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Hall KD. From dearth to excess: the rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220214. [PMID: 37482782 PMCID: PMC10363698 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
More people now have obesity than suffer from starvation thanks to our modern food system. Agriculture was transformed over the 20th century by a variety of technological advancements that relied heavily on fossil fuels. In the United States, government policies and economic incentives led to surplus production of cheap inputs to processed food industries that produced a wide variety of heavily marketed, convenient, rewarding, timesaving, and relatively inexpensive ultra-processed foods. The energy available in the food supply increased by much more than the population needs, albeit with large inequities in nutrition security. While most of the rise in per capita food availability during the late 20th and early 21st centuries in the United States resulted in increased food waste, a variety of mechanisms have been proposed by which changes in the increasingly ultra-processed food environment resulted in excess energy intake disproportionately in people genetically susceptible to obesity. As populations continue to grow, substantial investments in coordinated nutrition and agricultural research are needed to transform our current food system to one that relies less on fossil fuels, preserves biodiversity, ensures environmental health, and provides equitable access to affordable, safe and nutritious food that reduces the prevalence of chronic diet-related diseases like obesity. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Hall
- Integrative Physiology Section Chief, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12A South Drive, Room 4007, Bethesda, MD 20892-4007, USA
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2
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Turco F, Brugnatelli V, Abalo R. Neuro-Gastro-Cannabinology: A Novel Paradigm for Regulating Mood and Digestive Health. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2023; 6:130-137. [PMID: 37920559 PMCID: PMC10618907 DOI: 10.1159/000534007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of homeostasis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is ensured by the presence of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which regulates important physiological activities, such as motility, permeability, fluid secretion, immunity, and visceral pain sensation. Beside its direct effects on the GI system, the ECS in the central nervous system indirectly regulates GI functions, such as food intake and energy balance. Mounting evidence suggests that the ECS may play an important role in modulating central neurotransmission which affects GI functioning. It has also been found that the interaction between the ECS and microbiota affects brain and gut activity in a bidirectional manner, and a number of studies demonstrate that there is a strong relationship between GI dysfunctions and mood disorders. Thus, microbiota can regulate the tone of the ECS. Conversely, changes in intestinal ECS tone may influence microbiota composition. In this mini-review, we propose the concept of neuro-gastro-cannabinology as a novel and alternative paradigm for studying and treating GI disorders that affect mood, as well as mood disorders that imbalance GI physiology. This concept suggests the use of prebiotics or probiotics for improving the tone of the ECS, as well as the use of phytocannabinoids or endocannabinoid-like molecules, such as palmitoylethanolamide, to restore the normal intestinal microbiota. This approach may be effective in ameliorating the negative effects of GI dysfunctions on mood and/or the effects of mood disorders on digestive health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raquel Abalo
- Depar High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
- R & D & I Unit Associated with the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (IQM), Spanish National Research-Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Pain Society Working Groups on Basic Sciences in Pain and Analgesia and on Cannabinoids, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Bazyar H, Nasiri K, Ghanbari P, Mohammadi E, Yagin NL, Khazdouz M, Aghamohammadi V, Asgarzadeh SA. Circulating endocannabinoid levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:268. [PMID: 36329422 PMCID: PMC9632155 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the Endocannabinoids (ECs) in insulin resistance, and their association with visceral obesity and metabolic profile have been studied extensively. Since the association between ECs and metabolic factors in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) are not clear, we aimed to evaluate the levels of N-Arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and their association with C-reactive protein (CRP), glycemic indices, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices in pregnant women with GDM. METHODS The present case-control study was conducted among 96 singleton pregnant women aged 18-40 years, including 48 healthy pregnant women (control group) and 48 women with a positive diagnosis of GDM (case group). Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for GDM were checked according to endocannabinoids and anthropometric indices using Multivariable Logistic Regression. RESULTS AEA was significantly associated with increased risk of GDM in models 1, 2 and 3 (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.41; OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.19-1.97; OR = 1.46, 95% CI:1.11-1.91). A positive but no significant association was found for AEA in model 4 (OR = 1.38,95% CI: 0.99-1.92). Similar to AEA, 2-AG was also positively associated with the likelihood of GDM in Models 1, 2, and 3 but the association attenuated to null in model 4 (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.94- 1.65). CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that levels of ECs were significantly higher in pregnant women with GDM compared to healthy ones. Also, ECs levels were associated with the likelihood of GDM, independent of BMI and weight gain.
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Grants
- IR-KH-198-07-015 Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, khalkhal, Iran
- IR-KH-198-07-015 Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, khalkhal, Iran
- IR-KH-198-07-015 Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, khalkhal, Iran
- IR-KH-198-07-015 Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, khalkhal, Iran
- IR-KH-198-07-015 Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, khalkhal, Iran
- IR-KH-198-07-015 Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, khalkhal, Iran
- IR-KH-198-07-015 Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, khalkhal, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Bazyar
- Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Nasiri
- Department of Nursing, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Parisa Ghanbari
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elahe Mohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Neda Lotfi Yagin
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khazdouz
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shafagh Ali Asgarzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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4
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Ishiguro H, Kibret BG, Horiuchi Y, Onaivi ES. Potential Role of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptors in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:828895. [PMID: 35774086 PMCID: PMC9237241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.828895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of the two canonical receptor subtypes; type-1 cannabinoid (CB1R) and type 2 receptor (CB2R), endocannabinoids (eCBs) and enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of eCBs. Recently, with the identification of additional lipid mediators, enzymes and receptors, the expanded ECS called the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) has been identified and recognized. Activation of CB1R is associated with a plethora of physiological effects and some central nervous system (CNS) side effects, whereas, CB2R activation is devoid of such effects and hence CB2Rs might be utilized as potential new targets for the treatment of different disorders including neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies suggested that CB2Rs were absent in the brain and they were considered as peripheral receptors, however, recent studies confirmed the presence of CB2Rs in different brain regions. Several studies have now focused on the characterization of its physiological and pathological roles. Studies done on the role of CB2Rs as a therapeutic target for treating different disorders revealed important putative role of CB2R in neuropsychiatric disorders that requires further clinical validation. Here we provide current insights and knowledge on the potential role of targeting CB2Rs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Its non-psychoactive effect makes the CB2R a potential target for treating CNS disorders; however, a better understanding of the fundamental pharmacology of CB2R activation is essential for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Yasue Horiuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
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5
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Molecular Alterations of the Endocannabinoid System in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094764. [PMID: 35563156 PMCID: PMC9104141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of the current medications for patients with psychiatric disorders contrast with a great variety of adverse effects. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) components have gained high interest as potential new targets for treating psychiatry diseases because of their neuromodulator role, which is essential to understanding the regulation of many brain functions. This article reviewed the molecular alterations in ECS occurring in different psychiatric conditions. The methods used to identify alterations in the ECS were also described. We used a translational approach. The animal models reproducing some behavioral and/or neurochemical aspects of psychiatric disorders and the molecular alterations in clinical studies in post-mortem brain tissue or peripheral tissues were analyzed. This article reviewed the most relevant ECS changes in prevalent psychiatric diseases such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, autism, attentional deficit, eating disorders (ED), and addiction. The review concludes that clinical research studies are urgently needed for two different purposes: (1) To identify alterations of the ECS components potentially useful as new biomarkers relating to a specific disease or condition, and (2) to design new therapeutic targets based on the specific alterations found to improve the pharmacological treatment in psychiatry.
