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Kana Takeuneu V, Eckhardt P, Tapondjou Tsafack B, Tsopmene UJ, Ponou BK, Dzoyem JP, Teponno RB, Opatz T, Tapondjou LA. Pyrroloquinolones B-F: Five unusual alkaloids from Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke (Asteraceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114010. [PMID: 38354550 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Five unusual alkaloids featuring a pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolone skeleton (pyrroloquinolones B-F, 1-5) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the whole plant of Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke, along with sixteen known compounds. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and ECD) and high resolution mass spectrometric techniques as well as by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. The ethanol extract and some isolated compounds were assessed for their antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains. The extract was significantly active against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC1026 and S. epidermidis ATCC35984 (MIC = 64 μg/mL). All the tested compounds showed moderate activity against S. epidermidis (16 ≤ MIC ≤ 64 μg/mL). Furthermore, this is the first report on tricyclic pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolone alkaloids from a plant source. A biosynthetic pathway for the formation of these compounds is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voutro Kana Takeuneu
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Paul Eckhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Borice Tapondjou Tsafack
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Ulrich Joël Tsopmene
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Beaudelaire Kemvoufo Ponou
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Paul Dzoyem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Rémy Bertrand Teponno
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Léon Azefack Tapondjou
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Wang S, Wu M. The Draft Genome of the "Golden Tide" Seaweed, Sargassum horneri: Characterization and Comparative Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1969. [PMID: 37895318 PMCID: PMC10606923 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sargassum horneri, a prevalent species of brown algae found along the coast of the northwest Pacific Ocean, holds significant importance as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. However, its rapid growth can lead to the formation of a destructive "golden tide", causing severe damage to the local economy and coastal ecosystems. In this study, we carried out de novo whole-genome sequencing of S. horneri using next-generation sequencing to unravel the genetic information of this alga. By utilizing a reference-guided de novo assembly pipeline with a closely related species, we successfully established a final assembled genome with a total length of 385 Mb. Repetitive sequences made up approximately 30.6% of this genome. Among the identified putative genes, around 87.03% showed homology with entries in the NCBI non-redundant protein database, with Ectocarpus siliculosus being the most closely related species for approximately one-third of these genes. One gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase family protein was found to exhibit positive selection, which could give a clue for the formation of S. horneri golden tides. Additionally, we characterized putative genes involved in fucoidan biosynthesis metabolism, a significant pathway in S. horneri. This study represents the first genome-wide characterization of a S. horneri species, providing crucial insights for future investigations, such as ecological genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqin Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mingjiang Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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3
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Caygill S, Dolan L. ATP binding cassette transporters and uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases are ancient protein families that evolved roles in herbicide resistance through exaptation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287356. [PMID: 37733747 PMCID: PMC10513242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters actively transport various substances across membranes, while uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are proteins that catalyse the chemical modification of various organic compounds. Both of these protein superfamilies have been associated with conferring herbicide resistance in weeds. Little is known about the evolutionary history of these protein families in the Archaeplastida. To infer the evolutionary histories of these protein superfamilies, we compared protein sequences collected from 10 species which represent distinct lineages of the Archaeplastida-the lineage including glaucophyte algae, rhodophyte algae, chlorophyte algae and the streptophytes-and generated phylogenetic trees. We show that ABC transporters were present in the last common ancestor of the Archaeplastida which lived 1.6 billion years ago, and the major clades identified in extant plants were already present then. Conversely, we only identified UGTs in members of the streptophyte lineage, which suggests a loss of these proteins in earlier diverging Archaeplastida lineages or arrival of UGTs into a common ancestor of the streptophyte lineage through horizontal gene transfer from a non-Archaeplastida eukaryote lineage. We found that within the streptophyte lineage, most diversification of the UGT protein family occurred in the vascular lineage, with 17 of the 20 clades identified in extant plants present only in vascular plants. Based on our findings, we conclude that ABC transporters and UGTs are ancient protein families which diversified during Archaeplastida evolution, which may have evolved for developmental functions as plants began to occupy new environmental niches and are now being selected to confer resistance to a diverse range of herbicides in weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Caygill
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wannitikul P, Wattana-Amorn P, Sathitnaitham S, Sakulkoo J, Suttangkakul A, Wonnapinij P, Bassel GW, Simister R, Gomez LD, Vuttipongchaikij S. Disruption of a DUF247 Containing Protein Alters Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Reduces Growth in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1977. [PMID: 37653894 PMCID: PMC10221614 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall biosynthesis is a complex process that requires proteins and enzymes from glycan synthesis to wall assembly. We show that disruption of At3g50120 (DUF247-1), a member of the DUF247 multigene family containing 28 genes in Arabidopsis, results in alterations to the structure and composition of cell wall polysaccharides and reduced growth and plant size. An ELISA using cell wall antibodies shows that the mutants also exhibit ~50% reductions in xyloglucan (XyG), glucuronoxylan (GX) and heteromannan (HM) epitopes in the NaOH fraction and ~50% increases in homogalacturonan (HG) epitopes in the CDTA fraction. Furthermore, the polymer sizes of XyGs and GXs are reduced with concomitant increases in short-chain polymers, while those of HGs and mHGs are slightly increased. Complementation using 35S:DUF247-1 partially recovers the XyG and HG content, but not those of GX and HM, suggesting that DUF247-1 is more closely associated with XyGs and HGs. DUF247-1 is expressed throughout Arabidopsis, particularly in vascular and developing tissues, and its disruption affects the expression of other gene members, indicating a regulatory control role within the gene family. Our results demonstrate that DUF247-1 is required for normal cell wall composition and structure and Arabidopsis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaporn Wannitikul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sukhita Sathitnaitham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Jenjira Sakulkoo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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O’Rourke D, Gravato-Nobre MJ, Stroud D, Pritchett E, Barker E, Price RL, Robinson SA, Spiro S, Kuwabara P, Hodgkin J. Isolation and molecular identification of nematode surface mutants with resistance to bacterial pathogens. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad056. [PMID: 36911920 PMCID: PMC10151413 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with surface abnormalities have been isolated by utilizing their resistance to a variety of bacterial pathogens (Microbacterium nematophilum, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and 2 Leucobacter strains), all of which are able to cause disease or death when worms are grown on bacterial lawns containing these pathogens. Previous work led to the identification of 9 srf or bus genes; here, we report molecular identification and characterization of a further 10 surface-affecting genes. Three of these were found to encode factors implicated in glycosylation (srf-2, bus-5, and bus-22), like several of those previously reported; srf-2 belongs to the GT92 family of putative galactosyltransferases, and bus-5 is homologous to human dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, which is implicated in Catel-Manzke syndrome. Other genes encoded proteins with sequence similarity to phosphatidylinositol phosphatases (bus-6), Patched-related receptors (ptr-15/bus-13), steroid dehydrogenases (dhs-5/bus-21), or glypiation factors (bus-24). Three genes appeared to be nematode-specific (srf-5, bus-10, and bus-28). Many mutants exhibited cuticle fragility as revealed by bleach and detergent sensitivity; this fragility was correlated with increased drug sensitivity, as well as with abnormal skiddy locomotion. Most of the genes examined were found to be expressed in epidermal seam cells, which appear to be important for synthesizing nematode surface coat. The results reveal the genetic and biochemical complexity of this critical surface layer, and provide new tools for its analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia O’Rourke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Dave Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Emily Pritchett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Emily Barker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rebecca L Price
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sarah A Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon Spiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Hodgkin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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6
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Kulik J, Zdunek A. Review: structure and modifications of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36670377 PMCID: PMC9854139 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to provide general information on the molecular structure and synthesis of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in association to their physiological significance. Assessment of genetic modifications of the activity of enzymes involved in the AGP biosynthesis is an efficient tool to study AGP functions. Thus, P4H (prolyl 4 hydroxylase) mutants, GLCAT (β-glucuronosyltransferase) mutants, and GH43 (glycoside hydrolase family 43) mutants have been described. We focused on the overview of AGPs modifications observed at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Inhibition of the hydroxylation process results in an increase in the intensity of cell divisions and thus, has an impact on root system length and leaf area. In turn, overexpression of P4H genes stimulates the density of root hairs. A mutation in GLCAT genes responsible for the transfer of glucuronic acid to the AGP molecule revealed that the reduction of GlcA in AGP disrupts the substantial assembly of the primary cell wall. Furthermore, silencing of genes encoding GH43, which has the ability to hydrolyze the AGP glycan by removing incorrectly synthesized β-1,3-galactans, induces changes in the abundance of other cell wall constituents, which finally leads to root growth defects. This information provides insight into AGPs as a crucial players in the structural interactions present in the plant extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Joanna Kulik
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Khodaeiaminjan M, Knoch D, Ndella Thiaw MR, Marchetti CF, Kořínková N, Techer A, Nguyen TD, Chu J, Bertholomey V, Doridant I, Gantet P, Graner A, Neumann K, Bergougnoux V. Genome-wide association study in two-row spring barley landraces identifies QTL associated with plantlets root system architecture traits in well-watered and osmotic stress conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125672. [PMID: 37077626 PMCID: PMC10106628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental factors affecting crop production. Drought causes a gradual deprivation of water in the soil from top to deep layers and can occur at diverse stages of plant development. Roots are the first organs that perceive water deficit in soil and their adaptive development contributes to drought adaptation. Domestication has contributed to a bottleneck in genetic diversity. Wild species or landraces represent a pool of genetic diversity that has not been exploited yet in breeding program. In this study, we used a collection of 230 two-row spring barley landraces to detect phenotypic variation in root system plasticity in response to drought and to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in root system architecture under diverse growth conditions. For this purpose, young seedlings grown for 21 days in pouches under control and osmotic-stress conditions were phenotyped and genotyped using the barley 50k iSelect SNP array, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted using three different GWAS methods (MLM GAPIT, FarmCPU, and BLINK) to detect genotype/phenotype associations. In total, 276 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs; p-value (FDR)< 0.05) were identified for root (14 and 12 traits under osmotic-stress and control conditions, respectively) and for three shoot traits under both conditions. In total, 52 QTL (multi-trait or identified by at least two different GWAS approaches) were investigated to identify genes representing promising candidates with a role in root development and adaptation to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza Khodaeiaminjan
