions for subsequent indoles-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyi Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Komal Anjum
- Department of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinye Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuping Miao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guowan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li, ; Wei Liu,
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li, ; Wei Liu,
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Chang JF, Kuo HL, Liu SH, Hsieh CY, Hsu CP, Hung KC, Wang TM, Wu CC, Lu KC, Lin WN, Hung CF, Ko WC. Translational Medicine in Uremic Vascular Calcification: Scavenging ROS Attenuates p-Cresyl Sulfate-Activated Caspase-1, NLRP3 Inflammasome and Eicosanoid Inflammation in Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050769. [PMID: 35629435 PMCID: PMC9147867 DOI: 10.3390/life12050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We formerly proved that uremic vascular calcification (UVC) correlates tightly with oxidative elastic lamina (EL) injury and two cell fates (apoptosis and osteocytic conversion) in smooth muscle cells (SMC) of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and eliminating p-cresyl sulfate (PCS)-activated intracellular ROS ameliorates the MAPK signaling pathway in a human arterial SMC (HASMC) model. Nonetheless, whether ROS scavenger attenuates PCS-triggered inflammasome activation and eicosanoid inflammation in the UVC process remains unknown. Patients with lower extremity amputation were categorized into CKD and normal control group according to renal function. We used immunohistochemistry stain to analyze UVC in arterial specimens, including oxidative injury (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and internal EL disruption), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), caspase-1 and NLRP3. To simulate the patho-mechanism of human UVC, the therapeutic effects of ROS scavenger on PCS-triggered inflammatory pathways was explored in a HASMC model. We found CKD patients had higher circulating levels of PCS and an increase in medial arterial calcification than the control group. In CKD arteries, the severity of UVC corresponded with expressions of oxidative EL disruption and 8-OHdG. Furthermore, coupling expressions of cPLA2 and COX2 were accentuated in CKD arteries, indicative of eicosanoid inflammation. Notably, tissue expressions of IL-1β, caspase-1 and NLRP3 were enhanced in parallel with UVC severity, indicative of inflammasome activation. From bedside to bench, ROS scavenger attenuates PCS-activated expressions of cPLA2/COX2, pro-caspase-1 and NLRP3 in the HASMC model. UVC as an inevitable outcome is predictive of death in CKD patients. Nonetheless, UVC remain pharmacoresistant despite the evolution of treatment for mineral-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis. Beyond the mineral dysregulation, the stimulation of pro-oxidant PCS alone results in eicosanoid inflammation and inflammasome activation. Concerning the key role of Caspase-1 in pyroptosis, cell fates of HASMC in uremic milieu are not limited to apoptosis and osteogenesis. In view of this, reducing ROS and PCS may act as a therapeutic strategy for UVC-related cardiovascular events in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Feng Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (J.-F.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Renal Care Joint Foundation, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armfulcare Hospital, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan City 330, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiao-Ling Kuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Hao Liu
- Division of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Yu Hsieh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (J.-F.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Renal Care Joint Foundation, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Hung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan City 330, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Chin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institution of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chin Ko
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or
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40
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Chawla LS. Permissive azotemia during acute kidney injury enables more rapid renal recovery and less renal fibrosis: a hypothesis and clinical development plan. Crit Care 2022; 26:116. [PMID: 35484549 PMCID: PMC9047291 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-03988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models of acute kidney injury (AKI) consistently demonstrate that a uremic milieu enhances renal recovery and decreases kidney fibrosis. Similarly, significant decreases in monocyte/macrophage infiltration, complement levels, and other markers of inflammation in the injured kidney are observed across multiple studies and species. In essence, decreased renal clearance has the surprising and counterintuitive effect of being an effective treatment for AKI. In this Perspective, the author suggests a hypothesis describing why the uremic milieu is kidney protective and proposes a clinical trial of ‘permissive azotemia’ to improve renal recovery and long-term renal outcomes in critically ill patients with severe AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhmir S Chawla
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3550 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA.
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41
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Oomen L, Bootsma-Robroeks C, Cornelissen E, de Wall L, Feitz W. Pearls and Pitfalls in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation After 5 Decades. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:856630. [PMID: 35463874 PMCID: PMC9024248 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.856630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, over 1,300 pediatric kidney transplantations are performed every year. Since the first transplantation in 1959, healthcare has evolved dramatically. Pre-emptive transplantations with grafts from living donors have become more common. Despite a subsequent improvement in graft survival, there are still challenges to face. This study attempts to summarize how our understanding of pediatric kidney transplantation has developed and improved since its beginnings, whilst also highlighting those areas where future research should concentrate in order to help resolve as yet unanswered questions. Existing literature was compared to our own data of 411 single-center pediatric kidney transplantations between 1968 and 2020, in order to find discrepancies and allow identification of future challenges. Important issues for future care are innovations in immunosuppressive medication, improving medication adherence, careful donor selection with regard to characteristics of both donor and recipient, improvement of surgical techniques and increased attention for lower urinary tract dysfunction and voiding behavior in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes Oomen
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Bootsma-Robroeks
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Nephrology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Cornelissen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth de Wall
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wout Feitz
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gaudry
- From INSERM, UMR_S1155, Common and Rare Kidney Diseases, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université (S.G., D.D.), and Université de Paris (D.D.), Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, and the Health Care Simulation Center, UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny (S.G.), and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes (D.D.) - all in France; and the Kidney Medicine Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and the Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh - both in Pittsburgh (P.M.P.)
