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Maddock RJ, Vlasova RM, Chen S, Iosif AM, Bennett J, Tanase C, Ryan AM, Murai T, Hogrefe CE, Schumann CD, Geschwind DH, Van de Water J, Amaral DG, Lesh TA, Styner MA, Kimberley McAllister A, Carter CS, Bauman MD. Altered brain metabolites in male nonhuman primate offspring exposed to maternal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 2024:S0889-1591(24)00480-X. [PMID: 39032543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Converging data show that exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) in utero alters brain development in animals and increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. A recently developed non-human primate MIA model affords opportunities for studies with uniquely strong translational relevance to human neurodevelopment. The current longitudinal study used 1H-MRS to investigate the developmental trajectory of prefrontal cortex metabolites in male rhesus monkey offspring of dams (n = 14) exposed to a modified form of the inflammatory viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly IC), in the late first trimester. Brain metabolites in these animals were compared to offspring of dams that received saline (n = 10) or no injection (n = 4). N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate, creatine, choline, myo-inositol, taurine, and glutathione were estimated from PRESS and MEGA-PRESS acquisitions obtained at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 45 months of age. Prior investigations of this cohort reported reduced frontal cortical gray and white matter and subtle cognitive impairments in MIA offspring. We hypothesized that the MIA-induced neurodevelopmental changes would extend to abnormal brain metabolite levels, which would be associated with the observed cognitive impairments. Prefrontal NAA was significantly higher in the MIA offspring across all ages (p < 0.001) and was associated with better performance on the two cognitive measures most sensitive to impairment in the MIA animals (p < 0.05). Myo-inositol was significantly lower across all ages in MIA offspring but was not associated with cognitive performance. Taurine was elevated in MIA offspring at 36 and 45 months. Glutathione did not differ between groups. MIA exposure in male non-human primates is associated with altered prefrontal cortex metabolites during childhood and adolescence. A positive association between elevated NAA and cognitive performance suggests the hypothesis that elevated NAA throughout these developmental stages reflects a protective or resilience-related process in MIA-exposed offspring. The potential relevance of these findings to human neurodevelopmental disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Roza M Vlasova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuai Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Costin Tanase
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Amy M Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Takeshi Murai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Casey E Hogrefe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia D Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Pasanta D, White DJ, He JL, Ford TC, Puts NA. GABA and glutamate response to social processing: a functional MRS feasibility study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5092. [PMID: 38154459 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that atypical social processing in neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g. autism) is associated with differences in excitation and inhibition, through changes in the levels of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). While associations between baseline metabolite levels and behaviours can be insightful, assessing the neurometabolic response of GABA and glutamate during social processing may explain altered neurochemical function in more depth. Thus far, there have been no attempts to determine whether changes in metabolite levels are detectable using functional MRS (fMRS) during social processing in a control population. We performed Mescher-Garwood point resolved spectroscopy edited fMRS to measure the dynamic response of GABA and glutamate in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and visual cortex (V1) while viewing social stimuli, using a design that allows for analysis in both block and event-related approaches. Sliding window analyses were used to investigate GABA and glutamate dynamics at higher temporal resolution. The changes of GABA and glutamate levels with social stimulus were largely non-significant. A small decrease in GABA levels was observed during social stimulus presentation in V1, but no change was observed in STS. Conversely, non-social stimulus elicited changes in both GABA and glutamate levels in both regions. Our findings suggest that the current experimental design primarily captures effects of visual stimulation, not social processing. Here, we discuss the feasibility of using fMRS analysis approaches to assess changes in metabolite response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanghathai Pasanta
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology & Swinburne Neuroimaging, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason L He
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Talitha C Ford
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology & Swinburne Neuroimaging, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nicolaas A Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhao S, Liu Y, Zhang C, Hui S, Mikkelsen M, Edden RAE, Meng X, Yu B, Xiao L. MRS study on the correlation between frontal GABA+/Glx ratio and abnormal cognitive function in medication-naive patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2024; 119:1-8. [PMID: 38626481 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the GABA+/Glx (glutamate-glutamine) ratio in the prefrontal lobe under non-rapid eye movement sleep between patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and normal controls and explore the correlation between this difference and abnormal cognitive function, using synchronous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (EEG-fMRS). METHODS MRS measurements of GABA+ and Glx concentrations as well as synchronous EEG data were obtained from 26 medication-naive patients with NT1 and 29 sex- and age-matched healthy community volunteers. Cognition was appraised with the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and daytime sleepiness was measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. All subjects recorded a 2-week sleep log as well as an overnight polysomnography within 1 week before MR scanning to understand their sleep habits and determine sleep stages. After PSG, they also underwent multiple sleep latency trials. Patient/control group differences in the individual measurements of GABA+ and Glx and the GABA+/Glx ratio and their relationship with cognition were assessed. RESULTS The GABA+/Glx ratio and GABA + levels of patients with narcolepsy were higher than those of the control group (P<0.0001 and P = 0.0008, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in Glx levels (P = 0.6360). The GABA+/Glx ratio negatively correlated with abnormal cognitive function (r = -0.6710, P = 0.0002). Moreover, GABA + levels were inversely proportional to rapid eye movement sleep latency (REML) in patients with narcolepsy (r = -0.5019, P = 0.0106). CONCLUSION The GABA+/Glx ratio in the prefrontal lobe was higher in NT1 patients during N2 sleep than in normal controls, mainly caused by GABA + levels; this ratio was negatively related to abnormal cognitive function. In addition, GABA + levels were inversely proportional to REML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Sihui Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yishu Liu
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- MR Research Collaboration Team, Siemens Healthcare, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Steve Hui
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiao Meng
- Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Li Xiao
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Clarke WT, Ligneul C, Cottaar M, Ip IB, Jbabdi S. Universal dynamic fitting of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:2229-2246. [PMID: 38265152 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dynamic (2D) MRS is a collection of techniques where acquisitions of spectra are repeated under varying experimental or physiological conditions. Dynamic MRS comprises a rich set of contrasts, including diffusion-weighted, relaxation-weighted, functional, edited, or hyperpolarized spectroscopy, leading to quantitative insights into multiple physiological or microstructural processes. Conventional approaches to dynamic MRS analysis ignore the shared information between spectra, and instead proceed by independently fitting noisy individual spectra before modeling temporal changes in the parameters. Here, we propose a universal dynamic MRS toolbox which allows simultaneous fitting of dynamic spectra of arbitrary type. METHODS A simple user-interface allows information to be shared and precisely modeled across spectra to make inferences on both spectral and dynamic processes. We demonstrate and thoroughly evaluate our approach in three types of dynamic MRS techniques. Simulations of functional and edited MRS are used to demonstrate the advantages of dynamic fitting. RESULTS Analysis of synthetic functional 1H-MRS data shows a marked decrease in parameter uncertainty as predicted by prior work. Analysis with our tool replicates the results of two previously published studies using the original in vivo functional and diffusion-weighted data. Finally, joint spectral fitting with diffusion orientation models is demonstrated in synthetic data. CONCLUSION A toolbox for generalized and universal fitting of dynamic, interrelated MR spectra has been released and validated. The toolbox is shared as a fully open-source software with comprehensive documentation, example data, and tutorials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Clarke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clémence Ligneul