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6
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Elias E, Zhang AY, Manners MT. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Depression. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020196. [PMID: 35207483 PMCID: PMC8879976 DOI: 10.3390/life12020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders. Monoamine-based antidepressants were the first drugs developed to treat major depressive disorder. More recently, ketamine and other analogues were introduced as fast-acting antidepressants. Unfortunately, currently available therapeutics are inadequate; lack of efficacy, adverse effects, and risks leave patients with limited treatment options. Efforts are now focused on understanding the etiology of depression and identifying novel targets for pharmacological treatment. In this review, we discuss promising novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Targeting receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor 39, metabotropic glutamate receptors, galanin and opioid receptors has potential antidepressant effects. Compounds targeting biological processes: inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, and gut microbiota have also shown therapeutic potential. Additionally, natural products including plants, herbs, and fatty acids improved depressive symptoms and behaviors. In this review, a brief history of clinically available antidepressants will be provided, with a primary focus on novel pharmaceutical approaches with promising antidepressant effects in preclinical and clinical studies.
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7
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Parksepp M, Haring L, Kilk K, Koch K, Uppin K, Kangro R, Zilmer M, Vasar E. The Expanded Endocannabinoid System Contributes to Metabolic and Body Mass Shifts in First-Episode Schizophrenia: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020243. [PMID: 35203453 PMCID: PMC8869544 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expanded endocannabinoid system (eECS) and cell membrane composition have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We enrolled 54 antipsychotic (AP)-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 58 controls and applied a targeted metabolomics approach followed by multivariate data analysis to investigate the profile changes in the serum levels of endocannabinoids: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide, endocannabinoids-like N-acylethanolamines (NAEs: linoleoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and palmitoylethanolamide), and their dominating lipid precursor’s phosphatidylcholines. Biomolecule profiles were measured at the onset of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 0.6 years and 5.1 years after the initiation of AP treatment. The results indicated that FEP might be characterized by elevated concentrations of NAEs and by decreased 2-AG levels. At this stage of the disease, the NAE-mediated upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) manifested themselves in energy expenditure. A 5-year disease progression and AP treatment adverse effects led to a robust increase in 2-AG levels, which contributed to strengthened cannabinoid (CB1) receptor-mediated effects, which manifested in obesity. Dynamic 2-AG, NAEs, and their precursors in terms of phosphatidylcholines are relevant to the description of the metabolic shifts resulting from the altered eECS function during and after FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madis Parksepp
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Psychiatry Clinic of Viljandi Hospital, 71024 Viljandi, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-7318-767
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Kadri Koch
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Kärt Uppin
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Raul Kangro
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Eero Vasar
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
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8
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Hryhorowicz S, Kaczmarek-Ryś M, Zielińska A, Scott RJ, Słomski R, Pławski A. Endocannabinoid System as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790803. [PMID: 35003109 PMCID: PMC8727741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a general term used to describe a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown etiology, including two primary forms: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in modulating many physiological processes including intestinal homeostasis, modulation of gastrointestinal motility, visceral sensation, or immunomodulation of inflammation in IBD. It consists of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), transporters for cellular uptake of endocannabinoid ligands, endogenous bioactive lipids (Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), and the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation (fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase), the manipulation of which through agonists and antagonists of the system, shows a potential therapeutic role for ECS in inflammatory bowel disease. This review summarizes the role of ECS components on intestinal inflammation, suggesting the advantages of cannabinoid-based therapies in inflammatory bowel disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Crohn Disease/drug therapy
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Endocannabinoids/agonists
- Endocannabinoids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodney J. Scott
- Discipline of Medical Genetics and Centre for Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, New South Wales Health Pathology North, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pławski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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9
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Tian S, Yan S, Meng Z, Huang S, Sun W, Jia M, Teng M, Zhou Z, Zhu W. New insights into bisphenols induced obesity in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Activation of cannabinoid receptor CB1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126100. [PMID: 34098260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs), as widely used plastic additives, penetrate into our daily lives. BPs are considered endocrine disruptors and could potentially induce obesity. In this study, the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on food intake and lipid metabolism in zebrafish were determined. Moreover, the impact of BPA and TBBPA on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) of zebrafish was further explored by metabolomics, transcriptomics, and molecular docking analysis. Here we show that exposure to BPA and TBBPA at concentrations commonly found in the environment (20, 100, and 500 μg/L) led to hyperphagia and obesity in adult male zebrafish. Metabolomics and histopathological analysis revealed significant lipid accumulation in the liver of zebrafish exposed to BPA and TBBPA. The expression of ECS-related genes, in conjunction with RNA-Seq results, further indicated that BPA and TBBPA increased appetite and induced obesity by activating cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1). Furthermore, molecular docking revealed that six representative BPs including BPA and TBBPA could bind to the CB1 receptor. Collectively, these findings indicate that CB1 may be a potential target for BPs to induce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinuo Tian
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shiran Huang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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10
