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Picciotto YD, Lithwick Algon A, Amit I, Vakil E, Saban W. Large-scale evidence for the validity of remote MoCA administration among people with cerebellar ataxia. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39235357 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2397835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Objective: For over half a century, studies of rare diseases using in-person cognitive tools have faced challenges, such as long study periods and small sample sizes (e.g. n = 10). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was widely employed to assess mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We aimed to validate a modified online version of the MoCA in a large sample of a rare disease (population prevalence < .01%). Method: First, we analyzed 20 previous findings (n = 1,377), comparing the MoCA scores between large groups of neurotypically healthy (NH; n = 837) and cerebellar ataxia (CA; n = 540), where studies were conducted in-person. Second, we administered the MoCA in-person to a group of NH (n = 41) and a large group of CA (n = 103). Third, we administered a video conferencing version of the MoCA to NH (n = 38) and a large group of CA (n = 83). Results: We observed no performance differences between online and in-person MoCA administration in the NH and CA groups (p > .05, η2 = 0.001), supporting reliability. Additionally, our online CA group had lower MoCA scores than the NH group (p < .001, Hedges' g = 0.68). This result is consistent with previous studies, as demonstrated by our forest plot across 20 previous in-person findings, supporting construct validity. Conclusion: The results indicate that an online screening tool is valid in a large sample of individuals with CA. Online testing is not only time and cost-effective, but facilitates disease management and monitoring, ultimately enabling early detection of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael De Picciotto
- Center for Accessible Neuropsychology and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avigail Lithwick Algon
- Center for Accessible Neuropsychology and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Amit
- Center for Accessible Neuropsychology and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Vakil
- Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - William Saban
- Center for Accessible Neuropsychology and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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2
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Karakashevska E, Derpsch Y, Jones A, Makin ADJ. The extrastriate symmetry response is robust to alcohol intoxication. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14593. [PMID: 38643374 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Visual symmetry activates a network of regions in the extrastriate cortex and generates an event-related potential (ERP) called the sustained posterior negativity (SPN). Previous work has found that the SPN is robust to experimental manipulations of task, spatial attention, and memory load. In the current study, we investigated whether the SPN is also robust to alcohol-induced changes in mental state. A pilot experiment (N = 13) found that alcohol unexpectedly increased SPN amplitude. We followed this unexpected result with two new experiments on separate groups, using an alcohol challenge paradigm. One group completed an Oddball discrimination task (N = 26). Another group completed a Regularity discrimination task (N = 26). In both groups, participants consumed a medium dose of alcohol (0.65 g/kg body weight) and a placebo drink, in separate sessions. Alcohol reduced SPN amplitude in the Oddball task (contrary to the pilot results) but had no effect on SPN amplitude in the Regularity task. In contrast, the N1 wave was consistently dampened by alcohol in all experiments. Exploratory analysis indicated that the inconsistent effect of alcohol on SPN amplitude may be partly explained by individual differences in alcohol use. Alcohol reduced the SPN in light drinkers and increased it in heavier drinkers. Despite remaining questions, the results highlight the automaticity of symmetry processing. Symmetry still produces a large SPN response, even when participants are intoxicated, and even when symmetry is not task relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Karakashevska
- Department of Psychology, Population Health Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yiovanna Derpsch
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexis D J Makin
- Department of Psychology, Population Health Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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3
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Ma S, Qi S, Huang J, He X, Wu H. Regulation of negative emotions through directed attention in high-trait-anxious women: Evidence from event-related potentials and eye-tracking. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 203:112413. [PMID: 39128770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal emotional responses in high-trait-anxious (HTA) individuals may be related to the use of emotion regulation strategies. Directed attention is a substrategy of attention deployment, which has been proven to be effective in regulating individual negative emotions. The present study investigated whether HTA women can effectively utilize directed attention to decrease negative emotions. Two studies were conducted using the same directed attention paradigm, with one focusing on event-related potentials (ERPs) and the other utilizing eye-tracking techniques. Participants viewed negative and neutral pictures and rated their negative emotions experienced during viewing. During directed attention, attention was directed towards highly arousing aspects, less arousing aspects of negative pictures, or less arousing aspects of neutral pictures. In study 1, late positive potentials (LPP) were recorded in 26 HTA and 24 low-trait-anxious (LTA) women. In study 2, the latency of first fixation, the proportion of gaze duration and fixations in the specific area were recorded in 27 HTA and 23 LTA women. Both the HTA and LTA groups revealed a decrease in negative emotional ratings and LPP amplitudes when their attention was directed towards the less arousing aspects of negative pictures. Furthermore, in this condition, the HTA group had a shorter latency of first fixation on highly arousing aspects and a higher proportion of gaze duration on less arousing aspects of negative pictures compared to the LTA group. These results indicate that when confronted with negative pictures, HTA women are able to regulate their emotional responses through directed attention, which may be accompanied by attentional vigilance and avoidance tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China; Foundation Department, Engineering University of PAP, China
| | - Senqing Qi
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
| | - Junjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Xuexue He
- Ningxia Health Vocational and Technical College, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
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4
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Biondi FN, McDonnell AS, Mahmoodzadeh M, Jajo N, Balakumar Balasingam, Strayer DL. Vigilance Decrement During On-Road Partially Automated Driving Across Four Systems. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:2179-2190. [PMID: 37496464 PMCID: PMC11344368 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231189658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study uses a detection task to measure changes in driver vigilance when operating four different partially automated systems. BACKGROUND Research show temporal declines in detection task performance during manual and fully automated driving, but the accuracy of using this approach for measuring changes in driver vigilance during on-road partially automated driving is yet unproven. METHOD Participants drove four different vehicles (Tesla Model 3, Cadillac CT6, Volvo XC90, and Nissan Rogue) equipped with level-2 systems in manual and partially automated modes. Response times to a detection task were recorded over eight consecutive time periods. RESULTS Bayesian analysis revealed a main effect of time period and an interaction between mode and time period. A main effect of vehicle and a time period x vehicle interaction were also found. CONCLUSION Results indicated that the reduction in detection task performance over time was worse during partially automated driving. Vehicle-specific analysis also revealed that detection task performance changed across vehicles, with slowest response time found for the Volvo. APPLICATION The greater decline in detection performance found in automated mode suggests that operating level-2 systems incurred in a greater vigilance decrement, a phenomenon that is of interest for Human Factors practitioners and regulators. We also argue that the observed vehicle-related differences are attributable to the unique design of their in-vehicle interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco N Biondi
- Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amy S McDonnell
- Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Noor Jajo
- Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | - David L Strayer
- Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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5
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West JT, Kuhns JM, Touron DR, Mulligan NW. Increased metamemory accuracy with practice does not require practice with metamemory. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241269322. [PMID: 39075802 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241269322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Given that learners do not always predict their future memory performance accurately, there is a need to better understand how metamemory accuracy can be improved. Prior research suggests that one way to improve is practice-participants tend to become better at predicting their future memory performance over the course of multi-trial learning experiments. However, it is currently unclear whether such improvements result from participants having practised making metamemory judgements or whether comparable improvements occur even in their absence. This issue was investigated in three multi-trial, cued recall experiments wherein participants either did or did not receive practice making judgements of learning. Metamemory accuracy increased across study blocks but did so equally for the two groups. These results indicate that increased metamemory accuracy with practice is not due to participants having practised explicit metamemory monitoring but instead due to other factors associated with multi-trial learning such as retrieval practice and the availability of prior test performance as a metamemory cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T West
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jack M Kuhns
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Dayna R Touron
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Neil W Mulligan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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Zhao S, Zhao F, Chen Y, Ma F, Zhou Y, Xie J, Feng C, Feng W. Unveiling neurodevelopmental changes in multisensory integration while controlling attention. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 247:106040. [PMID: 39142077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
It is well-accepted that multisensory integration (MSI) undergoes protracted maturation from childhood to adulthood. However, existing evidence may have been confounded by potential age-related differences in attention. To unveil neurodevelopmental changes in MSI while matching top-down attention between children and adults, we recorded event-related potentials of healthy children aged 7 to 9 years and young adults in the visual-to-auditory attentional spreading paradigm wherein attention and MSI could be measured concurrently. The absence of children versus adults differences in the visual selection negativity component and behavioral measures of auditory interference first demonstrates that the child group could maintain top-down visual attention and ignore task-irrelevant auditory information to a similar extent as adults. Then, the stimulus-driven attentional spreading quantified by the auditory negative difference (Nd) component was found to be overall absent in the child group, revealing the children's largely immature audiovisual binding process. These findings furnish strong evidence for the protracted maturation of MSI per se from childhood to adulthood, hence providing a new benchmark for characterizing the developmental course of MSI. In addition, we also found that the representation-driven attentional spreading measured by another Nd was present but less robust in children, suggesting their substantially but not fully developed audiovisual representation coactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yunan Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jimei Xie
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chengzhi Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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7
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Cler GJ, Bartolo S, Kim J, Nolan A, Banel S. Implicit and Explicit Sequence Learning in Adults With Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:2638-2652. [PMID: 39024517 DOI: 10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts approximately 7% of the population and is characterized by unexplained deficits in expressive and/or receptive components of language. A common procedural learning task, serial reaction time (SRT), has been used to develop models of the basis of DLD. However, paradigms involve differing levels of implicit and explicit learning during this task, muddying interpretations of the data. Here, we tested adults with DLD on implicit and explicit SRT tasks to better understand implicit and explicit procedural learning in this population. We hypothesized that adults with DLD would demonstrate reduced learning on only the implicit SRT task, as alternate explicit neural mechanisms could lead to equivalent performance on the explicit task. METHOD Fifty participants (25 with DLD and 25 with typical language) completed implicit and explicit SRT tasks, measuring their ability to learn visually presented 10-element sequences. Group differences were evaluated on sequence learning, error rates, and explicit recall of the sequence after learning. RESULTS Sequence learning was the same between the groups on both tasks. However, individuals with DLD showed increased errors and significantly worse recall of the explicitly learned sequence. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that sequence learning may be intact in this population, while aspects of explicit learning and motoric responses are impaired. Results are interpreted in light of a neurobiological model of DLD. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26210651.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Cler
