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Erland LA. Views and perspectives on the indoleamines serotonin and melatonin in plants: past, present and future. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2366545. [PMID: 38899558 PMCID: PMC11195476 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2366545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In the decades since their discovery in plants in the mid-to-late 1900s, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and serotonin (5-methoxytryptamine) have been established as their own class of phytohormone and have become popular targets for examination and study as stress ameliorating compounds. The indoleamines play roles across the plant life cycle from reproduction to morphogenesis and plant environmental perception. There is growing interest in harnessing the power of these plant neurotransmitters in applied and agricultural settings, particularly as we face increasingly volatile climates for food production; however, there is still a lot to learn about the mechanisms of indoleamine action in plants. A recent explosion of interest in these compounds has led to exponential growth in the field of melatonin research in particular. This concept paper aims to summarize the current status of indoleamine research and highlight some emerging trends.
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Teng Z, Chen C, He Y, Pan S, Liu D, Zhu L, Liang K, Li Y, Huang L. Melatonin confers thermotolerance and antioxidant capacity in Chinese cabbage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108736. [PMID: 38797006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to the damaging effect of high temperatures on plant development, global warming is predicted to increase agricultural risks. Chinese cabbage holds considerable importance as a leafy vegetable that is extensively consumed and cultivated worldwide. Its year-round production also encounters severe challenges in the face of high temperatures. In this study, melatonin (MT), a pivotal multifunctional signaling molecule that coordinates responses to diverse environmental stressors was used to mitigate the harmful effects of high temperatures on Chinese cabbage. Through the utilization of growth indices, cytological morphology, physiological and biochemical responses, and RNA-Seq analysis, alongside an examination of the influence of crucial enzymes in the endogenous MT synthesis pathway on the thermotolerance of Chinese cabbage, we revealed that MT pretreatment enhanced photosynthetic activity, maintained signaling pathways associated with endoplasmic reticulum protein processing, and preserved circadian rhythm in Chinese cabbage under high temperatures. Furthermore, pretreatment with MT resulted in increased levels of soluble sugar, vitamin C, proteins, and antioxidant enzyme activity, along with decreased levels of malondialdehyde, nitrate, flavonoids, and bitter glucosinolates, ultimately enhancing the capacity of the organism to mitigate oxidative stress. The knockdown of the tryptophan decarboxylase gene, which encodes a key enzyme responsible for MT biosynthesis, resulted in a significant decline in the ability of transgenic Chinese cabbage to alleviate oxidative damage under high temperatures, further indicating an important role of MT in establishing the thermotolerance. Taken together, these results provide a mechanism for MT to improve the antioxidant capacity of Chinese cabbage under high temperatures and suggest beneficial implications for the management of other plants subjected to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Teng
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caizhi Chen
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Yuanrong He
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Shihui Pan
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Luyu Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kexin Liang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572024, China.
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Kwon EH, Adhikari A, Imran M, Hussain A, Gam HJ, Woo JI, Jeon JR, Lee DS, Lee CY, Lay L, Kang SM, Kim WC, Yun BW, Lee IJ. Novel melatonin-producing Bacillus safensis EH143 mitigates salt and cadmium stress in soybean. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12957. [PMID: 38803089 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, microorganism and exogenous melatonin application has been recognized as an efficient biological tool for enhancing salt tolerance and heavy metal detoxification in agriculture crops. Thus, the goal of this study was to isolate and evaluate a novel melatonin-producing plant growth promoting bacterium. With high-throughput whole genome sequencing, phytohormone measurements, expression profiling, and biochemical analysis, we can identify a novel PGPB that produces melatonin and unravel how it promotes soybean growth and development and protects against salt and Cd stress. We identify the melatonin synthesis pathway (tryptophan→tryptamine→serotonin melatonin) of the halotolerant (NaCl > 800 mM) and heavy metal-resistant (Cd >3 mM) rhizobacterium Bacillus safensis EH143 and use it to treat soybean plants subjected to Cd and NaCl stresses. Results show that EH143 will highly bioaccumulate heavy metals and significantly improve P and Ca2+ uptake and the K+/Na+ (93%↑under salt stress) ratio while reducing Cd uptake (49% under Cd stress) in shoots. This activity was supported by the expression of the ion regulator HKT1, MYPB67, and the calcium sensors CDPK5 and CaMK1 which ultimately led to increased plant growth. EH143 significantly decreased ABA content in shoots by 13%, 20%, and 34% and increased SA biosynthesis in shoots by 14.8%, 31%, and 48.2% in control, salt, and Cd-treated plants, upregulating CYP707A1 and CYP707A2 and PAL1 and ICS, respectively. The melatonin content significantly decreased along with a reduced expression of ASMT3 following treatment with EH143; moreover, reduced expression of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 134.5% and 39% under salt+Cd stress, respectively and increased level of total amino acids were observed. Whole-genome sequencing and annotation of EH143 revealed the presence of the melatonin precursor tryptophan synthase (trpA, trpB, trpS), metal and other ion regulators (Cd: cadA, potassium: KtrA and KtrB, phosphate: glpT, calcium: yloB, the sodium/glucose cotransporter: sgIT, and the magnesium transporter: mgtE), and enzyme activators (including the siderophore transport proteins yfiZ and yfhA, the SOD sodA, the catalase katA1, and the glutathione regulator KefG) that may be involved in programming the plant metabolic system. As a consequence, EH143 treatment significantly reduced the contents of lipid peroxidation (O2-, MDA, and H2O2) up to 69%, 46%, and 29% in plants under salt+Cd stress, respectively. These findings suggest that EH143 could be a potent biofertilizer to alleviate NaCl and Cd toxicity in crops and serve as an alternative substitute for exogenous melatonin application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hae Kwon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Arjun Adhikari
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Division, National Institute of Agriculture Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ho-Jun Gam
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-In Woo
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ryeol Jeon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Sol Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Yeol Lee
- Department of Statistics Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Liny Lay
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kung HC, Bui NH, Huang BW, Cheruiyot NK, Chang-Chien GP. Biosynthetic Pathways of Tryptophan Metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain: Insights and Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4747. [PMID: 38731967 PMCID: PMC11083699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolites, such as 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonin, and melatonin, hold significant promise as supplements for managing various mood-related disorders, including depression and insomnia. However, their chemical production via chemical synthesis and phytochemical extraction presents drawbacks, such as the generation of toxic byproducts and low yields. In this study, we explore an alternative approach utilizing S. cerevisiae STG S101 for biosynthesis. Through a series of eleven experiments employing different combinations of tryptophan supplementation, Tween 20, and HEPES buffer, we investigated the production of these indolamines. The tryptophan metabolites were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Notably, setups replacing peptone in the YPD media with tryptophan (Run 3) and incorporating tryptophan along with 25 mM HEPES buffer (Run 4) demonstrated successful biosynthesis of 5-HTP and serotonin. The highest 5-HTP and serotonin concentrations were 58.9 ± 16.0 mg L-1 and 0.0650 ± 0.00211 mg L-1, respectively. Melatonin concentrations were undetected in all the setups. These findings underscore the potential of using probiotic yeast strains as a safer and conceivably more cost-effective alternative for indolamine synthesis. The utilization of probiotic strains presents a promising avenue, potentially offering scalability, sustainability, reduced environmental impact, and feasibility for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Kung
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (N.-H.B.)
| | - Ngoc-Han Bui
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (N.-H.B.)
| | - Bo-Wun Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan;
| | - Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (N.-H.B.)
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (N.-H.B.)