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michiel Cottaar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I Betina Ip
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Morelli M, Dudzikowska K, Deelchand DK, Quinn AJ, Mullins PG, Apps MAJ, Wilson M. Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Prolonged Motor Activation using Conventional and Spectral GLM Analyses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594270. [PMID: 38798416 PMCID: PMC11118477 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Functional MRS (fMRS) is a technique used to measure metabolic changes in response to increased neuronal activity, providing unique insights into neurotransmitter dynamics and neuroenergetics. In this study we investigate the response of lactate and glutamate levels in the motor cortex during a sustained motor task using conventional spectral fitting and explore the use of a novel analysis approach based on the application of linear modelling directly to the spectro-temporal fMRS data. Methods fMRS data were acquired at a field strength of 3 Tesla from 23 healthy participants using a short echo-time (28ms) semi-LASER sequence. The functional task involved rhythmic hand clenching over a duration of 8 minutes and standard MRS preprocessing steps, including frequency and phase alignment, were employed. Both conventional spectral fitting and direct linear modelling were applied, and results from participant-averaged spectra and metabolite-averaged individual analyses were compared. Results We observed a 20% increase in lactate in response to the motor task, consistent with findings at higher magnetic field strengths. However, statistical testing showed some variability between the two averaging schemes and fitting algorithms. While lactate changes were supported by the direct spectral modelling approach, smaller increases in glutamate (2%) were inconsistent. Exploratory spectral modelling identified a 4% decrease in aspartate, aligning with conventional fitting and observations from prolonged visual stimulation. Conclusion We demonstrate that lactate dynamics in response to a prolonged motor task are observed using short-echo time semi-LASER at 3 Tesla, and that direct linear modelling of fMRS data is a useful complement to conventional analysis. Future work includes mitigating spectral confounds, such as scalp lipid contamination and lineshape drift, and further validation of our novel direct linear modelling approach through experimental and simulated datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morelli
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katarzyna Dudzikowska
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dinesh K. Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew J. Quinn
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Matthew A. J. Apps
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Wang J, Huang C, Luo G, Xiao Y, Guo G, Quan D, Zheng H. Reduced sleep quality defines a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder with lower Glx levels in the resting thalamus and worse response inhibition. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:14-24. [PMID: 38461674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between resting and active thalamic neurometabolite levels and inhibitory function in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients with poor sleep quality (PSQ was defined as Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index >5 and sleep efficiency ≤85%) compared to OCD patients with good sleep quality (GSQ) and healthy controls (HCs), as well as the relationship of these indices to obsessive compulsive symptoms. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) was used to measure resting and active thalamic neurometabolite levels in 72 subjects (20 HCs and 38 OCD patients included in study analysis). Response inhibition function was measured by the Go-Nogo task before and during MRS recording. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The symptoms of OCD, anxiety and depression were evaluated using relevant clinical scales. RESULTS OCD patients exhibited significantly reduced Glx/Cr levels in the resting thalamus. The levels of resting thalamic Glu/Cr and Glx/Cr in OCD patients with PSQ were significantly lowest. OCD patients had significantly lower correct rates on Go tasks, higher error rates on Nogo tasks, and longer error average response times (EART) to the Nogo task. OCD patients with PSQ demonstrated the highest Nogo task error rate and the longest EART to Nogo task. Furthermore, PSQI scores exhibited negative correlations with Glu/Cr and Glx/Cr in the resting thalamus. CONCLUSION OCD patients with PSQ demonstrated reduced levels of thalamic resting Glx and more pronounced response inhibitory function impairment. Aberrant neurometabolite levels in critical brain regions, coupled with heightened response inhibition function deficits, may be a neurobiological basis for the PSQ that OCD patients generally exhibit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cigui Huang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guowei Luo
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Yuqing Xiao
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guangquan Guo
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Dongming Quan
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Huirong Zheng
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Fitzsimmons SMDD, Oostra E, Postma TS, van der Werf YD, van den Heuvel OA. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Induced Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: State of the Evidence and Future Opportunities. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:592-600. [PMID: 38040046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity, or activity-dependent neuronal change, is a crucial mechanism underlying the mechanisms of effect of many therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders, one of which is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Understanding the neuroplastic effects of rTMS at different biological scales and on different timescales and how the effects at different scales interact with each other can help us understand the effects of rTMS in clinical populations and offers the potential to improve treatment outcomes. Several decades of research in the fields of neuroimaging and blood biomarkers is increasingly showing its clinical relevance, allowing measurement of the synaptic, functional, and structural changes involved in neuroplasticity in humans. In this narrative review, we describe the evidence for rTMS-induced neuroplasticity at multiple levels of the nervous system, with a focus on the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We also describe the relationship between neuroplasticity and clinical effects, discuss methods to optimize neuroplasticity, and identify future research opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M D D Fitzsimmons
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity Impulsivity and Attention Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eva Oostra
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tjardo S Postma
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity Impulsivity and Attention Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity Impulsivity and Attention Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity Impulsivity and Attention Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Yakovlev A, Gritskova A, Manzhurtsev A, Ublinskiy M, Menshchikov P, Vanin A, Kupriyanov D, Akhadov T, Semenova N. Dynamics of γ-aminobutyric acid concentration in the human brain in response to short visual stimulation. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 37:39-51. [PMID: 37715877 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find a possible quantitative relation between activation-induced fast (< 10 s) changes in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level and the amplitude of a blood oxygen level-dependent contrast (BOLD) response (according to magnetic resonance spectroscopy [MRS] and functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]). MATERIALS AND METHODS fMRI data and MEGA-PRESS magnetic resonance spectra [echo time (TE)/repetition time (TR) = 68 ms/1500 ms] of an activated area in the visual cortex of 33 subjects were acquired using a 3 T MR scanner. Stimulation was performed by presenting an image of a flickering checkerboard for 3 s, repeated with an interval of 13.5 s. The time course of GABA and creatine (Cr) concentrations and the width and height of resonance lines were obtained with a nominal time resolution of 1.5 s. Changes in the linewidth and height of n-acetylaspartate (NAA) and Cr signals were used to determine the BOLD effect. RESULTS In response to the activation, the BOLD-corrected GABA + /Cr ratio increased by 5.0% (q = 0.027) and 3.8% (q = 0.048) at 1.6 and 3.1 s, respectively, after the start of the stimulus. Time courses of Cr and NAA signal width and height reached a maximum change at the 6th second (~ 1.2-1.5%, q < 0.05). CONCLUSION The quick response of the observed GABA concentration to the short stimulus is most likely due to a release of GABA from vesicles followed by its packaging back into vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Yakovlev
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Bol'shaya Polyanka St. 22, Moscow, 119180, Russian Federation.
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation.
