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Dumontheil I, Lyons KE, Russell TA, Zelazo PD. A preliminary neuroimaging investigation of the effects of mindfulness training on attention reorienting and amygdala reactivity to emotional faces in adolescent and adult females. J Adolesc 2023; 95:181-189. [PMID: 36281743 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescence is a time of increased emotional reactivity and improving cognitive control. Mindfulness meditation training may foster adolescents' cognitive control and emotional regulation skills; however little is known about the impact of mindfulness training in adolescents compared to adults. We examined the effect of mindfulness meditation versus a closely matched active control condition (relaxation training) on behavioral and neural measures of cognitive control and emotional reactivity in a small group of adolescents and adults. METHODS Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected before and after 8 weeks of training in 26 adolescent (12-14 years) and 17 adult (23-33 years) female participants in the United Kingdom while they completed an n-back task with emotional face distractors and an attentional control task. Participants of each group chose a class date/time and the classes were then randomly allocated to mindfulness or relaxation conditions. RESULTS Compared to relaxation training, mindfulness training led to an increase in the speed of reorienting attention across age groups. In addition, there was preliminary evidence for reduced amygdala response to emotional face distractors in adolescents after mindfulness training. CONCLUSIONS An 8-week mindfulness program showed similar facilitative effects in adolescent and adult females on the reorienting of attention, a skill that is repeatedly practiced during mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness also reduced left amygdala reactivity to emotional face distractors in adolescents only. Mindfulness meditation practice can therefore have a facilitative effect on female adolescents' attentional control, and possibly attenuate their emotional reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iroise Dumontheil
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.,Centre for Educational Neuroscience, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kristen E Lyons
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tamara A Russell
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip David Zelazo
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Darwish ES, Othman MH, Youssef AH, Tawfik AM, Tohamy AM. Predictive value of cerebral collaterals on CT angiography on the outcome of patients with acute anterior ischemic stroke receiving thrombolysis treatment. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Functional outcomes of patient with acute ischemic stroke are influenced by the status of the cerebral collaterals. The study aims at evaluating the influence of cerebral collaterals on clinical and radiological outcome in patients with acute anterior ischemic stroke (AAIS) treated with IV recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV-rtPA).
Results
Independent predictors of good functional outcomes were in the form of low NIHSS (odds ratio = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.01–2.34, p = 0.01), ASPECT ≥ 8 (odds ratio = 4.56, 95%CI = 3.40–7.89, p < 0.001), and good collateral status by Miteff grading system (odds ratio = 1.23, 95%CI = 2.22–6.79, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Good collateral status is associated with milder stroke volume and good functional outcome. Also, low NIHSS, ASPECT score ≥ 8 and good collateral status by Miteff grading system were reliable independent predictors of favorable outcome in IV-rtPA treated patients with AAIS.
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Slattery EJ, O'Callaghan E, Ryan P, Fortune DG, McAvinue LP. Popular interventions to enhance sustained attention in children and adolescents: A critical systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104633. [PMID: 35337900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are a myriad of interventions promoting activities designed to help enhance sustained attention in children and adolescents. In this systematic review, we critically evaluate the evidence behind three popular sustained attention training approaches - cognitive attention training, meditation, and physical activity. Seven databases were searched in addition to secondary searches. Cognitive attention training, meditation training or physical activity intervention studies aimed at improving sustained attention (randomised-controlled or non-randomised-controlled designs) in samples of children and adolescents (3-18 years) were included. We screened 3437 unique articles. Thirty-seven studies satisfied inclusion criteria. In general, cognitive attention training (n = 14) did not reliably improve sustained attention. Physical activity (n = 15) and meditation interventions (n = 8) demonstrated somewhat more potential in enhancing sustained attention, but these effects should be considered preliminary and need to be replicated with greater methodological rigour. Cognitive attention training demonstrated very limited transfer to other aspects of attention. Notably, mindfulness training had rather consistent positive effects on selective attention. Across all three intervention types, there was very weak evidence for transfer to other aspects of cognition, behaviour, and academic achievement. The paper concludes with methodological recommendations for future studies to strengthen the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eadaoin J Slattery
- Centre for Assessment Research, Policy and Practice in Education, Institute of Education, Dublin City University, Ireland; Dept. of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | | | - Patrick Ryan
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Sun S, Goldberg SB, Loucks EB, Brewer JA. Mindfulness-based interventions among people of color: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychother Res 2022; 32:277-290. [PMID: 34098859 PMCID: PMC8648858 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2021.1937369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the United States, people of color (POC) are disproportionately affected by various sources of stress and prevalent mental and physical health issues that may benefit from Mindfulness-based Interventions (MBIs). However, effects of MBIs for POC are unclear. This meta-analysis examines the efficacy of MBIs through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included predominately POC (≥75% of the sample). Method: Random effects models were used to synthesize effect sizes. A total of 24 RCT samples were analyzed. Results: Samples were on average 94.4% POC and predominantly from low-income backgrounds (total N = 2,156). At post-treatment, MBIs yielded small but statistically superior outcomes to active controls (Hedges' g = 0.11) and inactive controls (g = 0.26). Compared to active controls, MBIs' effects on well-being were smaller than their effects on other outcome types. Compared to inactive controls, MBIs that focused on non-clinical populations and had higher proportion of POC had larger effect sizes. Attrition rates of MBIs did not differ from other active conditions in outpatient settings. Conclusion: Findings provide modest, preliminary empirical support for MBIs among POC. We discuss main findings, limitations, and implications for future MBI research for health promotion among POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Sun
- Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Simon B. Goldberg
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric B. Loucks
- Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Judson A. Brewer
- Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Filipe MG, Magalhães S, Veloso AS, Costa AF, Ribeiro L, Araújo P, Castro SL, Limpo T. Exploring the Effects of Meditation Techniques Used by Mindfulness-Based Programs on the Cognitive, Social-Emotional, and Academic Skills of Children: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:660650. [PMID: 34867573 PMCID: PMC8632731 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence for the positive impact of mindfulness in children. However, little is known about the techniques through which mindfulness practice results in differential outcomes. Therefore, this study intended to systematically review the available evidence about the efficacy of meditation techniques used by mindfulness-based programs on cognitive, socio-emotional, and academic skills of children from 6 to 12 years of age. The review was registered on the PROSPERO database, and the literature search was conducted according to PICO criteria and PRISMA guidelines. The EBSCO databases were searched, and 29 studies were eligible: nine randomized controlled trials and 20 quasi-experimental studies. All the included randomized controlled trials were rated as having a high risk of bias. Overall, the evidence for mindfulness techniques improving cognitive and socio-emotional skills was reasonably strong. Specifically, for cognitive skills, results showed that all the interventions used “body-centered meditations” and “mindful observations.” Regarding socio-emotional skills, although all the studies applied “body-centered meditations” and “mindful observations,” “affect-centered meditations” were also frequent. For academic skills, just one quasi-experimental trial found improvements, thus making it difficult to draw conclusions. Further research is crucial to evaluate the unique effects of different meditation techniques on the cognitive, social-emotional, and academic skills of children. Systematic Review Registration: Identifier: RD42019126767.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa G Filipe
- Center of Linguistics, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Magalhães
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia S Veloso
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Costa
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Ribeiro
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Araújo
- TRIE-Transdisciplinary Research Center for Innovation & Entrepreneur Ecosystems, Manuel Teixeira Gomes Higher Education Institute (ISMAT), Portimão, Portugal
| | - São Luís Castro
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Limpo
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Poli A, Gemignani A, Soldani F, Miccoli M. A Systematic Review of a Polyvagal Perspective on Embodied Contemplative Practices as Promoters of Cardiorespiratory Coupling and Traumatic Stress Recovery for PTSD and OCD: Research Methodologies and State of the Art. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11778. [PMID: 34831534 PMCID: PMC8619958 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has been proposed as a transdiagnostic biomarker of stress vulnerability across psychopathologies, and a reliable association between PTSD, OCD and lower resting RSA was found. Contemplative practices have been linked to the activation of the vagus as well as to an increased RSA that, according to the polyvagal theory, reflects the activation of the ventral vagal complex (VVC) and may promote PTSD and OCD recovery. PubMed and Scopus databases were selected to conduct a search following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, and A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) was used to appraise the methodological quality for this systematic review. Six articles met the inclusion criteria (one cross-sectional study, one study with pre-post measurements, two cohort studies and two RCT studies). Mindfulness-related interventions promoted parasympathetic activity, an increased vagal tone and improvements in PTSD and OCD symptoms. According to the polyvagal theory, mindfulness-related and compassion-related meditations would be conceptualized as neural exercises expanding the capacity of the ventral vagal complex to regulate the present state and to promote resilience. Clinical and methodological issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Mario Miccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
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Fite PJ, Griffith RL, Robertson S, ODell C. Proactive and reactive aggression and substance use among detained youth. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1941353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula J. Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Griffith
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Skylar Robertson
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Chloe ODell
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Gandolla M, Niero L, Molteni F, Guanziroli E, Ward NS, Pedrocchi A. Brain Plasticity Mechanisms Underlying Motor Control Reorganization: Pilot Longitudinal Study on Post-Stroke Subjects. Brain Sci 2021; 11:329. [PMID: 33807679 PMCID: PMC8002039 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has demonstrated to improve walking ability and to induce the carryover effect, long-lasting persisting improvement. Functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to investigate effective connectivity differences and longitudinal changes in a group of chronic stroke patients that attended a FES-based rehabilitation program for foot-drop correction, distinguishing between carryover effect responders and non-responders, and in comparison with a healthy control group. Bayesian hierarchical procedures were employed, involving nonlinear models at within-subject level-dynamic causal models-and linear models at between-subjects level. Selected regions of interest were primary sensorimotor cortices (M1, S1), supplementary motor area (SMA), and angular gyrus. Our results suggest the following: (i) The ability to correctly plan the movement and integrate proprioception information might be the features to update the motor control loop, towards the carryover effect, as indicated by the reduced sensitivity to proprioception input to S1 of FES non-responders; (ii) FES-related neural plasticity supports the active inference account for motor control, as indicated by the modulation of SMA and M1 connections to S1 area; (iii) SMA has a dual role of higher order motor processing unit responsible for complex movements, and a superintendence role in suppressing standard motor plans as external conditions changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gandolla
- NearLab@Lecco, Polo Territoriale di Lecco, Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati, 1/c, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (L.N.); (A.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Privata Giuseppe La Masa, 1, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Niero
- NearLab@Lecco, Polo Territoriale di Lecco, Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati, 1/c, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Via N. Sauro, 17, 23845 Costa Masnaga, Italy; (F.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Elenora Guanziroli
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Via N. Sauro, 17, 23845 Costa Masnaga, Italy; (F.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Nick S. Ward
- Department of Movement and Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NearLab@Lecco, Polo Territoriale di Lecco, Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati, 1/c, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (L.N.); (A.P.)