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
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Aziz RA, Ramesh P, Suchithra KV, Stothard P, Narayana VK, Raghu SV, Shen FT, Young CC, Prasad TSK, Hameed A. Comprehensive insights into the impact of bacterial indole-3-acetic acid on sensory preferences in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8311. [PMID: 38594449 PMCID: PMC11003987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Several bacteria of environmental and clinical origins, including some human-associated strains secrete a cross-kingdom signaling molecule indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). IAA is a tryptophan (trp) derivative mainly known for regulating plant growth and development as a hormone. However, the nutritional sources that boost IAA secretion in bacteria and the impact of secreted IAA on non-plant eukaryotic hosts remained less explored. Here, we demonstrate significant trp-dependent IAA production in Pseudomonas juntendi NEEL19 when provided with ethanol as a carbon source in liquid cultures. IAA was further characterized to modulate the odor discrimination, motility and survivability in Drosophila melanogaster. A detailed analysis of IAA-fed fly brain proteome using high-resolution mass spectrometry showed significant (fold change, ± 2; p ≤ 0.05) alteration in the proteins governing neuromuscular features, audio-visual perception and energy metabolism as compared to IAA-unfed controls. Sex-wise variations in differentially regulated proteins were witnessed despite having similar visible changes in chemo perception and psychomotor responses in IAA-fed flies. This study not only revealed ethanol-specific enhancement in trp-dependent IAA production in P. juntendi, but also showed marked behavioral alterations in flies for which variations in an array of proteins governing odor discrimination, psychomotor responses, and energy metabolism are held responsible. Our study provided novel insights into disruptive attributes of bacterial IAA that can potentially influence the eukaryotic gut-brain axis having broad environmental and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raifa Abdul Aziz
- Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Konaje, Mangalore, 574199, India
| | - Poornima Ramesh
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Kokkarambath Vannadil Suchithra
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Vanya Kadla Narayana
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Konaje, Mangalore, 574199, India
- Division of Neuroscience, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Fo-Ting Shen
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Chung Young
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Asif Hameed
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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Zaid DS, Li W, Yang S, Li Y. Identification of bioactive compounds of Bacillus velezensis HNA3 that contribute to its dual effects as plant growth promoter and biocontrol against post-harvested fungi. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0051923. [PMID: 37811935 PMCID: PMC10715170 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00519-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The current study is an extension to our previous work on the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus velezensis HNA3 strain, which comes to confirm and reveals the huge stock of active secondary metabolites produced by HNA3. HNA3-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have demonstrated the capacity to impede the growth of phytopathogens affecting some fruits and vegetables, even in the absence of direct contact. Additionally, these volatiles enhanced soybean seed germination by breaking seed dormancy and inducing root system development. Furthermore, they promoted seedling growth, giving it prominence in soybean cultivation. The relevance of active volatiles derives from the fact that they can be developed as natural-safe biocontrol agents and plant promoters. This research validates the remarkable bioactivities exhibited by the Bacillus velezensis HNA3 and their potential applications in agriculture as an inoculant, encompassing biocontrol, plant growth promotion, and seed germination activities, thereby offering a safer alternative to hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa S. Zaid
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Desert Research Center, Ain Shams, Egypt
| | - Wenya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Khan V, Umar S, Iqbal N. Synergistic action of Pseudomonas fluorescens with melatonin attenuates salt toxicity in mustard by regulating antioxidant system and flavonoid profile. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14092. [PMID: 38148187 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is an alarming abiotic stress that reduces mustard growth and yield. To attenuate salt toxicity effects, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offers a sustainable approach. Among the various PGPR, Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens NAIMCC-B-00340) was chosen for its salt tolerance (at 100 mM NaCl) and for exhibiting various growth-promoting activities. Notably, P. fluorescens can produce auxin, which plays a role in melatonin (MT) synthesis. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that acts as an antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in stress reduction. Owing to the individual role of PGPR and MT in salt tolerance, and their casual nexus, their domino effect was investigated in Indian mustard under salt stress. The synergistic action of P. fluorescens and MT under salt stress conditions was found to enhance the activity of antioxidative enzymes and proline content as well as promote the production of secondary metabolites. This led to reduced oxidative stress following effective ROS scavenging, maintained photosynthesis, and improved growth. In mustard plants treated with MT and P. fluorescens under salt stress, eight flavonoids showed significant increase. Kaempferol and cyanidin showed the highest concentrations and are reported to act as antioxidants with protective functions under stress. Thus, we can anticipate that strategies involved in their enhancement could provide a better adaptive solution to salt toxicity in mustard plants. In conclusion, the combination of P. fluorescens and MT affected antioxidant metabolism and flavonoid profile that could be used to mitigate salt-induced stress and bolster plant resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varisha Khan
- Department of Botany, School of chemical and life sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, School of chemical and life sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, School of chemical and life sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Buch A, Gupta V. Unusual concurrence of P-solubilizing and biocontrol traits under P-limitation in plant-beneficial Pseudomonas aeruginosa P4: insights from in vitro metabolic and gene expression analysis. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:355. [PMID: 37833514 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-beneficial fluorescent Pseudomonas species with concurrent P-solubilizing and biocontrol traits could have improved rhizospheric survival and efficacy; this rare ability being subject to diverse environmental and endogenous regulations. This study correlates growth patterns, time-course analysis of selected metabolites, non-targeted metabolomics of exometabolites and selected gene expression analysis to elucidate P-limitation-induced physiological shifts enabling co-production of metabolites implied in P-solubilization and biocontrol by P. aeruginosa P4 (P4). P-limited culture supernatants showed enhanced production of selected biocontrol metabolites such as pyocyanin, pyoverdine and pyochelin and IAA while maintaining biomass yield despite reduced growth rate and glucose consumption. Non-targeted exometabolomics further indicated that P-limitation positively impacted pentose phosphate pathway as well as pyruvate, C5-branched dibasic acid and amino acid metabolism. Its correlation with unusually reduced aroC expression and growth phase-dependent changes in the expression of key biosynthetic genes pchA, pchE, pchG, pvdQ and phzM implied a probable regulation of biosynthesis of chorismate-derived secondary metabolites, not neglecting the possibility of multiple factors influencing the gene expression profiles. Similar increase in biocontrol metabolite production was also observed in Artificial Root Exudates (ARE)-grown P4 cultures. While such metabolic flexibility could impart physiological advantage in sustaining P-starvation stress, it manifests as unique coexistence of P-solubilizing and biocontrol abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Buch
- Department of Biological Sciences, P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Dist, Anand, Changa, 388 421, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vaishnawi Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Dist, Anand, Changa, 388 421, Gujarat, India
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Feng Z, Xie X, Wu P, Chen M, Qin Y, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Yao Q. Phenylalanine-mediated changes in the soil bacterial community promote nitrogen cycling and plant growth. Microbiol Res 2023; 275:127447. [PMID: 37441843 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil amino acids (AAs) are the most active components of soil N, which can be mineralized or absorbed by bacteria as N and C sources. We hypothesized that exogenous AAs could regulate the bacterial community and affect soil N cycling, and the effect sizes could vary depending on individual AAs. Here, we applied feather (keratin)-based compost rich in AAs to Poncirus trifoliata (L.) to evaluate the regulation of bacterial community by AAs; furthermore, we applied six individual AAs to test their effects. The compost significantly increased soil hydrolysable AA content, ammonia monooxygenase gene abundance, and plant growth and changed bacterial community structure. Redundancy analysis revealed that the effects of AAs on the bacterial community composition were greater than those of soil chemical properties, and phenylalanine (Phe) was the most effective among thirteen individual AAs. When applied individually, Phe caused the greatest increase in N cycling-related enzyme activity and plant growth and most significantly altered the bacterial community structure among the six exogenous AAs. Notably, Phe significantly increased the relative abundances of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Azospirillum, Cupriavidus, and Achromobacter, whose abundances were significantly positively correlated with plant biomass, and significantly reduced the relative abundances of Arachidicoccus, Pseudopedobacter, Sphingobacterium, and Paenibacillus, whose abundances were significantly negatively correlated with plant biomass. We demonstrate that soil AAs strongly shape the bacterial community. Particularly, Phe enhances N cycling and plant growth by increasing the potentially beneficial bacterial taxa and inhibiting the potentially harmful bacterial taxa, which needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Feng
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; Guangdong BoWoTe Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Peidong Wu
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong BoWoTe Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Yongqiang Qin
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Qing Yao
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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10
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Krzyżanowska DM, Jabłońska M, Kaczyński Z, Czerwicka-Pach M, Macur K, Jafra S. Host-adaptive traits in the plant-colonizing Pseudomonas donghuensis P482 revealed by transcriptomic responses to exudates of tomato and maize. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9445. [PMID: 37296159 PMCID: PMC10256816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonads are metabolically flexible and can thrive on different plant hosts. However, the metabolic adaptations required for host promiscuity are unknown. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by employing RNAseq and comparing transcriptomic responses of Pseudomonas donghuensis P482 to root exudates of two plant hosts: tomato and maize. Our main goal was to identify the differences and the common points between these two responses. Pathways upregulated only by tomato exudates included nitric oxide detoxification, repair of iron-sulfur clusters, respiration through the cyanide-insensitive cytochrome bd, and catabolism of amino and/or fatty acids. The first two indicate the presence of NO donors in the exudates of the test plants. Maize specifically induced the activity of MexE RND-type efflux pump and copper tolerance. Genes associated with motility were induced by maize but repressed by tomato. The shared response to exudates seemed to be affected both by compounds originating from the plants and those from their growth environment: arsenic resistance and bacterioferritin synthesis were upregulated, while sulfur assimilation, sensing of ferric citrate and/or other iron carriers, heme acquisition, and transport of polar amino acids were downregulated. Our results provide directions to explore mechanisms of host adaptation in plant-associated microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota M Krzyżanowska
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdańsk, ul. A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdańsk, ul. A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kaczyński
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Czerwicka-Pach
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Macur
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdańsk, ul. A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdańsk, ul. A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.
