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Zhang Y, Kong Q, Niu B, Liu R, Chen H, Xiao S, Wu W, Zhang W, Gao H. The dual function of calcium ion in fruit edible coating: Regulating polymer internal crosslinking state and improving fruit postharvest quality. Food Chem 2024; 447:138952. [PMID: 38461720 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The edible coating is proved to be a convenient approach for fruit preservation. Among these published explorations, naturally sourced macromolecules and green crosslinking strategies gain attention. This work centers on edible coatings containing Ca2+ as crosslinker for the first time, delving into crosslinking mechanisms, include alginate, chitosan, Aloe vera gel, gums, etc. Additionally, the crucial functions of Ca2+ in fruit's quality control are also elaborated in-depth, involving cell wall, calmodulin, antioxidant, etc. Through a comprehensive review, it becomes evident that Ca2+ plays a dual role in fruit edible coating. Specifically, Ca2+ constructs a three-dimensional dense network structure with polymers through ionic bonding. Moreover, Ca2+ acts directly with cell wall to maintain fruit firmness and serve as a second messenger to participate secondary physiological metabolism. In brief, coatings containing Ca2+ present remarkable effects in preserving fruit and this work may provide guidance for Ca2+ related fruit preservation coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qi Kong
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ben Niu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Huizhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shangyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Weijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Wanli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Sinclair G, Galarneau ER, Hnizdor JF, McElrone AJ, Walker MA, Bartlett MK. Grape cultivars adapted to hotter, drier growing regions exhibit greater photosynthesis in hot conditions despite less drought-resistant leaves. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:205-218. [PMID: 38477369 PMCID: PMC11232511 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many agricultural areas are expected to face hotter, drier conditions from climate change. Understanding the mechanisms that crops use to mitigate these stresses can guide breeding for more tolerant plant material. We tested relationships between traits, physiological function in hot conditions and historical climate associations to evaluate these mechanisms for winegrapes. We expected a more negative leaf osmotic potential at full hydration (πo), which reduces leaf turgor loss during drought, and either a metabolically cheaper or more osmoprotectant leaf chemical composition, to allow cultivars associated with hot, dry regions to maintain greater gas exchange in hot growing conditions. METHODS We measured πo, gas exchange and leaf chemistry for seven commercially important winegrape cultivars that vary widely in historical climate associations. Vines were grown in common-garden field conditions in a hot wine-growing region (Davis, CA, USA) and measured over the hottest period of the growing season (July-September). KEY RESULTS The value of πo varied significantly between cultivars, and all cultivars significantly reduced πo (osmotically adjusted) over the study period, although osmotic adjustment did not vary across cultivars. The value of πo was correlated with gas exchange and climate associations, but in the direction opposite to expected. Photosynthesis and πo were higher in the cultivars associated with hotter, less humid regions. Leaf chemical composition varied between cultivars but was not related to climate associations. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maintenance of leaf turgor is not a primary limitation on grapevine adaptation to hot or atmospherically dry growing conditions. Thus, selecting for a more negative πo or greater osmotic adjustment is not a promising strategy to develop more climate-resilient grape varieties, contrary to findings for other crops. Future work is needed to identify the mechanisms increasing photosynthesis in the cultivars associated with hot, dry regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sinclair
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erin R Galarneau
- USDA-ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU), Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Josh F Hnizdor
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael Andrew Walker
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Taş EB, Gursoy O, Yilmaz Y. Enhancing the texture and nutritional value of pumpkin dessert/jam through vacuum impregnation pre-treatment with calcium and vitamin D3. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4745-4760. [PMID: 39055208 PMCID: PMC11266892 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study involved fortifying pumpkin slices with calcium and vitamin D3 using vacuum impregnation (VI) pre-treatment and assessing the quality characteristics of the resulting desserts/jams. Slices were subjected to immersion or VI pre-treatments for 30, 60, and 90 min in a solution containing calcium oxide and vitamin D3. Calcium ions contributed to the hardness of desserts, with VI reducing processing time. The highest impregnated calcium (58.17 mg/100 g fw) and vitamin D3 contents (6.02 mg/100 g dm) were determined in slices pre-treated by VI for 90 min. VI was more effective than immersion in terms of calcium and vitamin D3 transition into pumpkin tissues. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated that calcium oxide particles were noticeable in slices pre-treated by VI. Immersing fruit slices for 90 min produced desserts with a textural hardness of 11.04 N, while VI pre-treatment for the same duration increased their hardness value to 18.92 N. Desserts produced with VI-pre-treated slices exhibited superior texture and sensory attributes, with no adverse taste resulting from calcium oxide. In conclusion, VI pre-treatment shows significant potential for the industrial production of desserts/jams with enhanced structural integrity for fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Buse Taş
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Division of Food EngineeringBurdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityBurdurTurkey
| | - Oguz Gursoy
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and ArchitectureBurdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityBurdurTurkey
| | - Yusuf Yilmaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and ArchitectureBurdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityBurdurTurkey
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Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Denic D, Bellaidi S, Blazakis K, Gemeliari P, Lis M, Kalaitzis P, Zdunek A. In vivo and ex vivo study on cell wall components as part of the network in tomato fruit during the ripening process. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae145. [PMID: 38988613 PMCID: PMC11233857 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Ripening is a process involving various morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in fruits. This process is affected by modifications in the cell wall structure, particularly in the composition of polysaccharides and proteins. The cell wall assembly is a network of polysaccharides and proteoglycans named the arabinoxylan pectin arabinogalactan protein1 (APAP1). The complex consists of the arabinogalactan protein (AGP) core with the pectin domain including arabinogalactan (AG) type II, homogalacturonan (HG), and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). The present paper aims to determine the impact of a disturbance in the synthesis of one constituent on the integrity of the cell wall. Therefore, in the current work, we have tested the impact of modified expression of the SlP4H3 gene connected with proline hydroxylase (P4H) activity on AGP presence in the fruit matrix. Using an immunolabelling technique (CLSM), an immunogold method (TEM), molecular tools, and calcium mapping (SEM-EDS), we have demonstrated that disturbances in AGP synthesis affect the entire cell wall structure. Changes in the spatio-temporal AGP distribution may be related to the formation of a network between AGPs with other cell wall components. Moreover, the modified structure of the cell wall assembly induces morphological changes visible at the cellular level during the progression of the ripening process. These results support the hypothesis that AGPs and pectins are required for the proper progression of the physiological processes occurring in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dusan Denic
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Samia Bellaidi
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Blazakis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Petroula Gemeliari
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Magdalena Lis
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Wilhelm De Almeida L, Ojeda H, Pellegrino A, Torregrosa L. Carbon trade-offs in the fruits of fungus-tolerant Muscadinia × Vitis hybrids exposed to water deficit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108774. [PMID: 38805757 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Adopting disease-tolerant grapevines is an efficient option to implement a smarter management strategy limiting the environmental impacts linked to pesticide use. However, little is known on their production of fruit metabolites regarding expected future climate fluctuations, such as increased water shortage. Moreover, previous studies about how water deficit impacts grape composition, lack accuracy due to imprecise timing of fruit sampling. In this study, we phenotyped six new fungus-tolerant genotypes exposed to varying water status in field-grown conditions. The accumulation of water, main cations, primary and secondary metabolites were precisely monitored at the arrest of phloem unloading in fruits, which was targeted at the whole cluster level. The goal was to decipher the effects of both genotype and water deficit on the allocation of carbon into soluble sugars, organic acids, amino acids and anthocyanins. The results revealed that the effect of decreased water availability was specific to each berry component. While fruit sugar concentration remained relatively unaffected, the malic/tartaric acid balance varied based on differences among genotypes. Despite showing contrasted strategies on carbon allocation into berry metabolites, all genotypes reduced fruit yield and the amount of compounds of interest per plant under water deficit, with the extent of reduction being genotype-dependent and correlated with the response of berry volume to plant water status. This first set of data provides information to help reasoning the adaptation of these varieties according to the expected risks of drought and the possibilities of mitigating them through irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Wilhelm De Almeida
- UE Pech Rouge, INRAE, 11430, Gruissan, France; UMR LEPSE, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, 2, Place P. Viala, 34060, Montpellier, Cedex, France
| | | | - Anne Pellegrino
- UMR LEPSE, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, 2, Place P. Viala, 34060, Montpellier, Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- UE Pech Rouge, INRAE, 11430, Gruissan, France; UMR LEPSE, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, 2, Place P. Viala, 34060, Montpellier, Cedex, France.