- NearLab, Department of Electronic Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio, 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Bauer CCC, Rozenkrantz L, Caballero C, Nieto‐Castanon A, Scherer E, West MR, Mrazek M, Phillips DT, Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield‐Gabrieli S. Mindfulness training preserves sustained attention and resting state anticorrelation between default-mode network and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A randomized controlled trial. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:5356-5369. [PMID: 32969562 PMCID: PMC7670646 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness training can enhance cognitive control, but the neural mechanisms underlying such enhancement in children are unknown. Here, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with sixth graders (mean age 11.76 years) to examine the impact of 8 weeks of school-based mindfulness training, relative to coding training as an active control, on sustained attention and associated resting-state functional brain connectivity. At baseline, better performance on a sustained-attention task correlated with greater anticorrelation between the default mode network (DMN) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a key node of the central executive network. Following the interventions, children in the mindfulness group preserved their sustained-attention performance (i.e., fewer lapses of attention) and preserved DMN-DLPFC anticorrelation compared to children in the active control group, who exhibited declines in both sustained attention and DMN-DLPFC anticorrelation. Further, change in sustained-attention performance correlated with change in DMN-DLPFC anticorrelation only within the mindfulness group. These findings provide the first causal link between mindfulness training and both sustained attention and associated neural plasticity. Administered as a part of sixth graders' school schedule, this RCT supports the beneficial effects of school-based mindfulness training on cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens C. C. Bauer
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Liron Rozenkrantz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Camila Caballero
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Alfonso Nieto‐Castanon
- Department of PsychologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing SciencesBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ethan Scherer
- Harvard Graduate School of EducationCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martin R. West
- Harvard Graduate School of EducationCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michael Mrazek
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dawa T. Phillips
- Empowerment HoldingsSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- International Mindfulness Teachers AssociationWakefieldMassachusettsUSA
| | - John D. E. Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Graduate School of EducationCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- MIT Integrated Learning InitiativeCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Susan Whitfield‐Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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11
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Jensen AE, Bernards JR, Jameson JT, Johnson DC, Kelly KR. The Benefit of Mental Skills Training on Performance and Stress Response in Military Personnel. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2964. [PMID: 31993011 PMCID: PMC6970970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental skills training (MST) has been suggested to reduce stress in civilian and athletic populations, however, whether these techniques and practices transfer to a military population are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate two MST programs against a baseline condition, training-as-usual (TAU), during an intense, active-duty, military training environment. Two hundred and three Marines enrolled in the United States Marine Corps' Basic Reconnaissance Course participated in this effort (n = 203; age = 22.7 ± 3.3 years; height = 178 ± 6.35 cm; weight = 97.7 ± 8.3 kg; Mean ± SD). Each Marine was assigned to one of three groups, Mindfulness-Based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT), General Mental Skills Training (GMST), or TAU. Operational and cognitive performance measures, as well as, physiological metrics were obtained across three training phases (phase 1-3). Furthermore, phase 3 was sub-divided into pre-ambush, ambush and post-ambush time points. Significant group × time interactions were found for the total number of errors committed on the sustained attention response task (p = 0.004); as well as, plasma cortisol (p < 0.0001) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; p < 0.0001). There were mixed results between groups on operational performance tasks with the MST groups tending to perform better than TAU the more time participants had with MST instruction. During ambush, the differences among groups were especially pronounced for measures of information processing that one would expect MST to enhance: coordinates recall, plot time, and plot accuracy (p < 0.001), with improvements ranging from 24.7 to 87.9% for the MST conditions when compared to TAU. These data demonstrate that independent of the specific type of MST program, the fundamental characteristics of stress regulation embedded within each MST program may enhance performance and cognitive function during time of heightened stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karen R. Kelly
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
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12
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Trautwein FM, Kanske P, Böckler A, Singer T. Differential benefits of mental training types for attention, compassion, and theory of mind. Cognition 2020; 194:104039. [PMID: 31450018 PMCID: PMC6891878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness- and, more generally, meditation-based interventions increasingly gain popularity, effectively promoting cognitive, affective, and social capacities. It is unclear, however, if different types of practice have the same or specific effects on mental functioning. Here we tested three consecutive three-month training modules aimed at cultivating either attention, socio-affective qualities (such as compassion), or socio-cognitive skills (such as theory of mind), in three training cohorts and a retest control cohort (N = 332). While attentional performance improved most consistently after attention training, compassion increased most after socio-affective training and theory of mind partially improved after socio-cognitive training. These results show that specific mental training practices are needed to induce plasticity in different domains of mental functioning, providing a foundation for evidence-based development of more targeted interventions adapted to the needs of different education, labor, and health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Böckler
- Department of Psychology, Würzburg University, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tania Singer
- Max Planck Society, Social Neuroscience Lab, Berlin, Germany
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Umbach R, Leonard NR, Luciana M, Ling S, Laitner C. THE IOWA GAMBLING TASK IN VIOLENT AND NONVIOLENT INCARCERATED MALE ADOLESCENTS. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:1611-1629. [PMID: 32981980 PMCID: PMC7518041 DOI: 10.1177/0093854819847707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found impaired affective decision-making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), in various antisocial populations. This is the first study to compare the IGT in violent and nonviolent incarcerated American youth. The IGT was administered to 185 incarcerated adolescent male offenders charged with either nonviolent (38.4%) or violent (61.6%) crimes. General linear mixed models and t tests were used to assess differences between the groups. The full sample performed worse than if they had selected from the decks at random. The violent offenders performed more poorly than the nonviolent offenders overall, primarily because they preferred "disadvantageous" Deck B to a greater degree; however, they did demonstrate some degree of learning by the final block of the task. Adolescent offenders demonstrate impaired affective decision-making. Behavior suggested preferential attention to frequency of loss and amount of gain and inattention to amount of loss.