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexandra Gritskova
- Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Str. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Manzhurtsev
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Bol'shaya Polyanka St. 22, Moscow, 119180, Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
- Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Str. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Ublinskiy
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Bol'shaya Polyanka St. 22, Moscow, 119180, Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
- Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Str. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Menshchikov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
- LLC Philips Healthcare, 13 Sergeya Makeeva Str., Moscow, 123022, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly Vanin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy Kupriyanov
- LLC Philips Healthcare, 13 Sergeya Makeeva Str., Moscow, 123022, Russian Federation
| | - Tolib Akhadov
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Bol'shaya Polyanka St. 22, Moscow, 119180, Russian Federation
- Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Str. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Semenova
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Bol'shaya Polyanka St. 22, Moscow, 119180, Russian Federation
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
- Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Str. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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Smucny J, Carter CS, Maddock RJ. Greater Choline-Containing Compounds and Myo-inositol in Treatment-Resistant Versus Responsive Schizophrenia: A 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Meta-analysis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:137-145. [PMID: 37925074 PMCID: PMC11192527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is poorly understood, and meta-analytic consensus regarding magnetic resonance spectroscopic profiles of glutamate, choline-containing compounds, myo-inositol, and other metabolites in the condition is lacking. METHODS In this meta-analysis, we examined published findings for N-acetylaspartate, choline-containing compounds (phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine), myo-inositol, creatine+phosphocreatine, glutamate, and glutamate+glutamine in the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal striatum in people with TRS versus non-TRS as well as TRS versus healthy control participants (HCs) and TRS versus ultra TRS (i.e., TRS with clozapine resistance). A MEDLINE search revealed 9 articles including 239 people with pooled TRS and ultra TRS, 59 with ultra TRS, 175 with non-TRS, and 153 (HCs) that met meta-analytic criteria. RESULTS Significant effects included higher anterior cingulate cortex phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine and myo-inositol in the pooled TRS and ultra TRS group than in both the non-TRS group and HCs as well as higher dorsal striatal phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine in ultra TRS versus HCs, but no differences in other regional metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The observed metabolite profile in TRS (higher phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine and myo-inositol signal) is consistent with the hypothesis that TRS has a neuroinflammatory component, although this meta-analysis is not a critical test of that hypothesis. A similar profile is seen in healthy aging, which is known to involve increased neuroinflammation and glial activation. Because the overall number of datasets was low, however, results should be considered preliminary and highlight the need for additional studies of brain metabolites in TRS and their possible association with inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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10
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Stanley JA, Daugherty AM, Gorey CR, Thomas P, Khatib D, Chowdury A, Rajan U, Haddad L, Amirsadri A, Diwadkar VA. Basal glutamate in the hippocampus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: Relationships to cognitive proficiency investigated with structural equation modelling. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:730-740. [PMID: 36999359 PMCID: PMC10591941 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2197653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is characterised by deficits across multiple cognitive domains and altered glutamate related neuroplasticity. The purpose was to investigate whether glutamate deficits are related to cognition in schizophrenia, and whether glutamate-cognition relationships are different between schizophrenia and controls. METHODS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 3 Tesla was acquired from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and hippocampus in 44 schizophrenia participants and 39 controls during passive viewing visual task. Cognitive performance (working memory, episodic memory, and processing speed) was assessed on a separate session. Group differences in neurochemistry and mediation/moderation effects using structural equation modelling (SEM) were investigated. RESULTS Schizophrenia participants showed lower hippocampal glutamate (p = .0044) and myo-Inositol (p = .023) levels, and non-significant dlPFC levels. Schizophrenia participants also demonstrated poorer cognitive performance (p < .0032). SEM-analyses demonstrated no mediation or moderation effects, however, an opposing dlPFC glutamate-processing speed association between groups was observed. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal glutamate deficits in schizophrenia participants are consistent with evidence of reduced neuropil density. Moreover, SEM analyses indicated that hippocampal glutamate deficits in schizophrenia participants as measured during a passive state were not driven by poorer cognitive ability. We suggest that functional MRS may provide a better framework for investigating glutamate-cognition relationships in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Stanley
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ana M. Daugherty
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Patricia Thomas
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dalal Khatib
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Usha Rajan
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Luay Haddad
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alireza Amirsadri
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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11
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Frank SM, Becker M, Malloni WM, Sasaki Y, Greenlee MW, Watanabe T. Protocol to conduct functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in different age groups of human participants. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102493. [PMID: 37572324 PMCID: PMC10448431 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a protocol to conduct functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) in human participants before, during, and after training on a visual task. We describe steps for participant setup, volume-of-interest placement, fMRS measurement, and post-scan tests. We discuss the design, analysis, and interpretation of fMRS experiments. This protocol can be adapted to investigate the dynamics of chief excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA, respectively) while participants perform or learn perceptual, motor, or cognitive tasks. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Frank et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Frank
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Becker
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm M Malloni
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mark W Greenlee
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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12
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Farmer AL, Lewis MH. Reduction of restricted repetitive behavior by environmental enrichment: Potential neurobiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105291. [PMID: 37353046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRB) are one of two diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder and common in other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The term restricted repetitive behavior refers to a wide variety of inflexible patterns of behavior including stereotypy, self-injury, restricted interests, insistence on sameness, and ritualistic and compulsive behavior. However, despite their prevalence in clinical populations, their underlying causes remain poorly understood hampering the development of effective treatments. Intriguingly, numerous animal studies have demonstrated that these behaviors are reduced by rearing in enriched environments (EE). Understanding the processes responsible for the attenuation of repetitive behaviors by EE should offer insights into potential therapeutic approaches, as well as shed light on the underlying neurobiology of repetitive behaviors. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the relationship between EE and RRB and discusses potential mechanisms for EE's attenuation of RRB based on the broader EE literature. Existing gaps in the literature and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Koolschijn RS, Clarke WT, Ip IB, Emir UE, Barron HC. Event-related functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120194. [PMID: 37244321 PMCID: PMC7614684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging technique used to measure the concentration of different neurochemicals. "Single-voxel" MRS data is typically acquired across several minutes, before individual transients are averaged through time to give a measurement of neurochemical concentrations. However, this approach is not sensitive to more rapid temporal dynamics of neurochemicals, including those that reflect functional changes in neural computation relevant to perception, cognition, motor control and ultimately behaviour. In this review we discuss recent advances in functional MRS (fMRS) that now allow us to obtain event-related measures of neurochemicals. Event-related fMRS involves presenting different experimental conditions as a series of trials that are intermixed. Critically, this approach allows spectra to be acquired at a time resolution in the order of seconds. Here we provide a comprehensive user guide for event-related task designs, choice of MRS sequence, analysis pipelines, and appropriate interpretation of event-related fMRS data. We raise various technical considerations by examining protocols used to quantify dynamic changes in GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Overall, we propose that although more data is needed, event-related fMRS can be used to measure dynamic changes in neurochemicals at a temporal resolution relevant to computations that support human cognition and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée S Koolschijn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - William T Clarke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - I Betina Ip
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uzay E Emir
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Helen C Barron
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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14