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Hashiesh HM, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Jha NK, Ojha S. Pharmacological Properties, Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanisms of JWH133, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Agonist. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702675. [PMID: 34393784 PMCID: PMC8363263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has attracted attention as a pharmacological target for several pathological conditions. Cannabinoid (CB2)-selective agonists have been the focus of pharmacological studies because modulation of the CB2 receptor (CB2R) can be useful in the treatment of pain, inflammation, arthritis, addiction, and cancer among other possible therapeutic applications while circumventing CNS-related adverse effects. Increasing number of evidences from different independent preclinical studies have suggested new perspectives on the involvement of CB2R signaling in inflammation, infection and immunity, thus play important role in cancer, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic diseases. JWH133 is a synthetic agonist with high CB2R selectivity and showed to exert CB2R mediated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Cumulative evidences suggest that JWH133 protects against hepatic injury, renal injury, cardiotoxicity, fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer as well as against oxidative damage and inflammation, inhibits fibrosis and apoptosis, and acts as an immunosuppressant. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of JWH133. This review also presents molecular mechanism and signaling pathways of JWH133 under various pathological conditions except neurological diseases. Based on the available data, this review proposes the possibilities of developing JWH133 as a promising therapeutic agent; however, further safety and toxicity studies in preclinical studies and clinical trials in humans are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Rahman SMK, Uyama T, Hussain Z, Ueda N. Roles of Endocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid-like Molecules in Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Regulation: A Nutritional Perspective. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:177-202. [PMID: 34115519 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-090216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is involved in signal transduction in mammals. It comprises principally G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists, called endocannabinoids, as well as the enzymes and transporters responsible for the metabolism of endocannabinoids. Two arachidonic acid-containing lipid molecules, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, function as endocannabinoids. N-acylethanolamines and monoacylglycerols, in which the arachidonic acid chain is replaced with a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid, are not directly involved in the endocannabinoid system but exhibit agonistic activities for other receptors. These endocannabinoid-like molecules include palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and 2-oleoylglycerol. Endocannabinoids stimulate feeding behavior and the anabolism of lipids and glucose, while OEA suppresses appetite. Both central and peripheral systems are included in these nutritional and metabolic contexts. Therefore, they have potential in the treatment and prevention of obesity. We outline the structure, metabolism, and biological activities of endocannabinoids and related molecules, and focus on their involvement in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khaledur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , , .,Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , ,
| | - Zahir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , , .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , ,
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12
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Brunt TM, Bossong MG. The neuropharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands in central signaling pathways. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 55:909-921. [PMID: 32974975 PMCID: PMC9291836 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is a complex neuronal system involved in a number of biological functions, like attention, anxiety, mood, memory, appetite, reward, and immune responses. It is at the centre of scientific interest, which is driven by therapeutic promise of certain cannabinoid ligands and the changing legalization of herbal cannabis in many countries. The endocannabinoid system is a modulatory system, with endocannabinoids as retrograde neurotransmitters rather than direct neurotransmitters. Neuropharmacology of cannabinoid ligands in the brain can therefore be understood in terms of their modulatory actions through other neurotransmitter systems. The CB1 receptor is chiefly responsible for effects of endocannabinoids and analogous ligands in the brain. An overview of the neuropharmacology of several cannabinoid receptor ligands, including endocannabinoids, herbal cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid receptor ligands is given in this review. Their mechanism of action at the endocannabinoid system is described, mainly in the brain. In addition, effects of cannabinoid ligands on other neurotransmitter systems will also be described, such as dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, noradrenaline, opioid, and GABA. In light of this, therapeutic potential and adverse effects of cannabinoid receptor ligands will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor M. Brunt
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam Institute for Addiction ResearchAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs G. Bossong
- Department of Psychiatry University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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13
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Sholler DJ, Huestis MA, Amendolara B, Vandrey R, Cooper ZD. Therapeutic potential and safety considerations for the clinical use of synthetic cannabinoids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173059. [PMID: 33086126 PMCID: PMC7725960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was isolated and synthesized in the 1960s. Since then, two synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) targeting the cannabinoid 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R) receptors were approved for medical use based on clinical safety and efficacy data: dronabinol (synthetic THC) and nabilone (synthetic THC analog). To probe the function of the endocannabinoid system further, hundreds of investigational compounds were developed; in particular, agonists with (1) greater CB1/2R affinity relative to THC and (2) full CB1/2R agonist activity. This pharmacological profile may pose greater risks for misuse and adverse effects relative to THC, and these SCBs proliferated in retail markets as legal alternatives to cannabis (e.g., novel psychoactive substances [NPS], "Spice," "K2"). These SCBs were largely outlawed in the U.S., but blanket policies that placed all SCB chemicals into restrictive control categories impeded research progress into novel mechanisms for SCB therapeutic development. There is a concerted effort to develop new, therapeutically useful SCBs that target novel pharmacological mechanisms. This review highlights the potential therapeutic efficacy and safety considerations for unique SCBs, including CB1R partial and full agonists, peripherally-restricted CB1R agonists, selective CB2R agonists, selective CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists, CB1R allosteric modulators, endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme inhibitors, and cannabidiol. We propose promising directions for SCB research that may optimize therapeutic efficacy and diminish potential for adverse events, for example, peripherally-restricted CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists and biased CB1/2R agonists. Together, these strategies could lead to the discovery of new, therapeutically useful SCBs with reduced negative public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Sholler
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Amendolara
- UCLA Cannabis Research Initiative, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- UCLA Cannabis Research Initiative, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Guha S, Calarco S, Gachet MS, Gertsch J. Juniperonic Acid Biosynthesis is Essential in Caenorhabditis Elegans Lacking Δ6 Desaturase ( fat-3) and Generates New ω-3 Endocannabinoids. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092127. [PMID: 32961767 PMCID: PMC7564282 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the C20:4 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) plays important roles as a phospholipid component, signaling molecule and precursor of the endocannabinoid-prostanoid axis. Accordingly, the absence of AA causes detrimental effects. Here, compensatory mechanisms involved in AA deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated. We show that the ω-3 C20:4 polyunsaturated fatty acid juniperonic acid (JuA) is generated in the C. elegansfat-3(wa22) mutant, which lacks Δ6 desaturase activity and cannot generate AA and ω-3 AA. JuA partially rescued the loss of function of AA in growth and development. Additionally, we observed that supplementation of AA and ω-3 AA modulates lifespan of fat-3(wa22) mutants. We described a feasible biosynthetic pathway that leads to the generation of JuA from α-linoleic acid (ALA) via elongases ELO-1/2 and Δ5 desaturase which is rate-limiting. Employing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified endocannabinoid-like ethanolamine and glycerol derivatives of JuA and ω-3 AA. Like classical endocannabinoids, these lipids exhibited binding interactions with NPR-32, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) shown to act as endocannabinoid receptor in C. elegans. Our study suggests that the eicosatetraenoic acids AA, ω-3 AA and JuA share similar biological functions. This biosynthetic plasticity of eicosatetraenoic acids observed in C. elegans uncovers a possible biological role of JuA and associated ω-3 endocannabinoids in Δ6 desaturase deficiencies, highlighting the importance of ALA.