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Mortaza Khodaeiaminjan, ; Véronique Bergougnoux,
| | - Dominic Knoch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Cintia F. Marchetti
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Nikola Kořínková
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alexie Techer
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Thu D. Nguyen
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jianting Chu
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Valentin Bertholomey
- Limagrain Field Seeds, Traits and Technologies, Groupe Limagrain Centre de Recherche, Chappes, France
| | - Ingrid Doridant
- Limagrain Field Seeds, Traits and Technologies, Groupe Limagrain Centre de Recherche, Chappes, France
| | - Pascal Gantet
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Unité Mixte de Recherche DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Andreas Graner
- Department Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Kerstin Neumann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Mortaza Khodaeiaminjan, ; Véronique Bergougnoux,
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8
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Kovács S, Kiss E, Jenei S, Fehér-Juhász E, Kereszt A, Endre G. The Medicago truncatula IEF Gene Is Crucial for the Progression of Bacterial Infection During Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:401-415. [PMID: 35171648 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-21-0279-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are able to meet their nitrogen need by establishing nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. Nitrogen fixation is performed by rhizobia, which has been converted to bacteroids, in newly formed organs, the root nodules. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, nodule cells are invaded by rhizobia through transcellular tubular structures called infection threads (ITs) that are initiated at the root hairs. Here, we describe a novel M. truncatula early symbiotic mutant identified as infection-related epidermal factor (ief), in which the formation of ITs is blocked in the root hair cells and only nodule primordia are formed. We show that the function of MtIEF is crucial for the bacterial infection in the root epidermis but not required for the nodule organogenesis. The IEF gene that appears to have been recruited for a symbiotic function after the duplication of a flower-specific gene is activated by the ERN1-branch of the Nod factor signal transduction pathway and independent of the NIN activity. The expression of MtIEF is induced transiently in the root epidermal cells by the rhizobium partner or Nod factors. Although its expression was not detectable at later stages of symbiosis, complementation experiments indicate that MtIEF is also required for the proper invasion of the nodule cells by rhizobia. The gene encodes an intracellular protein of unknown function possessing a coiled-coil motif and a plant-specific DUF761 domain. The IEF protein interacts with RPG, another symbiotic protein essential for normal IT development, suggesting that combined action of these proteins plays a role in nodule infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilárd Kovács
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ernő Kiss
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Jenei
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fehér-Juhász
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Kereszt
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
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Identifying Signal-Crosstalk Mechanism in Maize Plants during Combined Salinity and Boron Stress Using Integrative Systems Biology Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1027288. [PMID: 35505877 PMCID: PMC9057046 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1027288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Combined stress has been seen as a major threat to world agriculture production. Maize is one of the leading cereal crops of the world due to its wide spectrum of growth conditions and is moderately sensitive to salt stress. A saline soil environment is a major factor that hinders its growth and overall yield and causes an increase in the concentration of micronutrients like boron, leading to excess over the requirement of the plant. Boron toxicity combined with salinity has been reported to be a serious threat to the yield and quality of maize. The response signatures of the maize plants to the combined effect of salinity and boron stress have not been studied well. We carried out an integrative systems-level analysis of the publicly available transcriptomic data generated on tolerant maize (Lluteño maize from the Atacama Desert, Chile) landrace under combined salt and boron stress. We identified significant biological processes that are differentially regulated in combined salt and boron stress in the leaves and roots of maize, respectively. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified important roles of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), galactinol synthase 2 (GOLS2) proteins of leaf and proteolipid membrane potential regulator (pmpm4), metallothionein lea protein group 3 (mlg3), and cold regulated 410 (COR410) proteins of root in salt tolerance and regulating boron toxicity in maize. Identification of transcription factors coupled with regulatory network analysis using machine learning approach identified a few heat shock factors (HSFs) and NAC (NAM (no apical meristem, Petunia), ATAF1–2 (Arabidopsis thaliana activating factor), and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon, Arabidopsis)) family transcription factors (TFs) to play crucial roles in salt tolerance, maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and minimizing oxidative damage to the cells. These findings will provide new ways to design targeted functional validation experiments for developing multistress-resistant maize crops.
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10
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A conserved NAG motif is critical to the catalytic activity of galactinol synthase, a key regulatory enzyme of RFO biosynthesis. Biochem J 2021; 478:3939-3955. [PMID: 34693969 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Galactinol synthase (GolS) catalyzes the key regulatory step in the biosynthesis of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides (RFOs). Even though the physiological role and regulation of this enzyme has been well studied, little is known about active site amino acids and the structure-function relationship with substrates of this enzyme. In the present study, we investigate the active site amino acid and structure-function relationship for this enzyme. Using a combination of three-dimensional homology modeling, molecular docking along with a series of deletion, site-directed mutagenesis followed by in vitro biochemical and in vivo functional analysis; we have studied active site amino acids and their interaction with the substrate of chickpea and Arabidopsis GolS enzyme. Our study reveals that the GolS protein possesses GT8 family-specific several conserved motifs in which NAG motif plays a crucial role in substrate binding and catalytic activity of this enzyme. Deletion of entire NAG motif or deletion or the substitution (with alanine) of any residues of this motif results in complete loss of catalytic activity in in vitro condition. Furthermore, disruption of NAG motif of CaGolS1 enzyme disrupts it's in vivo cellular function in yeast as well as in planta. Together, our study offers a new insight into the active site amino acids and their substrate interaction for the catalytic activity of GolS enzyme. We demonstrate that NAG motif plays a vital role in substrate binding for the catalytic activity of galactinol synthase that affects overall RFO synthesis.
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11
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Bharadwaj R, Kumar SR, Sharma A, Sathishkumar R. Plant Metabolic Gene Clusters: Evolution, Organization, and Their Applications in Synthetic Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697318. [PMID: 34490002 PMCID: PMC8418127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a remarkable source of high-value specialized metabolites having significant physiological and ecological functions. Genes responsible for synthesizing specialized metabolites are often clustered together for a coordinated expression, which is commonly observed in bacteria and filamentous fungi. Similar to prokaryotic gene clustering, plants do have gene clusters encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. More than 20 gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of diverse metabolites have been identified across the plant kingdom. Recent studies demonstrate that gene clusters are evolved through gene duplications and neofunctionalization of primary metabolic pathway genes. Often, these clusters are tightly regulated at nucleosome level. The prevalence of gene clusters related to specialized metabolites offers an attractive possibility of an untapped source of highly useful biomolecules. Accordingly, the identification and functional characterization of novel biosynthetic pathways in plants need to be worked out. In this review, we summarize insights into the evolution of gene clusters and discuss the organization and importance of specific gene clusters in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. Regulatory mechanisms which operate in some of the important gene clusters have also been briefly described. Finally, we highlight the importance of gene clusters to develop future metabolic engineering or synthetic biology strategies for the heterologous production of novel metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revuru Bharadwaj
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sarma R. Kumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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12
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Kumar P, Nimbal S, Sangwan RS, Budhlakoti N, Singh V, Mishra DC, Sagar, Choudhary RR. Identification of Novel Marker-Trait Associations for Lint Yield Contributing Traits in Upland Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Using SSRs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:653270. [PMID: 34122477 PMCID: PMC8187916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.653270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Improving the yield of lint is the main objective for most of the cotton crop improvement programs throughout the world as it meets the demand of fiber for textile industries. In the current study, 96 genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum were used to find novel simple sequence repeat marker-based associations for lint yield contributing traits by linkage disequilibrium. Extensive phenotyping of 96 genotypes for various agronomic traits was done for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019) in early, normal, and late sown environments. Out of 168 SSR markers screened over the 96 genotypes, a total of 97 polymorphic markers containing 293 alleles were used for analysis. Three different models, i.e., mixed linear model (MLM), compressed mixed linear model (CMLM), and multiple locus mixed linear model (MLMM), were used to detect the significant marker-trait associations for six different environments separately. A total of 38 significant marker-trait associations that were common to at least two environments were considered as promising associations and detailed annotation of the significant markers has been carried out. Twenty-two marker-trait associations were found to be novel in the current study. These results will be very useful for crop improvement programs using marker-assisted cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Somveer Nimbal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Rajvir Singh Sangwan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Neeraj Budhlakoti
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Dwijesh Chandra Mishra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sagar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Raju Ram Choudhary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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13
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A Pipeline towards the Biochemical Characterization of the Arabidopsis GT14 Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031360. [PMID: 33572987 PMCID: PMC7866395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the synthesis of glycosidic linkages and are essential in the biosynthesis of glycans, glycoconjugates (glycolipids and glycoproteins), and glycosides. Plant genomes generally encode many more GTs than animal genomes due to the synthesis of a cell wall and a wide variety of glycosylated secondary metabolites. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome is predicted to encode over 573 GTs that are currently classified into 42 diverse families. The biochemical functions of most of these GTs are still unknown. In this study, we updated the JBEI Arabidopsis GT clone collection by cloning an additional 105 GT cDNAs, 508 in total (89%), into Gateway-compatible vectors for downstream characterization. We further established a functional analysis pipeline using transient expression in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) followed by enzymatic assays, fractionation of enzymatic products by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) and characterization by mass spectrometry (MS). Using the GT14 family as an exemplar, we outline a strategy for identifying effective substrates of GT enzymes. By addition of UDP-GlcA as donor and the synthetic acceptors galactose-nitrobenzodiazole (Gal-NBD), β-1,6-galactotetraose (β-1,6-Gal4) and β-1,3-galactopentose (β-1,3-Gal5) to microsomes expressing individual GT14 enzymes, we verified the β-glucuronosyltransferase (GlcAT) activity of three members of this family (AtGlcAT14A, B, and E). In addition, a new family member (AT4G27480, 248) was shown to possess significantly higher activity than other GT14 enzymes. Our data indicate a likely role in arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) biosynthesis for these GT14 members. Together, the updated Arabidopsis GT clone collection and the biochemical analysis pipeline present an efficient means to identify and characterize novel GT catalytic activities.