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Martínez‐Cañada P, Perez‐Valero E, Minguillon J, Pelayo F, López‐Gordo MA, Morillas C. Combining aperiodic 1/f slopes and brain simulation: An EEG/MEG proxy marker of excitation/inhibition imbalance in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12477. [PMID: 37662693 PMCID: PMC10474329 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulation and interaction of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins during progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are shown to tilt neuronal circuits away from balanced excitation/inhibition (E/I). Current available techniques for noninvasive interrogation of E/I in the intact human brain, for example, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), are highly restrictive (i.e., limited spatial extent), have low temporal and spatial resolution and suffer from the limited ability to distinguish accurately between different neurotransmitters complicating its interpretation. As such, these methods alone offer an incomplete explanation of E/I. Recently, the aperiodic component of neural power spectrum, often referred to in the literature as the '1/f slope', has been described as a promising and scalable biomarker that can track disruptions in E/I potentially underlying a spectrum of clinical conditions, such as autism, schizophrenia, or epilepsy, as well as developmental E/I changes as seen in aging. METHODS Using 1/f slopes from resting-state spectral data and computational modeling, we developed a new method for inferring E/I alterations in AD. RESULTS We tested our method on recent freely and publicly available electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) datasets of patients with AD or prodromal disease and demonstrated the method's potential for uncovering regional patterns of abnormal excitatory and inhibitory parameters. DISCUSSION Our results provide a general framework for investigating circuit-level disorders in AD and developing therapeutic interventions that aim to restore the balance between excitation and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martínez‐Cañada
- Department of Computer EngineeringAutomation and RoboticsUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies (CITIC)University of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Eduardo Perez‐Valero
- Department of Computer EngineeringAutomation and RoboticsUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies (CITIC)University of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Jesus Minguillon
- Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies (CITIC)University of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Signal TheoryTelematics and CommunicationsUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Francisco Pelayo
- Department of Computer EngineeringAutomation and RoboticsUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies (CITIC)University of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Miguel A. López‐Gordo
- Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies (CITIC)University of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Signal TheoryTelematics and CommunicationsUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Christian Morillas
- Department of Computer EngineeringAutomation and RoboticsUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies (CITIC)University of GranadaGranadaSpain
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15
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Graham JWC, Jeon P, Théberge J, Palaniyappan L. Non-linear variations in glutamate dynamics during a cognitive task engagement in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 332:111640. [PMID: 37121089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of glutamate in psychosis, we employ functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy at an ultra-high magnetic field (7T) and employ fuzzy-approximate entropy (F-ApEn) and Hurst Exponent (HE) to capture time-varying nature of glutamate signaling during a cognitive task. We recruited thirty first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) with age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) and administered the Color-Word Stroop paradigm, providing 128 raw MRS time-points per subject over a period of 16 min. We then performed metabolite quantification of glutamate in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region reliably activated during the Stroop task. Symptoms/cognitive functioning was measured using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-8 score, Social and Occupational Functioning (SOFAS) score, digit symbol) coding score, and Stroop accuracy. These scores were related to the Entropy/HE data from the overall glutamate time-series. Patients with FEP had significantly higher HE compared to HC, with individuals displaying significantly higher HE having lower functional performance (SOFAS) in both HC and FEP groups. Among healthy individuals, higher HE also indicated significantly lower cognitive function through Stroop accuracy and DSST scores. F-ApEn had an inverse Pearson correlation with HE, and tracked diagnosis, cognition and function as expected, but with lower effect sizes not reaching statistical significance. We demonstrate notable diagnostic differences in the temporal course of glutamate signaling during a cognitive task in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W C Graham
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Jeon
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Dary Z, Lopez C. Understanding the neural bases of bodily self-consciousness: recent achievements and main challenges. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1145924. [PMID: 37404707 PMCID: PMC10316713 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1145924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have seen a surge of interest in the mechanisms underpinning bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Studies showed that BSC relies on several bodily experiences (i.e., self-location, body ownership, agency, first-person perspective) and multisensory integration. The aim of this literature review is to summarize new insights and novel developments into the understanding of the neural bases of BSC, such as the contribution of the interoceptive signals to the neural mechanisms of BSC, and the overlap with the neural bases of conscious experience in general and of higher-level forms of self (i.e., the cognitive self). We also identify the main challenges and propose future perspectives that need to be conducted to progress into the understanding of the neural mechanisms of BSC. In particular, we point the lack of crosstalk and cross-fertilization between subdisciplines of integrative neuroscience to better understand BSC, especially the lack of research in animal models to decipher the neural networks and systems of neurotransmitters underpinning BSC. We highlight the need for more causal evidence that specific brain areas are instrumental in generating BSC and the need for studies tapping into interindividual differences in the phenomenal experience of BSC and their underlying mechanisms.
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17
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Briend F, Barantin L, Cléry H, Cottier JP, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Houy-Durand E, Gomot M. Glutamate levels of the right and left anterior cingulate cortex in autistics adults. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023:110801. [PMID: 37245585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is still unknown. Alteration in glutamate metabolism might translate into an imbalance of the excitation/inhibition equilibrium of cortical networks that in turn are related to autistic symptoms, but previous studies using voxel located in bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) failed to show abnormalities in total glutamate level. Due to the functional differences in the right and left ACC, we sought to determine whether a difference between right and left ACC glutamate levels could be found when comparing ASD patients and control subjects. METHODS Using single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), we analyzed the glutamate + glutamine (Glx) concentrations in the left and right ACC of 19 ASD patients with normal IQs and 25 matched control subjects. RESULTS No overall group differences in Glx were shown, in the left ACC (p = 0.24) or in the right ACC (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS No significant alterations in Glx levels were detected in the left and right ACC in high-functioning autistic adults. In the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance framework, our data reinforce the critical need to analyze the GABAergic pathway, for better understanding of basic neuropathology in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Briend
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Excellence Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Laurent Barantin
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Department of Radiology, Tours Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Helen Cléry
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Cottier
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Department of Radiology, Tours Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Excellence Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Marie Gomot
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Excellence Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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18
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Bishop JH, Geoly A, Khan N, Tischler C, Krueger R, Keshava P, Amin H, Baltusis L, Wu H, Spiegel D, Williams N, Sacchet MD. Real-Time Semi-Automated and Automated Voxel Placement using fMRI Targets for Repeated Acquisition Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 392:109853. [PMID: 37031764 PMCID: PMC10249508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is dependent on the investigative team to manually prescribe, or demarcate, the desired tissue volume-of-interest. The need for a new method to automate precise voxel placements is warranted to improve the utility and interpretability of MRS data. NEW METHOD We propose and validate robust and real-time methods to automate MRS voxel placement using functionally defined coordinates within the prefrontal cortex. Data were collected and analyzed using two independent prospective studies: 1) two independent imaging days with each consisting of a multi-session sandwich design (MRS data only collected on one of the days determined based on scan time) and 2) a longitudinal design. Participants with fibromyalgia syndrome (N = 50) and major depressive disorder (N = 35) underwent neuroimaging. MRS acquisitions were acquired at 3-tesla. Evaluation of the reproducibility of spatial location and tissue segmentation was assessed for: 1) manual, 2) semi-automated, and 3) automated voxel prescription approaches RESULTS: Variability of voxel grey and white matter tissue composition was reduced using automated placement protocols. Spatially, post- to pre-voxel center-of-gravity distance was reduced and voxel overlap increased significantly across datasets using automated compared to manual procedures COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Manual prescription, the current standard in the field, can produce inconsistent data across repeated acquisitions. Using automated voxel placement, we found reduced variability and more consistent voxel placement across multiple acquisitions CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the within subject reliability and reproducibility of a method for reducing variability introduced by spatial inconsistencies during MRS acquisitions. The proposed method is a meaningful advance toward improved consistency of MRS data in neuroscience and can be utilized for multi-session and longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Geoly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naushaba Khan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Tischler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruben Krueger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Poorvi Keshava