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15
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Haidari F, Aghamohammadi V, Mohammadshahi M, Ahmadi-Angali K, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Whey protein supplementation reducing fasting levels of anandamide and 2-AG without weight loss in pre-menopausal women with obesity on a weight-loss diet. Trials 2020; 21:657. [PMID: 32680548 PMCID: PMC7366891 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the importance of dairy proteins in modifying of metabolic abnormalities, no attention has been given to their effects on endocannabinoids. Methods A total number of 60 obese women were recruited in a 2-month randomized clinical trial. Following random allocation, they were assigned to one of the two groups: control (n = 30) and intervention (n = 30). Then, all the subjects followed a hypocaloric diet of 800 kcal below estimated energy needs. The intervention group received isocaloric weight-loss diet and whey protein powders (30 g/day). Baseline and 2-month fasting anthropometric, blood glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, AEA, and 2-AG were measured. Results The study groups were homogenous in terms of baseline characteristics (p > 0.05) except for MUFA intake (p = 0.021). There were no significant differences in energy and macronutrient intakes in the intervention group compared to the control group at the end of the study (p > 0.05). The results of the ANCOVA did not show significant reductions in body weight and BMI of the intervention group compared to the control group (p > 0.05); however, WC, body fat, FBS, AEA, 2-AG, total cholesterol, and triglyceride decreased and HDL-c significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions In this study, the effects of simultaneous weight-loss diet and whey protein supplementation on the reduction of endocannabinoids were determined. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017021410181N8. Registered on March 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Street, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Street, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran.
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Street, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Yagin NL, Hajjarzadeh S, Aliasgharzadeh S, Aliasgari F, Mahdavi R. The association of dietary patterns with endocannabinoids levels in overweight and obese women. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:161. [PMID: 32631352 PMCID: PMC7339382 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher levels of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the main arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids, are frequently reported in overweight and obese individuals. Recently, endocannabinoids have become a research interest in obesity area regarding their role in food intake. The relationship between dietary patterns and endocannabinoids is poorly understood; therefore, this study evaluated the association of the dietary patterns with AEA and 2-AG levels in overweight and obese women. METHODS In this cross sectional study, 183 overweight and obese females from Tabriz, Iran who aged between 19 and 50 years old and with mean BMI = 32.44 ± 3.79 kg/m2 were interviewed. The AEA and 2-AG levels were measured, and the dietary patterns were assessed using food frequency questionnaire. To extract the dietary patterns, factor analysis was applied. The association between AEA and 2-AG levels and dietary patterns was analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS Three major dietary patterns including "Western", "healthy", and "traditional" were extracted. After adjusting for age, physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass, higher levels of AEA and 2-AG were observed in participants who were in the highest quintile of the Western pattern (P < 0.05). Also, in both unadjusted and adjusted models, significantly lower levels of AEA and 2-AG were detected in the women of the highest quintile of the healthy pattern (P < 0.01). Moreover, there was no significant association between "traditional" pattern and AEA and 2- AG levels in both unadjusted and adjusted models (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In regard with the lower levels of endocannabinoids in healthy dietary pattern, adherence to healthy pattern might have promising results in regulating endocannabinoids levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Lotfi Yagin
- Student Research Committee, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hajjarzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soghra Aliasgharzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Aliasgari
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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17
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Lai MP, Katz FS, Bernard C, Storch J, Stark RE. Two fatty acid-binding proteins expressed in the intestine interact differently with endocannabinoids. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1606-1617. [PMID: 32298508 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two different members of the fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family are found in enterocyte cells of the gastrointestinal system, namely liver-type and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins (LFABP and IFABP, also called FABP1 and FABP2, respectively). Striking phenotypic differences have been observed in knockout mice for either protein, for example, high fat-fed IFABP-null mice remained lean, whereas LFABP-null mice were obese, correlating with differences in food intake. This finding prompted us to investigate the role each protein plays in directing the specificity of binding to ligands involved in appetite regulation, such as fatty acid ethanolamides and related endocannabinoids. We determined the binding affinities for nine structurally related ligands using a fluorescence competition assay, revealing tighter binding to IFABP than LFABP for all ligands tested. We found that the head group of the ligand had more impact on binding affinity than the alkyl chain, with the strongest binding observed for the carboxyl group, followed by the amide, and then the glycerol ester. These trends were confirmed using two-dimensional 1 H-15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to monitor chemical shift perturbation of the protein backbone resonances upon titration with ligand. Interestingly, the NMR data revealed that different residues of IFABP were involved in the coordination of endocannabinoids than those implicated for fatty acids, whereas the same residues of LFABP were involved for both classes of ligand. In addition, we identified residues that are uniquely affected by binding of all types of ligand to IFABP, suggesting a rationale for its tighter binding affinity compared with LFABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Poh Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA.,CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Francine S Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cédric Bernard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ruth E Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA.,CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York, USA
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18
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19
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The Endocannabinoid System in Pediatric Inflammatory and Immune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235875. [PMID: 31771129 PMCID: PMC6928713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system consists of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation. CB2, to a great extent, and CB1, to a lesser extent, are involved in regulating the immune response. They also regulate the inflammatory processes by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediator release and immune cell proliferation. This review provides an overview on the role of the endocannabinoid system with a major focus on cannabinoid receptors in the pathogenesis and onset of inflammatory and autoimmune pediatric diseases, such as immune thrombocytopenia, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, obesity, neuroinflammatory diseases, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. These disorders have a high social impact and represent a burden for the healthcare system, hence the importance of individuating more innovative and effective treatments. The endocannabinoid system could address this need, representing a possible new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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20
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Purfield DC, Evans RD, Berry DP. Reaffirmation of known major genes and the identification of novel candidate genes associated with carcass-related metrics based on whole genome sequence within a large multi-breed cattle population. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:720. [PMID: 31533623 PMCID: PMC6751660 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high narrow sense heritability of carcass traits suggests that the underlying additive genetic potential of an individual should be strongly correlated with both animal carcass quality and quantity, and therefore, by extension, carcass value. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to detect genomic regions associated with three carcass traits, namely carcass weight, conformation and fat cover, using imputed whole genome sequence in 28,470 dairy and beef sires from six breeds with a total of 2,199,926 phenotyped progeny. Results Major genes previously associated with carcass performance were identified, as well as several putative novel candidate genes that likely operate both within and across breeds. The role of MSTN in carcass performance was re-affirmed with the segregating Q204X mutation explaining 1.21, 1.11 and 5.95% of the genetic variance in carcass weight, fat and conformation, respectively in the Charolais population. In addition, a genomic region on BTA6 encompassing the NCAPG/LCORL locus, which is a known candidate locus associated with body size, was associated with carcass weight in Angus, Charolais and Limousin. Novel candidate genes identified included ZFAT in Angus, and SLC40A1 and the olfactory gene cluster on BTA15 in Charolais. Although the majority of associations were breed specific, associations that operated across breeds included SORCS1 on BTA26, MCTP2 on BTA21 and ARL15 on BTA20; these are of particular interest due to their potential informativeness in across-breed genomic evaluations. Genomic regions affecting all three carcass traits were identified in each of the breeds, although these were mainly concentrated on BTA2 and BTA6, surrounding MSTN and NCAPG/LCORL, respectively. This suggests that although major genes may be associated with all three carcass traits, the majority of genes containing significant variants (unadjusted p-value < 10− 4) may be trait specific associations of small effect. Conclusions Although plausible novel candidate genes were identified, the proportion of variance explained by these candidates was minimal thus reaffirming that while carcass performance may be affected by major genes in the form of MSTN and NCAPG/LCORL, the majority of variance is attributed to the additive (and possibly multiplicative) effect of many polymorphisms of small effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6071-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Purfield