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14
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Silva J, Ferraz R, Dupree P, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610377. [PMID: 33384708 PMCID: PMC7769824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Stratilová B, Kozmon S, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Plant Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferases and the Cell Wall Structure: Subtle but Significant. Molecules 2020; 25:E5619. [PMID: 33260399 PMCID: PMC7729885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) catalogued in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 constitute cell wall-modifying enzymes that play a fundamental role in the cell wall expansion and re-modelling. Over the past thirty years, it has been established that XET enzymes catalyse homo-transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived substrates and hetero-transglycosylation reactions with neutral and charged donor and acceptor substrates other than XG-derived. This broad specificity in XET isoforms is credited to a high degree of structural and catalytic plasticity that has evolved ubiquitously in algal, moss, fern, basic Angiosperm, monocot, and eudicot enzymes. These XET isoforms constitute gene families that are differentially expressed in tissues in time- and space-dependent manners during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of broad specific plant XET enzymes and how their inherently carbohydrate-based transglycosylation reactions tightly link with structural diversity that underlies the complexity of plant cell walls and their mechanics. Based on this knowledge, we conclude that multi- or poly-specific XET enzymes are widespread in plants to allow for modifications of the cell wall structure in muro, a feature that implements the multifaceted roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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16
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Amkul K, Somta P, Laosatit K, Wang L. Identification of QTLs for Domestication-Related Traits in Zombi Pea [ Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich], a Lost Crop of Africa. Front Genet 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 33193562 PMCID: PMC7530282 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zombi pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich] is a legume crop found in Africa. Wild zombi pea is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, whereas domesticated zombi pea is rarely cultivated. Plant domestication is an evolutionary process in which the phenotypes of wild species, including seed dormancy, pod shattering, organ size, and architectural and phenological characteristics, undergo changes. The molecular mechanism underlying the domestication of zombi pea is relatively unknown. In this study, the genetic basis of the following 13 domestication-related traits was investigated in an F2 population comprising 198 individuals derived from a cross between cultivated (var. macrosperma) and wild (var. vexillata) zombi pea accessions: seed dormancy, pod shattering, days-to-flowering, days-to-maturity, stem thickness, stem length, number of branches, leaf area, pod length, 100-seed weight, seed width, seed length, and seeds per pod. A genetic map containing 6,529 single nucleotide polymorphisms constructed for the F2 population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits. A total of 62 QTLs were identified for the 13 traits, with 1-11 QTLs per trait. The major QTLs for days-to-flowering, stem length, number of branches, pod length, 100-seed weight, seed length, and seeds per pod were clustered in linkage group 5. In contrast, the major QTLs for seed dormancy and pod shattering belonged to linkage groups 3 and 11, respectively. A comparative genomic analysis with the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genome used as the reference sequence (i.e., the genome of the legume species most closely related to zombi pea) enabled the identification of candidate genes for the major QTLs. Thus, we revealed the genomic regions associated with domestication-related traits and the candidate genes controlling these traits in zombi pea. The data presented herein may be useful for breeding new varieties of zombi pea and other Vigna species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitiya Amkul
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kularb Laosatit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Azlan A, Khoo HE, Sajak AAB, Aizan Abdul Kadir NA, Yusof BNM, Mahmood Z, Sultana S. Antioxidant activity, nutritional and physicochemical characteristics, and toxicity of minimally refined brown sugar and other sugars. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5048-5062. [PMID: 32994965 PMCID: PMC7500760 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimally refined brown sugar (MRBS) is a brown sugar derived from sugarcane that has a low glycemic index. This study aimed to determine and compare the antioxidant contents and nutritional and physicochemical properties of MRBS, refined sugar (RS), and brown sugar (BS). In addition, the toxicity of these sugars was evaluated via in vitro cytotoxicity method and by using a zebrafish model. Results showed that MRBS was better than the two other sugars because it has a lower moisture content and higher ash content. The contents of potassium and manganese of MRBS were higher than those of the two other sugars. Surprisingly, MRBS also contained selenium, which was not detected in RS and BS. The major phenolics in MRBS are 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, trans-Ferulic acid, and apigenin. All sugar solutions and their antioxidant-containing extracts were not cytotoxic to 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
- Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non‐Communicable DiseasesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaUPM SerdangSerdangSelangorMalaysia
- Halal Products Research InstituteUniversiti Putra MalaysiaUPM SerdangSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Hock Eng Khoo
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Azliana Abu Bakar Sajak
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Noor Atiqah Aizan Abdul Kadir
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
- Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non‐Communicable DiseasesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaUPM SerdangSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | | | - Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
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18
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Lee S, Kim MH, Lee JH, Jeon J, Kwak JM, Kim YJ. Glycosyltransferase-Like RSE1 Negatively Regulates Leaf Senescence Through Salicylic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:551. [PMID: 32499801 PMCID: PMC7242760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmental process designed for nutrient recycling and relocation to maximize growth competence and reproductive capacity of plants. Thus, plants integrate developmental and environmental signals to precisely control senescence. To genetically dissect the complex regulatory mechanism underlying leaf senescence, we identified an early leaf senescence mutant, rse1. RSE1 encodes a putative glycosyltransferase. Loss-of-function mutations in RSE1 resulted in precocious leaf yellowing and up-regulation of senescence marker genes, indicating enhanced leaf senescence. Transcriptome analysis revealed that salicylic acid (SA) and defense signaling cascades were up-regulated in rse1 prior to the onset of leaf senescence. We found that SA accumulation was significantly increased in rse1. The rse1 phenotypes are dependent on SA-INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2), supporting a role of SA in accelerated leaf senescence in rse1. Furthermore, RSE1 protein was localized to the cell wall, implying a possible link between the cell wall and RSE1 function. Together, we show that RSE1 negatively modulates leaf senescence through an SID2-dependent SA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulbee Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yun Ju Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, South Korea
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19
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Kytidou K, Artola M, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Plant Glycosides and Glycosidases: A Treasure-Trove for Therapeutics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:357. [PMID: 32318081 PMCID: PMC7154165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain numerous glycoconjugates that are metabolized by specific glucosyltransferases and hydrolyzed by specific glycosidases, some also catalyzing synthetic transglycosylation reactions. The documented value of plant-derived glycoconjugates to beneficially modulate metabolism is first addressed. Next, focus is given to glycosidases, the central theme of the review. The therapeutic value of plant glycosidases is discussed as well as the present production in plant platforms of therapeutic human glycosidases used in enzyme replacement therapies. The increasing knowledge on glycosidases, including structure and catalytic mechanism, is described. The novel insights have allowed the design of functionalized highly specific suicide inhibitors of glycosidases. These so-called activity-based probes allow unprecedented visualization of glycosidases cross-species. Here, special attention is paid on the use of such probes in plant science that promote the discovery of novel enzymes and the identification of potential therapeutic inhibitors and chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiani Kytidou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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20
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Brandon AG, Scheller HV. Engineering of Bioenergy Crops: Dominant Genetic Approaches to Improve Polysaccharide Properties and Composition in Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:282. [PMID: 32218797 PMCID: PMC7078332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, sustainable production of lignocellulosic bioenergy from biomass will depend on a variety of dedicated bioenergy crops. Despite their great genetic diversity, prospective bioenergy crops share many similarities in the polysaccharide composition of their cell walls, and the changes needed to optimize them for conversion are largely universal. Therefore, biomass modification strategies that do not depend on genetic background or require mutant varieties are extremely valuable. Due to their preferential fermentation and conversion by microorganisms downstream, the ideal bioenergy crop should contain a high proportion of C6-sugars in polysaccharides like cellulose, callose, galactan, and mixed-linkage glucans. In addition, the biomass should be reduced in inhibitors of fermentation like pentoses and acetate. Finally, the overall complexity of the plant cell wall should be modified to reduce its recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction in ways that do no compromise plant health or come at a yield penalty. This review will focus on progress in the use of a variety of genetically dominant strategies to reach these ideals. Due to the breadth and volume of research in the field of lignin bioengineering, this review will instead focus on approaches to improve polysaccharide component plant biomass. Carbohydrate content can be dramatically increased by transgenic overexpression of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Additionally, the recalcitrance of the cell wall can be reduced via the overexpression of native or non-native carbohydrate active enzymes like glycosyl hydrolases or carbohydrate esterases. Some research in this area has focused on engineering plants that accumulate cell wall-degrading enzymes that are sequestered to organelles or only active at very high temperatures. The rationale being that, in order to avoid potential negative effects of cell wall modification during plant growth, the enzymes could be activated post-harvest, and post-maturation of the cell wall. A potentially significant limitation of this approach is that at harvest, the cell wall is heavily lignified, making the substrates for these enzymes inaccessible and their activity ineffective. Therefore, this review will only include research employing enzymes that are at least partially active under the ambient conditions of plant growth and cell wall development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Brandon
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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21