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Samantha Bartolo
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Anna Nolan
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sophia Banel
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
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8
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Phillips MC, Myers EB. Auditory Processing of Speech and Nonspeech in People Who Stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:2533-2547. [PMID: 39058919 DOI: 10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated speech and nonspeech auditory processing of temporal and spectral cues in people who do and do not stutter. We also asked whether self-reported stuttering severity was predicted by performance on the auditory processing measures. METHOD People who stutter (n = 23) and people who do not stutter (n = 28) completed a series of four auditory processing tasks online. These tasks consisted of speech and nonspeech stimuli differing in spectral or temporal cues. We then used independent-samples t-tests to assess differences in phonetic categorization slopes between groups and linear mixed-effects models to test differences in nonspeech auditory processing between stuttering and nonstuttering groups, and stuttering severity as a function of performance on all auditory processing tasks. RESULTS We found statistically significant differences between people who do and do not stutter in phonetic categorization of a continuum differing in a temporal cue and in discrimination of nonspeech stimuli differing in a spectral cue. A significant proportion of variance in self-reported stuttering severity was predicted by performance on the auditory processing measures. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that people who stutter process both speech and nonspeech auditory information differently than people who do not stutter and may point to subtle differences in auditory processing that could contribute to stuttering. We also note that these patterns could be the consequence of listening to one's own speech, rather than the cause of production differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Phillips
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Emily B Myers
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
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9
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Mello B, Matos P, Albuquerque PB. The role of cue salience in prospective memory commission errors in nonperformed nonfocal tasks. Cogn Process 2024; 25:395-402. [PMID: 38632149 PMCID: PMC11269317 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to execute an intention in the future without having a permanent reminder. These intentions can be performed when they are not relevant or become no-longer needed, the so-called "commission errors". The present study aims to understand the effect of cue salience on PM commission errors with unperformed intentions and on the ongoing task performance-associated costs. Through a between-subjects design, eighty-one participants were assigned to 3 conditions: the no-PM condition, which served as control, and the salient and nonsalient conditions, which were asked to perform a lexical decision task and an incomplete nonfocal prospective memory task (i.e. no PM cues were presented). Subsequently, participants were instructed to no longer execute the prospective intention. In the second phase, a lexical decision task occurred again, including irrelevant PM cues, which should not be answered as such. In the salient condition, cues were salient (i.e. presented in red or blue background). In contrast, in the nonsalient condition, PM cues appeared on a black background, as any other stimuli. In the no-PM control condition, participants only performed an LDT. A commission error occurred when the (irrelevant) intention was performed in this second phase. Results showed that more participants performed a commission error in the presence of salient cues, even when PM intentions became irrelevant. Additionally, when cues were not salient, participants took longer to answer the LDT, as reasoned by the spontaneous retrieval theory. These findings are discussed according to the dual-mechanism account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mello
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Matos
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- School of Psychology, Technology and Sports, Lusófona University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro B Albuquerque
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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10
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Brown CRH, Derakshan N. Can templates-for-rejection suppress real-world affective objects in visual search? Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1843-1855. [PMID: 38316718 PMCID: PMC11358251 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Previous evidence has suggested that feature-based templates-for-rejection can be maintained in working memory to suppress matching features in the environment. Currently, this effect has only been demonstrated using abstract neutral shapes, meaning that it is unclear whether this generalizes to real-world images, including aversive stimuli. In the current investigation, participants searched amongst an array of real-world objects for a target, after being precued with either a distractor template, target template, or a no template baseline. In Experiment 1, where both distractor and target template cues were presented randomly on a trial-by-trial basis, there was moderate evidence of increased capture by aversive distractors after the distractor template cue. In Experiment 2a, however, when distractor templates were the only available cue and more time was given to encode the cue features, there was moderate evidence of effective distractor inhibition for real-world aversive and neutral stimuli. In Experiment 2b, when the task required a slower more effortful comparison of target features to stereotypical object representations, there was weaker evidence of inhibition, though there was still modest evidence suggesting effective inhibition of aversive distractors. A Bayesian meta-analysis revealed that across Experiment 2, aversive distractors showed strong cumulative evidence of effective inhibition, but inconsistent inhibition for neutral distractors. The results are interpreted from a rational search behaviour framework, which suggests that individuals utilize informative cues when they enable the most beneficial strategy and are accessible, and apply these to distractors when they cause sufficient disruption, either to search speed or emotional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R H Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Whitelands Campus, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Nazanin Derakshan
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6ET, UK
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11
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Tsai N, Treves IN, Bauer CCC, Scherer E, Caballero C, West MR, Gabrieli JDE. Dispositional mindfulness: Dissociable affective and cognitive processes. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1798-1808. [PMID: 38302789 PMCID: PMC11358355 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mindfulness has been linked to a range of positive social-emotional and cognitive outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. As one of the few traits or dispositions that are associated with both affective and cognitive benefits, we asked whether mindfulness is associated with affective and cognitive outcomes through a shared, unitary process or through two dissociable processes. We examined this in adolescents using behavioral measures and also reanalyzed previously reported neuroimaging findings relating mindfulness training to either affect (negative emotion, stress) or cognition (sustained attention). Using multivariate regression analyses, our findings suggest that the relationships between dispositional mindfulness and affective and cognitive processes are behaviorally dissociable and converge with neuroimaging data indicating that mindfulness modulates affect and cognition through separate neural pathways. These findings support the benefits of trait mindfulness on both affective and cognitive processes, and reveal that those benefits are at least partly dissociable in the mind and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Tsai
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Isaac N Treves
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Clemens C C Bauer
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 805 Columbus Avenue, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ethan Scherer
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Camila Caballero
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Martin R West
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- MIT Integrated Learning Initiative, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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12
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Félix SB, Pandeirada JNS. The animacy (bias) effect in recognition: testing the influence of intentionality of learning and retrieval quality. Memory 2024; 32:889-900. [PMID: 38870421 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2362755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The animacy effect, a memory advantage for animate/living over inanimate/non-living items, is well-documented in free recall, but unclear in recognition memory. This might relate to the encoding tasks that have been used and/or to an unequal influence of animacy on the processes underlying recognition (recollection or familiarity). This study reports a recognition memory experiment, coupled with a remember/know procedure. An intentional and two incidental learning conditions (one animacy-related and one animacy-unrelated) were used. No animacy effect was found in discriminability (A') irrespectively of the encoding condition. Still, different mechanisms in incidental and intentional conditions conducted to said result. Overall, animates (vs. inanimates) elicited more hits and also more false alarms. Moreover, participants tended to assign more remember responses to animate (vs. inanimate) hits, denoting higher recollection for the former. These findings are suggestive of an animacy bias in recognition, which was stronger in the animacy-related encoding condition. Ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the animacy effect are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Félix
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Josefa N S Pandeirada
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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13
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Alavash M, Obleser J. Brain Network Interconnectivity Dynamics Explain Metacognitive Differences in Listening Behavior. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2322232024. [PMID: 38839303 PMCID: PMC11293451 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2322-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex auditory scenes pose a challenge to attentive listening, rendering listeners slower and more uncertain in their perceptual decisions. How can we explain such behaviors from the dynamics of cortical networks that pertain to the control of listening behavior? We here follow up on the hypothesis that human adaptive perception in challenging listening situations is supported by modular reconfiguration of auditory-control networks in a sample of N = 40 participants (13 males) who underwent resting-state and task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Individual titration of a spatial selective auditory attention task maintained an average accuracy of ∼70% but yielded considerable interindividual differences in listeners' response speed and reported confidence in their own perceptual decisions. Whole-brain network modularity increased from rest to task by reconfiguring auditory, cinguloopercular, and dorsal attention networks. Specifically, interconnectivity between the auditory network and cinguloopercular network decreased during the task relative to the resting state. Additionally, interconnectivity between the dorsal attention network and cinguloopercular network increased. These interconnectivity dynamics were predictive of individual differences in response confidence, the degree of which was more pronounced after incorrect judgments. Our findings uncover the behavioral relevance of functional cross talk between auditory and attentional-control networks during metacognitive assessment of one's own perception in challenging listening situations and suggest two functionally dissociable cortical networked systems that shape the considerable metacognitive differences between individuals in adaptive listening behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Alavash
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Jonas Obleser
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
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14