| | - Paul M Palevsky
- From INSERM, UMR_S1155, Common and Rare Kidney Diseases, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université (S.G., D.D.), and Université de Paris (D.D.), Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, and the Health Care Simulation Center, UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny (S.G.), and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes (D.D.) - all in France; and the Kidney Medicine Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and the Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh - both in Pittsburgh (P.M.P.)
| | - Didier Dreyfuss
- From INSERM, UMR_S1155, Common and Rare Kidney Diseases, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université (S.G., D.D.), and Université de Paris (D.D.), Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, and the Health Care Simulation Center, UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny (S.G.), and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes (D.D.) - all in France; and the Kidney Medicine Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and the Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh - both in Pittsburgh (P.M.P.)
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The Interplay between Uremic Toxins and Albumin, Membrane Transporters and Drug Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030177. [PMID: 35324674 PMCID: PMC8949274 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are associated with kidney dysfunction and the development of comorbidities in patients with CKD, being only partially eliminated by dialysis therapies. Importantly, drugs used in clinical treatments may affect the levels of uremic toxins, their tissue disposition, and even their elimination through the interaction of both with proteins such as albumin and cell membrane transporters. In this context, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are highlighted for their high affinity for albumin, the most abundant serum protein with multiple binding sites and an ability to interact with drugs. Membrane transporters mediate the cellular influx and efflux of various uremic toxins, which may also compete with drugs as substrates, and both may alter transporter activity or expression. Therefore, this review explores the interaction mechanisms between uremic toxins and albumin, as well as membrane transporters, considering their potential relationship with drugs used in clinical practice.
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Curran CS, Kopp JB. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mechanisms Affecting Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:782199. [PMID: 35237156 PMCID: PMC8882872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.782199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that binds diverse endogenous and xenobiotic ligands, which regulate AHR stability, transcriptional activity, and cell signaling. AHR activity is strongly implicated throughout the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many diverse organic molecules bind and activate AHR and these ligands are reported to either promote glomerular and tubular damage or protect against kidney injury. AHR crosstalk with estrogen, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and NF-κB pathways may contribute to the diversity of AHR responses during the various forms and stages of CKD. The roles of AHR in kidney fibrosis, metabolism and the renin angiotensin system are described to offer insight into CKD pathogenesis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S. Curran
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Colleen S. Curran,
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Abstract
Almost 200 years ago, the first evidence described by Robert Bright (1836) showed the strong interaction between the kidneys and heart and, since then, the scientific community has dedicated itself to better understanding the mechanisms involved in the kidney-heart relationship, known in recent decades as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). This syndrome includes a wide clinical variety that affects the kidneys and heart, in an acute or chronic manner. Moreover, it is well established in the literature that the immune system, the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and the oxidative stress actively play a strong role in the cellular and molecular processes present in CRS. More recently, uremic molecules and epigenetic factors have been also shown to be key mediators in the development of syndrome. The present review intends to present the state of the art regarding CRS and to show the paths known, until now, in the long road between the kidneys and heart.
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46
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Gao C, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Li Y, Lin W. Recent trends in therapeutic application of engineered blood purification materials for kidney disease. Biomater Res 2022; 26:5. [PMID: 35120554 PMCID: PMC8815201 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood purification is a commonly used method to remove excess metabolic waste in the blood in renal replacement therapy. The sufficient removal of these toxins from blood can reduce complications and improve survival lifetime in dialysis patients. However, the current biological blood purification materials in clinical practice are not ideal, where there is an unmet need for producing novel materials that have better biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and, in particular, more efficient toxin clearance rates and a lower cost of production. Given this, this review has carefully summarized newly developed engineered different structural biomedical materials for blood purification in terms of types and structure characteristics of blood purification materials, the production process, as well as interfacial chemical adsorption properties or mechanisms. This study may provide a valuable reference for fabricating a user-friendly purification device that is more suitable for clinical blood purification applications in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Gao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Nephology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health Research of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
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Carbamylated Proteins in Renal Disease: Aggravating Factors or Just Biomarkers? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010574. [PMID: 35008998 PMCID: PMC8745352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbamylation is a nonenzymatic post-translational modification resulting from the reaction between cyanate, a urea by-product, and proteins. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that carbamylation modifies protein structures and functions, triggering unfavourable molecular and cellular responses. An enhanced formation of carbamylation-derived products (CDPs) is observed in pathological contexts, especially during chronic kidney disease (CKD), because of increased blood urea. Significantly, studies have reported a positive correlation between serum CDPs and the evolutive state of renal failure. Further, serum concentrations of carbamylated proteins are characterized as strong predictors of mortality in end-stage renal disease patients. Over time, it is likely that these modified compounds become aggravating factors and promote long-term complications, including cardiovascular disorders and inflammation or immune system dysfunctions. These poor clinical outcomes have led researchers to consider strategies to prevent or slow down CDP formation. Even if growing evidence suggests the involvement of carbamylation in the pathophysiology of CKD, the real relevance of carbamylation is still unclear: is it a causal phenomenon, a metabolic consequence or just a biological feature? In this review, we discuss how carbamylation, a consequence of renal function decline, may become a causal phenomenon of kidney disease progression and how CDPs may be used as biomarkers.