- Meditation Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heer Amin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laima Baltusis
- Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Spiegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nolan Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Meditation Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Veeraiah P, Jansen JFA. Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at Ultra-High-Field: Assessing Human Cerebral Metabolism in Healthy and Diseased States. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040577. [PMID: 37110235 PMCID: PMC10143499 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a highly energetic organ. Although the brain can consume metabolic substrates, such as lactate, glycogen, and ketone bodies, the energy metabolism in a healthy adult brain mainly relies on glucose provided via blood. The cerebral metabolism of glucose produces energy and a wide variety of intermediate metabolites. Since cerebral metabolic alterations have been repeatedly implicated in several brain disorders, understanding changes in metabolite levels and corresponding cell-specific neurotransmitter fluxes through different substrate utilization may highlight the underlying mechanisms that can be exploited to diagnose or treat various brain disorders. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive tool to measure tissue metabolism in vivo. 1H-MRS is widely applied in research at clinical field strengths (≤3T) to measure mostly high abundant metabolites. In addition, X-nuclei MRS including, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 31P, are also very promising. Exploiting the higher sensitivity at ultra-high-field (>4T; UHF) strengths enables obtaining unique insights into different aspects of the substrate metabolism towards measuring cell-specific metabolic fluxes in vivo. This review provides an overview about the potential role of multinuclear MRS (1H, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 31P) at UHF to assess the cerebral metabolism and the metabolic insights obtained by applying these techniques in both healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandichelvam Veeraiah
- Scannexus (Ultra-High-Field MRI Center), 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus F A Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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20
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Bell TK, Craven AR, Hugdahl K, Noeske R, Harris AD. Functional Changes in GABA and Glutamate during Motor Learning. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0356-20.2023. [PMID: 36754626 PMCID: PMC9961379 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0356-20.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) of GABA at 3 T poses additional challenges compared with fMRS of other metabolites because of the difficulties of measuring GABA levels; GABA is present in the brain at relatively low concentrations, and its signal is overlapped by higher concentration metabolites. Using 7 T fMRS, GABA levels have been shown to decrease specifically during motor learning (and not during a control task). Though the use of 7 T is appealing, access is limited. For GABA fMRS to be widely accessible, it is essential to develop this method at 3 T. Nine healthy right-handed participants completed a motor learning and a control button-pressing task. fMRS data were acquired from the left sensorimotor cortex during the task using a continuous GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS acquisition at 3 T. We found no significant changes in GABA+/tCr, Glx/tCr, or Glu/tCr levels in either task; however, we show a positive relationship between motor learning and glutamate levels both at rest and at the start of the task. Though further refinement and validation of this method is needed, this study represents a further step in using fMRS at 3 T to probe GABA levels in both healthy cognition and clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany K Bell
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alexander R Craven
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT Center for the Study of Mental Disorders, Oslo University Hospital HF, N-0450 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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21
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Pasanta D, He JL, Ford T, Oeltzschner G, Lythgoe DJ, Puts NA. Functional MRS studies of GABA and glutamate/Glx - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104940. [PMID: 36332780 PMCID: PMC9846867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) can be used to investigate neurometabolic responses to external stimuli in-vivo, but findings are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on fMRS studies of the primary neurotransmitters Glutamate (Glu), Glx (Glutamate + Glutamine), and GABA. Data were extracted, grouped by metabolite, stimulus domain, and brain region, and analysed by determining standardized effect sizes. The quality of individual studies was rated. When results were analysed by metabolite type small to moderate effect sizes of 0.29-0.47 (p < 0.05) were observed for changes in Glu and Glx regardless of stimulus domain and brain region, but no significant effects were observed for GABA. Further analysis suggests that Glu, Glx and GABA responses differ by stimulus domain or task and vary depending on the time course of stimulation and data acquisition. Here, we establish effect sizes and directionality of GABA, Glu and Glx response in fMRS. This work highlights the importance of standardised reporting and minimal best practice for fMRS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanghathai Pasanta
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, London SE5 8AB, United Kingdom,Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jason L. He
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, London SE5 8AB, United Kingdom
| | - Talitha Ford
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia,Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 700. N. Broadway, 21207, Baltimore, United States,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Wolfe Street, 21205, Baltimore, United States
| | - David J. Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, London SE5 8AB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolaas A. Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, London SE5 8AB, United Kingdom,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Frank SM, Becker M, Qi A, Geiger P, Frank UI, Rosedahl LA, Malloni WM, Sasaki Y, Greenlee MW, Watanabe T. Efficient learning in children with rapid GABA boosting during and after training. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5022-5030.e7. [PMID: 36384138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is generally thought that children learn more efficiently than adults. One way to accomplish this is to have learning rapidly stabilized such that it is not interfered with by subsequent learning. Although γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in stabilization, it has been reported that GABAergic inhibitory processing is not fully matured yet in children compared with adults. Does this finding indicate that more efficient learning in children is not due to more rapid stabilization? Here, we measured the concentration of GABA in early visual cortical areas in a time-resolved fashion before, during, and after visual perceptual learning (VPL) within subjects using functional MRS (fMRS) and then compared the concentrations between children (8 to 11 years old) and adults (18 to 35 years old). We found that children exhibited a rapid boost of GABA during visual training that persisted after training ended, whereas the concentration of GABA in adults remained unchanged. Moreover, behavioral experiments showed that children exhibited rapid development of resilience to retrograde interference, which indicates that children stabilize VPL much faster than adults. These results together suggest that inhibitory processing in children's brains is more dynamic and adapts more quickly to stabilize learning than in adults, making learning more efficient in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Frank
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Markus Becker
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Qi
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Patricia Geiger
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike I Frank
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Luke A Rosedahl
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Wilhelm M Malloni
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mark W Greenlee
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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23
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Rogan M, Friend AT, Rossetti GM, Edden R, Mikkelsen M, Oliver SJ, Macdonald JH, Mullins PG. Hypoxia alters posterior cingulate cortex metabolism during a memory task: A 1H fMRS study. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119397. [PMID: 35752413 PMCID: PMC9513808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) ∼ 0.120) is known to trigger a global increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, regionally, a heterogeneous response is reported, particularly within the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) where decreased CBF is found after two hours of hypoxic exposure. Furthermore, hypoxia reverses task-evoked BOLD signals within the PCC, and other regions of the default mode network, suggesting a reversal of neurovascular coupling. An alternative explanation is that the neural architecture supporting cognitive tasks is reorganised. Therefore, to confirm if this previous result is neural or vascular in origin, a measure of neural activity that is not haemodynamic-dependant is required. To achieve this, we utilised functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe the glutamate response to memory recall in the PCC during normoxia (FIO2 = 0.209) and after two hours of poikilocapnic hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.120). We also acquired ASL-based measures of CBF to confirm previous findings of reduced CBF within the PCC in hypoxia. Consistent with previous findings, hypoxia induced a reduction in CBF within the PCC and other regions of the default mode network. Under normoxic conditions, memory recall was associated with an 8% increase in PCC glutamate compared to rest (P = 0.019); a change which was not observed during hypoxia. However, exploratory analysis of other neurometabolites showed that PCC glucose was reduced during hypoxia compared to normoxia both at rest (P = 0.039) and during the task (P = 0.046). We conclude that hypoxia alters the activity-induced increase in glutamate, which may reflect a reduction in oxidative metabolism within the PCC. The reduction in glucose in hypoxia reflects continued metabolism, presumably by non-oxidative means, without replacement of glucose due to reduced CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rogan
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; The Bangor Imaging Unit, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T Friend
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Mk Rossetti
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel J Oliver
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Macdonald
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Mullins
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; The Bangor Imaging Unit, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.