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Center, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - R D Evans
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - D P Berry
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Center, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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21
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Martin GG, Seeger DR, McIntosh AL, Milligan S, Chung S, Landrock D, Dangott LJ, Golovko MY, Murphy EJ, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Sterol Carrier Protein-2/Sterol Carrier Protein-x/Fatty Acid Binding Protein-1 Ablation Impacts Response of Brain Endocannabinoid to High-Fat Diet. Lipids 2019; 54:583-601. [PMID: 31487051 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain endocannabinoids (EC) such as arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) primarily originate from serum arachidonic acid (ARA), whose level is regulated in part by a cytosolic ARA-binding protein, that is, liver fatty acid binding protein-1 (FABP1), not expressed in the brain. Ablation of the Fabp1 gene (LKO) increases brain AEA and 2-AG by decreasing hepatic uptake of ARA to increase serum ARA, thereby increasing ARA availability for uptake by the brain. The brain also expresses sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2), which is also a cytosolic ARA-binding protein. To further resolve the role of SCP-2 independent of FABP1, mice ablated in the Scp-2/Scp-x gene (DKO) were crossed with mice ablated in the Fabp1 gene (LKO) mice to generate triple knock out (TKO) mice. TKO impaired the ability of LKO to increase brain AEA and 2-AG. While a high-fat diet (HFD) alone increased brain AEA, TKO impaired this effect. Overall, these TKO-induced blocks were not attributable to altered expression of brain proteins in ARA uptake, AEA/2-AG synthesis, or AEA/2-AG degrading enzymes. Instead, TKO reduced serum levels of free ARA and/or total ARA and thereby decreased ARA availability for uptake to the brain and downstream synthesis of AEA and 2-AG therein. In summary, Scp-2/Scp-x gene ablation in Fabp1 null (LKO) mice antagonized the impact of LKO and HFD on brain ARA and, subsequently, EC levels. Thus, both FABP1 and SCP-2 participate in regulating the EC system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Sherrelle Milligan
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
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Röhrig W, Achenbach S, Deutsch B, Pischetsrieder M. Quantification of 24 circulating endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-related compounds, and their phospholipid precursors in human plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1475-1488. [PMID: 31235475 PMCID: PMC6672038 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d094680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds (ERCs) are involved in many physiological processes. They are released on demand from phosphoinositide and N-acylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (NAPE) precursors and comprise 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MGs) and FA ethanolamides (FEAs). Despite the abundance of advanced quantitative methods, however, their determined concentrations in blood plasma are inconsistent because 2-MGs and FEAs undergo artifactual de novo formation, chemical isomerization, and degradation during sample collection and storage. For a comprehensive survey of these compounds in blood and plasma, we have developed and validated an ultra-HPLC-MS/MS method to quantify 24 endocannabinoids, ERCs, and their phospholipid precursors. Immediate acidification of EDTA-blood to pH 5.8 blocked artifactual FEA formation for at least 4 h on ice. The 2-MGs were stabilized after plasma harvest with 0.5 M potassium thiocyanate at pH 4.7. FEA and MG plasma concentrations in six healthy volunteers ranged between 0.04-3.48 and 0.63-6.18 ng/ml, respectively. Interestingly, only 1-5% of circulating FEAs were present in their free form, while the majority was bound to NAPEs. Similarly, 97% of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was bound to a potential phosphoinositide pool. The herein-described stabilization and extraction methods may now be used to reliably and comprehensively quantify endocannabinoids, ERCs, and their phospholipid precursors in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Röhrig
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Achenbach
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Birgit Deutsch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Pischetsrieder
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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de Oliveira E, Quitete FT, Bernardino DN, Guarda DS, Caramez FAH, Soares PN, Peixoto TC, Rodrigues VST, Trevenzoli IH, Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Maternal coconut oil intake on lactation programs for endocannabinoid system dysfunction in adult offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:12-21. [PMID: 31059745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to coconut oil metabolically programs adult offspring for overweight, hyperphagia and hyperleptinemia. We studied the neuroendocrine mechanisms by which coconut oil supplementation during breastfeeding as well as continued exposure of this oil throughout life affect the feeding behavior of the progeny. At birth, pups were divided into two groups: Soybean oil (SO) and Coconut oil (CO). Dams received these oils by gavage (0.5 g/kg body mass/day) during lactation. Half of the CO group continued to receive CO in chow throughout life (CO + C). Adult CO and CO + C groups had overweight; the CO group had hyperphagia, higher visceral adiposity, and hyperleptinemia, while the CO + C group had hypophagia only. The CO group showed higher DAGLα (endocannabinoid synthesis) but no alteration of FAAH (endocannabinoid degradation) or CB1R. Leptin signaling and GLP1R were unchanged in the CO group, which did not explain its phenotype. Hyperphagia in these animals can be due to higher DAGLα, increasing the production of 2-AG, an orexigenic mediator. The CO + C group had higher preference for fat and lower hypothalamic GLP1R content. Continuous exposure to coconut oil prevented an increase in DAGLα. The CO + C group, although hypophagic, showed greater voracity when exposed to a hyperlipidemic diet, maybe due to lower GLP1R, since GLP1 inhibits short-term food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Quitete
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Dayse N Bernardino
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Deysla S Guarda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Fabiele A H Caramez
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Patrícia N Soares
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Thamara C Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S T Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Isis H Trevenzoli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Egberto G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
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Watkins BA. Endocannabinoids, exercise, pain, and a path to health with aging. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Emendato A, Guerrini R, Marzola E, Wienk H, Boelens R, Leone S, Picone D. Disordered Peptides Looking for Their Native Environment: Structural Basis of CB1 Endocannabinoid Receptor Binding to Pepcans. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:100. [PMID: 30505835 PMCID: PMC6250848 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid peptides, or “pepcans,” are endogenous ligands of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Depending on their length, they display diverse activity: For instance, the nona-peptide Pepcan-9, also known as hemopressin, is a powerful inhibitor of CB1, whereas the longer variant Pepcan-12, which extends by only three amino acid residues at the N-terminus, acts on both CB1 and CB2 as an allosteric modulator, although with diverse effects. Despite active research on their pharmacological applications, very little is known about structure-activity relationships of pepcans. Different structures have been proposed for the nona-peptide, which has also been reported to form fibrillar aggregates. This might have affected the outcome and reproducibility of bioactivity studies. In an attempt of elucidating the determinants of both biological activity and aggregation propensity of Pepcan-9 and Pepcan-12, we have performed their structure characterization in solvent systems characterized by different polarity and pH. We have found that, while disordered in aqueous environment, both peptides display helical structure in less polar environment, mimicking the proteic receptor milieu. In the case of Pepcan-9, this structure is fully consistent with the observed modulation of the CB1. For Pepcan-12, whose allosteric binding site is still unknown, the presented structure is compatible with the binding at one of the previously proposed allosteric sites on CB1. These findings open the way to structure-driven design of selective peptide modulators of CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Emendato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Marzola
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Hans Wienk
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rolf Boelens
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Serena Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Krishnan S, Agrawal K, Tryon RR, Welch LC, Horn WF, Newman JW, Keim NL. Structural equation modeling of food craving across the menstrual cycle using behavioral, neuroendocrine, and metabolic factors. Physiol Behav 2018; 195:28-36. [PMID: 30031087 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States.