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11
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Ayyanath MM, Shukla MR, Saxena PK. Indoleamines Impart Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Improve Reproductive Traits in Hazelnuts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1233. [PMID: 36986922 PMCID: PMC10056574 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hazelnuts have recently gathered tremendous attention due to the expansion of the confectionary industry. However, the sourced cultivars fail to perform in initial phase of cultivation as they enter bare survival mode due to changes in climatic zones, for example, Southern Ontario, where the climate is continental, as opposed to the milder climate in Europe and Turkey. Indoleamines have been shown to counter abiotic stress and modulate vegetative and reproductive development of plants. Here, we examined the effect of indoleamines on the flowering response of the dormant stem cuttings of sourced hazelnut cultivars in controlled environment chambers. The stem cuttings were exposed to sudden summer-like conditions (abiotic stress) and the female flower development was assessed in relation to endogenous indoleamine titers. The sourced cultivars responded well to serotonin treatment by producing more flowers compared to the controls or other treatments. The probability of buds resulting in female flowers was highest in the middle region of the stem cuttings. It is interesting to note that the tryptamine titers of the locally adapted, and N-acetyl serotonin titers of native hazelnut cultivars, provided the best explanation for adaptation to the stress environment. Titers of both compounds were compromised in the sourced cultivars which resorted mostly to serotonin concentrations to counter the stress. The indoleamines tool kit identified in this study could be deployed in assessing cultivars for stress adaptation attributes.
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12
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Aghdam MS, Mukherjee S, Flores FB, Arnao MB, Luo Z, Corpas FJ. Functions of Melatonin during Postharvest of Horticultural Crops. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1764-1786. [PMID: 34910215 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a tryptophan-derived molecule, is endogenously generated in animal, plant, fungal and prokaryotic cells. Given its antioxidant properties, it is involved in a myriad of signaling functions associated with various aspects of plant growth and development. In higher plants, melatonin (Mel) interacts with plant regulators such as phytohormones, as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). It shows great potential as a biotechnological tool to alleviate biotic and abiotic stress, to delay senescence and to conserve the sensory and nutritional quality of postharvest horticultural products which are of considerable economic importance worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry of Mel, whose endogenous induction and exogenous application can play an important biotechnological role in enhancing the marketability and hence earnings from postharvest horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Soleimani Aghdam
- Department of Horticultural Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal 742213, India
| | - Francisco Borja Flores
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo-Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, Granada 18008, Spain
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13
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Chen X, Zhao Y, Laborda P, Yang Y, Liu F. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Gene, xoSNAT3, from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1865. [PMID: 36767232 PMCID: PMC9914633 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the top ten bacterial plant diseases worldwide. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) is one of the key rate-limiting enzymes in melatonin (MT) biosynthesis. However, its function in pathogenic bacteria remains unclear. In this study, a Xoo SNAT protein (xoSNAT3) that showed 27.39% homology with sheep SNAT was identified from a collection of 24 members of GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily in Xoo. This xoSNAT3 could be induced by MT. In tobacco-based transient expression system, xoSNAT3 was found localized on mitochondria. In vitro studies indicated that xoSNAT3 showed the optima enzymatic activity at 50 °C. The recombinant enzyme showed Km and Vmax values of 709.98 μM and 2.21 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Mutant △xoSNAT3 showed greater impaired MT biosynthesis than the wild-type strain. Additionally, △xoSNAT3 showed 14.06% less virulence and 26.07% less biofilm formation. Collectively, our results indicated that xoSNAT3 services as a SNAT involved in MT biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
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Arnao MB, Giraldo-Acosta M, Castejón-Castillejo A, Losada-Lorán M, Sánchez-Herrerías P, El Mihyaoui A, Cano A, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin from Microorganisms, Algae, and Plants as Possible Alternatives to Synthetic Melatonin. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010072. [PMID: 36676997 PMCID: PMC9862825 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin dietary supplements are widely consumed worldwide, with developed countries as the largest consumers, with an estimated annual growth rate of approximately 10% until 2027, mainly in developing countries. The wide use of melatonin against sleep disorders and particular problems, such as jet lag, has been added to other applications, such as anti-aging, anti-stress, immune system activation, anticancer, and others, which have triggered its use, normally without a prescription. The chemical industry currently covers 100% of the needs of the melatonin market. Motivated by sectors with more natural consumption habits, a few years ago, the possibility of obtaining melatonin from plants, called phytomelatonin, arose. More recently, the pharmaceutical industry has developed genetically modified microorganisms whose ability to produce biological melatonin in bioreactors has been enhanced. This paper reviews the aspects of the chemical and biological synthesis of melatonin for human consumption, mainly as dietary supplements. The pros and cons of obtaining melatonin from microorganisms and phytomelatonin from plants and algae are analyzed, as well as the advantages of natural melatonin, avoiding unwanted chemical by-products from the chemical synthesis of melatonin. Finally, the economic and quality aspects of these new products, some of which are already marketed, are analyzed.
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15
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Jofre MF, Mammana SB, Appiolaza ML, Silva MF, Gomez FJV, Cohen AC. Melatonin production by rhizobacteria native strains: Towards sustainable plant growth promotion strategies. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13852. [PMID: 36628609 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the current context of climate change and water deficit, the selection of native beneficial microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), has become a trend for sustainable agriculture due to their ability to improve plant-bacteria interaction with a minimal adverse effect on the soil microbiota compared to commercial PGPR. Until now, the production of phytohormones like melatonin (MT) by native PGPR and their effect on endogenous MT levels in plants have been poorly studied. MT is a ubiquitous phytohormone that protects plants against biotic and abiotic stress by improving the tolerance of stressed plants. In this work, the production of MT by two native PGPR, Enterobacter 64S1 and Pseudomonas 42P4, was evaluated and both PGPR were applied in Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under drought conditions to assess the inoculation effects. Parameters such as plant growth, leaf cellular membrane damage, leaf protective compounds, and endogenous MT levels under drought and irrigation conditions were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the native strains Pseudomonas 42P4 and Enterobacter 64S1 produce MT and increase the content of endogenous MT in A. thaliana plants under drought. These native strains improved the tolerance of arabidopsis plants to drought by preventing oxidative and membrane damages and improving plant growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on MT production by native PGPR and their effects on endogenous MT levels in arabidopsis plants, setting the bases to elucidate the role of native PGPR on water deficit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Jofre
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Grupo de Química Analítica Verde, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Grupo de Microbiología y Fisiología Agrícola, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sabrina B Mammana
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Grupo de Química Analítica Verde, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Martín Lopez Appiolaza
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Silva
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Grupo de Química Analítica Verde, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Federico José Vicente Gomez
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Grupo de Química Analítica Verde, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Carmen Cohen
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Grupo de Microbiología y Fisiología Agrícola, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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16
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Sati H, Khandelwal A, Pareek S. Effect of exogenous melatonin in fruit postharvest, crosstalk with hormones, and defense mechanism for oxidative stress management. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hansika Sati
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli Sonipat India
| | - Aparna Khandelwal
- Department of Biochemistry Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak Haryana India
| | - Sunil Pareek
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli Sonipat India
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17
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Melatonin Function and Crosstalk with Other Phytohormones under Normal and Stressful Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101699. [PMID: 36292584 PMCID: PMC9602040 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin was discovered in plants in the late nineties, but its role, signaling, and crosstalk with other phytohormones remain unknown. Research on melatonin in plants has risen dramatically in recent years and the role of this putative plant hormone under biotic and abiotic stress conditions has been reported. In the present review, we discuss the main functions of melatonin in the growth and development of plants, its role under abiotic stresses, such as water stress (waterlogging and drought), extreme temperature (low and high), salinity, heavy metal, and light-induced stress. Similarly, we also discuss the role of melatonin under biotic stresses (antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal effects). Moreover, the present review meticulously discusses the crosstalk of melatonin with other phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellic acids, cytokinins, ethylene, and salicylic acid under normal and stressful conditions and reports melatonin receptors and signaling in plants. All these aspects of melatonin suggest that phytomelatonin is a key player in crop improvement and biotic and abiotic stress regulation.