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24
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Riemann LT, Aigner CS, Mekle R, Speck O, Rose G, Ittermann B, Schmitter S, Fillmer A. Fourier-based decomposition for simultaneous 2-voxel MRS acquisition with 2SPECIAL. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1978-1993. [PMID: 35906900 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To simultaneously acquire spectroscopic signals from two MRS voxels using a multi-banded 2 spin-echo, full-intensity acquired localized (2SPECIAL) sequence, and to decompose the signal to their respective regions by a novel voxel-GRAPPA (vGRAPPA) decomposition approach for in vivo brain applications at 7 T. METHODS A wideband, uniform rate, smooth truncation (WURST) multi-banded pulse was incorporated into SPECIAL to implement 2SPECIAL for simultaneous multi-voxel spectroscopy (sMVS). To decompose the acquired data, the voxel-GRAPPA decomposition algorithm is introduced, and its performance is compared to the SENSE-based decomposition. Furthermore, the limitations of two-voxel excitation concerning the multi-banded adiabatic inversion pulse, as well as of the combined B0 shim and B1 + adjustments, are evaluated. RESULTS It was successfully shown that the 2SPECIAL sequence enables sMVS without a significant loss in SNR while reducing the total scan time by 21.6% compared to two consecutive acquisitions. The proposed voxel-GRAPPA algorithm properly reassigns the signal components to their respective origin region and shows no significant differences to the well-established SENSE-based algorithm in terms of leakage (both <10%) or Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) for in vivo applications, while not requiring the acquisition of additional sensitivity maps and thus decreasing motion sensitivity. CONCLUSION The use of 2SPECIAL in combination with the novel voxel-GRAPPA decomposition technique allows a substantial reduction of measurement time compared to the consecutive acquisition of two single voxels without a significant decrease in spectral quality or metabolite quantification accuracy and thus provides a new option for multiple-voxel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Tabea Riemann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Mekle
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Speck
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Campus STIMULATE, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Rose
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institut für Medizintechnik, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmitter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ariane Fillmer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
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25
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Koush Y, Rothman DL, Behar KL, de Graaf RA, Hyder F. Human brain functional MRS reveals interplay of metabolites implicated in neurotransmission and neuroenergetics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:911-934. [PMID: 35078383 PMCID: PMC9125492 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221076570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While functional MRI (fMRI) localizes brain activation and deactivation, functional MRS (fMRS) provides insights into the underlying metabolic conditions. There is much interest in measuring task-induced and resting levels of metabolites implicated in neuroenergetics (e.g., lactate, glucose, or β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) and neurotransmission (e.g., γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or pooled glutamate and glutamine (Glx)). Ultra-high magnetic field (e.g., 7T) has boosted the fMRS quantification precision, reliability, and stability of spectroscopic observations using short echo-time (TE) 1H-MRS techniques. While short TE 1H-MRS lacks sensitivity and specificity for fMRS at lower magnetic fields (e.g., 3T or 4T), most of these metabolites can also be detected by J-difference editing (JDE) 1H-MRS with longer TE to filter overlapping resonances. The 1H-MRS studies show that JDE can detect GABA, Glx, lactate, and BHB at 3T, 4T and 7T. Most recently, it has also been demonstrated that JDE 1H-MRS is capable of reliable detection of metabolic changes in different brain areas at various magnetic fields. Combining fMRS measurements with fMRI is important for understanding normal brain function, but also clinically relevant for mechanisms and/or biomarkers of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. We provide an up-to-date overview of fMRS research in the last three decades, both in terms of applications and technological advances. Overall the emerging fMRS techniques can be expected to contribute substantially to our understanding of metabolism for brain function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Koush
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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26
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Voigt K, Liang EX, Misic B, Ward PGD, Egan GF, Jamadar SD. Metabolic and functional connectivity provide unique and complementary insights into cognition-connectome relationships. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:1476-1488. [PMID: 35441214 PMCID: PMC9930619 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in current cognitive neuroscience is how functional brain connectivity gives rise to human cognition. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) describes brain connectivity based on cerebral oxygenation dynamics (hemodynamic connectivity), whereas [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose functional positron emission tomography (FDG-fPET) describes brain connectivity based on cerebral glucose uptake (metabolic connectivity), each providing a unique characterization of the human brain. How these 2 modalities differ in their contribution to cognition and behavior is unclear. We used simultaneous resting-state FDG-fPET/fMRI to investigate how hemodynamic connectivity and metabolic connectivity relate to cognitive function by applying partial least squares analyses. Results revealed that although for both modalities the frontoparietal anatomical subdivisions related the strongest to cognition, using hemodynamic measures this network expressed executive functioning, episodic memory, and depression, whereas for metabolic measures this network exclusively expressed executive functioning. These findings demonstrate the unique advantages that simultaneous FDG-PET/fMRI has to provide a comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms that underpin cognition and highlights the importance of multimodality imaging in cognitive neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Voigt
- Corresponding author: Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash Biomedical Imaging, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Emma X Liang
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, 770 Blackburn Road, 3800 Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Bratislav Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University Street Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Phillip G D Ward
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, 770 Blackburn Road, 3800 Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Gary F Egan
- School of Psychological Sciences Turner and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, 3800 Clayton VIC, Australia,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, 770 Blackburn Road, 3800 Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Sharna D Jamadar
- School of Psychological Sciences Turner and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, 3800 Clayton VIC, Australia,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, 770 Blackburn Road, 3800 Clayton VIC, Australia
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27
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Broeders TAA, Bhogal AA, Morsinkhof LM, Schoonheim MM, Röder CH, Edens M, Klomp DWJ, Wijnen JP, Vinkers CH. Glutamate levels across deep brain structures in patients with a psychotic disorder and its relation to cognitive functioning. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:489-497. [PMID: 35243931 PMCID: PMC9066676 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221077199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with psychotic disorders often show prominent cognitive impairment. Glutamate seems to play a prominent role, but its role in deep gray matter (DGM) regions is unclear. AIMS To evaluate glutamate levels within deep gray matter structures in patients with a psychotic disorder in relation to cognitive functioning, using advanced spectroscopic acquisition, reconstruction, and post-processing techniques. METHODS A 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner combined with a lipid suppression coil and subject-specific water suppression pulses was used to acquire high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data. Tissue fraction correction and registration to a standard brain were performed for group comparison in specifically delineated DGM regions. The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia was used to evaluate cognitive status. RESULTS Average glutamate levels across DGM structures (i.e. caudate, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus) in mostly medicated patients with a psychotic disorder (n = 16, age = 33, 4 females) were lower compared to healthy controls (n = 23, age = 24, 7 females; p = 0.005, d = 1.06). Stratified analyses showed lower glutamate levels in the caudate (p = 0.046, d = 0.76) and putamen p = 0.013, d = 0.94). These findings were largely explained by age differences between groups. DGM glutamate levels were positively correlated with psychomotor speed (r(30) = 0.49, p = 0.028), but not with other cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS We find reduced glutamate levels across DGM structures including the caudate and putamen in patients with a psychotic disorder that are linked to psychomotor speed. Despite limitations concerning age differences, these results underscore the potential role of detailed in vivo glutamate assessments to understand cognitive deficits in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy AA Broeders
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Tommy AA Broeders, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alex A Bhogal
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisan M Morsinkhof
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian H Röder
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirte Edens
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis WJ Klomp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie P Wijnen
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Longitudinal changes in neurometabolite concentrations in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex after concentrated exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:344-352. [PMID: 34920037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) due to its role in error processing, cognitive control and emotion regulation. OCD patients have shown altered concentrations in neurometabolites in the dACC, particularly Glx (glutamate+glutamine) and tNAA (N-acetylaspartate+N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate). We investigated the immediate and prolonged effects of exposure and response prevention (ERP) on these neurometabolites. METHODS Glx and tNAA concentrations were measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in 24 OCD patients and 23 healthy controls at baseline. Patients received concentrated ERP over four days. A subset was re-scanned after one week and three months. RESULTS No Glx and tNAA abnormalities were observed in OCD patients compared to healthy controls before treatment or over time. Patients with childhood or adult onset differed in the change over time in tNAA (F(2,40) = 7.24, ɳ2p= 0.27, p = 0.004): concentrations increased between one week after treatment and follow-up in the childhood onset group (t(39) = -2.43, d = -0.86, p = 0.020), whereas tNAA concentrations decreased between baseline and follow-up in patients with an adult onset (t(42) = 2.78, d = 1.07, p = 0.008). In OCD patients with versus without comorbid mood disorders, lower Glx concentrations were detected at baseline (t(38) = -2.28, d = -1.00, p = 0.028). Glx increased after one week of treatment within OCD patients with comorbid mood disorders (t(30) = -3.09, d = -1.21, p = 0.004). LIMITATIONS Our OCD sample size allowed the detection of moderate to large effect sizes only. CONCLUSION ERP induced changes in neurometabolites in OCD seem to be dependent on mood disorder comorbidity and disease stage rather than OCD itself.