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Torres E, Kalcsits L, Nieto LG. Is calcium deficiency the real cause of bitter pit? A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1383645. [PMID: 38978516 PMCID: PMC11228315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1383645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Bitter pit is a disorder affecting the appearance of apples. Susceptibility is genetically controlled by both the cultivar and rootstock, with both environmental and horticultural factors affecting its severity and proportional incidence. Symptoms appear more frequently at the calyx end of the fruit and consist of circular necrotic spots, which take on a "corky" appearance visible through the peel. Bitter pit may develop before harvest, or after harvest, reducing the proportions of marketable fruit. In this review, current knowledge of the factors associated with the occurrence of bitter pit in apples is summarized and discussed along with their interactions with Ca uptake and distribution to fruit. This disorder has been previously linked with localized Ca deficiencies in fruit during its development. However, these relationships are not always clear. Even with over a century of research, the precise mechanisms involved in its development are still not fully understood. Additional factors also contribute to bitter pit development, like imbalances of mineral nutrients, low concentration of auxins, high concentration of gibberellins, changes in xylem functionality, or physiological responses to abiotic stress. Bitter pit remains a complex disorder with multiple factors contributing to its development including changes at whole plant and cellular scales. Apple growers must carefully navigate these complex interactions between genetics, environment, and management decisions to minimize bitter pit in susceptible cultivars. Accordingly, management of plant nutrition, fruit crop load, and tree vigor still stands as the most important contribution to reducing bitter pit development. Even so, there will be situations where the occurrence of bitter pit will be inevitable due to cultivar and/or abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanis Torres
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruitcentre, Parck AgroBiotech, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lee Kalcsits
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Luís Gonzalez Nieto
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Horticulture Section, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
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Saeed A, Kauser S, Hussain A, Siddiqui NJ, Abidi SHI, Syed Q, Nadeem AA. Tracking the Variations in Trace Elements, Some Nutrients, Phenolics, and Anthocyanins in Grewia asiatica L. (Phalsa) at Different Fruit Development Stages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1784-1801. [PMID: 37464170 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Grewia asiatica L. (phalsa) is a very prevalent berry in Pakistan and is consumed extensively as raw or in the form of juice. Here, for the first time, we assessed phalsa from Pakistan in terms of variations in macro and micro minerals, nutrients, and bio-active phyto-constituents including total phenolic and anthocyanin contents at different fruit developmental stages. It was found that the sugars in phalsa increased from D1 (small at the initial fruit setting stage) to D6 development stage (fully ripened fruit) where sugars at D5 (near to fully ripe) and D6 stages were many times greater than at D1, D2 (unripe close to full-size completion), D3 (close to semi ripe), and D4 stage (semi ripened and full-size attainment). Total acidity of was declined in all developmental stages, where the D1 stage displayed maximum and D6 with the lowest acidity. Ascorbic acid was decreased from D1 to D2 and then increased gradually from D3 to D5 stages. At the D6 stage, again a steep decline in ascorbic acid was observed. The total phenolics (mg gallic acid equivalents/100g) at stage D6 were higher (136.02 ± 1.17), whereas D1 being the lowermost in total phenolic content (79.89 ± 1.72). For anthocyanins (mg/100g), an increasing pattern of changes was observed in all stages of phalsa fruit where the D1 stage showed lower (13.97 ± 4.84) anthocyanin contents which then increased gradually at stage D2 (67.79 ± 6.73), but increased sharply at D3 (199.66 ± 4.90), D4 (211.02 ± 18.85), D5 (328.41 ±14.96) and D6 (532.30 ± 8.51) stages. A total of four anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphidine-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, and malvidin in phalsa were identified using HPLC procedures, and a significant > 90 % DPPH inhibition in phalsa was observed at the D5 and D6 development stages. The macro and micro minerals including Ni, Zn, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, Na, P, and K contents were decreased from initial (D1) stage to the final (D6) development stage, while only Fe displayed an increasing trend from the initial to final fruit development stages (D1-D6). Conclusively, these findings could be of great interest for patients who are intended to consume phalsa as adjuvant therapy against diabetes and metabolic syndromes and other diseases involving reactive oxygen species with minimum metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Saeed
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Shabana Kauser
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Adil Hussain
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Nida Jamil Siddiqui
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Imam Abidi
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Head Office, 1 Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Quratulain Syed
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Abad Ali Nadeem
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan
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Paiva ÉAS, Figueredo CC, Martinez HEP. Vascular Tissues Distribution Affects Calcium and Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Fruits of Wild Tomato ( Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3893. [PMID: 38005789 PMCID: PMC10675387 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit is an excellent model for evaluating calcium regulation in plants since it expresses symptoms of either calcium deficiency or calcium excess. Aiming to evaluate the structure of the vascular system and its interactions with calcium and calcium oxalate crystals (CaOx), fruits of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium were studied. Calcium levels were evaluated in basal, median, and distal pericarp portions, which were also analyzed under a light microscope to describe the structure. The L. pimpinellifolium pericarp shows idioblasts with calcium oxalate crystals. Vascular bundles of the basal pericarp show large transverse sections and abundant xylem vessels. The vascular bundles were smaller in the distal pericarp, and the xylem showed fewer and narrower vessels. The terminal bundles often consisted exclusively of phloem. Despite the differences observed in vascular bundle composition, the density of the vascular system was uniform in the pericarp as a consequence of bundle ramifications that occur at distal portions. The calcium concentration and crystal idioblasts decrease towards the apex of the fruit. The reduction in the xylem:phloem ratio seems to determine the low calcium concentration in the distal fruit portion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
| | - Cleber Cunha Figueredo
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
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9
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Stavitskaya Z, Dudareva L, Rudikovskii A, Garkava-Gustavsson L, Shabanova E, Levchuk A, Rudikovskaya E. Evaluation of the Carbohydrate Composition of Crabapple Fruit Tissues Native to Northern Asia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3472. [PMID: 37836212 PMCID: PMC10575056 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive comparative analysis of the carbohydrate composition (soluble sugars and pectins) of fruit tissues of Malus baccata, Malus mandshurica, Malus chamardabanica, and Malus sachalinensis, characteristic of the vast territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, was carried out. It was shown that a large part of the soluble carbohydrates of the studied species were represented by transport sugars-sorbitol and sucrose. These compounds also provided the main variability in the carbohydrate composition of fruits in the studied material. The polymers pectins and protopectins isolated from the studied fruits were highly methoxylated (up to 60-70%), and their content averaged about 6% of dry weight. The greatest length of pectin polymers was found in the fruit tissues of M. chamardabanica and M. sachalinensis. Data on elemental analysis of fractions of pectins and protopectins of all studied species showed the absence of potentially toxic concentrations of heavy metals. Of note is the rather high content of calcium in both polymer fractions of the four studied species, while its content in protopectin is significantly higher. In addition, in all cases, the presence of low-molecular-weight oligosaccharide molecules with a low-dispersed linear structure was revealed in the tissues of the fruits. It is worth noting that the high content of ascorbic acid was observed in the fruits of all studied species. In addition to being of fundamental interest, information about the carbohydrate composition of the wild Malus species can be useful for apple breeding when choosing sources of genes underlying useful traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Stavitskaya
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Lyubov Dudareva
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexander Rudikovskii
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, SE 23422 Lomma, Sweden;
| | - Elena Shabanova
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 A Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia;
| | - Alexey Levchuk
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia;
| | - Elena Rudikovskaya
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
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10
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Rongpipi S, Barnes WJ, Siemianowski O, Del Mundo JT, Wang C, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Anderson CT, Gomez EW, Gomez ED. Measuring calcium content in plants using NEXAFS spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1212126. [PMID: 37662163 PMCID: PMC10468975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1212126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is important for the growth and development of plants. It serves crucial functions in cell wall and cell membrane structure and serves as a secondary messenger in signaling pathways relevant to nutrient and immunity responses. Thus, measuring calcium levels in plants is important for studies of plant biology and for technology development in food, agriculture, energy, and forest industries. Often, calcium in plants has been measured through techniques such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and electrophysiology. These techniques, however, require large sample sizes, chemical extraction of samples or have limited spatial resolution. Here, we used near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the calcium L- and K-edges to measure the calcium to carbon mass ratio with spatial resolution in plant samples without requiring chemical extraction or large sample sizes. We demonstrate that the integrated absorbance at the calcium L-edge and the edge jump in the fluorescence yield at the calcium K-edge can be used to quantify the calcium content as the calcium mass fraction, and validate this approach with onion epidermal peels and ICP-MS. We also used NEXAFS to estimate the calcium mass ratio in hypocotyls of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, which has a cell wall composition that is similar to that of onion epidermal peels. These results show that NEXAFS spectroscopy performed at the calcium edge provides an approach to quantify calcium levels within plants, which is crucial for understanding plant physiology and advancing plant-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - William J. Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Oskar Siemianowski
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Joshua T. Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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11
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Jing J, Xu X, Fu W, Zhang H, Qu S, Wang S. Difference in calcium accumulation in the fruit of two apple varieties and its relationship with vascular bundle development in the pedicel. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107833. [PMID: 37369165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral element for plant growth and development that plays a key role in fruit growth and quality formation. To study the absorption and transport of Ca in 'Tonami' (susceptible to bitter pit (BP)) and 'Fuji' (resistant to BP), fruiting branches of 'Tonami' and 'Fuji' were injected with 0.05% 44Ca at the fruitlet stage (37 days after full bloom (DAFB)) and fruit expansion stage (72 DAFB). At the fruitlet and fruit expansion stages, the 44Ca content of fruiting branches increased from high to low in leaves, shoots, and fruit. In fruit, the 44Ca content was highest in the peel and lowest in the flesh. In both 'Tonami' and 'Fuji', Ca uptake was more efficient at the fruitlet stage than at the fruit expansion stage. 'Tonami' had a shorter growth and development time and earlier loss of fruit pedicel xylem structure and functionality than 'Fuji', resulting in less Ca accumulation in the fruit. The low Ca uptake efficiency of 'Tonami' fruit, the short Ca accumulation time, and the high Ca dilution resulted in low 44Ca content in the fruit, which may explain the susceptibility of 'Tonami' fruit to BP disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyue Jing
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xu Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Weihong Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Agricultural, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shenchun Qu
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Sanhong Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology / College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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12
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Liu J, Feng X, Qiu G, Li H, Wang Y, Chen X, Fu Q, Guo B. Inhibition Roles of Calcium in Cadmium Uptake and Translocation in Rice: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11587. [PMID: 37511349 PMCID: PMC10380254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice grains is posing a significant threat to global food security. To restrict the transport of Cd in the soil-rice system, an efficient way is to use the ionomics strategy. Since calcium (Ca) and Cd have similar ionic radii, their uptake and translocation may be linked in multiple aspects in rice. However, the underlying antagonistic mechanisms are still not fully understood. Therefore, we first summarized the current knowledge on the physiological and molecular footprints of Cd translocation in plants and then explored the potential antagonistic points between Ca and Cd in rice, including exchange adsorption on roots, plant cell-wall composition, co-transporter gene expression, and transpiration inhibition. This review provides suggestions for Ca/Cd interaction studies on rice and introduces ionomics research as a means of better controlling the accumulation of Cd in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaoyang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
| | - Qinglin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.L.); (X.F.); (G.Q.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Q.F.)