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Lenglart L, Roger C, Sampaio A, Coello Y. The role of object ownership on online inhibition in peripersonal space. Psychophysiology 2024:e14659. [PMID: 39072809 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Peripersonal space (PPS), as opposed to extrapersonal space (EPS), refers to the area surrounding the body within which individuals interact with objects or conspecifics. However, objects in PPS can belong to oneself or to others, which was found to influence how these objects are encoded. We analyzed the performances of motor responses in a reachability judgment task concerning self-owned and other-owned objects (cups) presented in PPS or EPS. EMG activities were recorded on the thumbs (flexor pollicis brevis) to detect correct and erroneous motor activations. Behavioral data showed that motor responses were shorter and longer for self-owned cups compared to other-owned cups in PPS and EPS, respectively. Ten percent of trials showed initial response errors, which were higher in the EPS for self-owned cups and in the PPS for other-owned cups. Eighty-two percent of these errors were corrected online, with corrections being more efficient for self-owned cups in the PPS. Overall, the data revealed that reachability judgments were faster and more accurate in the PPS, with more efficient inhibition processes in the presence of motor errors. Motor selection and correction are thus modulated by the social context of object ownership, highlighting the specific role of the PPS in encoding self-relevant objects for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lenglart
- CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Clémence Roger
- CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Research Centre (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Yann Coello
- CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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15
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Samuel S. Are visual artists better visual perspective takers? An exploratory study with an unexpected outcome. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241263755. [PMID: 38860353 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241263755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Visual perspective taking (VPT) has been argued to elicit image-like representations of other people's visual experiences. Separately, it has been demonstrated that there are inter-individual differences in the ability to successfully take other people's visual perspectives. In the present study, adults were asked to judge how long two lines appeared visually from the point of view of an agent. The lines were of identical length, but the agent was always closer to one of the lines than the other, meaning that the closer line should be judged as appearing visually longer. It was hypothesised that adults with experience in the visual arts would perform better at this task for one or both of two reasons: (1) they should be more familiar with the knowledge that the closer an object is the larger it appears visually (i.e., the retinal image is larger), and (2) they might be able to "draw" an image-like representation that more accurately reflects the effect of distance on perceived size. Consistent with previous experiments with this paradigm, adults generally failed to judge the closest line as appearing longer; indeed, as many judged this line would appear visually shorter. Crucially, increasing experience in the visual arts failed to improve the accuracy of VPT judgements; even a group of professional illustrators failed to recognise that the line closest to the agent would appear longer than the line furthest from the agent. These results are discussed in the context of the processes and representation types potentially involved in VPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Samuel
- Department of Psychology, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
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16
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Ahmad FN, Tremblay S, Karkuszewski MD, Alvi M, Hockley WE. A conceptual-perceptual distinctiveness processing account of the superior recognition memory of pictures over environmental sounds. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1555-1580. [PMID: 37705452 PMCID: PMC11181738 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231202986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have proposed a coarser or gist-based representation for sounds, whereas a more verbatim-based representation is retrieved from long-term memory to account for higher recognition performance for pictures. This study examined the mechanism for the recognition advantage for pictures. In Experiment 1A, pictures and sounds were presented in separate trials in a mixed list during the study phase and participants showed in a yes-no test, a higher proportion of correct responses for targets, exemplar foils categorically related to the target, and novel foils for pictures compared with sounds. In Experiment 1B, the picture recognition advantage was replicated in a two-alternative forced-choice test for the novel and exemplar foil conditions. For Experiment 2A, even when verbal labels (i.e., written labels) were presented for sounds during the study phase, a recognition advantage for pictures was shown for both targets and exemplar foils. Experiment 2B showed that the presence of written labels for sounds, during both the study and test phases did not eliminate the advantage of recognition of pictures in terms of correct rejection of exemplar foils. Finally, in two additional experiments, we examined whether the degree of similarity within pictures and sounds could account for the recognition advantage of pictures. The mean similarity rating for pictures was higher than the mean similarity rating for sounds in the exemplar test condition, whereas mean similarity rating for sounds was higher than pictures in the novel test condition. These results pose a challenge for some versions of distinctiveness accounts of the picture superiority effect. We propose a conceptual-perceptual distinctiveness processing account of recognition memory for pictures and sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad N Ahmad
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Savannah Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marium Alvi
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William E Hockley
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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17
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Verwimp C, Vaessen A, Snellings P, Wiers RW, Tijms J. The COVID generation: Online dyslexia treatment equally effective as face-to-face treatment in a Dutch sample. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2024; 74:187-196. [PMID: 38206491 PMCID: PMC11249456 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-023-00298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to pandemic-induced lockdown(s) in 2020, dyslexia treatment was forced to move to online platforms. This study examined whether Dutch children who received online treatment progressed as much in their reading and spelling performance as children who received the usual face-to-face treatment. To this end, 254 children who received treatment-as-usual were compared to 162 children who received online treatment with Bayesian methods. The advantage of a Bayesian approach is that it can provide evidence for and against the null hypothesis whereas frequentist approaches only provide evidence against it. We found that children in the online treatment condition received slightly fewer treatment sessions but progressed equally after controlling for the number of sessions compared to the treatment-as-usual condition. These results have clinical and practical implications as they show that reading treatment can be successfully delivered online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Verwimp
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- RID, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Patrick Snellings
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Tijms
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- RID, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Ganesan K, Thompson A, Smid CR, Cañigueral R, Li Y, Revill G, Puetz V, Bernhardt BC, Dosenbach NUF, Kievit R, Steinbeis N. Cognitive control training with domain-general response inhibition does not change children's brains or behavior. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1364-1375. [PMID: 38834704 PMCID: PMC11239524 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive control is required to organize thoughts and actions and is critical for the pursuit of long-term goals. Childhood cognitive control relates to other domains of cognitive functioning and predicts later-life success and well-being. In this study, we used a randomized controlled trial to test whether cognitive control can be improved through a pre-registered 8-week intervention in 235 children aged 6-13 years targeting response inhibition and whether this leads to changes in multiple behavioral and neural outcomes compared to a response speed training. We show long-lasting improvements of closely related measures of cognitive control at the 1-year follow-up; however, training had no impact on any behavioral outcomes (decision-making, academic achievement, mental health, fluid reasoning and creativity) or neural outcomes (task-dependent and intrinsic brain function and gray and white matter structure). Bayesian analyses provide strong evidence of absent training effects. We conclude that targeted training of response inhibition does little to change children's brains or their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keertana Ganesan
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Thompson
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - Claire R Smid
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roser Cañigueral
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yongjing Li
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Grace Revill
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Puetz
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rogier Kievit
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaus Steinbeis
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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19
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Smith M, Ferguson HJ. Indistinguishable behavioural and neural correlates of perceptual self-other distinction in autistic and neurotypical adults. Cortex 2024; 176:242-259. [PMID: 38760243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that self-bias (i.e., enhanced cognitive processing of self-versus other-relevant information) may be atypical in autism spectrum conditions (ASC), perhaps due to difficulties with self-other distinction. However, empirical evidence for this is inconsistent, and the neural basis of processing differences remains unknown. We present two experiments that aimed to test perceptual self-bias and familiarity effects in ASC using a perceptual-association task. Participants were asked to distinguish face/label associations of the self from those of other people of differing levels of familiarity (i.e., friend vs stranger). Experiment 1 took an individual differences approach by testing whether behavioural self-bias is associated with the number of autistic traits in a neurotypical adult sample (N = 59). Experiment 2 took a case-control approach by testing whether behavioural self-bias and associated ERP responses differ between neurotypical (N = 27) and autistic (N = 30) adults. Across both experiments, behavioural results showed that participants experienced a self-bias (self > friend and stranger) and a familiarity effect (e.g., friend > stranger); neither effect was affected by the number of autistic traits or autism diagnosis. In Experiment 2, analysis of N1, N2, and P3 ERP components revealed a typical self-bias in both groups (self distinct from friend and stranger), and only the autistic group showed evidence of a familiarity effect (N2 more negative-going for stranger than friend). The findings are discussed in relation to self-other distinction ability, and the relevance of other neuropsychological and psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and alexithymia are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marchella Smith
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Heather J Ferguson
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
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20
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Welhaf MS, Bugg JM. Positively framing mind wandering does not increase mind wandering in older adults. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1499-1509. [PMID: 38869620 PMCID: PMC11283346 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Age-related differences in mind wandering are robust, with older adults reporting less mind wandering compared to younger adults. While several theories have been put forth to explain this difference, one view has received less attention than others. Specifically, age-related differences in mind wandering might occur because older adults are reluctant to report on their mind wandering. The aim of the current study was to explicitly test this hypothesis. Older and younger adults completed a go/no-go task with intermittent thought probes to assess mind wandering. In one condition, participants were provided with standard instructions about how to respond to questions about their thoughts. In a second condition, participants were provided with a positive framing of mind wandering. Mind wandering was assessed both subjectively (i.e., via thought probes) and objectively (i.e., using different behavioral measures from the go/no-go task). The results of the study suggest that positively framing mind wandering did not impact rates of mind wandering or objective indicators of mind wandering for older or younger adults. Older adults reported less mind wandering, regardless of condition, compared to younger adults. Older adults also had generally better performance on the go/no-go task compared to younger adults. Bayesian analyses suggested that the main effect of framing condition, although not significant in Frequentist terms, did provide moderate evidence of an overall effect on mind wandering rates. We interpret the results as evidence against the reluctance hypothesis, consistent with previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Welhaf
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1125 One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA.