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Deo TG, Ferreira RCU, Lara LAC, Moraes ACL, Alves-Pereira A, de Oliveira FA, Garcia AAF, Santos MF, Jank L, de Souza AP. High-Resolution Linkage Map With Allele Dosage Allows the Identification of Regions Governing Complex Traits and Apospory in Guinea Grass ( Megathyrsus maximus). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:15. [PMID: 32161603 PMCID: PMC7054243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Forage grasses are mainly used in animal feed to fatten cattle and dairy herds, and guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) is considered one of the most productive of the tropical forage crops that reproduce by seeds. Due to the recent process of domestication, this species has several genomic complexities, such as autotetraploidy and aposporous apomixis. Consequently, approaches that relate phenotypic and genotypic data are incipient. In this context, we built a linkage map with allele dosage and generated novel information of the genetic architecture of traits that are important for the breeding of M. maximus. From a full-sib progeny, a linkage map containing 858 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with allele dosage information expected for an autotetraploid was obtained. The high genetic variability of the progeny allowed us to map 10 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to agronomic traits, such as regrowth capacity and total dry matter, and 36 QTLs related to nutritional quality, which were distributed among all homology groups (HGs). Various overlapping regions associated with the quantitative traits suggested QTL hotspots. In addition, we were able to map one locus that controls apospory (apo-locus) in HG II. A total of 55 different gene families involved in cellular metabolism and plant growth were identified from markers adjacent to the QTLs and APOSPORY locus using the Panicum virgatum genome as a reference in comparisons with the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Our results provide a better understanding of the genetic basis of reproduction by apomixis and traits important for breeding programs that considerably influence animal productivity as well as the quality of meat and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris G. Deo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rebecca C. U. Ferreira
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Letícia A. C. Lara
- Genetics Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz,” University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Aline C. L. Moraes
- Plant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda A. de Oliveira
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Antonio A. F. Garcia
- Genetics Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz,” University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Mateus F. Santos
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Liana Jank
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Anete P. de Souza
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Plant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Hoecker N, Honke A, Frey K, Leister D, Schneider A. Homologous Proteins of the Manganese Transporter PAM71 Are Localized in the Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020239. [PMID: 32069796 PMCID: PMC7076475 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast manganese transporter 1 (CMT1) and photosynthesis-affected mutant 71 (PAM71) are two membrane proteins that function sequentially to mediate the passage of manganese across the chloroplast envelope and the thylakoid membrane. CMT1 and PAM71 belong to a small five-member protein family in Arabidopsis thaliana. The other three, photosynthesis-affected mutant 71 like 3 (PML3), PML4 and PML5 are not predicted to reside in chloroplast membranes. In this study, the subcellular localization of PML3:GFP, PML4:GFP and PML5:GFP was determined using transient and stable expression assays. PML3:GFP localizes to the Golgi apparatus, whereas PML4:GFP and PML5:GFP are found in the endoplasmic reticulum. We also examined patterns of PML3, PML4 and PML5 promoter activity. Although the precise expression pattern of each promoter was unique, all three genes were expressed in the leaf vasculature and in roots. Greenhouse grown single mutants pml3, pml4, pml5 and the pml4/pml5 double mutant did not exhibit growth defects, however an inspection of the root growth revealed a difference between pml3 and the other genotypes, including wild-type, in 500 µM manganese growth conditions. Strikingly, overexpression of PML3 resulted in a stunted growth phenotype. Putative functions of PML3, PML4 and PML5 are discussed in light of what is known about PAM71 and CMT1.
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Ameye M, Van Meulebroek L, Meuninck B, Vanhaecke L, Smagghe G, Haesaert G, Audenaert K. Metabolomics Reveal Induction of ROS Production and Glycosylation Events in Wheat Upon Exposure to the Green Leaf Volatile Z-3-Hexenyl Acetate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:596271. [PMID: 33343599 PMCID: PMC7744478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.596271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The activation and priming of plant defense upon perception of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) have often been reported. However, information as to which metabolic pathways in plants are affected by GLVs remains elusive. We report the production of reactive oxygen species in the tip of young wheat leaves followed by activation of antioxidant-related enzyme activity. In this study, we aimed to uncover metabolic signatures upon exposure to the GLV Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z-3-HAC). By using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we observed changes in the phenylpropanoid pathways which yield metabolites that are involved in many anti-oxidative processes. Furthermore, exposure to GLV, followed by infection with Fusarium graminearum (Fg), induced significantly greater changes in the phenylpropanoid pathway compared to a sole Z-3-HAC treatment. Fragmentation of a selection of metabolites, which are significantly more upregulated in the Z-3-HAC + Fg treatment, showed D-glucose to be present as a substructure. This suggests that Z-3-HAC induces early glycosylation processes in plants. Additionally, we identified the presence of hexenyl diglycosides, which indicates that aerial Z-3-HAC is metabolized in the leaves by glycosyltransferases. Together these data indicate that GLV Z-3-HAC is taken up by leaves and incites oxidative stress. This subsequently results in the modulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and an induction of glycosylation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Maarten Ameye,
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bianca Meuninck
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Kris Audenaert,
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Shao W, Sharma R, Clausen MH, Scheller HV. Microscale thermophoresis as a powerful tool for screening glycosyltransferases involved in cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:99. [PMID: 32742297 PMCID: PMC7389378 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and characterization of key enzymes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and modification is fundamental to gain insights into cell wall dynamics. However, it is a challenge that activity assays of glycosyltransferases are very low throughput and acceptor substrates are generally not available. RESULTS We optimized and validated microscale thermophoresis (MST) to achieve high throughput screening for glycosyltransferase substrates. MST is a powerful method for the quantitative analysis of protein-ligand interactions with low sample consumption. The technique is based on the motion of molecules along local temperature gradients, measured by fluorescence changes. We expressed glycosyltransferases as YFP-fusion proteins in tobacco and optimized the MST method to allow the determination of substrate binding affinity without purification of the target protein from the cell lysate. The application of this MST method to the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase AtGALS1 validated the capability to screen both nucleotide-sugar donor substrates and acceptor substrates. We also expanded the application to members of glycosyltransferase family GT61 in sorghum for substrate screening and function prediction. CONCLUSIONS This method is rapid and sensitive to allow determination of both donor and acceptor substrates of glycosyltransferases. MST enables high throughput screening of glycosyltransferases for likely substrates, which will narrow down their in vivo function and help to select candidates for further studies. Additionally, this method gives insight into biochemical mechanism of glycosyltransferase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Shao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Rita Sharma
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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25
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Chhetri HB, Furches A, Macaya-Sanz D, Walker AR, Kainer D, Jones P, Harman-Ware AE, Tschaplinski TJ, Jacobson D, Tuskan GA, DiFazio SP. Genome-Wide Association Study of Wood Anatomical and Morphological Traits in Populus trichocarpa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:545748. [PMID: 33013968 PMCID: PMC7509168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.545748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the genetic mechanisms underlying wood anatomical and morphological traits in Populus trichocarpa, we used 869 unrelated genotypes from a common garden in Clatskanie, Oregon that were previously collected from across the distribution range in western North America. Using GEMMA mixed model analysis, we tested for the association of 25 phenotypic traits and nine multitrait combinations with 6.741 million SNPs covering the entire genome. Broad-sense trait heritabilities ranged from 0.117 to 0.477. Most traits were significantly correlated with geoclimatic variables suggesting a role of climate and geography in shaping the variation of this species. Fifty-seven SNPs from single trait GWAS and 11 SNPs from multitrait GWAS passed an FDR threshold of 0.05, leading to the identification of eight and seven nearby candidate genes, respectively. The percentage of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) by the significant SNPs for both single and multitrait GWAS ranged from 0.01% to 6.18%. To further evaluate the potential roles of candidate genes, we used a multi-omic network containing five additional data sets, including leaf and wood metabolite GWAS layers and coexpression and comethylation networks. We also performed a functional enrichment analysis on coexpression nearest neighbors for each gene model identified by the wood anatomical and morphological trait GWAS analyses. Genes affecting cell wall composition and transport related genes were enriched in wood anatomy and stomatal density trait networks. Signaling and metabolism related genes were also common in networks for stomatal density. For leaf morphology traits (leaf dry and wet weight) the networks were significantly enriched for GO terms related to photosynthetic processes as well as cellular homeostasis. The identified genes provide further insights into the genetic control of these traits, which are important determinants of the suitability and sustainability of improved genotypes for lignocellulosic biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari B. Chhetri
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Anna Furches
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David Macaya-Sanz
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Alejandro R. Walker
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David Kainer
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Piet Jones
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Anne E. Harman-Ware
- Biosciences Center, and National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, and The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Stephen P. DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen P. DiFazio,
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26
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Ebert B, Birdseye D, Liwanag AJM, Laursen T, Rennie EA, Guo X, Catena M, Rautengarten C, Stonebloom SH, Gluza P, Pidatala VR, Andersen MCF, Cheetamun R, Mortimer JC, Heazlewood JL, Bacic A, Clausen MH, Willats WGT, Scheller HV. The Three Members of the Arabidopsis Glycosyltransferase Family 92 are Functional β-1,4-Galactan Synthases. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2624-2636. [PMID: 30184190 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major component of primary cell walls and performs a plethora of functions crucial for plant growth, development and plant-defense responses. Despite the importance of pectic polysaccharides their biosynthesis is poorly understood. Several genes have been implicated in pectin biosynthesis by mutant analysis, but biochemical activity has been shown for very few. We used reverse genetics and biochemical analysis to study members of Glycosyltransferase Family 92 (GT92) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical analysis gave detailed insight into the properties of GALS1 (Galactan synthase 1) and showed galactan synthase activity of GALS2 and GALS3. All proteins are responsible for adding galactose onto existing galactose residues attached to the rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone. Significant GALS activity was observed with galactopentaose as acceptor but longer acceptors are favored. Overexpression of the GALS proteins in Arabidopsis resulted in accumulation of unbranched β-1, 4-galactan. Plants in which all three genes were inactivated had no detectable β-1, 4-galactan, and surprisingly these plants exhibited no obvious developmental phenotypes under standard growth conditions. RG-I in the triple mutants retained branching indicating that the initial Gal substitutions on the RG-I backbone are added by enzymes different from GALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devon Birdseye
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - April J M Liwanag
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emilie A Rennie
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michela Catena
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Solomon H Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pawel Gluza