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13
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Santos E, Montanha GS, Agostinho LF, Polezi S, Marques JPR, de Carvalho HWP. Foliar Calcium Absorption by Tomato Plants: Comparing the Effects of Calcium Sources and Adjuvant Usage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2587. [PMID: 37514202 PMCID: PMC10385325 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The deficiency of calcium (Ca) reduces the quality and shelf life of fruits. In this scenario, although foliar spraying of Ca2+ has been used, altogether with soil fertilization, as an alternative to prevent deficiencies, little is known regarding its absorption dynamics by plant leaves. Herein, in vivo microprobe X-ray fluorescence was employed aiming to monitor the foliar absorption of CaCl2, Ca-citrate complex, and Ca3(PO4)2 nanoparticles with and without using adjuvant. We also investigated whether Sr2+ can be employed as Ca2+ proxy in foliar absorption studies. Moreover, the impact of treatments on the cuticle structure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. For this study, 45-day-old tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Micro-Tom) plants were used as a model species. After 100 h, the leaves absorbed 90, 18, and 4% of aqueous CaCl2, Ca-citrate, and Ca3(PO4)2 nanoparticles, respectively. The addition of adjuvant increased the absorption of Ca-citrate to 28%, decreased that of CaCl2 to 77%, and did not affect Ca3(PO4)2. CaCl2 displayed an exponential decay absorption profile with half-lives of 15 h and 5 h without and with adjuvant, respectively. Ca-citrate and Ca3(PO4)2 exhibited absorption profiles that were closer to a linear behavior. Sr2+ was a suitable Ca2+ tracer because of its similar absorption profiles. Furthermore, the use of adjuvant affected the epicuticular crystal structure. Our findings reveal that CaCl2 was the most efficient Ca2+ source. The effects caused by adjuvant suggest that CaCl2 and Ca-citrate were absorbed mostly through hydrophilic and lipophilic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Santos
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sgarbiero Montanha
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luís Fernando Agostinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Samira Polezi
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Hudson Wallace Pereira de Carvalho
- Group of Specialty Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário, 303, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
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14
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Quiroz MP, Blanco V, Zoffoli JP, Ayala M. Study of Mineral Composition and Quality of Fruit Using Vascular Restrictions in Branches of Sweet Cherry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1922. [PMID: 37653839 PMCID: PMC10223680 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) and carbohydrate (CHO) supply in sweet cherry have been associated with fruit quality at harvest and during storage. There is little published information integrating CHO and Ca availability and distribution in sweet cherry and their effects on fruit quality. Accordingly, in the 2019-20 season, vascular restrictions were imposed on the phloem (girdling, G, stopping phloem flow) and xylem (transverse incision, S, cutting 50% of xylem cross-section area) of individual vertical branches of the sweet cherry combination 'Lapins'/Colt trained as Kym Green Bush system to modify mineral and CHO composition in fruit and associate such changes with quality at harvest and storage. The girdling to the phloem was used to induce changes in CHO distribution. The transverse incision to the xylem was a tool to modify Ca distribution. Five treatments (TR) were implemented: TR1-CTL = Control (without vascular restriction), TR2-G, at its base, TR3-G + G: at its base, and G further up at the change of year between the second and the third years of growth TR4--S and TR5-S + G. The vegetative (i.e., shoot and leaf growth), reproductive (i.e., fruit set and yield) development and stomatal conductance were monitored. Each branch was divided into the upper (1-and 2-year-old wood) and the lower (3-and 4-year-old wood) segments of the restriction applied. The quality and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, and N) of fruit borne on each segment were measured at harvest. The upper segment of TR3-G + G branches were harvested 10 d before the lower segment. The fruit from the upper segment of TR3-G + G was the largest, the sweetest, and had the higher titratable acidity concentration. However, fruits of this segment were the softest, had the lowest Ca concentrations, and had the highest ratios of N:Ca and K:Ca, compared with the other TRs. TR3-G + G branches developed the highest number of lateral current season shoots including shoots below the second girdling in the lower segment of the branch. This vegetative flow of growth would explain the mineral unbalance produced in the fruit from the upper segment of the branch. TR2-G did not register changes in fruit quality and mineral concentration compared with TR1-CTL. Surprisingly, the fruit from the branches with xylem restriction did not show changes in Ca concentration, suggesting that the xylem stream was enough to supply the fruit in branches without lateral shoot development. Fruit firmness was positively related to fruit Ca concentration and negatively related to the ratios of K:Ca and N:Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Quiroz
- Departmatento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 78204360, Chile
| | - Víctor Blanco
- Department of Horticulture, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Zoffoli
- Departmatento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 78204360, Chile
| | - Marlene Ayala
- Departmatento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 78204360, Chile
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15
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Karlsons A, Osvalde A, Cekstere G, Āboliņa L. Effects of Ca Sprays on Fruit Ca Content and Yield of Tomato Variety Susceptible to Blossom-End Rot. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1640. [PMID: 37111863 PMCID: PMC10142461 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Several factors are involved in the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato fruit, but the main one is insufficient Ca uptake and transport through the plant, resulting in Ca deficiency in the fruit. Sprays of Ca-containing products are considered to be a possible measure to overcome the local Ca deficiency in tomato fruit. Therefore, the main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of additional Ca supply to tomato fruits for increasing Ca content and reducing fruit damage. Sprays of five different commercial preparations containing (Brexil Duo, Calmax Zero N, Ca(NO3)2, CaCl2) or promoting (Greenstim) Ca uptake were tested using BER-sensitive large-fruit variety 'Beorange'. The experiment was conducted in the commercial greenhouse 'Getlini EKO', Latvia, during the autumn-spring season of 2020/2021 under controlled conditions, eliminating the adverse impact of external factors. The results revealed that none of the preparations were effective in increasing Ca content, preventing BER, and did not promote the tomato yield. As good agricultural practices were followed in the greenhouse to manage BER, we concluded that a non-marketable yield of around 15% should be expected for 'Beorange' when grown under artificial light, possibly due to the impact of abiotic stresses and genetically determined susceptibility.
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16
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Huo XJ, Chen MJ, Zhou JL, Zheng CL. Potassium-rich mining waste addition can shorten the composting period by increasing the abundance of thermophilic bacteria during high-temperature periods. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6027. [PMID: 37055422 PMCID: PMC10101976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional compost sludge has a long fermentation period and is not nutrient rich. Potassium-rich mining waste was used as an additive for aerobic composting of activated sludge to make a new sludge product. The effects of different feeding ratios of potassium-rich mining waste and activated sludge on the physicochemical properties and thermophilic bacterial community structure during aerobic composting were investigated. The results showed that potassium-rich waste minerals contribute to the increase in mineral element contents; although the addition of potassium-rich waste minerals affected the peak temperature and duration of composting, the more sufficient oxygen content promoted the growth of thermophilic bacteria and thus shortened the overall composting period. Considering the requirements of composting temperature, it is recommended that the addition of potassium-rich waste minerals is less than or equal to 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Huo
- Inner Mongolia Research Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min-Jie Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, China
- Engineering Research Center of Evaluation and Restoration in the Mining Ecological Environments, Inner Mongolia University of Science and& Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jian-Lin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Evaluation and Restoration in the Mining Ecological Environments, Inner Mongolia University of Science and& Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chun-Li Zheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, Shang Hai, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Evaluation and Restoration in the Mining Ecological Environments, Inner Mongolia University of Science and& Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, China.
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17
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Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044054. [PMID: 36835462 PMCID: PMC9961072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential structures for plant growth and development as well as plant adaptation to environmental stresses. Thus, plants have evolved signaling mechanisms to monitor the changes in the cell wall structure, triggering compensatory changes to sustain cell wall integrity (CWI). CWI signaling can be initiated in response to environmental and developmental signals. However, while environmental stress-associated CWI signaling has been extensively studied and reviewed, less attention has been paid to CWI signaling in relation to plant growth and development under normal conditions. Fleshy fruit development and ripening is a unique process in which dramatic alternations occur in cell wall architecture. Emerging evidence suggests that CWI signaling plays a pivotal role in fruit ripening. In this review, we summarize and discuss the CWI signaling in relation to fruit ripening, which will include cell wall fragment signaling, calcium signaling, and NO signaling, as well as Receptor-Like Protein Kinase (RLKs) signaling with an emphasis on the signaling of FERONIA and THESEUS, two members of RLKs that may act as potential CWI sensors in the modulation of hormonal signal origination and transduction in fruit development and ripening.