| | - Karan Agrawal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States
| | - Rebecca R Tryon
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States
| | - Lucas C Welch
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States
| | - William F Horn
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States; USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States; USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis CA, United States; USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Forner-Piquer I, Mylonas CC, Calduch-Giner J, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Allarà M, Piscitelli F, Di Marzo V, Pérez-Sánchez J, Carnevali O. Endocrine disruptors in the diet of male Sparus aurata: Modulation of the endocannabinoid system at the hepatic and central level by Di-isononyl phthalate and Bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:54-65. [PMID: 29933238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing manufacture of plastics and their mismanagement has turned plastic into a ubiquitous waste in the marine environment. Among all the substances conforming the plastic items, the effects of a dietary Bisphenol A (BPA) and Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) have been evaluated in adult male gilthead sea bream, focusing on their effects in the modulation of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). In zebrafish, the ECS has been recently chosen as a new target for the activity of some Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC), since it represents a complex lipid signaling network essential for the well-being of the organisms. The results obtained in gilthead seabream showed that BPA and DiNP altered the structure and the biochemical composition of liver, increasing the presence of lipids and triglycerides and decreasing the glycogen and phospholipids. Moreover, the addition of BPA or DiNP in the gilthead sea bream diet altered the levels of endocannabinoids (EC) and EC-like mediators in the liver. These alterations were also associated to changes at the transcriptomic level of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and ECS metabolism. At the central level, both BPA and DiNP reduced the expression of the endocannabinoid receptor type I (cnr1) and the neuropeptide Y (npy) as well as the levels of the endocannabinoid Anandamide (AEA), suggesting a downregulation of appetite. The results herein reported highlighted the negative effects of chronic dietary exposure to DiNP or BPA on ECS functions and lipid metabolism of male gilthead sea bream liver, showing a similar disruptive activity of these contaminants at metabolic level. Moreover, the novelty of the biomarkers used evidenced possible innovative endpoints for the development of novel OEDCS test guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Constantinos C Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete 71003, Greece
| | - Josep Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Haidari F, Aghamohammadi V, Mohammadshahi M, Ahmadi-Angali K. Effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids and some of metabolic risk factors in obese women on a weight-loss diet: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:70. [PMID: 29061179 PMCID: PMC5654050 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Besides the effects of dietary long chain PUFA on circulating endocannabinoids concentrations, the impact of other nutrients on these system is not known and, whether changes in plasma endocannabinoids levels correlated with changes in body composition and biochemical metabolic risk factors in obese individuals, however, still remains to be characterized. Methods We will conduct a 2 months’ open label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids, glycemic and lipid profile, inflammatory factors, adipocytokines and body composition in 60 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet. Conclusion Due to strong relationship between endocannabinoids level and insulin resistance and obesity, in this trial, we will illustrate the other benefits of weight loss diet on health and metabolic risk factors. Also for the first, the effects of simultaneous weight loss diet and whey protein supplementation on these variables will be determined. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017021410181N8. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Sorensen CJ, DeSanto K, Borgelt L, Phillips KT, Monte AA. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment-a Systematic Review. J Med Toxicol 2017; 13:71-87. [PMID: 28000146 PMCID: PMC5330965 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a syndrome of cyclic vomiting associated with cannabis use. Our objective is to summarize the available evidence on CHS diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. We performed a systematic review using MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from January 2000 through September 24, 2015. Articles eligible for inclusion were evaluated using the Grading and Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Data were abstracted from the articles and case reports and were combined in a cumulative synthesis. The frequency of identified diagnostic characteristics was calculated from the cumulative synthesis and evidence for pathophysiologic hypothesis as well as treatment options were evaluated using the GRADE criteria. The systematic search returned 2178 articles. After duplicates were removed, 1253 abstracts were reviewed and 183 were included. Fourteen diagnostic characteristics were identified, and the frequency of major characteristics was as follows: history of regular cannabis for any duration of time (100%), cyclic nausea and vomiting (100%), resolution of symptoms after stopping cannabis (96.8%), compulsive hot baths with symptom relief (92.3%), male predominance (72.9%), abdominal pain (85.1%), and at least weekly cannabis use (97.4%). The pathophysiology of CHS remains unclear with a dearth of research dedicated to investigating its underlying mechanism. Supportive care with intravenous fluids, dopamine antagonists, topical capsaicin cream, and avoidance of narcotic medications has shown some benefit in the acute setting. Cannabis cessation appears to be the best treatment. CHS is a cyclic vomiting syndrome, preceded by daily to weekly cannabis use, usually accompanied by symptom improvement with hot bathing, and resolution with cessation of cannabis. The pathophysiology underlying CHS is unclear. Cannabis cessation appears to be the best treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia J Sorensen
- Denver Health Residency in Emergency Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, 80204, USA.