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Venkataramana R Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mathias C F Andersen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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27
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Xu X, Chen Z, Shi YF, Wang HM, He Y, Shi L, Chen T, Wu JL, Zhang XB. Functional inactivation of OsGCNT induces enhanced disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:264. [PMID: 30382816 PMCID: PMC6211509 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted-leaf mutants are important to reveal programmed cell death and defense-related pathways in rice. We previously characterized the phenotype performance of a rice spotted-leaf mutant spl21 and narrowed down the causal gene locus spl21(t) to an 87-kb region in chromosome 12 by map-based cloning. RESULT We showed that a single base substitution from A to G at position 836 in the coding sequence of Oryza sativa beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (OsGCNT), effectively mutating Tyr to Cys at position 279 in the translated protein sequence, was responsible for the spotted-leaf phenotype as it could be rescued by functional complementation. Compared to the wild type IR64, the spotted-leaf mutant spl21 exhibited loss of chlorophyll, breakdown of chloroplasts, down-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes, and up-regulation of senescence associated genes, which indicated that OsGCNT regulates premature leaf senescence. Moreover, the enhanced resistance to the bacterial leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, up-regulation of pathogenesis-related genes and increased level of jasmonate which suggested that OsGCNT is a negative regulator of defense response in rice. OsGCNT was expressed constitutively in the leaves, sheaths, stems, roots, and panicles, and OsGCNT-GFP was localized to the Golgi apparatus. High throughput RNA sequencing analysis provided further evidence for the biological effects of loss of OsGCNT function on cell death, premature leaf senescence and enhanced disease resistance in rice. Thus, we demonstrated that the novel OsGCNT regulated rice innate immunity and immunity-associated leaf senescence probably by changing the jasmonate metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that a novel gene Oryza sativa beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (OsGCNT) is responsible for the spotted-leaf mutant spl21, and OsGCNT acts as a negative-regulator mediating defense response and immunity-associated premature leaf senescence probably by activating jasmonate signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Yong-feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Hui-mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jian-li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiao-bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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28
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Takenaka Y, Kato K, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Tsuruhama K, Kajiura H, Yagyu K, Takeda A, Takeda Y, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Kuroha T, Nishitani K, Matsubayashi Y, Ishimizu T. Pectin RG-I rhamnosyltransferases represent a novel plant-specific glycosyltransferase family. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:669-676. [PMID: 30082766 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is one of the three key cell wall polysaccharides in land plants and consists of three major structural domains: homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and RG-II. Although the glycosyltransferase required for the synthesis of the homogalacturonan and RG-II backbone was identified a decade ago, those for the synthesis of the RG-I backbone, which consists of the repeating disaccharide unit [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalUA-(1→], have remained unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of Arabidopsis RG-I:rhamnosyltransferases (RRTs), which transfer the rhamnose residue from UDP-β-L-rhamnose to RG-I oligosaccharides. RRT1, which is one of the four Arabidopsis RRTs, is a single-spanning transmembrane protein, localized to the Golgi apparatus. RRT1 was highly expressed during formation of the seed coat mucilage, which is a specialized cell wall with abundant RG-I. Loss-of-function mutation in RRT1 caused a reduction in the level of RG-I in the seed coat mucilage. The RRTs belong to a novel glycosyltransferase family, now designated GT106. This is a large plant-specific family, and glycosyltransferases in this family seem to have plant-specific roles, such as biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takenaka
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kohei Kato
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kana Tsuruhama
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kenta Yagyu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
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29
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Li K, Chen Y, Luo Y, Huang F, Zhao C, Cheng F, Xiang X, Pan G. A 22-bp deletion in OsPLS3 gene encoding a DUF266-containing protein is implicated in rice leaf senescence. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:19-32. [PMID: 30117035 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Key message The OsPLS3 locus was isolated by map-based cloning that encodes a DUF266-containing protein. OsPLS3 regulates the onset of leaf senescence in rice. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are one of the most important enzyme groups required for the modification of plant secondary metabolites and play a crucial role in plant growth and development, however the biological functions of most GTs remain elusive. We reported here the identification and characterization of a novel Oryza sativa premature leaf senescence mutant (ospls3). Through map-based cloning strategy, we determined that 22-bp deletion in the OsPLS3 gene encoding a domain of unknown function 266 (DUF266)-containing protein, a member of GT14-like, underlies the premature leaf senescence phenotype in the ospls3 mutant. The OsPLS3 mRNA levels progressively declined with the age-dependent leaf senescence in wild-type rice, implying a negative role of OsPLS3 in regulating leaf senescence. Physiological analysis, and histochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy assays indicated that the ospls3 mutant accumulated higher levels of ethylene and reactive oxygen species than its wild type. Furthermore, the ospls3 mutant showed hypersensitivity to exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, H2O2 and high level of cytokinins. Our results indicated that the DUF266-containing gene OsPLS3 plays an important role in the onset of leaf senescence, in part through cytokinin and ethylene signaling in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Li
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaodong Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fudeng Huang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangmin Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xiang
- Experimental Teaching Center, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Pan
- Department of Agronomy, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Seifert GJ. Mad moves of the building blocks - nucleotide sugars find unexpected paths into cell walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:905-907. [PMID: 29796610 PMCID: PMC6019018 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Zhao X, Liu N, Shang N, et al. 2018. Three UDP-xylose transporters (UXTs) participate in xylan biosynthesis by conveying cytosolic UDP-xylose into the Golgi lumen in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 69, 1125–1134..
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg J Seifert
- University of Natural Resources and Life Science, BOKU Vienna, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Verbančič J, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Persson S. Carbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wall Synthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:75-94. [PMID: 29054565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of polysaccharides and represent the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both for individual plants and in the terrestrial biosphere as a whole. Cell wall synthesis is a highly sophisticated process, involving multiple enzymes and metabolic intermediates, intracellular trafficking of proteins and cell wall precursors, assembly of cell wall polymers into the extracellular matrix, remodeling of polymers and their interactions, and recycling of cell wall sugars. In this review we discuss how newly fixed carbon, in the form of UDP-glucose and other nucleotide sugars, contributes to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, and how cell wall synthesis is influenced by the carbon status of the plant, with a focus on the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Sarma S, Lodha M. Phylogenetic relationship and domain organisation of SET domain proteins of Archaeplastida. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:238. [PMID: 29228906 PMCID: PMC5725981 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SET is a conserved protein domain with methyltransferase activity. Several genome and transcriptome data in plant lineage (Archaeplastida) are available but status of SET domain proteins in most of the plant lineage is not comprehensively analysed. RESULTS In this study phylogeny and domain organisation of 506 computationally identified SET domain proteins from 16 members of plant lineage (Archaeplastida) are presented. SET domain proteins of rice and Arabidopsis are used as references. This analysis revealed conserved as well as unique features of SET domain proteins in Archaeplastida. SET domain proteins of plant lineage can be categorised into five classes- E(z), Ash, Trx, Su(var) and Orphan. Orphan class of SET proteins contain unique domains predominantly in early Archaeplastida. Contrary to previous study, this study shows first appearance of several domains like SRA on SET domain proteins in chlorophyta instead of bryophyta. CONCLUSION The present study is a framework to experimentally characterize SET domain proteins in plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sarma
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - Mukesh Lodha
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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Schönhals EM, Ding J, Ritter E, Paulo MJ, Cara N, Tacke E, Hofferbert HR, Lübeck J, Strahwald J, Gebhardt C. Physical mapping of QTL for tuber yield, starch content and starch yield in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by means of genome wide genotyping by sequencing and the 8.3 K SolCAP SNP array. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:642. [PMID: 28830357 PMCID: PMC5567664 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuber yield and starch content of the cultivated potato are complex traits of decisive importance for breeding improved varieties. Natural variation of tuber yield and starch content depends on the environment and on multiple, mostly unknown genetic factors. Dissection and molecular identification of the genes and their natural allelic variants controlling these complex traits will lead to the development of diagnostic DNA-based markers, by which precision and efficiency of selection can be increased (precision breeding). Results Three case-control populations were assembled from tetraploid potato cultivars based on maximizing the differences between high and low tuber yield (TY), starch content (TSC) and starch yield (TSY, arithmetic product of TY and TSC). The case-control populations were genotyped by restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and the 8.3 k SolCAP SNP genotyping array. The allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between cases and controls. RADseq identified, depending on data filtering criteria, between 6664 and 450 genes with one or more differential SNPs for one, two or all three traits. Differential SNPs in 275 genes were detected using the SolCAP array. A genome wide association study using the SolCAP array on an independent, unselected population identified SNPs associated with tuber starch content in 117 genes. Physical mapping of the genes containing differential or associated SNPs, and comparisons between the two genome wide genotyping methods and two different populations identified genome segments on all twelve potato chromosomes harboring one or more quantitative trait loci (QTL) for TY, TSC and TSY. Conclusions Several hundred genes control tuber yield and starch content in potato. They are unequally distributed on all potato chromosomes, forming clusters between 0.5–4 Mbp width. The largest fraction of these genes had unknown function, followed by genes with putative signalling and regulatory functions. The genetic control of tuber yield and starch content is interlinked. Most differential SNPs affecting both traits had antagonistic effects: The allele increasing TY decreased TSC and vice versa. Exceptions were 89 SNP alleles which had synergistic effects on TY, TSC and TSY. These and the corresponding genes are primary targets for developing diagnostic markers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3979-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elske Maria Schönhals
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jia Ding
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicolás Cara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Lübeck
- SaKa-Pflanzenzucht GmbH & Co. KG, Windeby, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Gebhardt