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18
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Li T, Liu Z, Lv T, Xu Y, Wei Y, Liu W, Wei Y, Liu L, Wang A. Phosphorylation of MdCYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR4 suppresses ethylene biosynthesis during apple fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:694-714. [PMID: 36287070 PMCID: PMC9806567 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays a central role in the ripening of climacteric fruits, such as apple (Malus domestica). Ethylene biosynthesis in apple fruit can be suppressed by calcium ions (Ca2+); however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we identified an apple APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor, MdCYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR4 (MdCRF4), which functions as a transcriptional activator of ethylene biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes, including Md1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE1 (MdACS1) and MdETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR3 (MdERF3), as a partner of the calcium sensor, calmodulin. Ca2+ promoted the Ca2+/CaM2-mediated phosphorylation of MdCRF4, resulting in MdCRF4 recognition by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MdXB3 ORTHOLOG 1 IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA (MdXBAT31), and consequently its ubiquitination and degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. This in turn resulted in lower expression of MdACS1 and MdERF3 and reduced ethylene biosynthesis. Transiently overexpressing various MdCRF4 proteins with specific mutated phosphorylation sites revealed that the phosphorylation state of MdCRF4 affects the ripening of apple fruit. The results reveal that a Ca2+/CaM-MdCRF4-MdXBAT31 module is involved in Ca2+-suppressed ethylene biosynthesis, which delays apple fruit ripening. This provides insights into fruit ripening that may result in strategies for extending fruit shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, China
| | - Tianxing Lv
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, China
| | - Yaxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yajing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Aide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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19
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Mundy DC, Elmer P, Wood P, Agnew R. A Review of Cultural Practices for Botrytis Bunch Rot Management in New Zealand Vineyards. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3004. [PMID: 36365455 PMCID: PMC9657730 DOI: 10.3390/plants11213004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis bunch rot of grapes (BBR) causes substantial crop and wine quality issues globally. Past and present foundations for BBR control are based upon synthetic fungicides and varying forms of canopy management. Many authors regard the continued dependence on fungicides as unsustainable and have urged greater deployment of cultural, biological and nutritional strategies. However, in contrast to organic wine production, the uptake of alternative strategies in conventional vineyards has been slow based on cost and perceived reliability issues. This review summarises research from many different wine growing regions in New Zealand with the aim of demonstrating how traditional and newly developed cultural control practices have cost-effectively reduced BBR. In addition to reviewing traditional cultural practices (e.g., leaf removal), mechanical tools are described that remove floral trash and mechanically shake the vines. Multi-omics has improved our knowledge of the underlying changes to grape berries after mechanical shaking. Exogenous applications of calcium may correct calcium deficiencies in the berry skin and reduce BBR but the outcome varies between cultivar and regions. Nitrogen aids in grapevine defence against BBR but remains a complex and difficult nutrient to manage. The sustainable growth of organics and The European Green Deal will stimulate researchers to evaluate new combinations of non-chemical BBR strategies in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion Charles Mundy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, P.O. Box 845, Blenheim 7240, New Zealand
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology Limited, Private Bag 19, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Philip Elmer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Peter Wood
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4157, New Zealand
| | - Rob Agnew
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, P.O. Box 845, Blenheim 7240, New Zealand
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20
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Michailidis M, Titeli VS, Karagiannis E, Feidaki K, Ganopoulos I, Tanou G, Argiriou A, Molassiotis A. Tissue-specific transcriptional analysis outlines calcium-induced core metabolic changes in sweet cherry fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 189:139-152. [PMID: 36087439 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of calcium in fruit ripening has been established, however knowledge regarding the molecular analysis at fruit tissue-level is still lacking. To address this, we examined the impact of foliar-applied calcium (0.5% CaCl2) in the ripening metabolism in skin and flesh tissues of the sweet cherry 'Tragana Edessis' fruit at the harvest stage. Exogenously applied calcium increased endogenous calcium level in flesh tissue and reduced fruit respiration rate and cracking traits. Fruit metabolomic along with transcriptomic analysis unraveled common and tissue-specific metabolic pathways associated with calcium feeding. Treatment with calcium diminished several alcohols (arabitol, sorbitol), sugars (fructose, maltose), acids (glyceric acid, threonic acid) and increased ribose and proline in both fruit tissues. Moreover, numerous primary metabolites, such as proline and galacturonic acid, were differentially accumulated in calcium-exposed tissues. Calcium-affected genes that involved in ubiquitin/ubl conjugation and cell wall biogenesis/degradation were differentially expressed between skin and flesh samples. Notably, skin and flesh tissues shared common calcium-responsive genes and exhibited substantial similarity in their expression patterns. In both tissues, calcium activated gene expression, most strongly those involved in plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signaling and MAPK signaling pathway, thus affecting related metabolic processes. By contrast, calcium depressed the expression of genes related to TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and starch/sucrose metabolism in both tissues. This work established both calcium-driven common and specialized metabolic suites in skin and flesh cherry tissues, demonstrating the utility of this approach to characterize fundamental aspects of calcium in fruit physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Vaia Styliani Titeli
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Evangelos Karagiannis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Feidaki
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki, GR, 57001, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece; Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece; Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki, GR, 57001, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece.
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21
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Islam MT, Liu J, Das PR, Singh A, Sherif SM. Rootstock effects on bitter pit incidence in 'Honeycrisp' apples are associated with changes in fruit's cell wall chemical properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034664. [PMID: 36311084 PMCID: PMC9606712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bitter pit (BP) is a physiological disorder of apples that often appears during or after cold storage. Despite being defined as a calcium deficiency disorder, BP is a complex process that is not only affected by the total Ca2+ content in the fruit but also by the proper cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and partitioning. Early investigations have also suggested that rootstocks could affect BP development and severity. In the present study, rootstock effects on BP development were assessed on 'Honeycrisp' trees that were grafted on 14 different rootstocks (B.10, G.11, G.202, G.214, G.30, G.41, G.935, G.969, M.26 EMLA, M.9, V.1, V.5, V.6, and V.7). We evaluated BP incidence at harvest, and three months after cold storage for four, and three growing seasons, respectively. BP incidence was significantly reduced in 'Honeycrisp' trees on B.10 compared to other rootstocks, whereas trees on V.6 showed the highest percentage of BP at harvest and after cold storage. 'Honeycrisp' apples were collected from three different rootstocks (B.10, G.41, and V.6) two months after cold storage and evaluated for mineral nutrient composition, Ca2+ homeostasis, and cell wall properties, e.g., pectin content, pectin de-esterification rate and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity. Water-soluble and insoluble pectin content was markedly higher in fruits from B.10 than in G.41 and V.6. We also observed increased PME enzyme activity and a greater degree of water-insoluble pectin de-esterification in 'Honeycrisp' apples from V.6 compared to those from B.10. A significantly higher Ca2+ was found in the fruits from B.10 than G.41 and V.6. Higher Ca2+ and lower Mg2+ levels were also observed in the cell wall and water-insoluble pectin fractions of the fruits from B.10 compared to G.41 and V.6. However, the ratio of cell wall-bound Ca2+ to total Ca2+ was lower in B.10 compared to G.41 and V.6. Together, our results indicate that the tolerance of B.10 to BP could be attributed to a reduced PME activity and lower pectin de-esterification level, which in turn reduced the amount of Ca2+ cross-linked with pectin, and probably increased the apoplastic free calcium concentrations that is essential for maintaining cell membrane integrity and reducing BP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tabibul Islam
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Protiva Rani Das
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Amritpal Singh
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Sherif M. Sherif
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
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22
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Calcium decreases cell wall swelling in sweet cherry fruit. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16496. [PMID: 36192436 PMCID: PMC9530156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swelling of epidermal cell walls decreases cell-to-cell adhesion and increases cracking susceptibility in sweet cherry. Ca is suggested to decrease cracking susceptibility by crosslinking of cell wall components and, possibly, by decreasing swelling. The objective is to test this hypothesis. The effect of Ca on swelling of anticlinal epidermal cell walls was quantified microscopically in vivo using excised skin sections and in vitro using extracted cell walls. After removal of turgor, cell wall thickness increased. Incubation in CaCl2 decreased cell wall thickness up to 3 mM CaCl2. At higher concentrations thickness remained constant. Decreased cell wall swelling in vivo also occurred with other salts of divalent and trivalent cations, but not with those of monovalent cations. Decreased swelling was due to the Ca cation, the anions had no effect. Ca also decreased swelling of cell walls that were already swollen. CaCl2 also decreased swelling of extracted cell walls in vitro. There was no effect on swelling pressure. The effect on swelling increased as the CaCl2 concentration increased. Chlorides of divalent and trivalent cations, but not those of monovalent cations decreased swelling in vitro. The decrease in swelling among the divalent cations was linearly related to the radius of the cation. The results indicate that Ca decreases cracking susceptibility by decreasing swelling.
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23
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Genome-Wide Analysis of Calmodulin Binding Transcription Activator (CAMTA) Gene Family in Peach ( Prunus persica L. Batsch) and Ectopic Expression of PpCAMTA1 in Arabidopsis camta2,3 Mutant Restore Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810500. [PMID: 36142414 PMCID: PMC9499639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) is a transcription factor family containing calmodulin (CaM) binding sites and is involved in plant development. Although CAMTAs in Arabidopsis have been extensively investigated, the functions of CAMTAs remain largely unclear in peaches. In this study, we identified five peach CAMTAs which contained conserved CG-1 box, ANK repeats, CaM binding domain (CaMBD) and IQ motifs. Overexpression in tobacco showed that PpCAMTA1/2/3 were located in the nucleus, while PpCAMTA4 and PpCAMTA5 were located in the plasma membrane. Increased expression levels were observed for PpCAMTA1 and PpCAMTA3 during peach fruit ripening. Expression of PpCAMTA1 was induced by cold treatment and was inhibited by ultraviolet B irradiation (UV-B). Driven by AtCAMTA3 promoter, PpCAMTA1/2/3 were overexpressed in Arabidopsis mutant. Here, we characterized peach PpCAMTA1, representing an ortholog of AtCAMTA3. PpCAMTA1 expression in Arabidopsis complements the developmental deficiencies of the camta2,3 mutant, and restored the plant size to the wild type level. Moreover, overexpressing PpCAMTA1 in camta2,3 mutant inhibited salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and expression of SA-related genes, resulting in a susceptibility phenotype to Pst DC3000. Taken together, our results provide new insights for CAMTAs in peach fruit and indicate that PpCAMTA1 is associated with response to stresses during development.
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24
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Wang W, Fan D, Hao Q, Jia W. Signal transduction in non-climacteric fruit ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac190. [PMID: 36329721 PMCID: PMC9622361 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit ripening involves changes in numerous cellular processes and metabolic pathways, resulting from the coordinated actions of diverse classes of structural and regulatory proteins. These include enzymes, transporters and complex signal transduction systems. Many aspects of the signaling machinery that orchestrates the ripening of climacteric fruits, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), have been elucidated, but less is known about analogous processes in non-climacteric fruits. The latter include strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and grape (Vitis vinifera), both of which are used as non-climacteric fruit experimental model systems, although they originate from different organs: the grape berry is a true fruit derived from the ovary, while strawberry is an accessory fruit that is derived from the floral receptacle. In this article, we summarize insights into the signal transduction events involved in strawberry and grape berry ripening. We highlight the mechanisms underlying non-climacteric fruit ripening, the multiple primary signals and their integrated action, individual signaling components, pathways and their crosstalk, as well as the associated transcription factors and their signaling output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qing Hao
- Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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25
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Foliar Spraying of Solanum tuberosum L. with CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2: Interactions with Nutrients Accumulation in Tubers. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131725. [PMID: 35807677 PMCID: PMC9269299 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is essential for plants, yet as its mobility is limited, the understanding of the rate of Ca2+ accumulation and deposition in tissues of tubers, as well as the interactions with other critical nutrients prompted this study. To assess the interactions and differential accumulation of micro and macronutrients in the tissues of tubers, Solanum tuberosum L. varieties Agria and Rossi were cultivated and, after the beginning of tuberization, four foliar sprayings (at 8–10 day intervals) with CaCl2 (3 and 6 kg ha−1) or Ca(NO3)2 (2 and 4 kg ha−1) solutions were performed. It was found that both fertilizers increased Ca accumulation in tubers (mostly in the parenchyma tissues located in the center of the equatorial region). The functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus was not affected until the 3rd application but was somewhat affected when approaching the end of the crop cycle (after the 4th application), although the lower dose of CaCl2 seemed to improve the photochemical use of energy, particularly when compared with the greater dose of Ca(NO3)2. Still, none of these impacts modified tuber height and diameter. Following the increased accumulation of Ca, in the tubers of both varieties, the mean contents of P, K, Na, Fe, and Zn revealed different accumulation patterns. Moreover, accumulation of K, Fe, Mn, and Zn prevailed in the epidermis, displaying a contrasting pattern relative to Ca. Therefore, Ca accumulation revealed a heterogeneous trend in the different regions analyzed, and Ca enrichment of tubers altered the accumulation of other nutrients.