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18
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Tiwari RK, Lal MK, Kumar R, Mangal V, Altaf MA, Sharma S, Singh B, Kumar M. Insight into melatonin-mediated response and signaling in the regulation of plant defense under biotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:385-399. [PMID: 34783977 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin plays a crucial role in the mitigation of plant biotic stress through induced defense responses and pathogen attenuation. Utilizing the current knowledge of signaling and associated mechanism of this phytoprotectant will be invaluable in sustainable plant disease management. Biotic stress in plants involves complex regulatory networks of various sensory and signaling molecules. In this context, the polyfunctional, ubiquitous-signaling molecule melatonin has shown a regulatory role in biotic stress mitigation in plants. The present review conceptualized the current knowledge concerning the melatonin-mediated activation of the defense signaling network that leads to the resistant or tolerant phenotype of the infected plants. Fundamentals of signaling networks involved in melatonin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants have also been discussed. Increasing evidence has suggested that melatonin acts upstream of mitogen-activated proteinase kinases in activation of defense-related genes and heat shock proteins that provide immunity against pathogen attack. Besides, the direct application of melatonin on virulent fungi and bacteria showed disrupted spore morphology, destabilization of cell ultrastructure, reduced biofilm formation, and enhanced mortality that led to attenuate disease symptoms on melatonin-treated plants. The transcriptome analysis has revealed the down-regulation of pathogenicity genes, metabolism-related genes, and up-regulation of fungicide susceptibility genes in melatonin-treated pathogens. The activation of melatonin-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through cross-talk with salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) has been essential for viral disease management. The high endogenous melatonin concentration has also been correlated with the up-regulation of genes involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The present review highlights the versatile functions of melatonin towards direct inhibition of pathogen propagule along with active participation in mediating oxidative burst and simulating PTI, ETI and SAR responses. The hormonal cross-talk involving melatonin mediated biotic stress tolerance through defense signaling network suggests its suitability in a sustainable plant protection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Milan Kumar Lal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India.
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India.
| | - Vikas Mangal
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Brajesh Singh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram, UP, 250 110, India
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Hassan MU, Mahmood A, Awan MI, Maqbool R, Aamer M, Alhaithloul HAS, Huang G, Skalicky M, Brestic M, Pandey S, El Sabagh A, Qari SH. Melatonin-Induced Protection Against Plant Abiotic Stress: Mechanisms and Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:902694. [PMID: 35755707 PMCID: PMC9218792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.902694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Global warming in this century increases incidences of various abiotic stresses restricting plant growth and productivity and posing a severe threat to global food production and security. The plant produces different osmolytes and hormones to combat the harmful effects of these abiotic stresses. Melatonin (MT) is a plant hormone that possesses excellent properties to improve plant performance under different abiotic stresses. It is associated with improved physiological and molecular processes linked with seed germination, growth and development, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and plant defence against other abiotic stresses. In parallel, MT also increased the accumulation of multiple osmolytes, sugars and endogenous hormones (auxin, gibberellic acid, and cytokinins) to mediate resistance to stress. Stress condition in plants often produces reactive oxygen species. MT has excellent antioxidant properties and substantially scavenges reactive oxygen species by increasing the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants under stress conditions. Moreover, the upregulation of stress-responsive and antioxidant enzyme genes makes it an excellent stress-inducing molecule. However, MT produced in plants is not sufficient to induce stress tolerance. Therefore, the development of transgenic plants with improved MT biosynthesis could be a promising approach to enhancing stress tolerance. This review, therefore, focuses on the possible role of MT in the induction of various abiotic stresses in plants. We further discussed MT biosynthesis and the critical role of MT as a potential antioxidant for improving abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, we also addressed MT biosynthesis and shed light on future research directions. Therefore, this review would help readers learn more about MT in a changing environment and provide new suggestions on how this knowledge could be used to develop stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Hassan
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Athar Mahmood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Masood Iqbal Awan
- Department of Agronomy, Sub-Campus Depalpur, Okara, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Maqbool
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamer
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Agronomy, Sub-Campus Depalpur, Okara, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Guoqin Huang
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Department of Agriculture, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Department of Biology, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Gonçalves S, Nunes-Costa D, Cardoso SM, Empadinhas N, Marugg JD. Enzyme Promiscuity in Serotonin Biosynthesis, From Bacteria to Plants and Humans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:873555. [PMID: 35495641 PMCID: PMC9048412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.873555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a phylogenetically ancient compound found in animals, plants, and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, serotonin is synthesized from the aromatic amino acid tryptophan via the key enzymes aromatic amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD). Serotonin is also an intermediate in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway and is involved in several vital functions. In humans, serotonin is produced in the gut and in the brain, is critical in the regulation of multiple body functions, and its depletion has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders including depression and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as other peripheral conditions namely irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. The serotonin biosynthetic pathway is well described in eukaryotes, but very little is known about this pathway in bacteria. Evidence points to similar pathways since eukaryote-like AAAH and AAAD (and their genes) have been identified in multiple bacteria, even though serotonin production has not yet been detected in most species. Although data on bacterial tryptophan decarboxylase genes are very limited and no bacterial tryptophan hydroxylase genes have been identified to date, evidence suggests that serotonin production in bacteria might occur through different AAAH and AAAD. Substrate promiscuity in these enzymes has been previously reported and seems to be the key aspect in bacterial serotonin synthesis. Considering the human gut microbiota as a potential source of serotonin, further investigation on its biosynthetic pathways in microbes might lead to important discoveries, which may ultimately foster the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat serotonin depletion-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Nunes-Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - John David Marugg
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Xie X, Ding D, Bai D, Zhu Y, Sun W, Sun Y, Zhang D. Melatonin biosynthesis pathways in nature and its production in engineered microorganisms. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:544-553. [PMID: 35087957 PMCID: PMC8761603 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a biogenic amine that can be found in plants, animals and microorganism. The metabolic pathway of melatonin is different in various organisms, and biosynthetic endogenous melatonin acts as a molecular signal and antioxidant protection against external stress. Microbial synthesis pathways of melatonin are similar to those of animals but different from those of plants. At present, the method of using microorganism fermentation to produce melatonin is gradually prevailing, and exploring the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin to modify microorganism is becoming the mainstream, which has more advantages than traditional chemical synthesis. Here, we review recent advances in the synthesis, optimization of melatonin pathway. l-tryptophan is one of the two crucial precursors for the synthesis of melatonin, which can be produced through a four-step reaction. Enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis have low specificity and catalytic efficiency. Site-directed mutation, directed evolution or promotion of cofactor synthesis can enhance enzyme activity and increase the metabolic flow to promote microbial melatonin production. On the whole, the status and bottleneck of melatonin biosynthesis can be improved to a higher level, providing an effective reference for future microbial modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xie
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
| | - Dongqin Ding
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Danyang Bai
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tianjin University of science and technology, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yumei Sun
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Corresponding author. Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China.