| | - Julie M Bugg
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1125 One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA
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21
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Zakaria MN, Salim R, Anual MSI, Patuzzi R. The Narrowband CE-Chirp Stimulus Does Not Necessarily Produce More Robust Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential. Ear Hear 2024; 45:1010-1018. [PMID: 38383959 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various studies have been conducted to search for the most optimal stimulus for eliciting cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP). More recently, there is a growing interest to study the usefulness of chirp stimuli in cVEMP recording. Nevertheless, contradictory outcomes have been reported across the studies, and further research with larger samples would be beneficial to provide better insight into this matter. As such, the present study was carried out to compare cVEMP results between narrowband (NB) CE-Chirp (centered at 500 Hz) and 500 Hz tone burst stimuli. DESIGN In this study that employed a comparative study design, 98 normally hearing adults aged between 19 and 24 years were enrolled. All of them underwent the cVEMP testing based on the recommended test protocol. The stimuli were a 500 Hz tone burst and a NB CE-Chirp (360-720 Hz) presented through insert earphones at an intensity level of 120.5 dB peSPL. RESULTS For each stimulus, cVEMP results did not differ significantly between the ears ( p > 0.05). Relative to the 500 Hz tone burst, the NB CE-Chirp stimulus produced statistically shorter P1 and N1 latencies ( p < 0.001). On the other hand, P1-N1 amplitude was found to be comparable between the two stimuli ( p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study did not find any supporting evidence that the NB CE-Chirp stimulus (centered at 500 Hz) outperformed the conventional 500 Hz tone burst in the cVEMP testing. Both stimuli are considered equally appropriate to record cVEMP responses in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Normani Zakaria
- Audiology Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rosdan Salim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shafiq Imran Anual
- Audiology Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Demant Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Plaza Mont Kiara, Mont Kiara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Robert Patuzzi
- Audiology Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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22
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Alushaj E, Hemachandra D, Ganjavi H, Seergobin KN, Sharma M, Kashgari A, Barr J, Reisman W, Khan AR, MacDonald PA. Increased mean diffusivity of the caudal motor SNc identifies patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:128. [PMID: 38951528 PMCID: PMC11217278 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD)-a Parkinson's disease (PD) prodrome-might exhibit neural changes similar to those in PD. Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) degeneration underlies motor symptoms of PD. In iRBD and early PD (ePD), we measured diffusion MRI (dMRI) in the caudal motor SNc, which overlaps the nigrosome-1-the earliest-degenerating dopaminergic neurons in PD-and in the striatum. Nineteen iRBD, 26 ePD (1.7 ± 0.03 years), and 46 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were scanned at Western University, and 47 iRBD, 115 ePD (0.9 ± 0.01 years), and 56 HCs were scanned through the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative, using 3T MRI. We segmented the SNc and striatum into subregions using automated probabilistic tractography to the cortex. We measured mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) along white-matter bundles and subregional surfaces. We performed group-level and classification analyses. Increased caudal motor SNc surface MD was the only iRBD-HCs and ePD-HCs difference replicating across datasets (padj < 0.05). No iRBD-ePD differences emerged. Caudal motor SNc surface MD classified patient groups from HCs at the single-subject level with good-to-excellent balanced accuracy in an independent sample (0.91 iRBD and 0.86 iRBD and ePD combined), compared to fair performance for total SNc surface MD (0.72 iRBD and ePD). Caudal motor SNc surface MD correlated significantly with MDS-UPDRS-III scores in ePD patients. Using dMRI and automated segmentation, we detected changes suggesting altered microstructural integrity in iRBD and ePD in the nigrostriatal subregion known to degenerate first in PD. Surface MD of the caudal motor SNc presents a potential measure for inclusion in neuroimaging biomarkers of iRBD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erind Alushaj
- Department of Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Dimuthu Hemachandra
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hooman Ganjavi
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ken N Seergobin
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Manas Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alia Kashgari
- Department of Medicine, Respirology Division, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Barr
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - William Reisman
- Department of Medicine, Respirology Division, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ali R Khan
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Penny A MacDonald
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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23
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Wang J, Lapate RC. Emotional state dynamics impacts temporal memory. Cogn Emot 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38898587 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2349326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Emotional fluctuations are ubiquitous in everyday life, but precisely how they sculpt the temporal organisation of memories remains unclear. Here, we designed a novel task - the Emotion Boundary Task - wherein participants viewed sequences of negative and neutral images surrounded by a colour border. We manipulated perceptual context (border colour), emotional-picture valence, as well as the direction of emotional-valence shifts (i.e., shifts from neutral-to-negative and negative-to-neutral events) to create events with a shared perceptual and/or emotional context. We measured memory for temporal order and temporal distances for images processed within and across events. Negative images processed within events were remembered as closer in time compared to neutral ones. In contrast, temporal distances were remembered as longer for images spanning neutral-to-negative shifts - suggesting temporal dilation in memory with the onset of a negative event following a previously-neutral state. The extent of negative-picture induced temporal dilation in memory correlated with dispositional negativity across individuals. Lastly, temporal order memory was enhanced for recently-presented negative (versus neutral) images. These findings suggest that emotional-state dynamics matters when considering emotion-temporal memory interactions: While persistent negative events may compress subjectively remembered time, dynamic shifts from neutral-to-negative events produce temporal dilation in memory, with implications for adaptive emotional functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Regina C Lapate
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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24
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Buss VH, Kock L, Beard E, Shahab L, Brown J, Jackson S. Impact of Standardised Packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations on cigarette consumption and youth smoking in England: interrupted time-series analysis. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058560. [PMID: 38851292 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the UK in May 2016, standardised packaging of tobacco products was implemented, including minimum pack sizes of 20 sticks or 30 g loose tobacco. The change was intended to reduce uptake by increasing upfront costs to young people, but there was concern it may unintentionally increase consumption among people smoking. This study aimed to assess whether the introduction of the policy was associated with changes in (1) mean daily factory-made (FM)/roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes consumption among people smoking predominantly (a) FM and (b) RYO cigarettes; and (2) current smoking prevalence among 16-24-year-olds. METHODS Data (N=257 929) were from a representative monthly cross-sectional survey of adults (≥16 years) in England, collected between November 2007 and January 2020. Outcome measures were mean daily (FM/RYO) cigarette consumption among those smoking FM/RYO cigarettes, and prevalence of current smoking among 16-24-year-olds. Time-series analyses were conducted using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous variables (ARIMAX) regression models including a gradual level change starting in June 2017 and ending in May 2018 for cigarette consumption and a step change in June 2016 for prevalence of current smoking. RESULTS The ARIMAX model was not able to detect a change in mean daily cigarette consumption-for FM (Badj=-0.543, 95% CI -1.381 to 0.296) or RYO (Badj=0.002, 95% CI -0.518 to 0.522) following the implementation of standardised packaging. The unadjusted analysis suggested the implementation of standardised packaging was associated with a small (3%) decrease in smoking prevalence among 16-24-year-olds (Bunadj=-0.031, 95% CI -0.062 to 0.000), but this association was attenuated after adjustment for covariates (Badj=-0.010, 95% CI -0.039 to 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of standardised packaging of tobacco products was not associated with a meaningful change in the mean number of FM or RYO cigarettes consumed by people smoking in England, suggesting the larger pack size has not had an unintended consequence of substantially increasing cigarette consumption. However, there was also little evidence that the policy substantially reduced smoking among 16-24-year-olds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Helen Buss
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Loren Kock
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Emma Beard
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Chen C, Lee VG. Peripheral vision contributes to implicit attentional learning: Findings from the "mouse-eye" paradigm. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024:10.3758/s13414-024-02907-5. [PMID: 38839714 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The central visual field is essential for activities like reading and face recognition. However, the impact of peripheral vision loss on daily activities is profound. While the importance of central vision is well established, the contribution of peripheral vision to spatial attention is less clear. In this study, we introduced a "mouse-eye" method as an alternative to traditional gaze-contingent eye tracking. We found that even in tasks requiring central vision, peripheral vision contributes to implicit attentional learning. Participants searched for a T among Ls, with the T appearing more often in one visual quadrant. Earlier studies showed that participants' awareness of the T location probability was not essential for their ability to learn. When we limited the visible area around the mouse cursor, only participants aware of the target's location probability showed learning; those unaware did not. Adding placeholders in the periphery did not restore implicit attentional learning. A control experiment showed that when participants were allowed to see all items while searching and moving the mouse to reveal the target's color, both aware and unaware participants acquired location probability learning. Our results underscore the importance of peripheral vision in implicitly guided attention. Without peripheral vision, only explicit, but not implicit, attentional learning prevails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, S504 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Vanessa G Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, S504 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Younas A. Beyond 'statistical significance': A nontechnical primer of Bayesian statistics and Bayes factors for health researchers. J Eval Clin Pract 2024. [PMID: 38825756 DOI: 10.1111/jep.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypothesis testing is integral to health research and is commonly completed through frequentist statistics focused on computing p values. p Values have been long criticized for offering limited information about the relationship of variables and strength of evidence concerning the plausibility, presence and certainty of associations among variables. Bayesian statistics is a potential alternative for inference-making. Despite emerging discussion on Bayesian statistics across various disciplines, the uptake of Bayesian statistics in health research is still limited. AIM To offer a primer on Bayesian statistics and Bayes factors for health researchers to gain preliminary knowledge of its use, application and interpretation in health research. METHODS Theoretical and empirical literature on Bayesian statistics and methods were used to develop this methodological primer. CONCLUSIONS Using Bayesian statistics in health research without a careful and complete understanding of its underlying philosophy and differences from frequentist testing, estimation and interpretation methods can result in similar ritualistic use as done for p values. IMPLICATIONS Health researchers should supplement frequentists statistics with Bayesian statistics when analysing research data. The overreliance on p values for clinical decisions making should be avoided. Bayes factors offer a more intuitive measure of assessing the strength of evidence for null and alternative hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahtisham Younas
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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27
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Tessier S, Romo L, Zerhouni O. Emotional Dysregulation, Shame and Guilt Predict Severity of Gambling Among a Population of Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:793-807. [PMID: 37676582 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, gambling has diversified, particularly with the arrival of legislation authorizing online gambling in 2010 in France. Psychology has been very interested in emotional regulation strategies, and more recently and more sparsely in the presence of shame and guilt. Through an observational study (N = 1955) shame, guilt, and emotional regulation were assessed among gamblers. We found that (i) Less guilt is associated with problem gambling, (ii) Shame-proneness is similar regardless of the type of gamblers, (iii) Every facet of emotion regulation indicates less effective strategies for problem gamblers excepted for a behavior oriented to a goal. These results suggest the importance of shame or guilt as predictors of problem gambling, as well as processes underlying emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Tessier
- EA 4430 Clinique Psychanalyse Développement (Clipsyd), Université Paris Nanterre, 92000, Nanterre, France.