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26
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Toumi I, Zarrouk O, Ghrab M, Nagaz K. Improving Peach Fruit Quality Traits Using Deficit Irrigation Strategies in Southern Tunisia Arid Area. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131656. [PMID: 35807607 PMCID: PMC9269496 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of Tunisia’s major commercial fruit crops and is considered one of the biggest water consumers of all crops. In warm and arid areas of southern Tunisia, irrigation is necessary to ensure orchard longevity and high yield and fruit quality. Nevertheless, under water-scarcity conditions and low water quality, water management should rely on efficient deficit irrigation strategies. In this study, sustained deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD50) at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated for their impact on the primary and secondary metabolites of the peach fruit of early cultivar Flordastar grown in the Tataouine region. A full irrigation (FI) treatment at 100%, etc., was used as a control treatment. Color, dry-matter content, firmness, organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, β-carotene and minerals were assessed on harvested mature fruits. Dry-matter content and firmness increased significantly under DI and PRD50 (13% and 15.5%). DI fruit had the highest soluble-solid content (SSC), reaching Brix values of 14.3°. Fruit sorbitol and sucrose contents were not affected by Di and PRD50. Higher glucose in fruit juice was observed in PRD50 (23%) and DI (21.5%) compared to FI, which had the highest malic acid content (33.5–37%). Quinic and citric acids decreased with DI and PRD50, while almost all individual phenolic compounds increased with deficit irrigation. Hydroxycinnamates and anthocyanins were significantly higher in fruits harvested from DI and PRD50 treatments. Proanthocyanidins (catechin and epicatechin) were only improved by DI, while flavone compounds and vitamin C were not affected by irrigation restrictions. β-carotene was higher in fruits yielded under FI (0.71 mg/100 g DM) than DI and PRD50 (0.21–0.43 mg/100 g DM). Macro- and micronutrients significantly increased in DI and PRD50 fruit. A significant difference between DI and PRD50 fruits was observed for Zn and Fe concentrations. This research highlights the positive impact of reduced irrigation on bioactive-fruit quality attributes and the suitability of PRD50 and DI as tools for irrigation management in arid areas of southern Tunisia, contributing to water-saving in orchards and the improvement of fruit commercial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Toumi
- Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Route de Djorf, km 22.5, Medenine 4119, Tunisia;
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (O.Z.)
| | - Olfa Zarrouk
- Association SFCOLAB-Collaborative Laboratory for Digital Innovation in Agriculture, Rua Cândido dos Reis n° 1, Espaço SFCOLAB, 2560-312 Torres Vedras, Portugal
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (O.Z.)
| | - Mohamed Ghrab
- Olive Institute, University of Sfax, BP 1087, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Kamel Nagaz
- Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Route de Djorf, km 22.5, Medenine 4119, Tunisia;
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27
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Nistor E, Dobrei AG, Mattii GB, Dobrei A. Calcium and Potassium Accumulation during the Growing Season in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot Grape Varieties. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121536. [PMID: 35736686 PMCID: PMC9229687 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) accumulation in grape berries during the growing season provided information on the productivity and quality of grape crops, considering that both elements have numerous physiological effects. The aim of the study was to determine and compare Ca and K accumulation in berries from ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’ grape varieties influenced by the number of days after flowering (DAF) over three consecutive growing seasons (2019–2021) in Recaş vineyards, from Banat Region in Western Romania. Results showed that Ca accumulation in the berries continued at slow rates after veraison when water was available for both varieties; accumulation was observed mainly in the skin, suggesting translocation from the flesh. Regression analysis showed a strong dependence on the interval of 65–75 DAF for Ca accumulation in the skin. K accumulation increased after the onset of veraison until 70 to 90 DAF in both varieties, with higher accumulation in the flesh than in the skin. No significant differences were found among varieties regarding the Ca and K content during the study period. In both varieties, the relationship between sugar accumulation and the Ca/K content was highly significant. Given the importance of both elements, new data may contribute to establishing the optimum grape ripeness in relation to the sugar concentration in the berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Nistor
- Department of Horticulture, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (E.N.); (A.G.D.)
| | - Alina Georgeta Dobrei
- Department of Horticulture, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (E.N.); (A.G.D.)
| | - Giovan Battista Mattii
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alin Dobrei
- Department of Horticulture, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (E.N.); (A.G.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-164-469
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28
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Effect of Harvesting in Different Ripening Stages on the Content of the Mineral Elements of Rosehip (Rosa spp.) Fruit Flesh. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the mineral content of different rosehip species/cultivars during the ripening period are very limited. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the content and composition of the mineral elements of two species and two rosehip cultivars growing on an organic farm. The rosehip fruits were harvested at different ripening stages, five time per season. Mineral composition (K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Na, Ti, Cu, B, Mn, Al, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Mo, Cd and Pb) was analyzed by means inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). The results showed that the ripening stage and species/cultivars had an effect on the contents of the mineral elements. Significantly, the highest content of mineral elements was determined at ripening stage I (Ca, Mg, Ti, Mn, Al and Cr) and IV (K, P, Fe, Cu and B). Species of the Rosa canina accumulated the highest content of mineral elements. Correlation analysis showed that the hue angle had a positive and very strong relationship with six mineral elements: K (r = 0.909), Ca (r = 0.962), Mg (r = 0.965), P (r = 0.945), Fe (r = 0.929) and Ti (r = 0.944).
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29
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Yang YZ, Wei QP, Zhou J, Li MJ, Zhang Q, Li XL, Zhou BB, Zhang JK. Nano-Sized Antioxidative Trimetallic Complex Based on Maillard Reaction Improves the Mineral Nutrients of Apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.). Front Nutr 2022; 9:848857. [PMID: 35558743 PMCID: PMC9086434 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.848857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metallic complex is widely used in agricultural applications. Due to the oxidation of the metal and environmental unfriendliness of ligand, maintaining an efficient mineral supply for plants without causing environmental damage is difficult. Herein, an antioxidative trimetallic complex with high stability was synthesized by interacting Ca2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ with the biocompatible ligands from the Maillard reaction. The composite structure elucidation was carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Thermal stability was measured by thermogravimetric (TG). Antioxidative activities were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activity assays. The three metals were successfully fabricated on the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) with contents of Ca (9.01%), Fe (8.25%), and Zn (9.67%). Microscopy images revealed that the three metals were uniformly distributed on the MRPs with partial aggregation of <30 nm. FTIR and XPS results revealed that the metals were interacted with MRPs by metal-O and metal-N bonds. TG and antioxidative activity assays showed that the trimetallic complex meets the requirements of thermodynamics and oxidation resistance of horticultural applications. Additionally, the results of the exogenous spraying experiment showed that the trimetallic complex significantly increased the mineral contents of the "Fuji" apple. By treatment with the complex, the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn were increased by 85.4, 532.5, and 931.1% in the leaf; 16.0, 225.2, and 468.6% in the peel; and 117.6, 217.9, and 19.5% in the flesh, respectively. The MRP-based complexes offered a higher growth rate of the mineral content in apples than ones based on sugars or amino acids. The results of the spraying experiment carried out in 2 years show that the method has high reproducibility. This study thus promotes the development of green metallic complexes and expands the scope of agrochemical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhang Yang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Ping Wei
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Ji Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Liang Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhou
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ke Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Towards Balanced Fertilizer Management in South China: Enhancing Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida) Yield and Produce Quality. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Balanced fertilizer management promotes plant growth, enhances produce quality, minimizes inputs, and reduces negative environmental impacts. Wax gourd (Benincasa hispida) is an important vegetable crop species in China and in South Asia. Two crop nutrition options, NPK and the natural mineral polyhalite, were tested, separately and combined, with the aim of enhancing wax gourd yield and quality and simultaneously to increase nutrient use efficiency and reducing inputs. The experiments tested the optimization of NPK by reducing the proportion of phosphorus (P), and the effect of enriching the soil with essential macronutrients by the use of the supplementary mineral fertilizer polyhalite containing magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S). Two experiments were carried out in Foshan County, Guangdong, China, in 2018 and 2019. Experiments included four treatments: (1) Conventional NPK (15:15:15); (2) Optimized NPK (16:8:18); (3) Conventional NPK + polyhalite; (4) Optimized NPK + polyhalite. Fertilizers were applied prior to planting. While optimized NPK alone had no effects on fruit yield and quality, supplementary polyhalite resulted in a 10–17% increase in yield and significantly improved produce quality due to increased nutrient uptake from polyhalite, resulting in better foliar biomass. We conclude that the combined crop nutrition options improved yield and quality, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, and reduced risks of nutrient pollution. Inclusion of polyhalite in balanced fertilization practices as a supplementary source of secondary macronutrients seems promising. Nevertheless, plenty of space remains open for further adjustments of NPK application management, focusing on reduced rates, optimized ratio, and accurate timing of application for each nutrient.