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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Welner DH, Shin D, Tomaleri GP, DeGiovanni AM, Tsai AYL, Tran HM, Hansen SF, Green DT, Scheller HV, Adams PD. Plant cell wall glycosyltransferases: High-throughput recombinant expression screening and general requirements for these challenging enzymes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177591. [PMID: 28598995 PMCID: PMC5466300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of plant cell wall glycosyltransferases is a critical step towards understanding the biosynthesis of the complex plant cell wall, and ultimately for efficient engineering of biofuel and agricultural crops. The majority of these enzymes have proven very difficult to obtain in the needed amount and purity for such molecular studies, and recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferase production efforts have largely failed. A daunting number of strategies can be employed to overcome this challenge, including optimization of DNA and protein sequences, choice of expression organism, expression conditions, co-expression partners, purification methods, and optimization of protein solubility and stability. Hence researchers are presented with thousands of potential conditions to test. Ultimately, the subset of conditions that will be sampled depends on practical considerations and prior knowledge of the enzyme(s) being studied. We have developed a rational approach to this process. We devise a pipeline comprising in silico selection of targets and construct design, and high-throughput expression screening, target enrichment, and hit identification. We have applied this pipeline to a test set of Arabidopsis thaliana cell wall glycosyltransferases known to be challenging to obtain in soluble form, as well as to a library of cell wall glycosyltransferases from other plants including agricultural and biofuel crops. The screening results suggest that recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferases in general have a very low soluble:insoluble ratio in lysates from heterologous expression cultures, and that co-expression of chaperones as well as lysis buffer optimization can increase this ratio. We have applied the identified preferred conditions to Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, and processed this enzyme to near-purity in unprecedented milligram amounts. The obtained preparation of Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 has the expected arabinopyranose mutase and autoglycosylation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Hededam Welner
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David Shin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Giovani P. Tomaleri
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andy M. DeGiovanni
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Yi-Lin Tsai
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Huu M. Tran
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Fasmer Hansen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Yang Y, Yoo CG, Guo HB, Rottmann W, Winkeler KA, Collins CM, Gunter LE, Jawdy SS, Yang X, Guo H, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Tuskan GA, Chen JG. Overexpression of a Domain of Unknown Function 266-containing protein results in high cellulose content, reduced recalcitrance, and enhanced plant growth in the bioenergy crop Populus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:74. [PMID: 28344649 PMCID: PMC5364563 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domain of Unknown Function 266 (DUF266) is a plant-specific domain. DUF266-containing proteins (DUF266 proteins) have been categorized as 'not classified glycosyltransferases (GTnc)' due to amino acid similarity with GTs. However, little is known about the function of DUF266 proteins. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that DUF266 proteins are only present in the land plants including moss and lycophyte. We report the functional characterization of one member of DUF266 proteins in Populus, PdDUF266A. PdDUF266A was ubiquitously expressed with high abundance in the xylem. In Populus transgenic plants overexpressing PdDUF266A (OXPdDUF266A), the glucose and cellulose contents were significantly higher, while the lignin content was lower than that in the wild type. Degree of polymerization of cellulose in OXPdDUF266A transgenic plants was also higher, whereas cellulose crystallinity index remained unchanged. Gene expression analysis indicated that cellulose biosynthesis-related genes such as CESA and SUSY were upregulated in mature leaf and xylem of OXPdDUF266A transgenic plants. Moreover, PdDUF266A overexpression resulted in an increase of biomass production. Their glucose contents and biomass phenotypes were further validated via heterologous expression of PdDUF266A in Arabidopsis. Results from saccharification treatment demonstrated that the rate of sugar release was increased by approximately 38% in the OXPdDUF266A transgenic plants. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the overexpression of PdDUF266A can increase cellulose content, reduce recalcitrance, and enhance biomass production, and that PdDUF266A is a promising target for genetic manipulation for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongil Yang
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Hao-Bo Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | | | | | | | - Lee E. Gunter
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sara S. Jawdy
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Yahyaa M, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Eyal Y, Sheachter A, Marzouk S, Lewinsohn E, Ibdah M. Identification and characterization of UDP-glucose:Phloretin 4'-O-glycosyltransferase from Malus x domestica Borkh. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 130:47-55. [PMID: 27316677 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apples (Malus x domestica Brokh.) are among the world's most important food crops with nutritive and medicinal importance. Many of the health beneficial properties of apple fruit are suggested to be due to (poly)phenolic metabolites, including various dihydrochalcones. Although many of the genes and enzymes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis are known in many plant species, the specific reactions that lead to the biosynthesis of the sweet tasting dihydrochalcones, such as trilobatin, are unknown. To identify candidate genes for involvement in the glycosylation of dihydrochalcones, existing genome databases of the Rosaceae were screened for apple genes with significant sequence similarity to Bacillus subtilis phloretin glycosyltransferase. Herein reported is the identification and functional characterization of a Malus x domestica gene encoding phloretin-4'-O-glycosyltransferase designated MdPh-4'-OGT. Recombinant MdPh-4'-OGT protein glycosylates phloretin in the presence of UDP-glucose into trilobatin in vitro. Its apparent Km values for phloretin and UDP-glucose were 26.1 μM and 1.2 mM, respectively. Expression analysis of the MdPh-4'-OGT gene indicated that its transcript levels showed significant variation in apple tissues of different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab Yahyaa
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | | | - Yoram Eyal
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Alona Sheachter
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Sally Marzouk
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
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Verger S, Chabout S, Gineau E, Mouille G. Cell adhesion in plants is under the control of putative O-fucosyltransferases. Development 2016; 143:2536-40. [PMID: 27317803 PMCID: PMC4958334 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell adhesion in plants is mediated by the cell wall and the presence of a pectin-rich middle lamella. However, we know very little about how the plant actually controls and maintains cell adhesion during growth and development and how it deals with the dynamic cell wall remodeling that takes place. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms that control cell adhesion in plants. We carried out a genetic suppressor screen and a genetic analysis of cell adhesion-defective Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. We identified a genetic suppressor of a cell adhesion defect affecting a putative O-fucosyltransferase. Furthermore, we show that the state of cell adhesion is not directly linked with pectin content in the cell wall but instead is associated with altered pectin-related signaling. Our results suggest that cell adhesion is under the control of a feedback signal from the state of the pectin in the cell wall. Such a mechanism could be necessary for the control and maintenance of cell adhesion during growth and development. Highlighted article: Pectin-related signaling, rather than absolute pectin levels, are proposed to contribute to cell adhesion during growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Verger
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Salem Chabout
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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Stonebloom S, Ebert B, Xiong G, Pattathil S, Birdseye D, Lao J, Pauly M, Hahn MG, Heazlewood JL, Scheller HV. A DUF-246 family glycosyltransferase-like gene affects male fertility and the biosynthesis of pectic arabinogalactans. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27091363 PMCID: PMC4836069 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are a group of structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides whose biosynthesis and function remain poorly understood. The pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) has two types of arabinogalactan side chains, type-I and type-II arabinogalactans. To date few enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pectin have been described. Here we report the identification of a highly conserved putative glycosyltransferase encoding gene, Pectic ArabinoGalactan synthesis-Related (PAGR), affecting the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and critical for pollen tube growth. RESULTS T-DNA insertions in PAGR were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and were found to segregate at a 1:1 ratio of heterozygotes to wild type. We were unable to isolate homozygous pagr mutants as pagr mutant alleles were not transmitted via pollen. In vitro pollen germination assays revealed reduced rates of pollen tube formation in pollen from pagr heterozygotes. To characterize a loss-of-function phenotype for PAGR, the Nicotiana benthamiana orthologs, NbPAGR-A and B, were transiently silenced using Virus Induced Gene Silencing. NbPAGR-silenced plants exhibited reduced internode and petiole expansion. Cell wall materials from NbPAGR-silenced plants had reduced galactose content compared to the control. Immunological and linkage analyses support that RG-I has reduced type-I arabinogalactan content and reduced branching of the RG-I backbone in NbPAGR-silenced plants. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing PAGR exhibit pleiotropic developmental phenotypes and the loss of apical dominance as well as an increase in RG-I type-II arabinogalactan content. CONCLUSIONS Together, results support a function for PAGR in the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and illustrate the essential roles of these polysaccharides in vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Stonebloom
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Ebert
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guangyan Xiong
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Devon Birdseye
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Wang X, Fan R, Li J, Li C, Zhang Y. Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Novel (Iso)flavone 4',7-O-diglucoside Glucosyltransferase from Pueraria lobata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:387. [PMID: 27066037 PMCID: PMC4814453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pueraria lobata roots accumulate a rich source of isoflavonoid glycosides, including 7-O- and 4'-O-mono-glucosides, and 4',7-O-diglucosides, which have numerous human health benefits. Although, isoflavonoid 7-O-glucosyltranferases (7-O-UGTs) have been well-characterized at molecular levels in legume plants, genes, or enzymes that are required for isoflavonoid 4'-O- and 4',7-O-glucosylation have not been identified in P. lobata to date. Especially for the 4',7-O-di-glucosylations, the genetic control for this tailing process has never been elucidated from any plant species. Through transcriptome mining, we describe here the identification and characterization of a novel UGT (designated PlUGT2) governing the isoflavonoid 4',7-O-di-glucosylations in P. lobata. Biochemical roles of PlUGT2 were assessed by in vitro assays with PlUGT2 protein produced in Escherichia coli and analyzed for its qualitative substrate specificity. PlUGT2 was active with various (iso)flavonoid acceptors, catalyzing consecutive glucosylation activities at their O-4' and O-7 positions. PlUGT2 was most active with genistein, a general isoflavone in legume plants. Real-time PCR analysis showed that PlUGT2 is preferentially transcribed in roots relative to other organs of P. lobata, which is coincident with the accumulation pattern of 4'-O-glucosides and 4',7-O-diglucosides in P. lobata. The identification of PlUGT2 would help to decipher the P. lobata isoflavonoid glucosylations in vivo and may provide a useful enzyme catalyst for an efficient biotransformation of isoflavones or other natural products for food or pharmacological purposes.