| | - Kristen DeSanto
- Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Borgelt
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristina T Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Andrew A Monte
- Denver Health Residency in Emergency Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
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Walsh Z, Gonzalez R, Crosby K, S. Thiessen M, Carroll C, Bonn-Miller MO. Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 51:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gertsch J. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet - an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1464-1483. [PMID: 27891602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major lipid signalling network that plays important pro-homeostatic (allostatic) roles not only in the nervous system but also in peripheral organs. There is increasing evidence that there is a dietary component in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors in hominids co-evolved with diet, and the ECS constitutes a feedback loop for food selection and energy metabolism. Here, it is postulated that the mismatch of ancient lipid genes of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists with the high-carbohydrate diet introduced by agriculture could be compensated for via dietary modulation of the ECS. In addition to the fatty acid precursors of endocannabinoids, the potential role of dietary cannabimimetic phytochemicals in agriculturist nutrition is discussed. Dietary secondary metabolites from vegetables and spices able to enhance the activity of cannabinoid-type 2 (CB2 ) receptors may provide adaptive metabolic advantages and counteract inflammation. In contrast, chronic CB1 receptor activation in hedonic obese individuals may enhance pathophysiological processes related to hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hepatorenal inflammation and cardiometabolic risk. Food able to modulate the CB1 /CB2 receptor activation ratio may thus play a role in the nutrition transition of Western high-calorie diets. In this review, the interplay between diet and the ECS is highlighted from an evolutionary perspective. The emerging potential of cannabimimetic food as a nutraceutical strategy is critically discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Martin GG, Landrock D, Chung S, Dangott LJ, Seeger DR, Murphy EJ, Golovko MY, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Fabp1 gene ablation inhibits high-fat diet-induced increase in brain endocannabinoids. J Neurochem 2017; 140:294-306. [PMID: 27861894 PMCID: PMC5225076 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system shifts energy balance toward storage and fat accumulation, especially in the context of diet-induced obesity. Relatively little is known about factors outside the central nervous system that may mediate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) on brain endocannabinoid levels. One candidate is the liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1), a cytosolic protein highly prevalent in liver, but not detected in brain, which facilitates hepatic clearance of fatty acids. The impact of Fabp1 gene ablation (LKO) on the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) on brain and plasma endocannabinoid levels was examined and data expressed for each parameter as the ratio of high-fat diet/control diet. In male wild-type mice, HFD markedly increased brain N-acylethanolamides, but not 2-monoacylglycerols. LKO blocked these effects of HFD in male mice. In female wild-type mice, HFD slightly decreased or did not alter these endocannabinoids as compared with male wild type. LKO did not block the HFD effects in female mice. The HFD-induced increase in brain arachidonic acid-derived arachidonoylethanolamide in males correlated with increased brain-free and total arachidonic acid. The ability of LKO to block the HFD-induced increase in brain arachidonoylethanolamide correlated with reduced ability of HFD to increase brain-free and total arachidonic acid in males. In females, brain-free and total arachidonic acid levels were much less affected by either HFD or LKO in the context of HFD. These data showed that LKO markedly diminished the impact of HFD on brain endocannabinoid levels, especially in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Lawrence J. Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128
| | - Drew R. Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Eric J. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Ann B. Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
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Rossi F, Bellini G, Luongo L, Manzo I, Tolone S, Tortora C, Bernardo ME, Grandone A, Conforti A, Docimo L, Nobili B, Perrone L, Locatelli F, Maione S, Del Giudice EM. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 as Antiobesity Target: Inflammation, Fat Storage, and Browning Modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3469-78. [PMID: 27294325 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state and adipocyte (ADP) hyperplasia/hypertrophy. Obesity inhibits the "browning" of white adipose tissue. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonists reduce food intake and induce antiobesity effect in mice. A common missense CB2 variant, Q63R, causes CB2-reduced function. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of CB2 receptor on the modulation of childhood obesity and of ADP activity and morphology. DESIGN CB2-Q63R variant was analyzed in obese Italian children. The effects of an inflammatory stimulus and those of drugs selectively acting on CB2 were investigated on in vitro ADPs obtained from mesenchymal stem cells of adult healthy donors or from sc adipose biopsies of adult nonobese and obese subjects. SETTING Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery of the Second University of Naples. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 501 obese Italian children (age 11 ± 2.75). Twelve healthy bone marrow donors (age 36.5 ± 15); and 17 subjects, 7 lean (age 42 ± 10) and 10 obese (age 37.8 ± 12) underwent sc adipose tissue biopsies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Effects of CB2 stimulation on adipokine, perilipin, and uncoupling protein-1 expression. RESULTS The less-functional CB2-R63 variant was significantly associated with a high z-score body mass index. CB2 blockade with AM630 reverse agonist increased inflammatory adipokine release and fat storage and reduced browning. CB2 stimulation with JWH-133 agonist reversed all of the obesity-related effects. CONCLUSION CB2 receptor is a novel pharmacological target that should be considered for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rossi
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellini
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Iolanda Manzo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tolone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Tortora
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Grandone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Conforti
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludovico Docimo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bruno Nobili
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Perrone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Association between plasma endocannabinoids and appetite in hemodialysis patients: A pilot study. Nutr Res 2016; 36:658-62. [PMID: 27333956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Uremia-associated anorexia may be related to altered levels of long chain n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derived circulating endocannabinoids (EC) and EC-like compounds that are known to mediate appetite. Our study's hypothesis was that such molecules are associated with appetite in patients with end-stage renal disease. A cross-sectional observational study was performed in 20 chronic hemodialysis patients (9 females, 11 males) and 10 healthy female controls in whom appetite was assessed using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and blood drawn in the fasting (and when applicable) pre-dialysis state. Blood levels of PUFA and EC were also measured. Higher blood levels of the long chain n-6 fatty acid 20:4n6 (arachidonic acid) and lower levels of the long chain n-3 fatty acid 20:5n3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) were observed in female hemodialysis patients compared to controls. No differences were observed between male and female patients. In female study participants strong correlations between specific EC-like compounds and total SNAQ scores were noted, including with the n-6 PUFA derived linoleoyl ethanolamide (L-EA; ρ=-0.60, P<.01) and the n-3 PUFA derived docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DH-EA; ρ=0.63, P<.01). The L-EA:DH-EA ratio was most strongly associated with the SNAQ score (ρ=-0.74, P≤.001), and its questions associated with appetite (ρ=-0.69, P≤.01) and satiety (ρ=-0.81, P≤.001). These findings support a link between circulating EC and appetite in hemodialysis patients.
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Effects of chronic exercise on the endocannabinoid system in Wistar rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:183-99. [PMID: 26880264 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is dysregulated during obesity in tissues involved in the control of food intake and energy metabolism. We examined the effect of chronic exercise on the tissue levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and on the expression of genes coding for cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) (Cnr1 and Cnr2, respectively) in the subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissues and in the soleus and extensor digitorim longus (EDL) muscles, in rats fed with standard or high-fat diet. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were placed on high-fat diet or standard diet (HFD and Ctl groups, respectively) during 12 weeks whereafter half of each group was submitted to an exercise training period of 12 weeks (HFD + training and Ctl + training). Tissue levels of eCBs were measured by LC-MS while expressions of genes coding for CB1 and CB2 receptors were investigated by qPCR. High-fat diet induced an increase in anandamide (AEA) levels in soleus and EDL (p < 0.02). In soleus of the HFD group, these changes were accompanied by elevated Cnr1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (p < 0.05). In EDL, exercise training allowed to reduce significantly this diet-induced AEA increase (p < 0.005). 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels were decreased and increased by high-fat diet in SAT and EDL, respectively (p < 0.04), but not affected by exercise training. Unlike the HFD + training group, 2-AG levels in soleus were also decreased in the HFD group compared to Ctl (p < 0.04). The levels of eCBs and Cnr1 expression are altered in a tissue-specific manner following a high-fat diet, and chronic exercise reverses some of these alterations.