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31
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Synergistic Effect of Dipping in Aloe Vera Gel and Mixing with Chitosan or Calcium Chloride on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Cold Storage Potential of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruits. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peach is a climacteric fruit characterized by a rapid maturation, high respiration level, weight loss, breakdown of texture, and interior browning. Fast tempering of the fruit and subsequent mold expansion caused a negative impact on the marketing. This study was carried out to estimate the synergistic influence of coating with Aloe vera gel (AVG) at 15% or 30% mixed with chitosan (CH) at 1.5% as a kind of natural polymers or calcium chloride (CaCl2) at 3% on physical and chemical features. We investigated the changes in antioxidant enzymes activities of peach fruits Prunus persica (L.) Metghamer Sultany. Fruits were kept at 3 ± 1 °C and relative humidity (RH) 85–90% for 36 days during two consecutive seasons (2020 and 2021). Results revealed that applying AVG at 30% blended with CH at 1.5% significantly impacted the storage period of peach fruits, reduced the ion leakage (IL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lessened weight loss. The differences were significant compared to the other treatments and untreated fruits (control) that exhibited the higher values for IL, MDA, and weight loss in the 36th day. Moreover, fruit quality features such as firmness, total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), and skin color chroma (c*), hue angle (h) were also maintained. Furthermore, this combination was raised of phenolic content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH), antioxidant enzyme activity such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and quench the generation of H2O2 and O2•−. It could be concluded that dipping peach fruits in AVG at 30% blended with CH at 1.5% retained the biological features of peach fruit at considerable levels during cold storing. Thus, this effective mixture can be utilized to prolong the storage and marketing period of peach fruits. Nevertheless, a more in-depth analysis is required for this edible coating to be successfully commercialized in the peach fruit post-harvest industry.
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Comparison of calcium and ultrasonic treatment on fruit firmness, pectin composition and cell wall-related enzymes of postharvest apricot during storage. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:1588-1597. [PMID: 35250082 PMCID: PMC8882550 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of calcium treatment (2%, 20 min) and ultrasonic treatment (400 W, 20 min) on postharvest apricot fruit during storage. The results showed that after calcium and ultrasonic treatment, compared with the control, the firmness of apricot fruit increased by 41.53% and 3.83% at 16 d, but juice yield and water-soluble pectin (WSP) content decreased by 8.26% and 3.55%, 28.57% and 4.08%, respectively. Both calcium and ultrasonic treatment were more effective in reducing polygalacturonase (PG), β-Galactosidase (β-Gal), pectin methylesterase (PME), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity. Moreover, fruit firmness was significantly negatively correlated with juice yield, WSP and PPO, and positively correlated with PG and β-Gal, PPO and POD. In contrast, calcium treatment was more effective than ultrasonic treatment in delaying postharvest softening of apricot.
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Bigot S, Pongrac P, Šala M, van Elteren JT, Martínez JP, Lutts S, Quinet M. The Halophyte Species Solanum chilense Dun. Maintains Its Reproduction despite Sodium Accumulation in Its Floral Organs. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050672. [PMID: 35270142 PMCID: PMC8912488 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a growing global concern that affects the yield of crop species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Its wild relative Solanum chilense was reported to have halophyte properties. We compared salt resistance of both species during the reproductive phase, with a special focus on sodium localization in the flowers. Plants were exposed to NaCl from the seedling stage. Salinity decreased the number of inflorescences in both species but the number of flowers per inflorescence and sepal length only in S. lycopersicum. External salt supply decreased the stamen length in S. chilense, and it was associated with a decrease in pollen production and an increase in pollen viability. Although the fruit set was not affected by salinity, fruit weight and size decreased in S. lycopersicum. Concentrations and localization of Na, K, Mg, and Ca differed in reproductive structures of both species. Inflorescences and fruits of S. chilense accumulated more Na than S. lycopersicum. Sodium was mainly located in male floral organs of S. chilense but in non-reproductive floral organs in S. lycopersicum. The expression of Na transporter genes differed in flowers of both species. Overall, our results indicated that S. chilense was more salt-resistant than S. lycopersicum during the reproductive phase and that differences could be partly related to dissimilarities in element distribution and transport in flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Bigot
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (S.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Paula Pongrac
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (J.T.v.E.)
| | - Johannes T. van Elteren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (J.T.v.E.)
| | - Juan-Pablo Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA-La Cruz), Chorrillos 86, La Cruz 2280454, Chile;
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (S.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (S.L.); (M.Q.)
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Erbaş D, Koyuncu MA. The Effect of Pre- and Postharvest Calcium Gluconate Treatments on Physicochemical Characteristics and Bioactive Compounds of Sweet Cherry during Cold Storage. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2022; 29:299-309. [PMID: 35102759 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221077515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pre- and postharvest calcium gluconate (Ca-Glu) treatments on some physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry cv. Sweetheart during cold storage were investigated. For preharvest treatments, the Ca-Glu (1%) solution was applied to the cherry trees two times at 21 and 35 days after full bloom stage. Control trees were sprayed with distilled water at the same days. Sweet cherries, sprayed with and without Ca-Glu, were dipped into cold water (4°C) containing calcium gluconate (1%) for 30 s and only in cold water (4°C) as control, after harvest Following each treatment, cherries were placed in plastic boxes and stored at 1 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity for 3 weeks. The weight losses of cherries increased over time but calcium (Ca) treatments, especially pre-and postharvest combination, limited these increases compared to control groups. The best result for suppressing the respiration rate of cherries was also obtained from combined treatment. Moreover, combined treatment delayed the losses of titratable acidity, fruit firmness, decay rate and sensory quality in sweet cherries during storage comparison with the pre or postharvest application of Ca-Glu alone. The effect of Ca-Clu treatments on stem chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity was not significant. Preharvest and combined treatments retarded the loss of ascorbic acid content of cherries compared to postharvest and control treatments. The total phenolic and anthocyanin content increased regularly throughout storage, regardless of treatment; however, Ca treatments delayed the accumulation of these compounds. As a result, the combined Ca-Glu treatment could be a promising method for maintaining some physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds in sweet cherries during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Erbaş
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, 565593Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Koyuncu
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, 565593Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
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Weng X, Li H, Ren C, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Zhang S, Liu L. Calcium Regulates Growth and Nutrient Absorption in Poplar Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:887098. [PMID: 35620692 PMCID: PMC9127976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.887098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial element for plants, calcium (Ca) is involved in photosynthesis and nutrient absorption, and affects the growth of plants. Poplar is an important economic forest and shelter forest species in China. However, the optimum calcium concentration for its growth is still unclear. Herein, we investigated the growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic parameters and products, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, water use efficiency (iWUE), and antioxidant enzyme activity of "Liao Hu NO.1" poplar (P. simonii × P. euphratica) seedlings at 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mmol·L-1 concentrations of Ca2+, and further studied the absorption, distribution, and utilization of nutrient elements (C, N, P, K, and Ca) in plants. We found that with increasing calcium gradient, plant height and diameter; root, stem, leaf, and total biomasses; net photosynthetic rate (Pn); stomatal conductance (Gs); intercellular carbon dioxide (Ci) level; transpiration rate (Tr); Fv/Fm ratio; Fv/F0 ratio; chlorophyll-a; chlorophyll-b; soluble sugar and starch content; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) levels; and long-term water use efficiency (iWUE) of poplar seedlings first increased and then decreased. These parameters attained maximum values when the calcium concentration was 5 mmol·L-1, which was significantly different from the other treatments (P < 0.05). Moreover, a suitable Ca2+ level promoted the absorption of C, N, P, K, and Ca by various organs of poplar seedlings. The absorption of C, N, P, and K increased first and then decreased with the increased calcium concentration, but the optimum calcium concentrations for the absorption of different elements by different organs were different, and the calcium concentration in leaves, stems, and roots increased gradually. Furthermore, the increase in exogenous calcium content led to a decreasing trend in the C/N ratio in different organs of poplar seedlings. C/P and N/P ratios showed different results in different parts, and only the N/P ratio in leaves showed a significant positive correlation with Ca2+ concentration. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that 5 mmol·L-1 concentration of Ca2+ is the optimal level, as it increased growth by enhancing photosynthesis, stress resistance, and nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Weng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Li
| | - Chengshuai Ren
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongbin Zhou
- Institute of Modern Agricultural Research, Dalian University, Dalian, China
- Yongbin Zhou
| | - Wenxu Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Songzhu Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liying Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Bustamante M, Muñoz A, Romero I, Osorio P, Mánquez S, Arriola R, Reyes-Díaz M, Ribera-Fonseca A. Impact of Potassium Pre-Harvest Applications on Fruit Quality and Condition of Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium L.) Cultivated under Plastic Covers in Southern Chile Orchards. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122778. [PMID: 34961249 PMCID: PMC8704332 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In rainy locations, sweet cherry is cultivated under plastic covers, which are useful to prevent fruit cracking but decrease cherry quality such as firmness and acidity. Here we evaluate the impact of pre-harvest K foliar applications on harvest and post-harvest fruit quality and condition of sweet cherry cultivated under plastic covers in southern Chile orchards. The study was performed on two commercial orchards (cv. Regina), located in different regions, during two consecutive seasons. In all cases, a conventional K regime (four sprays) was compared to an intensive K regimen (seven sprays). Results showed that cherries from the most southern region revealed lower acidity but higher soluble solids content weight and size. The intensive K regime improved the firmness and acidity of fruits of covered trees at harvest and post-harvest. Moreover, we found that condition defects were higher in fruits from un-covered trees and that trees grown under intensive K regime showed lower levels of cracking at harvest and pitting at post-harvest compared to trees treated with the conventional K regime. Otherwise, pedicel browning was inconsistently affected by K sprays. Our results revealed that an intensive K regime could improve the quality and condition of fruits at harvest and post-harvest in covered orchards of sweet cherry cv. Regina; however, the impacts can significantly vary depending on season and locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bustamante
- Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile; (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Ariel Muñoz
- Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile; (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Iverly Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Carillanca Station, km 10 Camino Cajón-Vilcún, Temuco P.O. Box 929, Chile;
| | - Pamela Osorio
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Exportadora Rancagua S.A.—Ranco Cherries, Route 5 South, 04000, km 80, Rancagua P.O. Box 576, Chile; (P.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Sergio Mánquez
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Exportadora Rancagua S.A.—Ranco Cherries, Route 5 South, 04000, km 80, Rancagua P.O. Box 576, Chile; (P.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rocío Arriola
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Exportadora Rancagua S.A.—Ranco Cherries, Route 5 South, 04000, km 80, Rancagua P.O. Box 576, Chile; (P.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile;
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile
| | - Alejandra Ribera-Fonseca
- Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile; (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile
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Martins V, Szakiel A, Pączkowski C, Teixeira A, Gerós H. The restructuring of grape berry waxes by calcium changes the surface microbiota. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110812. [PMID: 34863502 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The observation that exogenous Ca shifted the polyphenolic profile of grape berries and conferred a glossy appearance to mature fruits led us to hypothesize that the composition of grape berry waxes and thus surface microbiota are modified. In two cultivars sharing the same microclimate, the triterpenoid and steroid profile of berry cuticle was characterized by a targeted metabolomic approach, and surface microbial communities were surveyed by ITS and 16S metabarcoding. Results showed that Ca strongly decreased the levels of oleanolic acid, while steroids and neutral triterpenoids were affected in a cultivar-dependent manner. A total of 174 fungi and 192 bacteria OTUs were identified, with Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria comprising the most abundant classes. Ca decreased fungi biodiversity, favoring the growth of Basidiomycetes, and shifting fungi-bacteria relationships. Metabolite-microbiota networks revealed a tight relationship between microbial communities and triterpenoid components of fruit waxes, mainly stigmasterol, tremulone and oleanolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - António Teixeira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Seaweed Extract Improves Lagenaria siceraria Young Shoot Production, Mineral Profile and Functional Quality. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable landraces represent the main source of biodiversity in Sicily. Lagenaria siceraria is appreciated by Southern Mediterranean consumers for its immature fruits and young shoots. Plant-based biostimulants supply, such as seaweed extract (SwE), is a contemporary and green agricultural practice applied to ameliorate the yield and quality of vegetables. However, there are no studies concerning the effects of SwE on L. siceraria. The current study evaluated the effects of SwE foliar application (0 or 3 mL L−1) on five L. siceraria landraces (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) grown in greenhouses. Growth traits, first female flower emission, fruit yield, young shoot yield, fruit firmness, young shoot nitrogen use efficiency (NUEys) and specific young shoot quality parameters, such as soluble solids content (SSC), mineral profile, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols, were appraised. Plant height and number of leaves at 10, 20 and 30 days after transplant (DAT) were significantly higher in plants treated with SwE as compared with untreated plants. Treating plants with SwE increased marketable fruit yield, fruit mean mass, young shoot yield and number of young shoots by 14.4%, 15.0%, 22.2%, 32.4%, and 32.0%, respectively as compared with untreated plants. Relevant increments were also recorded for NUEys, P, K, Ca, Mg, ascorbic acid and polyphenols concentration. SwE application did not significantly affect total yield and SSC. Furthermore, SwE treated plants produced a lower number of marketable fruits than non-treated plants. The present study showed that SwE at 3 mL L−1 can fruitfully enhance crop performance, young shoot yield and quality of L. siceraria.