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22
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Darriaut R, Lailheugue V, Masneuf-Pomarède I, Marguerit E, Martins G, Compant S, Ballestra P, Upton S, Ollat N, Lauvergeat V. Grapevine rootstock and soil microbiome interactions: Keys for a resilient viticulture. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac019. [PMID: 35184168 PMCID: PMC8985100 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbiota has increasingly been shown to play an integral role in viticulture resilience. The emergence of new metagenomic and culturomic technologies has led to significant advances in the study of microbial biodiversity. In the agricultural sector, soil and plant microbiomes have been found to significantly improve resistance to environmental stressors and diseases, as well as influencing crop yields and fruit quality thus improving sustainability under shifting environments. Grapevines are usually cultivated as a scion grafted on rootstocks, which are selected according to pedoclimatic conditions and cultural practices, known as terroir. The rootstock connects the surrounding soil to the vine's aerial part and impacts scion growth and berry quality. Understanding rootstock and soil microbiome dynamics is a relevant and important field of study, which may be critical to improve viticulture sustainability and resilience. This review aims to highlight the relationship between grapevine roots and telluric microbiota diversity and activity. In addition, this review explores the concept of core microbiome regarding potential applications of soil microbiome engineering with the goal of enhancing grapevine adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Darriaut
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Lailheugue
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Isabelle Masneuf-Pomarède
- Université de Bordeaux,
UMR Oenologie 1366, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Elisa Marguerit
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Guilherme Martins
- Université de Bordeaux,
UMR Oenologie 1366, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Stéphane Compant
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Patricia Ballestra
- Université de Bordeaux,
UMR Oenologie 1366, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Virginie Lauvergeat
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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23
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Bhat JA, Faizan M, Bhat MA, Huang F, Yu D, Ahmad A, Bajguz A, Ahmad P. Defense interplay of the zinc-oxide nanoparticles and melatonin in alleviating the arsenic stress in soybean (Glycine max L.). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132471. [PMID: 34626653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Present study showed the successful application of the modified hydrothermal method for synthesizing the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) efficiently. Well as-synthesized ZnO-NPs are analyzed for various techniques viz., X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM micrographs, EDAX/Mapping pattern, Raman Spectroscopy Pattern, UV, Photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. All these measurements showed that ZnO-NPs are highly pure with no internal defects, and can be potentially used in the plant applications. Hence, we further determined the effect of these nanoparticles and melatonin for the modulation of the As tolerance in soybean plants by examining the various growth attributes and metabolic parameters. Our results demonstrated that As-stress inhibited growth (∼34%), photosynthesis-related parameters (∼18-28%) and induced ROS accumulation; however, all these attributes are substantially reversed by the ZnO-NPs and melatonin treatments. Moreover, the As stress induced malondialdehyde (MDA; 71%) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 82%) are partially reversed by the ZnO-NPs and melatonin in the As-stressed plants. This might have resulted due to the ZnO-NPs and melatonin induced activities of the antioxidants plant defense. Overall, the ZnO-NPs and melatonin supplementation separately and in combination positively regulated the As tolerance in soybean; however, the effect of their combined application on the As tolerance was more profound relative to the individual application. These results suggested the synergetic effect of the ZnO-NPs and melatonin on the As tolerance in soybean. However, the in-depth mechanism underlying the defense crosstalk between the ZnO-NPs and melatonin needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaid Akhter Bhat
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Mohammad Faizan
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | | | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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24
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Jiao J, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Liu C, Feng J, Zheng X, Song S, Bai T, Song C, Wang M, Pang H. Phenylalanine 4-Hydroxylase Contributes to Endophytic Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens' Melatonin Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:746392. [PMID: 34868217 PMCID: PMC8634680 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.746392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin acts both as an antioxidant and as a growth regulatory substance in plants. Pseudomonas fluorescens endophytic bacterium has been shown to produce melatonin and increase plant resistance to abiotic stressors through increasing endogenous melatonin. However, in bacteria, genes are still not known to be melatonin-related. Here, we reported that the bacterial phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (PAH) may be involved in the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) biosynthesis and further influenced the subsequent production of melatonin in P. fluorescens. The purified PAH protein of P. fluorescens not only hydroxylated phenylalanine but also exhibited l-tryptophan (l-Trp) hydroxylase activity by converting l-Trp to 5-HTP in vitro. However, bacterial PAH displayed lower activity and affinity for l-Trp than l-phenylalanine. Notably, the PAH deletion of P. fluorescens blocked melatonin production by causing a significant decline in 5-HTP levels and thus decreased the resistance to abiotic stress. Overall, this study revealed a possible role for bacterial PAH in controlling 5-HTP and melatonin biosynthesis in bacteria, and expanded the current knowledge of melatonin production in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueli Wu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chonghuai Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiancan Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shangwei Song
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tuanhui Bai
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Song
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongguang Pang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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25
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Pardo-Hernández M, López-Delacalle M, Martí-Guillen JM, Martínez-Lorente SE, Rivero RM. ROS and NO Phytomelatonin-Induced Signaling Mechanisms under Metal Toxicity in Plants: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10. [PMID: 34068211 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202104.0637.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal toxicity in soils, along with water runoff, are increasing environmental problems that affect agriculture directly and, in turn, human health. In light of finding a suitable and urgent solution, research on plant treatments with specific compounds that can help mitigate these effects has increased, and thus the exogenous application of melatonin (MET) and its role in alleviating the negative effects of metal toxicity in plants, have become more important in the last few years. MET is an important plant-related response molecule involved in growth, development, and reproduction, and in the induction of different stress-related key factors in plants. It has been shown that MET plays a protective role against the toxic effects induced by different metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, B, Al, V, Ni, La, As, and Cr) by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant plant defense systems. In addition, MET interacts with many other signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and participates in a wide variety of physiological reactions. Furthermore, MET treatment enhances osmoregulation and photosynthetic efficiency, and increases the concentration of other important antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, polyamines (PAs), and carotenoid compounds. Some recent studies have shown that MET appeared to be involved in the regulation of metal transport in plants, and lastly, various studies have confirmed that MET significantly upregulated stress tolerance-related genes. Despite all the knowledge acquired over the years, there is still more to know about how MET is involved in the metal toxicity tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pardo-Hernández
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura River-Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario Espinardo, Ed. 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María López-Delacalle
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura River-Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario Espinardo, Ed. 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Martí-Guillen
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura River-Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario Espinardo, Ed. 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara E Martínez-Lorente
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura River-Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario Espinardo, Ed. 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa M Rivero
- Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura River-Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario Espinardo, Ed. 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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26
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Pardo-Hernández M, López-Delacalle M, Martí-Guillen JM, Martínez-Lorente SE, Rivero RM. ROS and NO Phytomelatonin-Induced Signaling Mechanisms under Metal Toxicity in Plants: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050775. [PMID: 34068211 PMCID: PMC8153167 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal toxicity in soils, along with water runoff, are increasing environmental problems that affect agriculture directly and, in turn, human health. In light of finding a suitable and urgent solution, research on plant treatments with specific compounds that can help mitigate these effects has increased, and thus the exogenous application of melatonin (MET) and its role in alleviating the negative effects of metal toxicity in plants, have become more important in the last few years. MET is an important plant-related response molecule involved in growth, development, and reproduction, and in the induction of different stress-related key factors in plants. It has been shown that MET plays a protective role against the toxic effects induced by different metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, B, Al, V, Ni, La, As, and Cr) by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant plant defense systems. In addition, MET interacts with many other signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and participates in a wide variety of physiological reactions. Furthermore, MET treatment enhances osmoregulation and photosynthetic efficiency, and increases the concentration of other important antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, polyamines (PAs), and carotenoid compounds. Some recent studies have shown that MET appeared to be involved in the regulation of metal transport in plants, and lastly, various studies have confirmed that MET significantly upregulated stress tolerance-related genes. Despite all the knowledge acquired over the years, there is still more to know about how MET is involved in the metal toxicity tolerance of plants.