- EA 4386 (Équipe PS2C), Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, 200 av. de la République, 92001, Nanterre Cedex, France.
| | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 Clinique Psychanalyse Développement (Clipsyd), Université Paris Nanterre, 92000, Nanterre, France
- Hôpital Universitaire Raymond Poincaré (AP-HP) INSERM CESP U1018 UPS UVSQ, Garches, France
| | - Oulmann Zerhouni
- EA 4386 (Équipe PS2C), Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, 200 av. de la République, 92001, Nanterre Cedex, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, CRFDP, 76000, Rouen, France
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28
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Nutor C, Dunlop A, Sadler O, Brennan PA. Prenatal Cannabis Use and Offspring Autism-Related Behaviors: Examining Maternal Stress as a Moderator in a Black American Cohort. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:2355-2367. [PMID: 37097527 PMCID: PMC10127191 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal cannabis use and maternal stress have been proposed as risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Black mothers and mothers of lower socioeconomic status (SES) may be especially likely to experience high levels of stress. This study examined the impact of prenatal cannabis use and maternal stress (i.e., prenatal distress, racial discrimination, and lower SES) on child ASD-related behaviors in a sample of 172 Black mother-child pairs. We found that prenatal stress was significantly associated with ASD-related behaviors. Prenatal cannabis use did not predict ASD-related behaviors and did not interact with maternal stress to predict ASD-related behaviors. These findings replicate previous work on prenatal stress-ASD associations and add to the limited literature on prenatal cannabis-ASD associations in Black samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nutor
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - A Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, 1365 E Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - O Sadler
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - P A Brennan
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Karsh N, Soker-Mijalevich E, Horovitz O. A differential impact of action-effect temporal contiguity on different measures of response inhibition in the Go\No-Go and Stop-signal paradigms. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1157-1168. [PMID: 38453736 PMCID: PMC11143021 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Response inhibition refers to suppressing a prepotent motor response and is often studied and discussed as an act of cognitive control. Much less attention was given to the potential contribution of motor control processes to response inhibition. Accumulated empirical findings show that a perceptual effect temporally contiguous with a response improves motor control performance. In the current study, we followed this work by manipulating action-effect temporal contiguity to enhance motor performance and investigated its impact on response selection and inhibition. In two experiments, we integrated a Go/No-Go (GNGT; Experiment 1) and a Stop-signal (SST; Experiment 2) task with the Effect-Motivation task, previously used to capture the facilitating impact of action-effect temporal contiguity on response times (RTs). Replicating previous findings, RTs were shorter following temporally contiguous compared to Lagged action-effect in Go trials in both the GNGT (Experiment 1) and SST (Experiment 2). Notably, an Immediate action-effect improved response inhibition in the GNGT (Experiment 1) but did not modulate Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) in the SST (Experiment 2). Unexpectedly, the error rate on Go trials was higher in the Immediate effect condition in Experiment 2. We interpret the findings to suggest that an action's (Immediate) perceptual effect may promote response inhibition performance by enhancing selective association between the Go stimuli and the Go response and not by improving cognitive control ability. The findings also imply that an Immediate action-effect may hamper action control (e.g., by increasing general readiness to respond), at least when action control does not benefit from automatic stimulus-response association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Karsh
- Department of Psychology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Qiryat Shemona, Israel.
- Special Population Advance Research and Clinical Center (SPARC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Eden Soker-Mijalevich
- Department of Psychology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Omer Horovitz
- Department of Psychology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
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30
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Aldoh A, Sparks P, Harris PR. Shifting norms, static behaviour: effects of dynamic norms on meat consumption. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240407. [PMID: 39100183 PMCID: PMC11296159 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
While decreasing their meat consumption is one of the most impactful behaviours an individual may carry out to reduce their carbon emissions, it is still a minority behaviour in many parts of the world. Research suggests that communicating information about changing 'dynamic' norms may be a useful tool for changing attitudes and behaviours in the direction of those currently held by the minority. This study uses a 2 × 2 mixed design (norm type [dynamic/static] × visual cue [present/absent, and a no-task control), and a follow-up assessment after one week to investigate the effect of making dynamic norms salient on various meat consumption outcomes: attitudes towards meat consumption, interest in reducing one's own meat consumption, intentions to reduce one's own meat consumption and self-reported meat consumption. We used an online sample of British participants (N = 1294), ranging in age 18-77 (M age = 39.97, s.d.age = 13.71; 55.8% female). We hypothesized that: (i) dynamic norms will positively influence meat consumption outcomes; (ii) visual cues will accentuate the difference between norm conditions; (iii) using a visual cue will enhance the effect of dynamic norms; and (iv) any effects of dynamic norms will endure over a period of one week. We found no positive effect of dynamic norms (versus static norms) on any outcome at time 1, and no positive effect on changes in outcomes from time 1 to time 2. However, we found a positive interaction of norm type and visual cue at time 1 (although not from time 1 to time 2): the addition of a visual cue to dynamic norm messages enhanced the positive effect of the message at time 1 (but did not enhance the changes occurring from time 1 to time 2). Analyses for changes in self-reported meat consumption did not reach our evidential threshold. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Aldoh
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Bighton, UK
| | - Paul Sparks
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Bighton, UK
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31
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Schone HR, Udeozor M, Moninghoff M, Rispoli B, Vandersea J, Lock B, Hargrove L, Makin TR, Baker CI. Biomimetic versus arbitrary motor control strategies for bionic hand skill learning. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:1108-1123. [PMID: 38499772 PMCID: PMC11199138 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A long-standing engineering ambition has been to design anthropomorphic bionic limbs: devices that look like and are controlled in the same way as the biological body (biomimetic). The untested assumption is that biomimetic motor control enhances device embodiment, learning, generalization and automaticity. To test this, we compared biomimetic and non-biomimetic control strategies for non-disabled participants when learning to control a wearable myoelectric bionic hand operated by an eight-channel electromyography pattern-recognition system. We compared motor learning across days and behavioural tasks for two training groups: biomimetic (mimicking the desired bionic hand gesture with biological hand) and arbitrary control (mapping an unrelated biological hand gesture with the desired bionic gesture). For both trained groups, training improved bionic limb control, reduced cognitive reliance and increased embodiment over the bionic hand. Biomimetic users had more intuitive and faster control early in training. Arbitrary users matched biomimetic performance later in training. Furthermore, arbitrary users showed increased generalization to a new control strategy. Collectively, our findings suggest that biomimetic and arbitrary control strategies provide different benefits. The optimal strategy is probably not strictly biomimetic, but rather a flexible strategy within the biomimetic-to-arbitrary spectrum, depending on the user, available training opportunities and user requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter R Schone
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Malcolm Udeozor
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mae Moninghoff
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beth Rispoli
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Vandersea
- Medical Center Orthotics and Prosthetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Levi Hargrove
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Regenstein Foundation Center for Bionic Medicine, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Chris I Baker
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Lange LS, Chrysidou A, Liu P, Kuehn E. Tactile memory impairments in younger and older adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11766. [PMID: 38783038 PMCID: PMC11116509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human tactile memory allows us to remember and retrieve the multitude of somatosensory experiences we undergo in everyday life. An unsolved question is how tactile memory mechanisms change with increasing age. We here use the ability to remember fine-grained tactile patterns passively presented to the fingertip to investigate age-related changes in tactile memory performance. In experiment 1, we varied the degree of similarity between one learned and several new tactile patterns to test on age-related changes in the "uniqueness" of a stored tactile memory trace. In experiment 2, we varied the degree of stimulus completeness of both known and new tactile patterns to test on age-related changes in the weighting between known and novel tactile information. Results reveal that older adults show only weak impairments in both precision and bias of tactile memories, however, they show specific deficits in reaching peak performance > 85% in both experiments. In addition, both younger and older adults show a pattern completion bias for touch, indicating a higher weighting of known compared to new information. These results allow us to develop new models on how younger and older adults store and recall tactile experiences of the past, and how this influences their everyday behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilith-Sophie Lange
- Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Chrysidou
- Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peng Liu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller Straße 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Esther Kuehn
- Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller Straße 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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33
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Fakes K, Waller A, Carey M, Czerenkowski J, Nolan E, Leigh L, Pollack M, Henskens F, Sanson-Fisher R. Discharge intervention to improve outcomes and web-based portal engagement after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: A randomised controlled trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107771. [PMID: 38788985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Web-based interventions may assist in post-discharge stroke care. However, strategies for maximising uptake and engagement are needed. AIMS To determine the: (1) effectiveness of a discharge support intervention (EnableMe web-based portal and strategies to encourage use) in improving quality of life and reducing depression (primary outcome); anxiety and unmet needs of survivors of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA); and (2) EnableMe use and acceptability. MATERIALS AND METHODS An open, parallel-group, multi-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the intervention compared to usual care for survivors of stroke/TIA and their support persons. Participants recruited from eight hospitals completed questionnaires at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Outcomes included quality of life, depression, anxiety and unmet needs. RESULTS 98 survivors (n=52 intervention, n=47 control) and 30 support persons (n=11 intervention, n=19 control) enrolled in the RCT. Bayesian analyses showed substantial evidence of an intervention effect on survivors' quality of life scores at 3 months. There was moderate-to-strong evidence of a treatment effect on depression scores and strong evidence that intervention participants had fewer unmet needs at 3 and 6 months. 45 % of intervention group survivors and 63 % of support persons self-reported using EnableMe. 64 % of survivors and 84 % of support persons found it helpful. CONCLUSION Substantial evidence for the discharge support intervention was found, with a difference between groups in survivor quality of life, depression, and unmet needs. Acceptability was demonstrated with largely positive attitudes towards EnableMe. Future research should explore different engagement strategies to improve uptake of online stroke resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Fakes