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Simmank J, Murawski C, Bode S, Horstmann A. Incidental rewarding cues influence economic decisions in people with obesity. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:278. [PMID: 26528158 PMCID: PMC4606016 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that obesity is linked to prominent alterations in learning and decision-making. This general difference may also underlie the preference for immediately consumable, highly palatable but unhealthy and high-calorie foods. Such poor food-related inter-temporal decision-making can explain weight gain; however, it is not yet clear whether this deficit can be generalized to other domains of inter-temporal decision-making, for example financial decisions. Further, little is known about the stability of decision-making behavior in obesity, especially in the presence of rewarding cues. To answer these questions, obese and lean participants (n = 52) completed two sessions of a novel priming paradigm including a computerized monetary delay discounting task. In the first session, general differences between groups in financial delay discounting were measured. In the second session, we tested the general stability of discount rates. Additionally, participants were primed by affective visual cues of different contextual categories before making financial decisions. We found that the obese group showed stronger discounting of future monetary rewards than the lean group, but groups did not differ in their general stability between sessions nor in their sensitivity toward changes in reward magnitude. In the obese group, a fast decrease of subjective value over time was directly related to a higher tendency for opportunistic eating. Obese in contrast to lean people were primed by the affective cues, showing a sex-specific pattern of priming direction. Our findings demonstrate that environments rich of cues, aiming at inducing unhealthy consumer decisions, can be highly detrimental for obese people. It also underscores that obesity is not merely a medical condition but has a strong cognitive component, meaning that current dietary and medical treatment strategies may fall too short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Simmank
- Junior Research Group 'Decision-making in obesity', IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Department of Finance, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefan Bode
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Junior Research Group 'Decision-making in obesity', IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Collaborative Research Centre, Leipzig University Medical Center Leipzig, Germany
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Diversity and plasticity of microglial cells in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is currently defined as the ensemble of the two 7-transmembrane-domain and G protein-coupled receptors for Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (but not for most other plant cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids)-cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R); their two most studied endogenous ligands, the "endocannabinoids" N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); and the enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid metabolism. However, anandamide and 2-AG, and also the phytocannabinoids, have more molecular targets than just CB1R and CB2R. Furthermore, the endocannabinoids, like most other lipid mediators, have more than just one set of biosynthetic and degrading pathways and enzymes, which they often share with "endocannabinoid-like" mediators that may or may not interact with the same proteins as Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other phytocannabinoids. In some cases, these degrading pathways and enzymes lead to molecules that are not inactive and instead interact with other receptors. Finally, some of the metabolic enzymes may also participate in the chemical modification of molecules that have very little to do with endocannabinoid and cannabinoid targets. Here, we review the whole world of ligands, receptors, and enzymes, a true "endocannabinoidome", discovered after the cloning of CB1R and CB2R and the identification of anandamide and 2-AG, and its interactions with phytocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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Kaczor AA, Targowska-Duda KM, Patel JZ, Laitinen T, Parkkari T, Adams Y, Nevalainen TJ, Poso A. Comparative molecular field analysis and molecular dynamics studies of α/β hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6) inhibitors. J Mol Model 2015; 21:250. [PMID: 26350245 PMCID: PMC4562993 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system remains an attractive molecular target for pharmacological intervention due to its roles in the central nervous system in learning, thinking, emotional function, regulation of food intake or pain sensation, as well as in the peripheral nervous system, where it modulates the action of cardiovascular, immune, metabolic or reproductive function. α/β hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6)—an enzyme forming part of the endocannabinoid system—is a newly discovered post-genomic protein acting as a 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) serine hydrolase. We have recently reported a series of 1,2,5-thiadiazole carbamates as potent and selective ABHD6 inhibitors. Here, we present comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and molecular dynamics studies of these compounds. First, we performed a homology modeling study of ABHD6 based on the assumption that the catalytic triad of ABHD6 comprises Ser148–His306–Asp 278 and the oxyanion hole is formed by Met149 and Phe80. A total of 42 compounds was docked to the homology model using the Glide module from the Schrödinger suite of software and the selected docking poses were used for CoMFA alignment. A model with the following statistics was obtained: R2 = 0.98, Q2 = 0.55. In order to study the molecular interactions of the inhibitors with ABHD6 in detail, molecular dynamics was performed with the Desmond program. It was found that, during the simulations, the hydrogen bond between the inhibitor carbonyl group and the main chain of Phe80 is weakened, whereas a new hydrogen bond with the side chain of Ser148 is formed, facilitating the possible formation of a covalent bond. Left–right: Docking pose of 1 in the binding pocket of α/β hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6) selected for molecular alignment; CoMFA steric and electrostatic contour fields; changes in potential energy of the complex during simulations for the complex of 6 and ABHD6 ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St., 20059, Lublin, Poland,
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Altered baseline brain activity differentiates regional mechanisms subserving biological and psychological alterations in obese men. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11563. [PMID: 26099208 PMCID: PMC4477369 DOI: 10.1038/srep11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity as a chronic disease is a major factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes, which has become a global health problem. In the present study, we used resting state functional MRI to investigate the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations of spontaneous signal during both hunger and satiety states in 20 lean and 20 obese males. We found that, before food intake, obese men had significantly greater baseline activity in the precuneus and lesser activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) relative to lean subjects. Furthermore, after food intake, obese males had significantly lesser activity in dACC than lean males. We further found a significant positive correlation between precuneus activation and hunger ratings before food intake, while dACC activity was negatively correlated with plasma insulin levels before and after food intake. These results indicated that both precuneus and dACC may play an important role in eating behavior. While precuneus rather seemed to mediate subjective satiety, dACC levels rather reflected indirect measures of glucose utilization.
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Devlin AM, Panagiotopoulos C. Metabolic side effects and pharmacogenetics of second-generation antipsychotics in children. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:981-96. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly being used to treat children for a range of mental health conditions, for example, anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. SGA treatment is associated with weight gain and cardiometabolic side effects such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and elevated blood pressure, in some, but not all children. This review provides an overview of the potential role of pharmacogenomics in predisposing a child to unhealthy weight gain and cardiometabolic side effects with SGA treatment. Specifically, the review includes a synopsis of the evidence for cardiometabolic side effects in SGA-treated children, illustrating the extent and depth of the problem; summarizes the potential long-term consequences of developing cardiometabolic risk during childhood and highlights genetic variants that may be useful in predicting cardiometabolic side effects in SGA-treated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Child & Family Research Institute, 272–950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Constadina Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Child & Family Research Institute, 272–950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Zilberter T. Appetite, reward, and obesity: the causes and consequences of eating behaviors. Front Psychol 2015; 6:411. [PMID: 25914667 PMCID: PMC4390902 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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