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27
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Danilovich ME, Alberto MR, Juárez Tomás MS. Microbial production of beneficial indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) with potential application to biotechnological products for human health. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1668-1682. [PMID: 33484616 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro-organisms have showed the ability to produce biologically active compounds associated with neurotransmission in higher organisms. In particular, serotonin- and melatonin-producing microbes are valuable sources for the development of eco-friendly bioproducts. Serotonin and melatonin are indoleamines that have received special attention due to their positive effects on human health. These biomolecules exert a critical role in several physiological or pathological processes, including some mental and neurological disorders. This article includes a review of the microbial production of serotonin and melatonin, their functions in micro-organisms and their potential uses as therapeutic and/or preventive agents to improve human health. A description of the quantification methods employed to detect indoleamines and the evidence found concerning their microbial production at laboratory and industrial scale-for application in biotechnological products-is also provided. The microbial ability to synthesize beneficial indoleamines should be further studied and harnessed, to allow the development of sustainable bioprocesses to produce foods and pharmaceuticals for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Danilovich
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M R Alberto
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M S Juárez Tomás
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
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28
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Plant Health and Sound Vibration: Analyzing Implications of the Microbiome in Grape Wine Leaves. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010063. [PMID: 33445765 PMCID: PMC7828301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the plant microbiome is a key for plant health and controlling pathogens. Recent studies have shown that plants are responsive towards natural and synthetic sound vibration (SV) by perception and signal transduction, which resulted in resistance towards plant pathogens. However, whether or not native plant microbiomes respond to SV and the underlying mechanism thereof remains unknown. Within the present study we compared grapevine-associated microbiota that was perpetually exposed to classical music with a non-exposed control group from the same vineyard in Stellenbosch, South Africa. By analyzing the 16S rRNA gene and ITS fragment amplicon libraries we found differences between the core microbiome of SV-exposed leaves and the control group. For several of these different genera, e.g., Bacillus, Kocuria and Sphingomonas, a host-beneficial or pathogen-antagonistic effect has been well studied. Moreover, abundances of taxa identified as potential producers of volatile organic compounds that contribute to sensory characteristics of wines, e.g., Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, Bacillus and Sporobolomyces roseus, were either increased or even unique within the core music-exposed phyllosphere population. Results show an as yet unexplored avenue for improved plant health and the terroir of wine, which are important for environmentally friendly horticulture and consumer appreciation. Although our findings explain one detail of the long-term positive experience to improve grapevine’s resilience by this unusual but innovative technique, more mechanistic studies are necessary to understand the whole interplay.
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29
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Murch SJ, Erland LAE. A Systematic Review of Melatonin in Plants: An Example of Evolution of Literature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683047. [PMID: 34249052 PMCID: PMC8270005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine) is a mammalian neurohormone, antioxidant and signaling molecule that was first discovered in plants in 1995. The first studies investigated plant melatonin from a human perspective quantifying melatonin in foods and medicinal plants and questioning whether its presence could explain the activity of some plants as medicines. Starting with these first handful of studies in the late 1990s, plant melatonin research has blossomed into a vibrant and active area of investigation and melatonin has been found to play critical roles in mediating plant responses and development at every stage of the plant life cycle from pollen and embryo development through seed germination, vegetative growth and stress response. Here we have utilized a systematic approach in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocols to reduce bias in our assessment of the literature and provide an overview of the current state of melatonin research in plants, covering 1995-2021. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis and metabolism of melatonin as well as identifying key themes including: abiotic stress responses, root development, light responses, interkingdom communication, phytohormone and plant signaling. Additionally, potential biases in the literature are investigated and a birefringence in the literature between researchers from plant and medical based which has helped to shape the current state of melatonin research. Several exciting new opportunities for future areas of melatonin research are also identified including investigation of non-crop and non-medicinal species as well as characterization of melatonin signaling networks in plants.
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30
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Sun C, Liu L, Wang L, Li B, Jin C, Lin X. Melatonin: A master regulator of plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:126-145. [PMID: 32678945 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple functions in plants. Since the discovery of melatonin in plants, numerous studies have provided insight into the biosynthesis, catabolism, and physiological and biochemical functions of this important molecule. Here, we describe the biosynthesis of melatonin from tryptophan, as well as its various degradation pathways in plants. The identification of a putative melatonin receptor in plants has led to the hypothesis that melatonin is a hormone involved in regulating plant growth, aerial organ development, root morphology, and the floral transition. The universal antioxidant activity of melatonin and its role in preserving chlorophyll might explain its anti-senescence capacity in aging leaves. An impressive amount of research has focused on the role of melatonin in modulating postharvest fruit ripening by regulating the expression of ethylene-related genes. Recent evidence also indicated that melatonin functions in the plant's response to biotic stress, cooperating with other phytohormones and well-known molecules such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Finally, great progress has been made towards understanding how melatonin alleviates the effects of various abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, extreme temperature, and heavy metal stress. Given its diverse roles, we propose that melatonin is a master regulator in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Luxuan Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Baohai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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31
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Chen XL, Sun MC, Chong SL, Si JP, Wu LS. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Approaches Deepen Our Knowledge of Plant-Endophyte Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700200. [PMID: 35154169 PMCID: PMC8828500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural systems, plant-symbiont-pathogen interactions play important roles in mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Symbionts have their own special recognition ways, but they may share some similar characteristics with pathogens based on studies of model microbes and plants. Multi-omics technologies could be applied to study plant-microbe interactions, especially plant-endophyte interactions. Endophytes are naturally occurring microbes that inhabit plants, but do not cause apparent symptoms in them, and arise as an advantageous source of novel metabolites, agriculturally important promoters, and stress resisters in their host plants. Although biochemical, physiological, and molecular investigations have demonstrated that endophytes confer benefits to their hosts, especially in terms of promoting plant growth, increasing metabolic capabilities, and enhancing stress resistance, plant-endophyte interactions consist of complex mechanisms between the two symbionts. Further knowledge of these mechanisms may be gained by adopting a multi-omics approach. The involved interaction, which can range from colonization to protection against adverse conditions, has been investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics. This review aims to provide effective means and ways of applying multi-omics studies to solve the current problems in the characterization of plant-microbe interactions, involving recognition and colonization. The obtained results should be useful for identifying the key determinants in such interactions and would also provide a timely theoretical and material basis for the study of interaction mechanisms and their applications.
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32
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ROS and NO Regulation by Melatonin Under Abiotic Stress in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111078. [PMID: 33153156 PMCID: PMC7693017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress in plants is an increasingly common problem in agriculture, and thus, studies on plant treatments with specific compounds that may help to mitigate these effects have increased in recent years. Melatonin (MET) application and its role in mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants have become important in the last few years. MET, a derivative of tryptophan, is an important plant-related response molecule involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants, and the induction of different stress factors. In addition, MET plays a protective role against different abiotic stresses such as salinity, high/low temperature, high light, waterlogging, nutrient deficiency and stress combination by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Moreover, MET interacts with many signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and participates in a wide variety of physiological reactions. It is well known that NO produces S-nitrosylation and NO2-Tyr of important antioxidant-related proteins, with this being an important mechanism for maintaining the antioxidant capacity of the AsA/GSH cycle under nitro-oxidative conditions, as extensively reviewed here under different abiotic stress conditions. Lastly, in this review, we show the coordinated actions between NO and MET as a long-range signaling molecule, regulating many responses in plants, including plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Despite all the knowledge acquired over the years, there is still more to know about how MET and NO act on the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses.
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Phytoremediation of Cadmium: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070177. [PMID: 32708065 PMCID: PMC7407403 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals in the environment, and has noxious effects on plant growth and production. Cd-accumulating plants showed reduced growth and productivity. Therefore, remediation of this non-essential and toxic pollutant is a prerequisite. Plant-based phytoremediation methodology is considered as one a secure, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach for toxic metal remediation. Phytoremediating plants transport and accumulate Cd inside their roots, shoots, leaves, and vacuoles. Phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated sites through hyperaccumulator plants proves a ground-breaking and profitable choice to combat the contaminants. Moreover, the efficiency of Cd phytoremediation and Cd bioavailability can be improved by using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Emerging modern molecular technologies have augmented our insight into the metabolic processes involved in Cd tolerance in regular cultivated crops and hyperaccumulator plants. Plants’ development via genetic engineering tools, like enhanced metal uptake, metal transport, Cd accumulation, and the overall Cd tolerance, unlocks new directions for phytoremediation. In this review, we outline the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in Cd phytoremediation. Further, a focus on the potential of omics and genetic engineering strategies has been documented for the efficient remediation of a Cd-contaminated environment.