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Amy Waller
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Mariko Carey
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia; Centre for Women's Health Research, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Erin Nolan
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia; HMRI Data Sciences, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Lucy Leigh
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia; HMRI Data Sciences, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia; Hunter New England Local Health District, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Frans Henskens
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Rob Sanson-Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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Pawel S, Heyard R, Micheloud C, Held L. Replication of null results: Absence of evidence or evidence of absence? eLife 2024; 12:RP92311. [PMID: 38739437 PMCID: PMC11090505 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In several large-scale replication projects, statistically non-significant results in both the original and the replication study have been interpreted as a 'replication success.' Here, we discuss the logical problems with this approach: Non-significance in both studies does not ensure that the studies provide evidence for the absence of an effect and 'replication success' can virtually always be achieved if the sample sizes are small enough. In addition, the relevant error rates are not controlled. We show how methods, such as equivalence testing and Bayes factors, can be used to adequately quantify the evidence for the absence of an effect and how they can be applied in the replication setting. Using data from the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, the Experimental Philosophy Replicability Project, and the Reproducibility Project: Psychology we illustrate that many original and replication studies with 'null results' are in fact inconclusive. We conclude that it is important to also replicate studies with statistically non-significant results, but that they should be designed, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pawel
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Center for Reproducible Science, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rachel Heyard
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Center for Reproducible Science, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Micheloud
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Center for Reproducible Science, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Center for Reproducible Science, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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35
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Sekulovski N, Keetelaar S, Huth K, Wagenmakers EJ, van Bork R, van den Bergh D, Marsman M. Testing Conditional Independence in Psychometric Networks: An Analysis of Three Bayesian Methods. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38733319 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2024.2345915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Network psychometrics uses graphical models to assess the network structure of psychological variables. An important task in their analysis is determining which variables are unrelated in the network, i.e., are independent given the rest of the network variables. This conditional independence structure is a gateway to understanding the causal structure underlying psychological processes. Thus, it is crucial to have an appropriate method for evaluating conditional independence and dependence hypotheses. Bayesian approaches to testing such hypotheses allow researchers to differentiate between absence of evidence and evidence of absence of connections (edges) between pairs of variables in a network. Three Bayesian approaches to assessing conditional independence have been proposed in the network psychometrics literature. We believe that their theoretical foundations are not widely known, and therefore we provide a conceptual review of the proposed methods and highlight their strengths and limitations through a simulation study. We also illustrate the methods using an empirical example with data on Dark Triad Personality. Finally, we provide recommendations on how to choose the optimal method and discuss the current gaps in the literature on this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Keetelaar
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karoline Huth
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Riet van Bork
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Don van den Bergh
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Marsman
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
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36
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Schönberger DK, Bruns P, Röder B. Visual artificial grammar learning across 1 year in 7-year-olds and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 241:105864. [PMID: 38335709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Acquiring sequential information is of utmost importance, for example, for language acquisition in children. Yet, the long-term storage of statistical learning in children is poorly understood. To address this question, 27 7-year-olds and 28 young adults completed four sessions of visual sequence learning (Year 1). From this sample, 16 7-year-olds and 20 young adults participated in another four equivalent sessions after a 12-month-delay (Year 2). The first three sessions of each year used Stimulus Set 1, and the last session used Stimulus Set 2 to investigate transfer effects. Each session consisted of alternating learning and test phases in a modified artificial grammar learning task. In Year 1, 7-year-olds and adults learned the regularities and showed transfer to Stimulus Set 2. Both groups retained their final performance level over the 1-year period. In Year 2, children and adults continued to improve with Stimulus Set 1 but did not show additional transfer gains. Adults overall outperformed children, but transfer effects were indistinguishable between both groups. The current results suggest that long-term memory traces are formed from repeated sequence learning that can be used to generalize sequence rules to new visual input. However, the current study did not provide evidence for a childhood advantage in learning and remembering sequence rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela K Schönberger
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Bruns
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany; LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India
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37
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Rüterbories T, Mecklinger A, Eschmann KCJ, Crivelli-Decker J, Ranganath C, Gruber MJ. Curiosity Satisfaction Increases Event-related Potentials Sensitive to Reward. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:888-900. [PMID: 38307129 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Successful learning depends on various factors such as depth of processing, motivation, or curiosity about information. A strong drive to learn something or the expectation of receiving a reward can be crucial to enhance learning. However, the influence of curiosity on the processing of new information and its similarity with reward processing is not well understood. This study examined whether states of curiosity influence specific ERPs associated with reward processing and whether these ERPs are related with later memory benefits. In an initial screening phase, participants indicated their curiosity and confidence in prior knowledge about answers to various trivia questions. In a subsequent study phase, we targeted different time windows related to reward processing during the presentation of trivia answers containing the reward positivity (RewP; 250-350 msec), the P3 (250-500 msec), and the late-positive-potential (LPP; 600-1000 msec). In a following surprise memory test, we found that participants recalled more high- than low-curiosity answers. The RewP, P3, and LPP showed greater positive mean amplitudes for high compared with low curiosity, reflecting increased reward processing. In addition, we found that the RewP and the P3 showed more positive mean amplitudes for later recalled compared with later forgotten answers, but curiosity did not modulate this encoding-related results. These findings support the view that the satisfaction of curiosity resembles reward processing, indicated by ERPs.
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38
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Viviani E, Ramscar M, Wonnacott E. The Effects of Linear Order in Category Learning: Some Replications of Ramscar et al. (2010) and Their Implications for Replicating Training Studies. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13445. [PMID: 38778458 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ramscar, Yarlett, Dye, Denny, and Thorpe (2010) showed how, consistent with the predictions of error-driven learning models, the order in which stimuli are presented in training can affect category learning. Specifically, learners exposed to artificial language input where objects preceded their labels learned the discriminating features of categories better than learners exposed to input where labels preceded objects. We sought to replicate this finding in two online experiments employing the same tests used originally: A four pictures test (match a label to one of four pictures) and a four labels test (match a picture to one of four labels). In our study, only findings from the four pictures test were consistent with the original result. Additionally, the effect sizes observed were smaller, and participants over-generalized high-frequency category labels more than in the original study. We suggest that although Ramscar, Yarlett, Dye, Denny, and Thorpe (2010) feature-label order predictions were derived from error-driven learning, they failed to consider that this mechanism also predicts that performance in any training paradigm must inevitably be influenced by participant prior experience. We consider our findings in light of these factors, and discuss implications for the generalizability and replication of training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Viviani
- Department of Education, University of Oxford
- Social Science and Humanities section, Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam
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Melcón M, Stern E, Kessel D, Arana L, Poch C, Campo P, Capilla A. Perception of near-threshold visual stimuli is influenced by prestimulus alpha-band amplitude but not by alpha phase. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14525. [PMID: 38234038 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing brain activity preceding visual stimulation has been suggested to shape conscious perception. According to the pulsed inhibition framework, bouts of functional inhibition arise in each alpha cycle (every ~100 ms), allowing information to be processed in a pulsatile manner. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that perceptual outcome can be influenced by the specific phase of alpha oscillations prior to the stimulus onset, although empirical findings are controversial. In this study, we aimed to shed light on the role of prestimulus alpha oscillations in visual perception. To this end, we recorded electroencephalographic activity, while participants performed three near-threshold visual detection tasks with different attentional involvement: a no-cue task, a noninformative cue task (50% validity), and an informative cue task (100% validity). Cluster-based permutation statistics were complemented with Bayesian analyses to test the effect of prestimulus oscillatory amplitude and phase on visual awareness. We additionally examined whether these effects differed in trials with low and high oscillatory amplitude, as expected from the pulsed inhibition theory. Our results show a clear effect of prestimulus alpha amplitude on conscious perception, but only when alpha fluctuated spontaneously. In contrast, we did not find any evidence that prestimulus alpha phase influenced perceptual outcome, not even when differentiating between low- and high-amplitude trials. Furthermore, Bayesian analysis provided moderate evidence in favor of the absence of phase effects. Taken together, our results challenge the central theoretical predictions of the pulsed inhibition framework, at least for the particular experimental conditions used here.