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29
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Hangel G, Niess E, Lazen P, Bednarik P, Bogner W, Strasser B. Emerging methods and applications of ultra-high field MR spectroscopic imaging in the human brain. Anal Biochem 2022; 638:114479. [PMID: 34838516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) of the brain enables insights into the metabolic changes and fluxes in diseases such as tumors, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, or hepatic encephalopathy, as well as insights into general brain functionality. However, the routine application of MRSI is mostly hampered by very low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) due to the low concentrations of metabolites, about 10000 times lower than water. Furthermore, MRSI spectra have a dense information content with many overlapping metabolite resonances, especially for proton MRSI. MRI scanners at ultra-high field strengths, like 7 T or above, offer the opportunity to increase SNR, as well as the separation between resonances, thus promising to solve both challenges. Yet, MRSI at ultra-high field strengths is challenged by decreased B0- and B1-homogeneity, shorter T2 relaxation times, stronger chemical shift displacement errors, and aggravated lipid contamination. Therefore, to capitalize on the advantages of ultra-high field strengths, these challenges must be overcome. This review focuses on the challenges MRSI of the human brain faces at ultra-high field strength, as well as the possible applications to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Hangel
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Niess
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Lazen
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Bednarik
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Wang J, Gong S, Kong F, Cai D, Huang B, Zheng H, Lin S, Li J, Zhang T. Psychotic Symptoms as the Initial Presentation of a Long-Lasting Misdiagnosed Anti-GAD65 Autoimmune Encephalitis: An Emblematic Case and Literature Review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:754938. [PMID: 35280166 PMCID: PMC8905188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.754938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a long-lasting misdiagnosed case of anti-GAD65 autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and promote the early identification of reversible psychotic symptoms in AE. METHODS The case report was generated through detailed assessment of clinical characteristics, cerebral magnetic resonance images, and laboratory results. Meanwhile, a literatures review related to the topic was conducted. RESULTS Psychotic symptoms could be presented in the early stage of anti-GAD65 autoimmune encephalitis. Even though there exists a transdisciplinary gap that hinder the timely recognition of early psychiatric symptoms as components of organic disease, a few strategies could be introduced to enable the earlier recognition and appropriate treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our report intends to raise awareness to promote the early identification of immune-mediated "symptomatic" forms of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Global Clinical Scholars Research Training (GCSRT), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shenglan Gong
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Sixth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanxin Kong
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongbin Cai
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binqing Huang
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haotao Zheng
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songjun Lin
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinfang Li
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianfeng Zhang
- Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Sixth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Chen QM, Yao FR, Sun HW, Chen ZG, Ke J, Liao J, Cai XY, Yu LQ, Wu ZY, Wang Z, Pan X, Liu HY, Li L, Zhang QQ, Ling WH, Fang Q. Combining inhibitory and facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment improves motor function by modulating GABA in acute ischemic stroke patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:419-434. [PMID: 34924405 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of inhibitory and facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve motor function of stroke patients with undefined mechanism. It has been demonstrated that rTMS exhibits a neuro-modulatory effect by regulating the major inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in other diseases. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of combined inhibitory and facilitatory rTMS on GABA in the primary motor cortex (M1) for treating motor dysfunction after acute ischemic stroke. METHODS 44 ischemic stroke patients with motor dysfunction were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group was stimulated with 10 Hz rTMS at the ipsilesional M1 and 1 Hz rTMS at the contralesional M1. The sham group received bilateral sham stimulation at the motor cortices. The GABA level in the bilateral M1 was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 24 hours before and after rTMS stimulation. Motor function was measured using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). The clinical assessments were performed before and after rTMS and after 3 months. RESULTS The treatment group exhibited a greater improvement in motor function 24 hours after rTMS compared to the sham group. The increased improvement in motor function lasted for at least 3 months after treatment. Following 4 weeks of rTMS, the GABA level in the ipsilesional M1 of the treatment group was significantly decreased compared to the sham group. Furthermore, the change of FMA score for motor function was negatively correlated to the change of the GABA:Cr ratio. Finally, the effect of rTMS on motor function outcome was partially mediated by GABA level change in response to the treatment (27.7%). CONCLUSIONS Combining inhibitory and facilitatory rTMS can decrease the GABA level in M1, which is correlated to the improvement of motor function. Thus, the GABA level in M1 may be a potential biomarker for treatment strategy decisions regarding rTMS neuromodulatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei-Rong Yao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Wei Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Ke
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Qiang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Wu
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao-Yu Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Hua Ling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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32
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Koolschijn RS, Shpektor A, Clarke WT, Ip IB, Dupret D, Emir UE, Barron HC. Memory recall involves a transient break in excitatory-inhibitory balance. eLife 2021; 10:e70071. [PMID: 34622779 PMCID: PMC8516417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has a remarkable capacity to acquire and store memories that can later be selectively recalled. These processes are supported by the hippocampus which is thought to index memory recall by reinstating information stored across distributed neocortical circuits. However, the mechanism that supports this interaction remains unclear. Here, in humans, we show that recall of a visual cue from a paired associate is accompanied by a transient increase in the ratio between glutamate and GABA in visual cortex. Moreover, these excitatory-inhibitory fluctuations are predicted by activity in the hippocampus. These data suggest the hippocampus gates memory recall by indexing information stored across neocortical circuits using a disinhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée S Koolschijn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Shpektor
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William T Clarke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - I Betina Ip
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Dupret
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uzay E Emir
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Helen C Barron
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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33
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Garrett DD, Skowron A, Wiegert S, Adolf J, Dahle CL, Lindenberger U, Raz N. Lost Dynamics and the Dynamics of Loss: Longitudinal Compression of Brain Signal Variability is Coupled with Declines in Functional Integration and Cognitive Performance. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5239-5252. [PMID: 34297815 PMCID: PMC8491679 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced moment-to-moment blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability has been consistently linked to advanced age and poorer cognitive performance, showing potential as a functional marker of brain aging. To date, however, this promise has rested exclusively on cross-sectional comparisons. In a sample of 74 healthy adults, we provide the first longitudinal evidence linking individual differences in BOLD variability, age, and performance across multiple cognitive domains over an average period of 2.5 years. As expected, those expressing greater loss of BOLD variability also exhibited greater decline in cognition. The fronto-striato-thalamic system emerged as a core neural substrate for these change-change associations. Preservation of signal variability within regions of the fronto-striato-thalamic system also cohered with preservation of functional integration across regions of this system, suggesting that longitudinal maintenance of "local" dynamics may require across-region communication. We therefore propose this neural system as a primary target in future longitudinal studies on the neural substrates of cognitive aging. Given that longitudinal change-change associations between brain and cognition are notoriously difficult to detect, the presence of such an association within a relatively short follow-up period bolsters the promise of brain signal variability as a viable, experimentally sensitive probe for studying individual differences in human cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Garrett
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Alexander Skowron
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiegert
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Janne Adolf
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Cheryl L Dahle
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Naftali Raz
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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34
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Younis S, Hougaard A, Christensen CE, Vestergaard MB, Paulson OB, Larsson HBW, Ashina M. Interictal pontine metabolism in migraine without aura patients: A 3 Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102824. [PMID: 34619653 PMCID: PMC8498457 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In the pons, glutamatergic mechanisms are involved in regulating inhibitory descending pain modulation, serotoninergic neurotransmission as well as modulating the sensory transmission of the trigeminovascular system. Migraine involves altered pontine activation and structural changes, while biochemical, genetic and clinical evidence suggests that altered interictal pontine glutamate levels may be an important pathophysiological feature of migraine abetting to attack initiation. Migraine without aura patients were scanned outside attacks using a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol optimized for the pons at 3 Tesla. The measurements were performed on two separate days to increase accuracy and compared to similar repeated measurements in healthy controls. We found that interictal glutamate (i.e. Glx) levels in the pons of migraine patients (n = 33) were not different from healthy controls (n = 16) (p = 0.098), while total creatine levels were markedly increased in patients (9%, p = 0.009). There was no correlation of glutamate or total creatine levels to migraine frequency, days since the last attack, usual pain intensity of attacks or disease duration. In conclusion, migraine is not associated with altered interictal pontine glutamate levels. However, the novel finding of increased total creatine levels suggests that disequilibrium in the pontine energy metabolism could be an important feature of migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaira Younis