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Jha AP, Denkova E, Zanesco AP, Witkin JE, Rooks J, Rogers SL. Does mindfulness training help working memory 'work' better? Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 28:273-278. [PMID: 30999122 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been a proliferation of mindfulness training (MT) programs offered across a multitude of settings, including military, business, sports, education, and medicine. As such, ascertaining training effectiveness and determining best practices for program delivery are of the utmost importance. MT is often introduced to promote an array of desired effects from better mood, better leadership and management skills, to improved workplace or academic performance. Despite the diversity of factors motivating adoption of MTs, it can be argued from a cognitive training perspective that there should be uniformity in the core cognitive processes strengthened via repeated and systematic engagement in MT exercises. Herein, we explore the hypothesis that MT promotes salutary changes in the brain's working memory (WM) system. We review prior research and highlight aspects of MT programs that may be critical for achieving beneficial WM effects. Further, we suggest that given the centrality of WM in core processes such as emotion regulation, problem solving, and learning, MT programs capable of achieving WM benefits may be best positioned to promote other desired outcomes (e.g. reductions in negative mood). For these reasons, we recommend that more studies include WM metrics in their evaluation of MT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amishi P Jha
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, FL, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Joshua Rooks
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, FL, USA
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Hsu SC, Kuo CW, Weng YM, Lin CC, Chen JC. The effectiveness of teaching chest compression first in a standardized public cardiopulmonary resuscitation training program. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14418. [PMID: 30921176 PMCID: PMC6456000 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is known to provide emergency medical services which reduce the number of deaths in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The survival at these patients is affected by the training level of the bystander, but the best format of CPR training is unclear. In this pilot study, we aimed to examine whether the sequence of CPR instruction improves learning retention on the course materials.A total of 95 participants were recruited and divided into 2 groups; Group 1: 49 participants were taught firstly how to recognize a cardiac arrest and activate the emergency response system, and Group 2: 46 participants were taught chest compression first. The performance of participants was observed and evaluated, the results from 1 pre-test and 2 post-tests between 2 groups were then compared.There was a significantly better improvement of participants in Group 2 regarding the recognition of a cardiac arrest and the activation of the emergency response system than of those in Group 1. At the post-test, participants in Group 2 had an improvement in chest compression compared to those in Group 1, but the difference was not statistically significant.Our study had revealed that teaching CPR first in a standardized public education program had improved the ability of participants to recognize cardiac arrest and to activate the emergency response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chien Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Camillians Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko
| | - Chan-Wei Kuo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tao-Yuan General Hospital
| | - Yi-Ming Weng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Prehospital Care Division, Tao-Yuan General Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Chi-Chun Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Chang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tao-Yuan General Hospital
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Dunning DL, Griffiths K, Kuyken W, Crane C, Foulkes L, Parker J, Dalgleish T. Research Review: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognition and mental health in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:244-258. [PMID: 30345511 PMCID: PMC6546608 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness based interventions (MBIs) are an increasingly popular way of attempting to improve the behavioural, cognitive and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents, though there is a suggestion that enthusiasm has moved ahead of the evidence base. Most evaluations of MBIs are either uncontrolled or nonrandomized trials. This meta-analysis aims to establish the efficacy of MBIs for children and adolescents in studies that have adopted a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) design. METHODS A systematic literature search of RCTs of MBIs was conducted up to October 2017. Thirty-three independent studies including 3,666 children and adolescents were included in random effects meta-analyses with outcome measures categorized into cognitive, behavioural and emotional factors. Separate random effects meta-analyses were completed for the seventeen studies (n = 1,762) that used an RCT design with an active control condition. RESULTS Across all RCTs we found significant positive effects of MBIs, relative to controls, for the outcome categories of Mindfulness, Executive Functioning, Attention, Depression, Anxiety/Stress and Negative Behaviours, with small effect sizes (Cohen's d), ranging from .16 to .30. However, when considering only those RCTs with active control groups, significant benefits of an MBI were restricted to the outcomes of Mindfulness (d = .42), Depression (d = .47) and Anxiety/Stress (d = .18) only. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis reinforces the efficacy of using MBIs for improving the mental health and wellbeing of youth as assessed using the gold standard RCT methodology. Future RCT evaluations should incorporate scaled-up definitive trial designs to further evaluate the robustness of MBIs in youth, with an embedded focus on mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L. Dunning
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kirsty Griffiths
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Willem Kuyken
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Lucy Foulkes
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jenna Parker
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
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Murray R, Amann R, Thom K. Mindfulness-based interventions for youth in the criminal justice system: a review of the research-based literature. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2018; 25:829-838. [PMID: 31984055 PMCID: PMC6818317 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1478338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness is a technique and sense of being present in the moment that incorporates aspects of acceptance, openness and meditation with the ultimate intention of improving well-being. Research indicates that mindfulness can significantly improve negative personality traits, reduce stress, increase attention, alleviate chronic pain and enhance mental health. Mindfulness-based interventions in correctional facilities have resulted in reduced hostility and improved self-esteem for adults, but less is known about its applicability amongst youth. This article reviews the research-based literature on the use of mindfulness-based interventions for youths (aged 13 to 24 years) involved in the justice system. A total of ten studies were located and synthesised into four themes of stress reduction, self-regulation, anger management and acceptance. The article concludes by considering the methodological rigour of the reviewed studies, providing recommendations for future research and contemplating the positive impact that mindfulness interventions might have on youth in the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Murray