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Matsumoto T, Taguchi N, Yoshioka M, Osada T, Taguchi K, Kobayashi T. [Relationship between gut microbiota-derived substances and vascular function: focus on indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine-N-oxide]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2022; 157:316-320. [PMID: 36047143 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidences suggest that gut microbiota-derived substances play a pivotal role in the regulation of host homeostasis including vascular function. Actually, these substances and/or their metabolites can be presented in circulation and local tissue and their levels are often abnormal in the pathophysiological states. Therefore, to determine the role of them in physiological function is important in human health. On the other hand, vascular dysfunction is a key event in the initiation and progression of systematic complications of cardiovascular, kidney and metabolic diseases including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Although abnormalities in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells play an important role on vascular dysfunction, emerging evidences has suggested that gut microbiota-derived substances can directly or indirectly affect these cellular functions. The present review will focus on the relationship between vascular function and indoxyl sulfate or trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Natsume Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Madoka Yoshioka
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Tomoe Osada
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
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Asahina Y, Sakaguchi Y, Kajimoto S, Hattori K, Doi Y, Oka T, Kaimori JY, Isaka Y. Time-updated anion gap and cardiovascular events in advanced CKD: a cohort study. Clin Kidney J 2021; 15:929-936. [PMID: 35498899 PMCID: PMC9050520 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies examining associations between metabolic acidosis and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease (CKD) have shown conflicting results and have not differentiated between normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) acidosis and high anion gap acidosis. We aimed to examine the impact of normal and high anion gap acidosis, separately, on the risk of cardiovascular events among patients with CKD. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 1168 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 10–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and available data on anion gap. We analyzed the association of time-updated high anion gap (anion gap ≥9.2) with the rate of cardiovascular events using marginal structural models (MSMs) to account for time-dependent confounding. We also analyzed the association between time-updated normal anion gap acidosis (anion-gap-adjusted bicarbonate level ≤22.8 mEq/L) and cardiovascular events. Results The mean baseline eGFR of the cohort was 28 mL/min/1.73 m2. The prevalence rates of high anion gap in CKD stages G3a, G3b, G4 and G5 were 20%, 16%, 27% and 46%, respectively. During a median follow-up period of 2.9 years, 132 patients developed cardiovascular events (3.3/100 patient-years). In MSMs, high anion gap was associated with a higher rate of cardiovascular events [hazard ratio (HR) 1.87; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.13‒3.09; P = 0.02] and the composite of cardiovascular events or all-cause death (HR 3.28; 95% CI 2.19‒4.91; P < 0.001). Normal anion gap acidosis was not associated with cardiovascular events (HR 0.74; 95% CI, 0.47‒1.17; P = 0.2). Conclusions Among patients with advanced CKD, high anion gap was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Asahina
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakaguchi
- Department of Inter-Organ Communication Research in Kidney Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Sachio Kajimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Koki Hattori
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yohei Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Oka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Kaimori
- Department of Inter-Organ Communication Research in Kidney Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Azevedo CAB, da Cunha RS, Junho CVC, da Silva JV, Moreno-Amaral AN, de Moraes TP, Carneiro-Ramos MS, Stinghen AEM. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart-Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110778. [PMID: 34822562 PMCID: PMC8618757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permanent damage to the renal tissue, and mainly occurs in CRS types 3 and 4, thus compromising renal function directly leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or subsequent proteinuria. With this decrease in GFR, patients may need renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD is a high-quality and home-based dialysis therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is based on the semi-permeable characteristics of the peritoneum. These patients are exposed to factors which may cause several modifications on the peritoneal membrane. The presence of UT may harm the peritoneum membrane, which in turn can lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by almost all cell types and contain lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, membrane proteins, and cytosolic components from their cell origin. Our research group previously demonstrated that the EVs can be related to endothelial dysfunction and are formed when UTs are in contact with the endothelial monolayer. In this scenario, this review explores the mechanisms of EV formation in CRS, uremia, the peritoneum, and as potential biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (C.A.B.A.); (R.S.d.C.)
| | - Regiane Stafim da Cunha
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (C.A.B.A.); (R.S.d.C.)
| | - Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; (C.V.C.J.); (J.V.d.S.); (M.S.C.-R.)
| | - Jessica Verônica da Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; (C.V.C.J.); (J.V.d.S.); (M.S.C.-R.)
| | - Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.N.M.-A.); (T.P.d.M.)
| | - Thyago Proença de Moraes
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.N.M.-A.); (T.P.d.M.)
| | - Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; (C.V.C.J.); (J.V.d.S.); (M.S.C.-R.)
| | - Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (C.A.B.A.); (R.S.d.C.)
- Correspondence:
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