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Biselli C, Bagnaresi P, Cavalluzzo D, Urso S, Desiderio F, Orasen G, Gianinetti A, Righettini F, Gennaro M, Perrini R, Ben Hassen M, Sacchi GA, Cattivelli L, Valè G. Deep sequencing transcriptional fingerprinting of rice kernels for dissecting grain quality traits. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1091. [PMID: 26689934 PMCID: PMC4687084 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice represents one the most important foods all over the world. In Europe, Italy is the first rice producer and Italian production is driven by tradition and quality. All main rice grain quality traits, like cooking properties, texture, gelatinization temperature, chalkiness and yield, are related to the content and composition of starch and seed-storage proteins in the endosperm and to grain shape. In addition, a number of nutraceutical compounds and allergens are known to have a significant effect on grain quality determination. To investigate the genetic bases underlying the qualitative differences that characterize traditional Italian rice cultivars, a comparative RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analysis of developing caryopsis was conducted at 14 days after flowering on six popular Italian varieties (Carnaroli, Arborio, Balilla, Vialone Nano, Gigante Vercelli and Volano) phenotypically differing for qualitative grain-related traits. RESULTS Co-regulation analyses of differentially expressed genes showing the same expression patterns in the six genotypes highlighted clusters of loci up or down-regulated in specific varieties, with respect to the others. Among them, we detected loci involved in cell wall biosynthesis, protein metabolism and redox homeostasis, classes of genes affecting in chalkiness determination. Moreover, loci encoding for seed-storage proteins, allergens or involved in the biosynthesis of specific nutraceutical compounds were also present and specifically regulated in the different clusters. A wider investigation of all the DEGs detected in pair-wise comparisons revealed transcriptional variation, among the six genotypes, for quality-related loci involved in starch biosynthesis (e.g. GBSSI, starch synthases and AGPase), genes encoding for transcription factors, additional seed storage proteins, allergens or belonging to additional nutraceutical compounds biosynthetic pathways and loci affecting grain size. Putative functional SNPs associated to amylose content in starch, gelatinization temperature and grain size were also identified. CONCLUSIONS The present work represents a more extended phenotypic characterization of a set of rice accessions that present a wider genetic variability than described nowadays in literature. The results provide the first transcriptional picture for several of the grain quality differences observed among the Italian rice varieties analyzed and reveal that each variety is characterized by the over-expression of a peculiar set of loci affecting grain appearance and quality. A list of candidates and SNPs affecting specific grain properties has been identified offering a starting point for further works aimed to characterize genes and molecular markers for breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Biselli
- CREA- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rice research unit, S. S. 11 to Torino Km 2,5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy. .,CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), 29017, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), 29017, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cavalluzzo
- CREA- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rice research unit, S. S. 11 to Torino Km 2,5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy.
| | - Simona Urso
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), 29017, Italy.
| | - Francesca Desiderio
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), 29017, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Orasen
- CREA- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rice research unit, S. S. 11 to Torino Km 2,5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy. .,DiSAA - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Alberto Gianinetti
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), 29017, Italy.
| | - Federico Righettini
- DiSAA - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Massimo Gennaro
- CREA- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rice research unit, S. S. 11 to Torino Km 2,5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Perrini
- CREA- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rice research unit, S. S. 11 to Torino Km 2,5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy.
| | - Manel Ben Hassen
- CREA- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rice research unit, S. S. 11 to Torino Km 2,5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy. .,DiSAA - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Gian Attilio Sacchi
- DiSAA - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), 29017, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Valè
- CREA- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rice research unit, S. S. 11 to Torino Km 2,5, Vercelli, 13100, Italy. .,CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), 29017, Italy.
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George IS, Pascovici D, Mirzaei M, Haynes PA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of cabernet sauvignon grape cells exposed to thermal stresses reveals alterations in sugar and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Proteomics 2015; 15:3048-60. [PMID: 25959233 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are a valuable fruit crop and wine production is a major industry. Global warming and expanded range of cultivation will expose grapes to more temperature stresses in future. Our study investigated protein level responses to abiotic stresses, with particular reference to proteomic changes induced by the impact of four different temperature stress regimes, including both hot and cold temperatures, on cultured grape cells. Cabernet Sauvignon cell suspension cultures grown at 26°C were subjected to 14 h of exposure to 34 and 42°C for heat stress, and 18 and 10°C for cold stress. Cells from the five temperatures were harvested in biological triplicates and label-free quantitative shotgun proteomic analysis was performed. A total of 2042 non-redundant proteins were identified from the five temperature points. Fifty-five proteins were only detected in extreme heat stress conditions (42°C) and 53 proteins were only detected at extreme cold stress conditions (10°C). Gene Ontology (GO) annotations of differentially expressed proteins provided insights into the metabolic pathways that are involved in temperature stress in grape cells. Sugar metabolism displayed switching between alternative and classical pathways during temperature stresses. Additionally, nine proteins involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were greatly increased in abundance at extreme cold stress, and were thus found to be cold-responsive proteins. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000977 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000977).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniga S George
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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42
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Mikkelsen MD, Harholt J, Ulvskov P, Johansen IE, Fangel JU, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Willats WGT. Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in charophyte green algae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1217-36. [PMID: 25204387 PMCID: PMC4195564 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The charophyte green algae (CGA) are thought to be the closest living relatives to the land plants, and ancestral CGA were unique in giving rise to the land plant lineage. The cell wall has been suggested to be a defining structure that enabled the green algal ancestor to colonize land. These cell walls provide support and protection, are a source of signalling molecules, and provide developmental cues for cell differentiation and elongation. The cell wall of land plants is a highly complex fibre composite, characterized by cellulose cross-linked by non-cellulosic polysaccharides, such as xyloglucan, embedded in a matrix of pectic polysaccharides. How the land plant cell wall evolved is currently unknown: early-divergent chlorophyte and prasinophyte algae genomes contain a low number of glycosyl transferases (GTs), while land plants contain hundreds. The number of GTs in CGA is currently unknown, as no genomes are available, so this study sought to give insight into the evolution of the biosynthetic machinery of CGA through an analysis of available transcriptomes. METHODS Available CGA transcriptomes were mined for cell wall biosynthesis GTs and compared with GTs characterized in land plants. In addition, gene cloning was employed in two cases to answer important evolutionary questions. KEY RESULTS Genetic evidence was obtained indicating that many of the most important core cell wall polysaccharides have their evolutionary origins in the CGA, including cellulose, mannan, xyloglucan, xylan and pectin, as well as arabino-galactan protein. Moreover, two putative cellulose synthase-like D family genes (CSLDs) from the CGA species Coleochaete orbicularis and a fragment of a putative CSLA/K-like sequence from a CGA Spirogyra species were cloned, providing the first evidence that all the cellulose synthase/-like genes present in early-divergent land plants were already present in CGA. CONCLUSIONS The results provide new insights into the evolution of cell walls and support the notion that the CGA were pre-adapted to life on land by virtue of the their cell wall biosynthetic capacity. These findings are highly significant for understanding plant cell wall evolution as they imply that some features of land plant cell walls evolved prior to the transition to land, rather than having evolved as a result of selection pressures inherent in this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ida E Johansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Lao J, Oikawa A, Bromley JR, McInerney P, Suttangkakul A, Smith-Moritz AM, Plahar H, Chiu TY, González Fernández-Niño SM, Ebert B, Yang F, Christiansen KM, Hansen SF, Stonebloom S, Adams PD, Ronald PC, Hillson NJ, Hadi MZ, Vega-Sánchez ME, Loqué D, Scheller HV, Heazlewood JL. The plant glycosyltransferase clone collection for functional genomics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:517-29. [PMID: 24905498 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The glycosyltransferases (GTs) are an important and functionally diverse family of enzymes involved in glycan and glycoside biosynthesis. Plants have evolved large families of GTs which undertake the array of glycosylation reactions that occur during plant development and growth. Based on the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) database, the genome of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana codes for over 450 GTs, while the rice genome (Oryza sativa) contains over 600 members. Collectively, GTs from these reference plants can be classified into over 40 distinct GT families. Although these enzymes are involved in many important plant specific processes such as cell-wall and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, few have been functionally characterized. We have sought to develop a plant GTs clone resource that will enable functional genomic approaches to be undertaken by the plant research community. In total, 403 (88%) of CAZy defined Arabidopsis GTs have been cloned, while 96 (15%) of the GTs coded by rice have been cloned. The collection resulted in the update of a number of Arabidopsis GT gene models. The clones represent full-length coding sequences without termination codons and are Gateway® compatible. To demonstrate the utility of this JBEI GT Collection, a set of efficient particle bombardment plasmids (pBullet) was also constructed with markers for the endomembrane. The utility of the pBullet collection was demonstrated by localizing all members of the Arabidopsis GT14 family to the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Updates to these resources are available at the JBEI GT Collection website http://www.addgene.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeemeng Lao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Mewalal R, Mizrachi E, Mansfield SD, Myburg AA. Cell wall-related proteins of unknown function: missing links in plant cell wall development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1031-43. [PMID: 24683037 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an important feedstock for the pulp and paper industry as well as emerging biofuel and biomaterial industries. However, the recalcitrance of the secondary cell wall to chemical or enzymatic degradation remains a major hurdle for efficient extraction of economically important biopolymers such as cellulose. It has been estimated that approximately 10-15% of about 27,000 protein-coding genes in the Arabidopsis genome are dedicated to cell wall development; however, only about 130 Arabidopsis genes thus far have experimental evidence validating cell wall function. While many genes have been implicated through co-expression analysis with known genes, a large number are broadly classified as proteins of unknown function (PUFs). Recently the functionality of some of these unknown proteins in cell wall development has been revealed using reverse genetic approaches. Given the large number of cell wall-related PUFs, how do we approach and subsequently prioritize the investigation of such unknown genes that may be essential to or influence plant cell wall development and structure? Here, we address the aforementioned question in two parts; we first identify the different kinds of PUFs based on known and predicted features such as protein domains. Knowledge of inherent features of PUFs may allow for functional inference and a concomitant link to biological context. Secondly, we discuss omics-based technologies and approaches that are helping identify and prioritize cell wall-related PUFs by functional association. In this way, hypothesis-driven experiments can be designed for functional elucidation of many proteins that remain missing links in our understanding of plant cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Mewalal
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Hansen BO, Vaid N, Musialak-Lange M, Janowski M, Mutwil M. Elucidating gene function and function evolution through comparison of co-expression networks of plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:394. [PMID: 25191328 PMCID: PMC4137175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of gene expression data has shown that transcriptionally coordinated (co-expressed) genes are often functionally related, enabling scientists to use expression data in gene function prediction. This Focused Review discusses our original paper (Large-scale co-expression approach to dissect secondary cell wall formation across plant species, Frontiers in Plant Science 2:23). In this paper we applied cross-species analysis to co-expression networks of genes involved in cellulose biosynthesis. We showed that the co-expression networks from different species are highly similar, indicating that whole biological pathways are conserved across species. This finding has two important implications. First, the analysis can transfer gene function annotation from well-studied plants, such as Arabidopsis, to other, uncharacterized plant species. As the analysis finds genes that have similar sequence and similar expression pattern across different organisms, functionally equivalent genes can be identified. Second, since co-expression analyses are often noisy, a comparative analysis should have higher performance, as parts of co-expression networks that are conserved are more likely to be functionally relevant. In this Focused Review, we outline the comparative analysis done in the original paper and comment on the recent advances and approaches that allow comparative analyses of co-function networks. We hypothesize that in comparison to simple co-expression analysis, comparative analysis would yield more accurate gene function predictions. Finally, by combining comparative analysis with genomic information of green plants, we propose a possible composition of cellulose biosynthesis machinery during earlier stages of plant evolution.