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Deyett E, Rolshausen PE. Endophytic microbial assemblage in grapevine. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5810658. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The plant vascular system has remained an underexplored niche despite its potential for hosting beneficial microbes. The aim of this work was to determine the origin of the microbial endophytes inhabiting grapevine. We focused on a single commercial vineyard in California over a two-year period and used an amplicon metagenomics approach to profile the bacterial (16S–V4) and fungal (ITS) communities of the microbiome across a continuum of six grapevine compartments: bulk soil, rhizosphere, root, cordon, cane and sap. Our data supported that roots are a bottleneck to microbial richness and that they are mostly colonized with soilborne microbes, including plant growth-promoting bacteria recruited by the host, but also saprophytic and pathogenic fungal invaders. A core group of taxa was identified throughout the vine; however, there was clear partitioning of the microbiome with niche adaptation of distinct taxonomic groups. Above- and belowground plant tissues displayed distinct microbial fingerprints and were intermixed in a limited capacity mostly by way of the plant sap. We discuss how cultural practices and human contact may shape the endosphere microbiome and identify potential channels for transmission of its residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deyett
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - P E Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Moustafa-Farag M, Almoneafy A, Mahmoud A, Elkelish A, Arnao MB, Li L, Ai S. Melatonin and Its Protective Role against Biotic Stress Impacts on Plants. Biomolecules 2019. [PMID: 31905696 DOI: 10.3390/niom10010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotic stress causes immense damage to agricultural products worldwide and raises the risk of hunger in many areas. Plants themselves tolerate biotic stresses via several pathways, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger immunity and plant resistance (R) proteins. On the other hand, humans use several non-ecofriendly methods to control biotic stresses, such as chemical applications. Compared with chemical control, melatonin is an ecofriendly compound that is an economical alternative strategy which can be used to protect animals and plants from attacks via pathogens. In plants, the bactericidal capacity of melatonin was verified against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as multidrug-resistant Gram-negative and -positive bacteria under in vitro conditions. Regarding plant-bacteria interaction, melatonin has presented effective antibacterial activities against phytobacterial pathogens. In plant-fungi interaction models, melatonin was found to play a key role in plant resistance to Botrytis cinerea, to increase fungicide susceptibility, and to reduce the stress tolerance of Phytophthora infestans. In plant-virus interaction models, melatonin not only efficiently eradicated apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) from apple shoots in vitro (making it useful for the production of virus-free plants) but also reduced tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) viral RNA and virus concentration in infected Nicotiana glutinosa and Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. Indeed, melatonin has unique advantages in plant growth regulation and increasing plant resistance effectiveness against different forms of biotic and abiotic stress. Although considerable work has been done regarding the role of melatonin in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, its role in biotic stress remains unclear and requires clarification. In our review, we summarize the work that has been accomplished so far; highlight melatonin's function in plant tolerance to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi; and determine the direction required for future studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moustafa-Farag
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 9 Gmaa St, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Abdulwareth Almoneafy
- Department of Biology sciences, College of Education and Science at Rada'a, Albaydaa University, Rada'a, Yemen
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 9 Gmaa St, Giza 12619, Egypt
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Linfeng Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoying Ai
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
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Melatonin and Its Protective Role against Biotic Stress Impacts on Plants. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010054. [PMID: 31905696 PMCID: PMC7022677 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotic stress causes immense damage to agricultural products worldwide and raises the risk of hunger in many areas. Plants themselves tolerate biotic stresses via several pathways, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger immunity and plant resistance (R) proteins. On the other hand, humans use several non-ecofriendly methods to control biotic stresses, such as chemical applications. Compared with chemical control, melatonin is an ecofriendly compound that is an economical alternative strategy which can be used to protect animals and plants from attacks via pathogens. In plants, the bactericidal capacity of melatonin was verified against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as multidrug-resistant Gram-negative and -positive bacteria under in vitro conditions. Regarding plant–bacteria interaction, melatonin has presented effective antibacterial activities against phytobacterial pathogens. In plant–fungi interaction models, melatonin was found to play a key role in plant resistance to Botrytis cinerea, to increase fungicide susceptibility, and to reduce the stress tolerance of Phytophthora infestans. In plant–virus interaction models, melatonin not only efficiently eradicated apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) from apple shoots in vitro (making it useful for the production of virus-free plants) but also reduced tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) viral RNA and virus concentration in infected Nicotiana glutinosa and Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. Indeed, melatonin has unique advantages in plant growth regulation and increasing plant resistance effectiveness against different forms of biotic and abiotic stress. Although considerable work has been done regarding the role of melatonin in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, its role in biotic stress remains unclear and requires clarification. In our review, we summarize the work that has been accomplished so far; highlight melatonin’s function in plant tolerance to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi; and determine the direction required for future studies on this topic.
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Pacifico D, Squartini A, Crucitti D, Barizza E, Lo Schiavo F, Muresu R, Carimi F, Zottini M. The Role of the Endophytic Microbiome in the Grapevine Response to Environmental Triggers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1256. [PMID: 31649712 PMCID: PMC6794716 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Endophytism within Vitis represents a topic of critical relevance due to the multiple standpoints from which it can be approached and considered. From the biological and botanical perspectives, the interaction between microorganisms and perennial woody plants falls within the category of stable relationships from which the plants can benefit in multiple ways. The life cycle of the host ensures persistence in all seasons, repeated chances of contact, and consequent microbiota accumulation over time, leading to potentially high diversity compared with that of herbaceous short-lived plants. Furthermore, grapevines are agriculturally exploited, highly selected germplasms where a profound man-driven footprint has indirectly and unconsciously shaped the inner microbiota through centuries of cultivation and breeding. Moreover, since endophyte metabolism can contribute to that of the plant host and its fruits' biochemical composition, the nature of grapevine endophytic taxa identities, ecological attitudes, potential toxicity, and clinical relevance are aspects worthy of a thorough investigation. Can endophytic taxa efficiently defend grapevines by acting against pests or confer enough fitness to the plants to endure attacks? What are the underlying mechanisms that translate into this or other advantages in the hosting plant? Can endophytes partially redirect plant metabolism, and to what extent do they act by releasing active products? Is the inner microbial colonization necessary priming for a cascade of actions? Are there defined environmental conditions that can trigger the unleashing of key microbial phenotypes? What is the environmental role in providing the ground biodiversity by which the plant can recruit microsymbionts? How much and by what practices and strategies can these symbioses be managed, applied, and directed to achieve the goal of a better sustainable viticulture? By thoroughly reviewing the available literature in the field and critically examining the data and perspectives, the above issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pacifico
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Calatafimi, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Dalila Crucitti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Calatafimi, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosella Muresu
- Institute for the Animal Production System in Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Carimi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Calatafimi, Palermo, Italy
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Melatonin as a Chemical Substance or as Phytomelatonin Rich-Extracts for Use as Plant Protector and/or Biostimulant in Accordance with EC Legislation. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous molecule present in animals and plants, and also in bacteria and fungi. In plants, it has an important regulatory and protective role in the face of different stress situations in which it can be involved, mainly due to its immobility. Both in the presence of biotic and abiotic stressors, melatonin exerts protective action in which, through significant changes in gene expression, it activates a stress tolerance response. Its anti-stress role, along with other outstanding functions, suggests its possible use in active agricultural management. This review establishes considerations that are necessary for its possible authorization. The particular characteristics of this substance and its categorization as plant biostimulant are discussed, and also the different legal aspects within the framework of the European Community. The advantages and disadvantages are also described of two of its possible applications, as a plant protector or biostimulant, in accordance with legal provisions.