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Postharvest Treatment of ‘Florida Prince’ Peaches with a Calcium Nanoparticle–Ascorbic Acid Mixture during Cold Storage and Its Effect on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chilling injury (CI) is a physiological disorder resulting from low storage temperatures that affects the fruit quality and marketing of the ‘Florida Prince’ peach. In this study, the exogenous application of a mixture of calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) and ascorbic acid was found to significantly alleviate the symptoms of CI in peaches during cold storage. Fruits were treated with CaNPs plus different concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA; 0, 3, 6, and 9 mM). Peaches were immersed in CaNP–AA for 15 min before being stored at 4 ± 1 °C and 95 ± 1% RH for 30 days. We observed that the 9 mM CaNP–AA treatment lowered the values for the CI index, ion leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased antioxidant enzyme activities (AEAs), such as for ascorbate oxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR). Furthermore, the treatment reduced the accumulation of both H2O2 and O2•− and increased the level of DPPH reduction throughout the duration of cold storage. Our results suggest that 9 mM CaNP–AA treatment suppresses the incidence of CI in peach fruit throughout cold storage, possibly because 9 mM CaNP–AA is at least partly involved in enhancing the antioxidant system via its effect on antioxidant substances. The results indicate that applying the 9 mM CaNP–AA treatment afforded peaches with enhanced tolerance against cold storage stress.
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Comparative Omics Analysis of Brassica napus Roots Subjected to Six Individual Macronutrient Deprivations Reveals Deficiency-Specific Genes and Metabolomic Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111679. [PMID: 34769110 PMCID: PMC8584284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early and specific diagnosis of a macronutrient deficiency is challenging when seeking to better manage fertilizer inputs in the context of sustainable agriculture. Consequently, this study explored the potential for transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of Brassica napus roots to characterize the effects of six individual macronutrient deprivations (N, Mg, P, S, K, and Ca). Our results showed that before any visual phenotypic response, all macronutrient deprivations led to a large modulation of the transcriptome and metabolome involved in various metabolic pathways, and some were common to all macronutrient deprivations. Significantly, comparative transcriptomic analysis allowed the definition of a subset of 3282, 2011, 6325, 1384, 439, and 5157 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to N, Mg, P, S, K, and Ca deprivations, respectively. Surprisingly, gene ontology term enrichment analysis performed on this subset of specific DEGs highlighted biological processes that are common to a number of these macronutrient deprivations, illustrating the complexity of nutrient interactions. In addition, a set of 38 biochemical compounds that discriminated the macronutrient deprivations was identified using a metabolic approach. The opportunity to use these specific DEGs and/or biochemical compounds as potential molecular indicators to diagnose macronutrient deficiency is discussed.
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Cárcamo de la Concepción M, Sargent DJ, Šurbanovski N, Colgan RJ, Moretto M. De novo sequencing and analysis of the transcriptome of two highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars 'Bluecrop' and 'Legacy' at harvest and following post-harvest storage. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255139. [PMID: 34339434 PMCID: PMC8328333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit firmness and in particular the individual components of texture and moisture loss, are considered the key quality traits when describing blueberry fruit quality, and whilst these traits are genetically regulated, the mechanisms governing their control are not clearly understood. In this investigation, RNAseq was performed on fruits of two blueberry cultivars with very different storage properties, 'Bluecrop' and 'Legacy', at harvest, three weeks storage in a non-modified environment at 4 °C and after three weeks storage at 4 °C followed by three days at 21 °C, with the aim of understanding the transcriptional changes that occur during storage in cultivars with very different post-harvest fruit quality. De novo assemblies of the transcriptomes of the two cultivars were performed separately and a total of 39,335 and 41,896 unigenes for 'Bluecrop' and 'Legacy' respectively were resolved. Differential gene expression analyses were grouped into four cluster profiles based on changes in transcript abundance between harvest and 24 days post-harvest. A total of 290 unigenes were up-regulated in 'Legacy' only, 685 were up-regulated in 'Bluecrop', 252 were up-regulated in both cultivars and 948 were down-regulated in both cultivars between harvest and 24 days post-harvest. Unigenes showing significant differential expression between harvest and following post-harvest cold-storage were grouped into classes of biological processes including stress responses, cell wall metabolism, wax metabolism, calcium metabolism, cellular components, and biological processes. In total 21 differentially expressed unigenes with a putative role in regulating the response to post-harvest cold-storage in the two cultivars were identified from the de novo transcriptome assemblies performed. The results presented provide a stable foundation from which to perform further analyses with which to functionally validate the candidate genes identified, and to begin to understand the genetic mechanisms controlling changes in firmness in blueberry fruits post-harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel James Sargent
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, United Kingdom
- NIAB EMR, East Malling, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard John Colgan
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Martins V, Unlubayir M, Teixeira A, Gerós H, Lanoue A. Calcium and methyl jasmonate cross-talk in the secondary metabolism of grape cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:228-238. [PMID: 34077875 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In grape cell cultures cv. Gamay Fréaux var. Teinturier, Ca was shown to decrease cell pigmentation through the inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis, while stimulating stilbenoids accumulation. Because methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a well-known inducer of secondary metabolism in grape cells, and Ca antagonizes its stimulatory effect over several enzymes of core metabolic branches, in the present study we hypothesized that Ca and MeJA signaling pathways interact to regulate specific secondary metabolism routes. Grape cultured cells were elicited with MeJA or with MeJA + Ca and an UPLC-MS-based targeted metabolomic method was implemented to characterize their polyphenolic profiles. Results were compared with the profile of cells elicited with Ca only, previously reported. Data was complemented with gene expression analysis, allowing the assembly of a metabolic map that unraveled routes specifically regulated by both elicitors. MeJA + Ca specifically boosted E-resveratrol and E-ε-viniferin levels by 180% and 140%, respectively, in comparison to cells treated with MeJA only, while the stimulatory effect of MeJA over flavonoid synthesis was inhibited by Ca. In parallel, Ca downregulated most flavonoid pathway genes, including LAR1, ANS, BAN and ANR. Ca was able to mimic or potentiate the effect of MeJA on the expression of JA signaling genes, including JAR1, PIN and PR10. Transcript/metabolite correlation networks exposed the central influence of FLS1,STS,CDPK17 and COI1 in polyphenolic biosynthetic routes. This study highlights the potential of the MeJA-Ca combination for diverting polyphenolic metabolism towards the production of specific metabolites of interest, highly relevant in a biotechnological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Marianne Unlubayir
- Université de Tours, EA 2106 «Biomolécules et Biotechnologie Végétales», UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Av. Monge, F37200, Tours, France.
| | - António Teixeira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Université de Tours, EA 2106 «Biomolécules et Biotechnologie Végétales», UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Av. Monge, F37200, Tours, France.