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Amann
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katey Thom
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Wong KF, Teng J, Chee MWL, Doshi K, Lim J. Positive Effects of Mindfulness-Based Training on Energy Maintenance and the EEG Correlates of Sustained Attention in a Cohort of Nurses. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:80. [PMID: 29545746 PMCID: PMC5838011 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness based training (MBT) is becoming increasingly popular as a means to improve general wellbeing through developing enhanced control over metacognitive processes. In this preliminary study, we tested a cohort of 36 nurses (mean age = 30.3, SD = 8.52; 2 male) who participated in an 8-week MBT intervention to examine the improvements in sustained attention and its energetic costs that may result from MBT. Changes in sustained attention were measured using the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and electroencephalography (EEG) was collected both during PVT performance, and during a brief period of meditation. As there was substantial variability in training attendance, this variable was used a covariate in all analyses. Following the MBT program, we observed changes in alpha power across all scalp regions during meditation that were correlated with attendance. Similarly, PVT performance worsened over the 8-week period, but that this decline was mitigated by good attendance on the MBT program. The subjective energy depletion due to PVT performance (measured using self-report on Likert-type scales) was also less in regular attendees. Finally, changes in known EEG markers of attention during PVT performance (P300 and alpha-band event-related desynchronization) paralleled these behavioral shifts. Taken together, our data suggest that sustained attention and its associated costs may be negatively affected over time in the nursing profession, but that regular attendance of MBT may help to attenuate these effects. However, as this study contained no control condition, we cannot rule out that other factors (e.g., motivation, placebo effects) may also account for our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian F Wong
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Teng
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kinjal Doshi
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian Lim
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences and Behavioral Disorders Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Simpson S, Mercer S, Simpson R, Lawrence M, Wyke S. Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Young Offenders: a Scoping Review. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018; 9:1330-1343. [PMID: 30294385 PMCID: PMC6153893 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-018-0892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Youth offending is a problem worldwide. Young people in the criminal justice system have frequently experienced adverse childhood circumstances, mental health problems, difficulties regulating emotions and poor quality of life. Mindfulness-based interventions can help people manage problems resulting from these experiences, but their usefulness for youth offending populations is not clear. This review evaluated existing evidence for mindfulness-based interventions among such populations. To be included, each study used an intervention with at least one of the three core components of mindfulness-based stress reduction (breath awareness, body awareness, mindful movement) that was delivered to young people in prison or community rehabilitation programs. No restrictions were placed on methods used. Thirteen studies were included: three randomized controlled trials, one controlled trial, three pre-post study designs, three mixed-methods approaches and three qualitative studies. Pooled numbers (n = 842) comprised 99% males aged between 14 and 23. Interventions varied so it was not possible to identify an optimal approach in terms of content, dose or intensity. Studies found some improvement in various measures of mental health, self-regulation, problematic behaviour, substance use, quality of life and criminal propensity. In those studies measuring mindfulness, changes did not reach statistical significance. Qualitative studies reported participants feeling less stressed, better able to concentrate, manage emotions and behaviour, improved social skills and that the interventions were acceptable. Generally low study quality limits the generalizability of these findings. Greater clarity on intervention components and robust mixed-methods evaluation would improve clarity of reporting and better guide future youth offending prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Simpson
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 9LX UK
| | - Stewart Mercer
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 9LX UK
| | - Robert Simpson
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 9LX UK
| | - Maggie Lawrence
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0BA UK
| | - Sally Wyke
- College of Social Science, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
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Leonard NR, Casarjian B, Fletcher RR, Praia C, Sherpa D, Kelemen A, Rajan S, Salaam R, Cleland CM, Gwadz MV. Theoretically-Based Emotion Regulation Strategies Using a Mobile App and Wearable Sensor Among Homeless Adolescent Mothers: Acceptability and Feasibility Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2018; 1:e1. [PMID: 30637376 PMCID: PMC6326370 DOI: 10.2196/pediatrics.9037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many adolescent mothers are parenting young children under highly stressful conditions as they are managing first-time parenthood, poverty, lack of housing, school and work, and challenging peer and familial relationships. Mobile health (mHealth) technology has the potential to intervene at various points in the emotion regulation process of adolescent mothers to provide them support for more adaptive emotional and behavioral regulation in the course of their daily life. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine the acceptability, feasibility, use patterns, and mechanisms by which a mobile technology used as an adjunct to in-person, provider-delivered sessions fostered adolescent mothers' adaptive emotion regulation strategies under real-life conditions. METHODS Participants (N=49) were enrolled in the intervention condition of a larger pilot study of homeless adolescent mothers living in group-based shelters. The mHealth technology. Calm Mom, consisted of a mobile app and a wrist-worn sensorband for the ambulatory measurement and alerting of increased electrodermal activity (EDA), a physiological measurement of stress. We examined logs of mobile app activity and conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with a subsample (N=10) of participants. Qualitative data analysis was guided by the theoretical frames of the intervention and a technology acceptance model and included an analysis of emerging themes and concepts. RESULTS Overall, participants indicated that one or more of the elements of Calm Mom supported their ability to effectively regulate their emotions in the course of their daily life in ways that were consonant with the intervention's theoretical model. For many adolescent mothers, the app became an integral tool for managing stress. Due to technical challenges, fewer participants received sensorband alerts; however, those who received alerts reported high levels of acceptability as the technology helped them to identify their emotions and supported them in engaging in more adaptive behaviors during real-life stressful situations with their children, peers, and family members. CONCLUSIONS Calm Mom is a promising technology for providing theoretically driven behavioral intervention strategies during real-life stressful moments among a highly vulnerable population. Future research efforts will involve addressing technology challenges and refining tailoring algorithms for implementation in larger-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle R Leonard
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College Of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dawa Sherpa
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College Of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna Kelemen
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College Of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sonali Rajan
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rasheeda Salaam
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College Of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles M Cleland
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College Of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marya Viorst Gwadz
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, Rory Meyers College Of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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Umbach R, Raine A, Leonard NR. Cognitive Decline as a Result of Incarceration and the Effects of a CBT/MT Intervention: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 45:31-55. [PMID: 29795707 PMCID: PMC5961486 DOI: 10.1177/0093854817736345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study primarily tests whether incarceration negatively affects cognitive functioning; namely emotion regulation, cognitive control, and emotion recognition. As a secondary interest, we test protective effects of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/Mindfulness Training (CBT/MT) intervention. Dormitories containing 197 incarcerated males aged 16-18 were randomly assigned to either a CBT/MT program or an active control condition. A cognitive task was administered pre-treatment and again four months later, upon treatment completion. Performance on all outcome variables was significantly worse at follow-up compared to baseline. There were marginally significant group by time interactions. While the control group performance significantly declined in both cognitive control and emotion regulation, the CBT/MT group showed no significant decline in either outcome. This is the first study to probe the effects of incarceration on these three processes. Findings suggest that incarceration worsens a known risk factor for crime (cognitive functioning), and that a CBT/MT intervention may help buffer against declines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
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22
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Barrett CJ. Mindfulness and Rehabilitation: Teaching Yoga and Meditation to Young Men in an Alternative to Incarceration Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2017; 61:1719-1738. [PMID: 26903231 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16633667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study used participant/observation and open-ended interviews to understand how male participants (age 18-24 years) benefited from yoga and mindfulness training within an Alternative to Incarceration (ATI) program. Findings suggest that the male participants (age 18-24 years) benefited from the intervention through reductions in stress and improvements in emotion regulation. Several participants noted the importance of the development of an embodied practice for assisting them in managing anger and impulse control. The young men's narratives suggest that mindfulness-based interventions can contribute positively to rehabilitative outcomes within alternative to incarcerations settings, providing complementary benefit to existing ATI programs, especially for clients amenable to mindfulness training. With many jurisdictions expanding rehabilitation-focused interventions for young offenders, service providers should consider the potential positive contributions that mindfulness-based interventions can have for fostering desistance and reducing recidivism among justice system-involved populations.
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Mak C, Whittingham K, Cunnington R, Boyd RN. MiYoga: a randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness movement programme based on hatha yoga principles for children with cerebral palsy: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015191. [PMID: 28698326 PMCID: PMC5541628 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common childhood physical disability, with life-long impacts for 1.77 in 1000 children. Although CP is primarily a physical disability, children with CP have an increased risk of experiencing cognitive difficulties, particularly attention and executive function deficits. Impairment in cognitive abilities can lead to subsequent impairment in independent functioning, education, employment and interpersonal relationships. This paper reports the protocol of a randomised controlled trial of a novel family-centred lifestyle intervention based on mindfulness and hatha yoga principles (MiYoga). MiYoga aims to enhance child and parent outcomes for children with CP. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The aim is to recruit 36 child-parent dyads (children aged 6-16 years; bilateral or unilateral CP; Gross Motor Function Classification System I-III), who will be randomly assigned to two groups: MiYoga andwaitlistt control. The MiYoga programme will be facilitated in a group format for 8 weeks. Assessments will be administered at baseline, prior to MiYoga, following completion of MiYoga, and at 6-month follow-up (retention). The primary outcome will be the child's sustained attentional ability as measured by the Conner's Continuous Performance Test II. Other outcomes of interest for children with CP consists of attentional control, physical functioning, behavioural and well-being. For parents, the outcomes of interest are mindfulness, psychological flexibility and well-being. Data will be analysed using general linear models, specifically analysis of covariance and analysis of variance. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Full ethical approval for this study has been obtained by the Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service Research Ethics Committee (HREC/12/QRCH/120) and The University of Queensland (2012000993). If MiYoga is proven effective, its dissemination would assist children with CP and complement their ongoing therapy by improving the ability of the child to pay attention at school and in therapy, and alleviating environmentalstressorss for both the child and his/her parents. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12613000729729; Pre-results.http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12613000729729.aspx DATE OF TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospectively registered on 2 July 2013-present (ongoing). FINDINGS TO DATE Recruitment is complete. Data are still being collected at present. We aim to complete data collection by February 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mak