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46
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Kumar S, Kumar K, Pandey P, Rajamani V, Padmalatha KV, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Leelavathi S, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Glycoproteome of elongating cotton fiber cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3677-89. [PMID: 24019148 PMCID: PMC3861716 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton ovule epidermal cell differentiation into long fibers primarily depends on wall-oriented processes such as loosening, elongation, remodeling, and maturation. Such processes are governed by cell wall bound structural proteins and interacting carbohydrate active enzymes. Glycosylation plays a major role in the structural, functional, and localization aspects of the cell wall and extracellular destined proteins. Elucidating the glycoproteome of fiber cells would reflect its wall composition as well as compartmental requirement, which must be system specific. Following complementary proteomic approaches, we have identified 334 unique proteins comprising structural and regulatory families. Glycopeptide-based enrichment followed by deglycosylation with PNGase F and A revealed 92 unique peptides containing 106 formerly N-linked glycosylated sites from 67 unique proteins. Our results showed that structural proteins like arabinogalactans and carbohydrate active enzymes were relatively more abundant and showed stage- and isoform-specific expression patterns in the differentiating fiber cell. Furthermore, our data also revealed the presence of heterogeneous and novel forms of structural and regulatory glycoproteins. Comparative analysis with other plant glycoproteomes highlighted the unique composition of the fiber glycoproteome. The present study provides the first insight into the identity, abundance, diversity, and composition of the glycoproteome within single celled cotton fibers. The elucidated composition also indirectly provides clues about unicellular compartmental requirements underlying single cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kumar
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Rajamani
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Gurusamy Dhandapani
- §National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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Ulvskov P, Paiva DS, Domozych D, Harholt J. Classification, naming and evolutionary history of glycosyltransferases from sequenced green and red algal genomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76511. [PMID: 24146880 PMCID: PMC3797821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Archaeplastida consists of three lineages, Rhodophyta, Virideplantae and Glaucophyta. The extracellular matrix of most members of the Rhodophyta and Viridiplantae consists of carbohydrate-based or a highly glycosylated protein-based cell wall while the Glaucophyte covering is poorly resolved. In order to elucidate possible evolutionary links between the three advanced lineages in Archaeplastida, a genomic analysis was initiated. Fully sequenced genomes from the Rhodophyta and Virideplantae and the well-defined CAZy database on glycosyltransferases were included in the analysis. The number of glycosyltransferases found in the Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta are generally much lower then in land plants (Embryophyta). Three specific features exhibited by land plants increase the number of glycosyltransferases in their genomes: (1) cell wall biosynthesis, the more complex land plant cell walls require a larger number of glycosyltransferases for biosynthesis, (2) a richer set of protein glycosylation, and (3) glycosylation of secondary metabolites, demonstrated by a large proportion of family GT1 being involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In a comparative analysis of polysaccharide biosynthesis amongst the taxa of this study, clear distinctions or similarities were observed in (1) N-linked protein glycosylation, i.e., Chlorophyta has different mannosylation and glucosylation patterns, (2) GPI anchor biosynthesis, which is apparently missing in the Rhodophyta and truncated in the Chlorophyta, (3) cell wall biosynthesis, where the land plants have unique cell wall related polymers not found in green and red algae, and (4) O-linked glycosylation where comprehensive orthology was observed in glycosylation between the Chlorophyta and land plants but not between the target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dionisio Soares Paiva
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - David Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Wang Y, Mortimer JC, Davis J, Dupree P, Keegstra K. Identification of an additional protein involved in mannan biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:105-17. [PMID: 22966747 PMCID: PMC3558879 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Galactomannans comprise a β-1,4-mannan backbone substituted with α-1,6-galactosyl residues. Genes encoding the enzymes that are primarily responsible for backbone synthesis and side-chain addition of galactomannans were previously identified and characterized. To identify additional genes involved in galactomannan biosynthesis, we previously performed deep EST profiling of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed endosperm, which accumulates large quantities of galactomannans as a reserve carbohydrate during seed development. One of the candidate genes encodes a protein that is likely to be a glycosyltransferase. Because this protein is involved in mannan biosynthesis, we named it 'mannan synthesis-related' (MSR). Here, we report the characterization of a fenugreek MSR gene (TfMSR) and its two Arabidopsis homologs, AtMSR1 and AtMSR2. TfMSR was highly and specifically expressed in the endosperm. TfMSR, AtMSR1 and AtMSR2 proteins were all determined to be localized to the Golgi by fluorescence confocal microscopy. The level of mannosyl residues in stem glucomannans decreased by approximately 40% for Arabidopsis msr1 single T-DNA insertion mutants and by more than 50% for msr1 msr2 double mutants, but remained unchanged for msr2 single mutants. In addition, in vitro mannan synthase activity from the stems of msr1 single and msr1 msr2 double mutants also decreased. Expression of AtMSR1 or AtMSR2 in the msr1 msr2 double mutant completely or partially restored mannosyl levels. From these results, we conclude that the MSR protein is important for mannan biosynthesis, and offer some ideas about its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Davis
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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Liwanag AJM, Ebert B, Verhertbruggen Y, Rennie EA, Rautengarten C, Oikawa A, Andersen MC, Clausen MH, Scheller HV. Pectin biosynthesis: GALS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana is a β-1,4-galactan β-1,4-galactosyltransferase. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5024-36. [PMID: 23243126 PMCID: PMC3556973 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
β-1,4-Galactans are abundant polysaccharides in plant cell walls, which are generally found as side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I. Rhamnogalacturonan I is a major component of pectin with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues and side chains that include α-1,5-arabinans, β-1,4-galactans, and arabinogalactans. Many enzymes are required to synthesize pectin, but few have been identified. Pectin is most abundant in primary walls of expanding cells, but β-1,4-galactan is relatively abundant in secondary walls, especially in tension wood that forms in response to mechanical stress. We investigated enzymes in glycosyltransferase family GT92, which has three members in Arabidopsis thaliana, which we designated GALACTAN SYNTHASE1, (GALS1), GALS2 and GALS3. Loss-of-function mutants in the corresponding genes had a decreased β-1,4-galactan content, and overexpression of GALS1 resulted in plants with 50% higher β-1,4-galactan content. The plants did not have an obvious growth phenotype. Heterologously expressed and affinity-purified GALS1 could transfer Gal residues from UDP-Gal onto β-1,4-galactopentaose. GALS1 specifically formed β-1,4-galactosyl linkages and could add successive β-1,4-galactosyl residues to the acceptor. These observations confirm the identity of the GT92 enzyme as β-1,4-galactan synthase. The identification of this enzyme could provide an important tool for engineering plants with improved bioenergy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Jennifer Madrid Liwanag
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Berit Ebert
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yves Verhertbruggen
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Emilie A. Rennie
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ai Oikawa
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Mathias C.F. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Address correspondence to
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50
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DeBolt S, Estevez JM. Current challenges in plant cell walls: editorial overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:232. [PMID: 23087699 PMCID: PMC3473367 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Jose M. Estevez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, University of Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, IFIByNEBuenos aires, Argentina
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