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Zellner W, Tubaña B, Rodrigues FA, Datnoff LE. Silicon's Role in Plant Stress Reduction and Why This Element Is Not Used Routinely for Managing Plant Health. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2033-2049. [PMID: 33455444 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1797-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reviews and hundreds of refereed articles have been published on silicon's effects on abiotic and biotic stress as well as overall plant growth and development. The science for silicon is well-documented and comprehensive. However, even with this robust body of information, silicon is still not routinely used for alleviating plant stress and promoting plant growth and development. What is holding producers and growers back from using silicon? There are several possible reasons, which include: (i) lack of consistent information on which soil orders are low or limited in silicon, (ii) no universally accepted soil test for gauging the amounts of soluble silicon have been calibrated for many agronomic or horticultural crops, (iii) most analytical laboratories do not routinely assay plant tissue for silicon and current standard tissue digestion procedures used would render silicon insoluble, (iv) many scientists still state that plants are either silicon accumulators or non-accumulators when in reality all plants accumulate some silicon in their plant tissues, (v) silicon is not recognized as being necessary for plant development, (vi) lack of economic studies to show the benefits of applying silicon, and (vii) lack of extension outreach to present the positive benefits of silicon to producers and growers. Many of these issues mentioned above will need to be resolved if silicon is to become a standard practice to improve agronomic and horticultural crop production and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Zellner
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, U.S.A
| | - Brenda Tubaña
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.A
| | - Fabrício A Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Lawrence E Datnoff
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.A
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Prajapati U, Asrey R, Varghese E, Sharma RR. Effects of calcium lactate on postharvest quality of bitter gourd fruit during cold storage. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1811-1821. [PMID: 34539118 PMCID: PMC8405796 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to assess the effects of calcium lactate (CL) on quality, shelf-life and storage physiology of bitter gourd. Fruits were dipped in the aqueous solution of CL (50, 75, and 100 mM) and stored at 10 °C and 85-95% relative humidity (RH). The changes in physical, biochemical and enzymological parameters were recorded at five days interval. The results showed that in CL@100 mM treated fruit, physiological loss in weight (PLW) and decay incidence were minimized. Conversely, their firmness, total phenolics, antioxidants and total chlorophyll retained at higher side. The CL @ 75 mM was able to retain higher ascorbic acid up to 20 days while CL@100 mM was effective in controlling pectin methylesterase (PME) activity and increasing the inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Therefore, our observations suggested that by applying CL@100 mM, 5 days extra (20 days) shelf-life of bitter gourd fruit can be achieved with notable retention of biochemical compounds over untreated fruit (15 days with poor retention of important nutrients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Prajapati
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - Ram Asrey
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - Eldho Varghese
- Fishery Resources Assessment Division (FRAD), ICAR-CMFRI, Kochi, 682 018 India
| | - R. R. Sharma
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
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Li X, Sun S, Guo S, Hu X. Identifying the Phytotoxicity and Defense Mechanisms Associated with Graphene-Based Nanomaterials by Integrating Multiomics and Regular Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9938-9948. [PMID: 34232619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) has attracted global attention in various fields, and understanding defense mechanisms against the phytotoxicity of GBNs is crucial for assessing their environmental risks and safe-by-design. However, the related information is lacking, especially for edible vegetable crops. In the present study, GBNs (0.25, 2.5, and 25 mg/kg plant fresh weight) were injected into the stems of pepper plants. The results showed that the plant defense was regulated by reducing the calcium content by 21.7-48.3%, intercellular CO2 concentration by 12.0-35.2%, transpiration rate by 8.7-40.2%, and stomatal conductance by 16.9-50.5%. The defense pathways of plants in response to stress were further verified by the downregulation of endocytosis and transmembrane transport proteins, leading to a decrease in the nanomaterial uptake. The phytohormone gibberellin and abscisic acid receptor PYL8 were upregulated, indicating the activation of defense systems. However, reduced graphene oxide and graphene oxide quantum dots trigger stronger oxidative stress (e.g., H2O2 and malondialdehyde) than graphene oxide in fruits due to the breakdown of antioxidant defense systems (e.g., cytochrome P450 86A22 and P450 77A1). Both nontargeted proteomics and metabolomics consistently demonstrated that the downregulation of carbohydrate and upregulation of amino acid metabolism were the main mechanisms underlying the phytotoxicity and defense mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Effects of CaCl 2 Treatment Alleviates Chilling Injury of Loquat Fruit ( Eribotrya japonica) by Modulating ROS Homeostasis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071662. [PMID: 34359530 PMCID: PMC8304281 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment on chilling injury (CI), reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in loquat fruit at 1 °C storage for 35 d were investigated. The results indicated that CaCl2 treatment remarkably suppressed the increase in browning index and firmness as well as the decrease in extractable juice rate. CaCl2 treatment also decreased the production of superoxide radical (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, but increased the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (OH•) scavenging ability, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and their gene expressions. Moreover, compared to the control loquat fruit, CaCl2-treated fruit maintained higher contents of AsA, GSH, higher levels of activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and expressions of EjAPX, EjGR, EjMDHAR, and EjDHAR, but exhibited lower glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content. These results suggested that CaCl2 treatment alleviated CI in loquat fruit through enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities and AsA-GSH cycle system to quench ROS.
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Zinc Oxide Phytonanoparticles' Effects on Yield and Mineral Contents in Fruits of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Cherry) under Field Conditions. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:5561930. [PMID: 34220365 PMCID: PMC8213504 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5561930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of phytonanoparticles in agriculture could decrease the use of fertilizers and therefore decrease soil contamination, due to their size being better assimilated in plants. It is important to mention that the nanofertilizer is slow-releasing and improves plant physiological properties and various nutritional parameters. The influence of soil and foliar applications of phytonanoparticles of ZnO with the Moringa oleifera extract under three concentrations (25, 50, and 100 ppm) was evaluated on the cherry tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Synthesis of the phytonanoparticles was analyzed with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and infrared transmission spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FT-IR), as well as the analysis with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The morphometric parameters were evaluated before and after the application of the nanoparticles. The minerals' content of fruits was done 95 days after planting. Results showed that soil application was better at a concentration of 25 ppm of phytonanoparticles since it allowed the greatest number of flowers and fruits on the plant; however, it was demonstrated that when performing a foliar application, the fruit showed the highest concentrations for the elements Mg, Ca, and Na at concentrations of 511, 4589, and 223 mg kg−1, respectively.
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An Early Calcium Loading during Cherry Tree Dormancy Improves Fruit Quality Features at Harvest. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of an early calcium application via sprays (0.25, 0.5 and 1M CaCl2) on dormant buds to improve sweet cherry (cv. Ferrovia) fruit quality at harvest was investigated. Fruit quality characteristics were also investigated in response to the age of spurs, the ripening stage, and their interactions. Results indicate that calcium enters the dormant flower buds and the phloem but not to the dormant vegetative buds. At harvest, the levels of Zn, Mn, and Cu were declined in fruits by increasing CaCl2 doses of sprays. Fruit respiratory activity was higher and on–tree fruit cracking was lower in red-colour (unripe) cherries as well as in fruit that was produced by 2-year-old short spurs or by Ca-treated buds. Differences in the sweet cherry skin metabolic profiles were identified. Fruit produced from Ca-exposed spurs exhibited lower levels of ribose and other cell-wall-related sugars and higher sucrose, maltose, and quininic acid levels. Nutrient shift was increased in red cherries, while anthocyanins were boosted in the black ones. PCA analysis was performed between the high dose of calcium spray and a control for mineral element content and cherry quality traits. This study illustrates that the high dose of calcium application during bud dormancy can effectively improve sweet cherry fruit characteristics, in terms of calcium content, cracking incidence, and fruit set. Overall, the present study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of calcium nutrition in fruit crops, which will provide references for alternative nutrient management and quality control in sweet cherry production.
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Martins V, Soares C, Spormann S, Fidalgo F, Gerós H. Vineyard calcium sprays reduce the damage of postharvest grape berries by stimulating enzymatic antioxidant activity and pathogen defense genes, despite inhibiting phenolic synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:48-55. [PMID: 33667966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Calcium supplements have been increasingly used for decay prevention, sanitation and nutritional enrichment of fruits, as more environmentally friendly alternatives to fungicides. However, little is known on the effects of these supplements on grape berry biochemical and molecular properties during storage. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that the application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) in grapevines throughout the fruiting season reduces damage (and decay) of postharvest grape berries, through several biochemical and transcriptional modifications in sugar transport, secondary metabolism, antioxidant activity, cell wall organization and pathogen defense. Results showed that calcium (Ca) treatments in cv. "Vinhão" vines increased fruit Ca content and significantly decreased fruit damage by 60%, 10-d after storage at 4 °C. Grape berries from Ca-treated vines displayed lower levels of total phenolics and anthocyanins, compared to control fruits, corroborating the downregulation of PAL1 and STS which resulted in decreased non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity estimated by FRAP assay. In contrast, a strong upregulation of CAT1, ASPX1, ASPX3, GLPX1, CSD3 and CSD6 encoding antioxidant enzymes was observed. Accordingly, catalase enzyme activity was stimulated, significantly reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels by 36%. The overexpression of the cell wall and pathogen defense genes PME, PGIP, PIN and PR1 likely contributed to the reduction in fruit rot. This work suggested that preharvest Ca treatment is an efficient agronomical strategy that prolongs the shelf life of grape berries through modifications at molecular and biochemical levels, bringing further insight on the benefits and drawbacks of preharvest Ca applications on postharvest fruit quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Spormann
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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50
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Morales-Sillero A, Lodolini EM, Suárez MP, Navarrete V, Jiménez MR, Casanova L, Gregori L, Rallo P, Martín-Vertedor D. Calcium applications throughout fruit development enhance olive quality, oil yield, and antioxidant compounds' content. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1944-1952. [PMID: 32920857 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium is a preservative and firming agent largely used in the table olive industry. Foliar applications of calcium (as calcium chloride, CaCl2 ) before harvest have been proposed in other fruits to increase firmness and reduce physiological disorders or internal damage. However, there is still a shortage of information regarding the source, the concentration, the number, and the period of calcium application onto the canopy to get an effective response of olive quality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of two concentrations of CaCl2 foliar treatments (0.5% and 1.0%), applied at different stages of fruit development (at the end of fruit set, end of pit hardening, and prior to harvesting), on olive quality for two varieties ('Manzanilla de Sevilla' and 'Ascolanta tenera'), cultivated in two different geographical areas (Spain and Italy respectively). RESULTS The calcium concentrations applied enhanced the fruit calcium content and decreased sodium and potassium. They also improved the mechanical properties without modifying fruit morphology or cuticle thickness; nor did they cause phytotoxicity. Foliar treatments increased the oil content in the pulp (dry weight basis) and the amount of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein, among other phenols. CONCLUSION Calcium foliar applications during fruit development effectively increase olive quality. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morales-Sillero
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrico María Lodolini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - María Paz Suárez
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Víctor Navarrete
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture. Junta of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Rocío Jiménez
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Casanova
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Luca Gregori
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pilar Rallo
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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