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre (QCPRRC), The University of Queensland Child Health Research Centre (UQ-CHRC), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Koa Whittingham
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre (QCPRRC), The University of Queensland Child Health Research Centre (UQ-CHRC), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross Cunnington
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roslyn N Boyd
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre (QCPRRC), The University of Queensland Child Health Research Centre (UQ-CHRC), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Jha AP, Witkin JE, Morrison AB, Rostrup N, Stanley E. Short-Form Mindfulness Training Protects Against Working Memory Degradation over High-Demand Intervals. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rooks JD, Morrison AB, Goolsarran M, Rogers SL, Jha AP. “We Are Talking About Practice”: the Influence of Mindfulness vs. Relaxation Training on Athletes’ Attention and Well-Being over High-Demand Intervals. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Eva AL, Thayer NM. Learning to BREATHE: A Pilot Study of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Support Marginalized Youth. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22:580-591. [PMID: 29228794 PMCID: PMC5871269 DOI: 10.1177/2156587217696928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based curricular interventions can support adolescents who are at risk of school failure as they negotiate the transition from high school into young adulthood. Researchers hypothesized that a 6-week mindfulness-based intervention would lower participants’ perceived stress while increasing their reported levels of self-esteem. Participants (N = 23) ranged in age from 17 to 20 years while the majority were male students of color. Pre- and postintervention survey mean responses revealed statistically significant differences on the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale and 3 items on the Perceived Stress Scale (with small to moderate effect sizes). Postintervention focus group (n = 8) data indicated that the most valued daily practice was the body scan technique. Open coding of the focus group data also revealed several key themes in the form of overarching codes as participants discussed intervention benefits. These included (a) self-regulation, (b) attention-awareness, and (c) positive thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Eva
- 1 Seattle University, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kim J, Kwon M. Effects of mindfulness-based intervention to improve task performance for children with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2017; 31:87-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A Pilot RCT of a Values-Based Mindfulness Group Intervention with Jail Inmates: Evidence for Reduction in Post-Release Risk Behavior. Mindfulness (N Y) 2017; 8:603-614. [PMID: 29242720 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study pilot-tested a values and mindfulness-based intervention (Re-Entry Values and Mindfulness Program: REVAMP) in a sample of male jail inmates. REVAMP aimed to reduce post-release risky behavior by targeting dimensions of mindfulness (e.g., willingness/acceptance) and associated proximal outcomes/mechanisms of action (emotion regulation, self-control, shame/guilt). Inmates were randomly assigned to REVAMP (n=21) or treatment as usual (TAU, n=19). Attendance and feedback supported REVAMP's feasibility and acceptability. At post-treatment, ANCOVAs showed that the REVAMP group increased more on willingness/acceptance, self-judgment and shame relative to TAU. Relative increases in willingness/acceptance persisted at 3-month post-release. Criminal activity was assessed by self-report at three months post-release and official criminal records at three years post-release. At both time-points, there was a marginally statistically significant trend of medium effect size for lower criminal recidivism in the REVAMP group compared to TAU. There were no statistically significant differences in self-reported post-release substance misuse. This pilot RCT indicated mindfulness-based interventions may hold promise for reducing inmates' post-release risky behavior and encourages future research in this area.
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Stolarski M, Vowinckel J, Jankowski KS, Zajenkowski M. Mind the balance, be contented: Balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bluth K, Campo RA, Pruteanu-Malinici S, Reams A, Mullarkey M, Broderick PC. A School-Based Mindfulness Pilot Study for Ethnically Diverse At-Risk Adolescents. Mindfulness (N Y) 2016; 7:90-104. [PMID: 27034729 PMCID: PMC4809539 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-014-0376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bluth
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rebecca A. Campo
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sarah Pruteanu-Malinici
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Amanda Reams
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael Mullarkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Patricia C. Broderick
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center at Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Modesto-Lowe V, Farahmand P, Chaplin M, Sarro L. Does mindfulness meditation improve attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:397-403. [PMID: 26740931 PMCID: PMC4694553 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) manifests by high levels of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity. ADHD starts in childhood and results in impairments that continue into adulthood. While hyperactivity declines over time, inattention and executive function difficulties persist, leading to functional deficits. Adolescents and adults with ADHD have pervasive impairment in interpersonal and family relationships. They may develop addiction, delinquent behavior and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, persistent residual symptoms are common, highlighting the need for novel treatment strategies. Mindfulness training, derived from Eastern meditation practices, may improve self-regulation of attention. It may also be a useful strategy to augment standard ADHD treatments and may be used as a potential tool to reduce impairments in patients with residual symptoms of ADHD. Clinically, this would manifest by an increased ability to suppress task-unrelated thoughts and distractions resulting in improved attention, completion of tasks and potential improvement in occupational and social function.