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Screening, plant growth promotion and root colonization pattern of two rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps006 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bs006) on banana cv. Williams (Musa acuminata Colla). Microbiol Res 2018; 220:12-20. [PMID: 30744815 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Banana is the second largest export crop in Colombia. To meet the demand of international markets, high amounts of chemical fertilizers are required, which represent high costs and can be hazardous to the environment. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can, at least partially, replace chemical fertilizers. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of nine PGPR of the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas on banana growth. Banana seedlings were produced through tissue culture and acclimatized in the greenhouse core. Plants were inoculated with the rhizobacteria and growth parameters (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, pseudostem thickness, root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight) were assessed after 55 days. The two best performing PGPR, Bs006 and Ps006 previously identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively, promoted banana growth similarly or even slightly superior to 100% chemical fertilization, and were selected for further characterization of root colonization by both eletron microscopy and confocal microscopy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-stained root tissues. Both P. fluorescens Ps006 and B. amyloquifaciens Bs006 showed ability to colonize banana roots, but Bs006 appeared faster than Ps006 in the colonization dynamics. This work demonstrated that inoculation of rhizobacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bs006 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps006 could partially replace the chemical fertilization of tissue cultured banana plants, and therefore could be used for the formulation of a new biofertilizer.
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Sharif R, Xie C, Zhang H, Arnao MB, Ali M, Ali Q, Muhammad I, Shalmani A, Nawaz MA, Chen P, Li Y. Melatonin and Its Effects on Plant Systems. Molecules 2018; 23:E2352. [PMID: 30223442 PMCID: PMC6225270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a nontoxic biological molecule produced in a pineal gland of animals and different tissues of plants. It is an important secondary messenger molecule, playing a vital role in coping with various abiotic and biotic stresses. Melatonin serves as an antioxidant in postharvest technology and enhances the postharvest life of fruits and vegetables. The application of exogenous melatonin alleviated reactive oxygen species and cell damage induced by abiotic and biotic stresses by means of repairing mitochondria. Additionally, the regulation of stress-specific genes and the activation of pathogenesis-related protein and antioxidant enzymes genes under biotic and abiotic stress makes it a more versatile molecule. Besides that, the crosstalk with other phytohormones makes inroads to utilize melatonin against non-testified stress conditions, such as viruses and nematodes. Furthermore, different strategies have been discussed to induce endogenous melatonin activity in order to sustain a plant system. Our review highlighted the diverse roles of melatonin in a plant system, which could be useful in enhancing the environmental friendly crop production and ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chen Xie
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Haiqiang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Qasid Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07059 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Izhar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Abdullah Shalmani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Department of Horticulture, University college of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J. Phytomelatonin, natural melatonin from plants as a novel dietary supplement: Sources, activities and world market. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Erland LAE, Shukla MR, Singh AS, Murch SJ, Saxena PK. Melatonin and serotonin: Mediators in the symphony of plant morphogenesis. J Pineal Res 2018; 64. [PMID: 29149453 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin and serotonin are important signaling and stress mitigating molecules that play important roles across growth and development in plants. Despite many well-documented responses, a systematic investigation of the entire metabolic pathway (tryptophan, tryptamine, and N-acetylserotonin) does not exist, leaving many open questions. The objective of this study was to determine the responses of Hypericum perforatum (L.) to melatonin, serotonin, and their metabolic precursors. Two well-characterized germplasm lines (#4 and 112) created by mutation and a haploid breeding program were compared to wild type to identify specific responses. Germplasm line 4 has lower regenerative and photosynthetic capacity than either wild type or line 112, and there are documented significant differences in the chemistry and physiology of lines 4 and 112. Supplementation of the culture media with tryptophan, tryptamine, N-acetylserotonin, serotonin, or melatonin partially reversed the regenerative recalcitrance and growth impairment of the germplasm lines. Quantification of phytohormones revealed crosstalk between the indoleamines and related phytohormones including cytokinin, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid. We hypothesize that melatonin and serotonin function in coordination with their metabolites in a cascade of phytochemical responses including multiple pathways and phytohormone networks to direct morphogenesis and protect photosynthesis in H. perforatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A E Erland
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mukund R Shukla
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amritpal S Singh
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Susan J Murch
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Praveen K Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Rosales-Corral S, Galano A, Zhou XJ, Xu B. Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin's Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions. Molecules 2018; 23:E509. [PMID: 29495303 PMCID: PMC6017324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, along with its metabolites, have long been known to significantly reduce the oxidative stress burden of aging cells or cells exposed to toxins. Oxidative damage is a result of free radicals produced in cells, especially in mitochondria. When measured, melatonin, a potent antioxidant, was found to be in higher concentrations in mitochondria than in other organelles or subcellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that mitochondrial membranes possess transporters that aid in the rapid uptake of melatonin by these organelles against a gradient. Moreover, we predicted several years ago that, because of their origin from melatonin-producing bacteria, mitochondria likely also synthesize melatonin. Data accumulated within the last year supports this prediction. A high content of melatonin in mitochondria would be fortuitous, since these organelles produce an abundance of free radicals. Thus, melatonin is optimally positioned to scavenge the radicals and reduce the degree of oxidative damage. In light of the "free radical theory of aging", including all of its iterations, high melatonin levels in mitochondria would be expected to protect against age-related organismal decline. Also, there are many age-associated diseases that have, as a contributing factor, free radical damage. These multiple diseases may likely be deferred in their onset or progression if mitochondrial levels of melatonin can be maintained into advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
| | - Dun Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituo Mexicana del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44346, Mexico.
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapatapa, Mexico D.F. 09340, Mexico.
| | - Xin Jia Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, SD 78229, USA.
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Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin and its relationship to plant hormones. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:195-207. [PMID: 29069281 PMCID: PMC5808790 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant melatonin appears to be a multi-regulatory molecule, similar to those observed in animals, with many specific functions in plant physiology. In recent years, the number of studies on melatonin in plants has increased significantly. One of the most studied actions of melatonin in plants is its effect on biotic and abiotic stress, such as that produced by drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, chemical pollution and UV radiation, among others. SCOPE This review looks at studies in which some aspects of the relationship between melatonin and the plant hormones auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid are presented. The effects that some melatonin treatments have on endogenous plant hormone levels, their related genes (biosynthesis, catabolism, receptors and transcription factors) and the physiological actions induced by melatonin, mainly in stress conditions, are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin is an important modulator of gene expression related to plant hormones, e.g. in auxin carrier proteins, as well as in metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. Most of the studies performed have dealt with the auxin-like activity of melatonin which, in a similar way to IAA, is able to induce growth in shoots and roots and stimulate root generation, giving rise to new lateral and adventitious roots. Melatonin is also able to delay senescence, protecting photosynthetic systems and related sub-cellular structures and processes. Also, its role in fruit ripening and post-harvest processes as a gene regulator of ethylene-related factors is relevant. Another decisive aspect is its role in the pathogen-plant interaction. Melatonin appears to act as a key molecule in the plant immune response, together with other well-known molecules such as nitric oxide and hormones, such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. In this sense, the discovery of elevated levels of melatonin in endophytic organisms associated with plants has thrown light on a possible novel form of communication between beneficial endophytes and host plants via melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Nawaz MA, Jiao Y, Chen C, Shireen F, Zheng Z, Imtiaz M, Bie Z, Huang Y. Melatonin pretreatment improves vanadium stress tolerance of watermelon seedlings by reducing vanadium concentration in the leaves and regulating melatonin biosynthesis and antioxidant-related gene expression. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:115-127. [PMID: 29172132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium (V) is an important heavy metal with ubiquitous presence in the Earth's crust, but limited information is available as to its effect on plants and management strategies. Melatonin is a widely studied biomolecule; it acts as an antioxidant and a signaling molecule that enhances the abiotic stress tolerance of plants. Melatonin improves copper, zinc, and cadmium tolerance in plants. In this study, we investigated the response of watermelon seedlings to V stress and the potential role of melatonin in enhancing V stress tolerance of watermelon seedlings. The results showed that seedlings pretreated with melatonin (0.1μM) exposed to V (50mg/L) had a higher relative chlorophyll content (SPAD index), photosynthetic assimilation, and plant growth compared with non-melatonin pretreated seedlings. Melatonin pretreatment lowered leaf and stem V concentrations by reducing V transport from root to shoot. Melatonin pretreatment enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and reduced the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of watermelon seedlings, by regulating melatonin biosynthesis and gene expression for superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase. So far as we know, these results are the first evidence that melatonin improves plant growth of watermelon seedlings under vanadium stress conditions. Considering these observations, melatonin can be utilized to reduce the availability of V to plants, and improve plant growth and V stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Yanyan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Fareeha Shireen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zuhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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