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Grants
- PGC2018-100682-B-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades / Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain / FEDER, UE (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE)
- PID2019-111335GA-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades / Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain / FEDER, UE (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE)
- PID2021-125841NB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación / Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain / FEDER, UE (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 /FEDER, UE)
- Comunidad de Madrid
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Affiliation(s)
- María Melcón
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Enrique Stern
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominique Kessel
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lydia Arana
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Poch
- Departamento de Educación, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Campo
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Capilla
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Luthra S, Crinnion AM, Saltzman D, Magnuson JS. Do They Know It's Christmash? Lexical Knowledge Directly Impacts Speech Perception. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13449. [PMID: 38773754 PMCID: PMC11228965 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
We recently reported strong, replicable (i.e., replicated) evidence for lexically mediated compensation for coarticulation (LCfC; Luthra et al., 2021), whereby lexical knowledge influences a prelexical process. Critically, evidence for LCfC provides robust support for interactive models of cognition that include top-down feedback and is inconsistent with autonomous models that allow only feedforward processing. McQueen, Jesse, and Mitterer (2023) offer five counter-arguments against our interpretation; we respond to each of those arguments here and conclude that top-down feedback provides the most parsimonious explanation of extant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Luthra
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University
| | | | - David Saltzman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut
| | - James S Magnuson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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41
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Moran JL, Linden A. Problematic meta-analyses: Bayesian and frequentist perspectives on combining randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2024; 24:99. [PMID: 38678213 PMCID: PMC11056075 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-024-02215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the literature, the propriety of the meta-analytic treatment-effect produced by combining randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non-randomized studies (NRS) is questioned, given the inherent confounding in NRS that may bias the meta-analysis. The current study compared an implicitly principled pooled Bayesian meta-analytic treatment-effect with that of frequentist pooling of RCT and NRS to determine how well each approach handled the NRS bias. MATERIALS & METHODS Binary outcome Critical-Care meta-analyses, reflecting the importance of such outcomes in Critical-Care practice, combining RCT and NRS were identified electronically. Bayesian pooled treatment-effect and 95% credible-intervals (BCrI), posterior model probabilities indicating model plausibility and Bayes-factors (BF) were estimated using an informative heavy-tailed heterogeneity prior (half-Cauchy). Preference for pooling of RCT and NRS was indicated for Bayes-factors > 3 or < 0.333 for the converse. All pooled frequentist treatment-effects and 95% confidence intervals (FCI) were re-estimated using the popular DerSimonian-Laird (DSL) random effects model. RESULTS Fifty meta-analyses were identified (2009-2021), reporting pooled estimates in 44; 29 were pharmaceutical-therapeutic and 21 were non-pharmaceutical therapeutic. Re-computed pooled DSL FCI excluded the null (OR or RR = 1) in 86% (43/50). In 18 meta-analyses there was an agreement between FCI and BCrI in excluding the null. In 23 meta-analyses where FCI excluded the null, BCrI embraced the null. BF supported a pooled model in 27 meta-analyses and separate models in 4. The highest density of the posterior model probabilities for 0.333 < Bayes factor < 1 was 0.8. CONCLUSIONS In the current meta-analytic cohort, an integrated and multifaceted Bayesian approach gave support to including NRS in a pooled-estimate model. Conversely, caution should attend the reporting of naïve frequentist pooled, RCT and NRS, meta-analytic treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Moran
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia.
| | - Ariel Linden
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Solana P, Escámez O, Casasanto D, Chica AB, Santiago J. No support for a causal role of primary motor cortex in construing meaning from language: An rTMS study. Neuropsychologia 2024; 196:108832. [PMID: 38395339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Embodied cognition theories predict a functional involvement of sensorimotor processes in language understanding. In a preregistered experiment, we tested this idea by investigating whether interfering with primary motor cortex (M1) activation can change how people construe meaning from action language. Participants were presented with sentences describing actions (e.g., "turning off the light") and asked to choose between two interpretations of their meaning, one more concrete (e.g., "flipping a switch") and another more abstract (e.g., "going to sleep"). Prior to this task, participants' M1 was disrupted using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The results yielded strong evidence against the idea that M1-rTMS affects meaning construction (BF01 > 30). Additional analyses and control experiments suggest that the absence of effect cannot be accounted for by failure to inhibit M1, lack of construct validity of the task, or lack of power to detect a small effect. In sum, these results do not support a causal role for primary motor cortex in building meaning from action language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Solana
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Omar Escámez
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ana B Chica
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Santiago
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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Muth FV, Ebert S, Kunde W. You do you: susceptibility of temporal binding to self-relevance. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1007-1022. [PMID: 38170225 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The self-prioritization effect suggests that self-relevant information has a processing advantage over information that is not directly associated with the self. In consequence, reaction times are faster and accuracy rates higher when reacting to self-associated stimuli rather than to other-related stimuli (Sui et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 38:1105-1117, 2012). This spurs the assumption that self-associated action-effects should also be perceived earlier than other-related outcomes. One way to measure this is temporal binding. Previous research indeed showed that the perceived temporal interval between actions and self-associated outcomes was reduced compared to friend- and other-associated outcomes. However, the employed method (interval estimations) and several experimental design choices make it impossible to discern whether the perceived shortening of the interval between a keypress and a self-relevant outcome is due to a perceptual shift of the action or of the action-effect or both. Thus, we conducted four experiments to assess whether temporal binding can indeed be modulated by self-relevance and if so where this perceptual bias is located. The results did not support stronger temporal binding for self- vs other-related action-effects. We discuss these results against the backdrop of the attentional basis of self-prioritization and propose directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas V Muth
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Sophia Ebert
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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44
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Papitto G, Friederici AD, Zaccarella E. Distinct neural mechanisms for action access and execution in the human brain: insights from an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae163. [PMID: 38629799 PMCID: PMC11022341 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed actions are fundamental to human behavior, whereby inner goals are achieved through mapping action representations to motor outputs. The left premotor cortex (BA6) and the posterior portion of Broca's area (BA44) are two modulatory poles of the action system. However, how these regions support the representation-output mapping within the system is not yet understood. To address this, we conducted a finger-tapping functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment using action categories ranging from specific to general. Our study found distinct neural behaviors in BA44 and BA6 during action category processing and motor execution. During access of action categories, activity in a posterior portion of BA44 (pBA44) decreased linearly as action categories became less specific. Conversely, during motor execution, activity in BA6 increased linearly with less specific categories. These findings highlight the differential roles of pBA44 and BA6 in action processing. We suggest that pBA44 facilitates access to action categories by utilizing motor information from the behavioral context while the premotor cortex integrates motor information to execute the selected action. This finding enhances our understanding of the interplay between prefrontal cortical regions and premotor cortex in mapping action representation to motor execution and, more in general, of the cortical mechanisms underlying human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Papitto
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity (IMPRS NeuroCom), Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emiliano Zaccarella
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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45
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Huangliang J, Hu Y, Zheng X, Xu Z, Zhou W, Yin J. Valence-Dependent Implicit Action Generalization Among Group Members. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13440. [PMID: 38606615 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
People implicitly generalize the actions of known individuals in a social group to unknown members. However, actions have social goals and evaluative valences, and the extent to which actions with different valences (helpful and harmful) are implicitly generalized among group members remains unclear. We used computer animations to simulate social group actions, where helping and hindering actions were represented by aiding and obstructing another's climb up a hill. Study 1 found that helpful actions are implicitly expected to be shared among members of the same group but not among members of different groups, but no such effect was found for harmful actions. This suggests that helpful actions are more likely than harmful actions to be implicitly generalized to group members. This finding was replicated in Study 2 by increasing the group size from three to five. Study 3 found that the null effect for generalizing harmful actions among group members is not due to the difficulty of detecting action generalization, as both helpful and harmful actions are similarly generalized within particular individuals. Moreover, Study 4 demonstrated that weakening social group information resulted in the absence of implicit generalization for helpful actions, suggesting the specificity of group membership. Study 5 revealed that the generalization of helping actions occurred when actions were performed by multiple group members rather than being repeated by one group member, showing group-based inductive generalization. Overall, these findings support valence-dependent implicit action generalization among group members. This implies that people may possess different knowledge regarding valenced actions on category-based generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecheng Huangliang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University
- Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University
| | - Yinfeng Hu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University
- Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University
| | | | - Zikai Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University
- Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University
| | - Wenying Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University
- Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University
- Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University
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46
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Kim M, Hwang I, Park JH, Chung JW, Kim SM, Kim J, Choi KS. Comparative analysis of glymphatic system alterations in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder using MRI indices from diffusion tensor imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26680. [PMID: 38590180 PMCID: PMC11002338 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The glymphatic system is a glial-based perivascular network that promotes brain metabolic waste clearance. Glymphatic system dysfunction has been observed in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), indicating the role of neuroinflammation in the glymphatic system. However, little is known about how the two diseases differently affect the human glymphatic system. The present study aims to evaluate the diffusion MRI-based measures of the glymphatic system by contrasting MS and NMOSD. METHODS This prospective study included 63 patients with NMOSD (n = 21) and MS (n = 42) who underwent DTI. The fractional volume of extracellular-free water (FW) and an index of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) were used as indirect indicators of water diffusivity in the interstitial extracellular and perivenous spaces of white matter, respectively. Age and EDSS scores were adjusted. RESULTS Using Bayesian hypothesis testing, we show that the present data substantially favor the null model of no differences between MS and NMOSD for the diffusion MRI-based measures of the glymphatic system. The inclusion Bayes factor (BF10) of model-averaged probabilities of the group (MS, NMOSD) was 0.280 for FW and 0.236 for the ALPS index. CONCLUSION Together, these findings suggest that glymphatic alteration associated with MS and NMOSD might be similar and common as an eventual result, albeit the disease etiologies differ. PRACTITIONER POINTS Previous literature indicates important glymphatic system alteration in MS and NMOSD. We explore the difference between MS and NMOSD using diffusion MRI-based measures of the glymphatic system. We show support for the null hypothesis of no difference between MS and NMOSD. This suggests that glymphatic alteration associated with MS and NMOSD might be similar and common etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Kim
- Department of RadiologyKangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Inpyeong Hwang
- Department of RadiologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Department of RadiologySeoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jin Wook Chung
- Department of RadiologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of NeurologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji‐hoon Kim
- Department of RadiologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sung Choi
- Department of RadiologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
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Kurdi B, Melnikoff DE, Hannay JW, Korkmaz A, Lee KM, Ritchie E, Surdel N, Vuletich HA, Yang X, Payne BK, Ferguson MJ. Testing the automaticity features of the affect misattribution procedure: The roles of awareness and intentionality. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3161-3194. [PMID: 38030926 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The affect misattribution procedure (AMP) is a measure of implicit evaluations, designed to index the automatic retrieval of evaluative knowledge. The AMP effect consists in participants evaluating neutral target stimuli positively when preceded by positive primes and negatively when preceded by negative primes. After multiple prior tests of intentionality, Hughes et al. (Behav Res Methods 55(4):1558-1586, 2023) examined the role of awareness in the AMP and found that AMP effects were larger when participants indicated that their response was influenced by the prime than when they did not. Here we report seven experiments (six preregistered; N = 2350) in which we vary the methodological features of the AMP to better understand this awareness effect. In Experiments 1-4, we establish variability in the magnitude of the awareness effect in response to variations in the AMP procedure. By introducing further modifications to the AMP procedure, Experiments 5-7 suggest an alternative explanation of the awareness effect, namely that awareness can be the outcome, rather than the cause, of evaluative congruency between primes and responses: Awareness effects emerged even when awareness could not have contributed to AMP effects, including when participants judged influence awareness for third parties or primes were presented post hoc. Finally, increasing the evaluative strength of the primes increased participants' tendency to misattribute AMP effects to the influence of target stimuli. Together, the present findings suggest that AMP effects can create awareness effects rather than vice versa and support the AMP's construct validity as a measure of unintentional evaluations of which participants are also potentially unaware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | | | - Jason W Hannay
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Arın Korkmaz
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kent M Lee
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Ritchie
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas Surdel
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Xin Yang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - B Keith Payne
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Karimi-Rouzbahani H, McGonigal A. Generalisability of epileptiform patterns across time and patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6293. [PMID: 38491096 PMCID: PMC10942983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The complexity of localising the epileptogenic zone (EZ) contributes to surgical resection failures in achieving seizure freedom. The distinct patterns of epileptiform activity during interictal and ictal phases, varying across patients, often lead to suboptimal localisation using electroencephalography (EEG) features. We posed two key questions: whether neural signals reflecting epileptogenicity generalise from interictal to ictal time windows within each patient, and whether epileptiform patterns generalise across patients. Utilising an intracranial EEG dataset from 55 patients, we extracted a large battery of simple to complex features from stereo-EEG (SEEG) and electrocorticographic (ECoG) neural signals during interictal and ictal windows. Our features (n = 34) quantified many aspects of the signals including statistical moments, complexities, frequency-domain and cross-channel network attributes. Decision tree classifiers were then trained and tested on distinct time windows and patients to evaluate the generalisability of epileptogenic patterns across time and patients, respectively. Evidence strongly supported generalisability from interictal to ictal time windows across patients, particularly in signal power and high-frequency network-based features. Consistent patterns of epileptogenicity were observed across time windows within most patients, and signal features of epileptogenic regions generalised across patients, with higher generalisability in the ictal window. Signal complexity features were particularly contributory in cross-patient generalisation across patients. These findings offer insights into generalisable features of epileptic neural activity across time and patients, with implications for future automated approaches to supplement other EZ localisation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Karimi-Rouzbahani
- Neurosciences Centre, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia.
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia.
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Neurosciences Centre, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
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Stodt B, Neudek D, Getzmann S, Wascher E, Martin R. Comparing auditory distance perception in real and virtual environments and the role of the loudness cue: A study based on event-related potentials. Hear Res 2024; 444:108968. [PMID: 38350176 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.108968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The perception of the distance to a sound source is relevant in many everyday situations, not only in real spaces, but also in virtual reality (VR) environments. Where real rooms often reach their limits, VR offers far-reaching possibilities to simulate a wide range of acoustic scenarios. However, in virtual room acoustics a plausible reproduction of distance-related cues can be challenging. In the present study, we compared the detection of changes of the distance to a sound source and its neurocognitive correlates in a real and a virtual reverberant environment, using an active auditory oddball paradigm and EEG measures. The main goal was to test whether the experiments in the virtual and real environments produced equivalent behavioral and EEG results. Three loudspeakers were placed at ego-centric distances of 2 m (near), 4 m (center), and 8 m (far) in front of the participants (N = 20), each 66 cm below their ear level. Sequences of 500 ms noise stimuli were presented either from the center position (standards, 80 % of trials) or from the near or far position (targets, 10 % each). The participants had to indicate a target position via a joystick response ("near" or "far"). Sounds were emitted either by real loudspeakers in the real environment or rendered and played back for the corresponding positions via headphones in the virtual environment. In addition, within both environments, loudness of the auditory stimuli was either unaltered (natural loudness) or the loudness cue was manipulated, so that all three loudspeakers were perceived equally loud at the listener's position (matched loudness). The EEG analysis focused on the mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, and P3b as correlates of deviance detection, attentional orientation, and context-updating/stimulus evaluation, respectively. Overall, behavioral data showed that detection of the target positions was reduced within the virtual environment, and especially when loudness was matched. Except for slight latency shifts in the virtual environment, EEG analysis indicated comparable patterns within both environments and independent of loudness settings. Thus, while the neurocognitive processing of changes in distance appears to be similar in virtual and real spaces, a proper representation of loudness appears to be crucial to achieve a good task performance in virtual acoustic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stodt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany.
| | - Daniel Neudek
- Institute of Communication Acoustics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Rainer Martin
- Institute of Communication Acoustics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany
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Hutmacher F, Reichardt R, Appel M. Motivated reasoning about climate change and the influence of Numeracy, Need for Cognition, and the Dark Factor of Personality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5615. [PMID: 38454097 PMCID: PMC10920913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Human information processing is not always rational but influenced by prior attitudes, a phenomenon commonly known as motivated reasoning. We conducted two studies (N1 = 556, N2 = 1198; UK samples) investigating motivated reasoning in the context of climate change with a focus on individual differences as potential moderating factors. While previous research investigated motivated reasoning regarding the debate whether climate change is anthropogenic, we focused on current discourses about the effectiveness of different countermeasures. To this end, participants evaluated fictitious scientific data on the effectiveness of regulations to reduce CO2 emissions. In both studies, participants exhibited motivated reasoning as indicated by the observation that prior attitudes about CO2 reduction policies predicted evaluation of the scientific data. The degree of motivated reasoning was not related to individual difference variables, namely the ability to understand and reason with numbers (Numeracy), the willingness to show this ability (Need for Cognition), and the tendency to maximize one's individual utility (Dark Factor of Personality). However, numeracy was associated with a less biased interpretation of the presented information. Our research demonstrates that motivated reasoning is a general phenomenon, and points to numerical training as one way to improve reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hutmacher
- Human-Computer-Media Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 82, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Regina Reichardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Appel
- Human-Computer-Media Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 82, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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