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The State-Like and Skillful Aspects of Mindfulness: The Roles of Working Memory and Self-Regulation. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/iop.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A common theme throughout the focal article (Hyland, Lee, & Mills, 2015) suggests that mindfulness is associated with a range of benefits, but the phenomenon itself is not well defined and conceptualized. Throughout the research area, mindfulness has been defined as a trait, as a skill, and, most commonly, as a state. In order to advance a productive research area, conceptual clarity is needed to further distinguish between these aspects of mindfulness. In this commentary, I will (a) provide a distinction between mindfulness as a state and the skill of entering a mindful state, (b) outline the implications of skillful mindfulness for working memory capacity (WMC) and job performance, and (c) discuss the conflicting hypotheses of state mindfulness and self-regulation.
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Josipovic Z, Baars BJ. Editorial: What can Neuroscience Learn from Contemplative Practices? Front Psychol 2015; 6:1731. [PMID: 26617554 PMCID: PMC4639597 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Josipovic
- Psychology Department, New York University New York, NY, USA
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Mitchell JT, Zylowska L, Kollins SH. Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2015; 22:172-191. [PMID: 25908900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research examining nonpharmacological interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has expanded in recent years and provides patients with more treatment options. Mindfulness-based training is an example of an intervention that is gaining promising preliminary empirical support and is increasingly administered in clinical settings. The aim of this review is to provide a rationale for the application of mindfulness to individuals diagnosed with ADHD, describe the current state of the empirical basis for mindfulness training in ADHD, and summarize a treatment approach specific to adults diagnosed with ADHD: the Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program. Two case study examples are provided to demonstrate relevant clinical issues for practitioners interested in this approach. Directions for future research, including mindfulness meditation as a standalone treatment and as a complementary approach to cognitive-behavioral therapy, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Mitchell
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Lidia Zylowska
- University of California Santa Cruz ; University of California Los Angeles
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Jha AP, Morrison AB, Dainer-Best J, Parker S, Rostrup N, Stanley EA. Minds "at attention": mindfulness training curbs attentional lapses in military cohorts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116889. [PMID: 25671579 PMCID: PMC4324839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (i.e., mind wandering). Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking. Here, we investigated if MT may mitigate these deleterious effects and promote cognitive resilience in military cohorts enduring a high-demand interval of predeployment training. To better understand which aspects of MT programs are most beneficial, three military cohorts were examined. Two of the three groups were provided MT. One group received an 8-hour, 8-week variant of Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT) emphasizing engagement in training exercises (training-focused MT, n = 40), a second group received a didactic-focused variant emphasizing content regarding stress and resilience (didactic-focused MT, n = 40), and the third group served as a no-training control (NTC, n = 24). Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) performance was indexed in all military groups and a no-training civilian group (CIV, n = 45) before (T1) and after (T2) the MT course period. Attentional performance (measured by A’, a sensitivity index) was lower in NTC vs. CIV at T2, suggesting that performance suffers after enduring a high-demand predeployment interval relative to a similar time period of civilian life. Yet, there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC, with training-focused MT outperforming didactic-focused MT at T2. From T1 to T2, A’ degraded in NTC and didactic-focused MT but remained stable in training-focused MT and CIV. In sum, while protracted periods of high-demand military training may increase attentional performance lapses, practice-focused MT programs akin to training-focused MT may bolster attentional performance more than didactic-focused programs. As such, training-focused MT programs should be further examined in cohorts experiencing protracted high-demand intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amishi P. Jha
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandra B. Morrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Justin Dainer-Best
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nina Rostrup
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Stanley
- Walsh School of Foreign Service and Department of Government, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Mind Fitness Training Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
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Wittmann M, Otten S, Schötz E, Sarikaya A, Lehnen H, Jo HG, Kohls N, Schmidt S, Meissner K. Subjective expansion of extended time-spans in experienced meditators. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1586. [PMID: 25642205 PMCID: PMC4294119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Experienced meditators typically report that they experience time slowing down in meditation practice as well as in everyday life. Conceptually this phenomenon may be understood through functional states of mindfulness, i.e., by attention regulation, body awareness, emotion regulation, and enhanced memory. However, hardly any systematic empirical work exists regarding the experience of time in meditators. In the current cross-sectional study, we investigated whether 42 experienced mindfulness meditation practitioners (with on average 10 years of experience) showed differences in the experience of time as compared to 42 controls without any meditation experience matched for age, sex, and education. The perception of time was assessed with a battery of psychophysical tasks assessing the accuracy of prospective time judgments in duration discrimination, duration reproduction, and time estimation in the milliseconds to minutes range as well with several psychometric instruments related to subjective time such as the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. In addition, subjective time judgments on the current passage of time and retrospective time ranges were assessed. While subjective judgements of time were found to be significantly different between the two groups on several scales, no differences in duration estimates in the psychophysical tasks were detected. Regarding subjective time, mindfulness meditators experienced less time pressure, more time dilation, and a general slower passage of time. Moreover, they felt that the last week and the last month passed more slowly. Overall, although no intergroup differences in psychophysical tasks were detected, the reported findings demonstrate a close association between mindfulness meditation and the subjective feeling of the passage of time captured by psychometric instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas in Psychology and Mental Health Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Otten
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Schötz
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Sarikaya
- Institute for Frontier Areas in Psychology and Mental Health Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Lehnen
- Institute for Frontier Areas in Psychology and Mental Health Freiburg, Germany
| | - Han-Gue Jo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Institute for Transcultural Health Studies, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Niko Kohls
- Division Integrative Health Promotion, University of Applied Sciences Coburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Institute for Transcultural Health Studies, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Karin Meissner
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich Munich, Germany
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