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders Hougaard
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Casper E Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mark B Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Olaf B Paulson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B W Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Zhang H, Chiu PW, Ip I, Liu T, Wong GHY, Song YQ, Wong SWH, Herrup K, Mak HKF. Asymmetric left-right hippocampal glutamatergic modulation of cognitive control in ApoE-isoform subjects is unrelated to neuroinflammation. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5310-5326. [PMID: 34309092 PMCID: PMC9290961 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic cycle is essential in modulating memory processing by the hippocampal circuitry. Our combined proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) and task‐based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (using face‐name paired‐associates encoding and retrieval task) of a cognitively normal cohort of 67 healthy adults (18 ApoE4 carriers and 49 non‐ApoE4 carriers) found altered patterns of relationships between glutamatergic‐modulated synaptic signalling and neuronal activity or functional hyperaemia in the ApoE4 isoforms. Our study highlighted the asymmetric left–right hippocampal glutamatergic system in modulating neuronal activities in ApoE4 carriers versus non‐carriers. Such brain differentiation might be developmental cognitive advantages or compensatory due to impaired synaptic integrity and plasticity in ApoE4 carriers. As there was no difference in myoinositol levels measured by MRS between the ApoE4 and non‐ApoE4 subgroups, the mechanism is unlikely to be a response to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pui Wai Chiu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Isaac Ip
- Department of Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tianyin Liu
- Department of Social Work and Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gloria Hoi Yan Wong
- Department of Social Work and Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Savio Wai Ho Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Alzheimer Disease Research Centre, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henry Ka Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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36
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Altered neurochemistry in the anterior white matter of bipolar children and adolescents: a multivoxel 1H MRS study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4117-4126. [PMID: 33173193 PMCID: PMC8664279 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities within frontal lobe gray and white matter of bipolar disorder (BD) patients have been consistently reported in adult and pediatric studies, yet little is known about the neurochemistry of the anterior white matter (AWM) in pediatric BD and how medication status may affect it. The present cross-sectional 3T 1H MRS study is the first to use a multivoxel approach to study the AWM of BD youth. Absolute metabolite levels from four bilateral AWM voxels were collected from 49 subjects between the ages of 8 and 18 (25 healthy controls (HC); 24 BD) and quantified. Our study found BD subjects to have lower levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC + PC), metabolites that are markers of neuronal viability and phospholipid metabolism and have also been implicated in adult BD. Further analysis indicated that the observed patterns were mostly driven by BD subjects who were medicated at the time of scanning and had an ADHD diagnosis. Although limited by possible confounding effects of mood state, medication, and other mood comorbidities, these findings serve as evidence of altered neurochemistry in BD youth that is sensitive to medication status and ADHD comorbidity.
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37
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Ebersole J, Rose G, Eid T, Behar K, Patrylo P. Altered hippocampal astroglial metabolism is associated with aging and preserved spatial learning and memory. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 102:188-199. [PMID: 33774381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An age-related decrease in hippocampal metabolism correlates with cognitive decline. Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory requires glutamatergic neurotransmission supported by glutamate-glutamine (GLU-GLN) cycling between neurons and astrocytes. We examined whether GLU-GLN cycling in hippocampal subregions (dentate gyrus and CA1) in Fischer 344 rats was altered with age and cognitive status. Hippocampal slices from young adult, aged cognitively-unimpaired (AU) and aged cognitively-impaired (AI) rats were incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing 1-13C-glucose to assess neural metabolism. Incorporation of 13C-glucose into glutamate and glutamine, measured by mass spectroscopy/liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy, did not significantly differ between groups. However, when 13C-acetate, a preferential astrocytic metabolite, was used, a significant increase in 13C-labeled glutamate was observed in slices from AU rats. Taken together, the data suggest that resting state neural metabolism and GLU-GLN cycling may be preserved during aging when sufficient extracellular glucose is available, but that enhanced astroglial metabolism can occur under resting state conditions. This may be an aging-related compensatory change to maintain hippocampus-dependent cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Ebersole
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Gregory Rose
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA; Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA; Center for Integrated Research in the Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; MRRC Neurometabolism Research Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA; Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA; Center for Integrated Research in the Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.
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38
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Cooper JA, Nuutinen MR, Lawlor VM, DeVries BAM, Barrick EM, Hossein S, Cole DJ, Leonard CV, Hahn EC, Teer AP, Shields GS, Slavich GM, Ongur D, Jensen JE, Du F, Pizzagalli DA, Treadway MT. Reduced adaptation of glutamatergic stress response is associated with pessimistic expectations in depression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3166. [PMID: 34039978 PMCID: PMC8155144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a significant risk factor for the development of major depressive disorder (MDD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Preclinically, adaptive and maladaptive stress-induced changes in glutamatergic function have been observed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we examine stress-induced changes in human mPFC glutamate using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in two healthy control samples and a third sample of unmedicated participants with MDD who completed the Maastricht acute stress task, and one sample of healthy control participants who completed a no-stress control manipulation. In healthy controls, we find that the magnitude of mPFC glutamate response to the acute stressor decreases as individual levels of perceived stress increase. This adaptative glutamate response is absent in individuals with MDD and is associated with pessimistic expectations during a 1-month follow-up period. Together, this work shows evidence for glutamatergic adaptation to stress that is significantly disrupted in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elyssa M Barrick
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Shabnam Hossein
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Cole
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Emma C Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew P Teer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dost Ongur
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - J Eric Jensen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Fei Du
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Michael T Treadway
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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39
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Just N. Proton functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in rodents. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4254. [PMID: 31967711 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proton functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-fMRS) in the human brain is able to assess and quantify the metabolic response due to localized brain activity. Currently, 1 H-fMRS of the human brain is complementary to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a recommended technique at high field strengths (>7 T) for the investigation of neurometabolic couplings, thereby providing insight into the mechanisms underlying brain activity and brain connectivity. Understanding typical healthy brain metabolism during a task is expected to provide a baseline from which to detect and characterize neurochemical alterations associated with various neurological or psychiatric disorders and diseases. It is of paramount importance to resolve fundamental questions related to the regulation of neurometabolic processes. New techniques such as optogenetics may be coupled to fMRI and fMRS to bring more specificity to investigations of brain cell populations during cerebral activation thus enabling a higher link to molecular changes and therapeutic advances. These rather novel techniques are mainly available for rodent applications and trigger renewed interest in animal fMRS. However, rodent fMRS remains fairly confidential due to its inherent low signal-to-noise ratio and its dependence on anesthesia. For instance, the accurate determination of metabolic concentration changes during stimulation requires robust knowledge of the physiological environment of the measured region of interest linked to anesthesia in most cases. These factors may also have a strong influence on B0 homogeneity. Therefore, a degree of calibration of the stimulus strength and duration may be needed for increased knowledge of the underpinnings of cerebral activity. Here, we propose an early review of the current status of 1 H-fMRS in rodents and summarize current difficulties and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Just
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
- INRAE, Centre, Tours Val de Loire, France
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Ip IB, Bridge H. Investigating the neurochemistry of the human visual system using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:1491-1505. [PMID: 33900453 PMCID: PMC9046312 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical processes underpin the structure and function of the visual cortex, yet our understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry of the visual brain is incomplete. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging tool that allows chemical quantification of living tissue by detecting minute differences in the resonant frequency of molecules. Application of MRS in the human brain in vivo has advanced our understanding of how the visual brain consumes energy to support neural function, how its neural substrates change as a result of disease or dysfunction, and how neural populations signal during perception and plasticity. The aim of this review is to provide an entry point to researchers interested in investigating the neurochemistry of the visual system using in vivo measurements. We provide a basic overview of MRS principles, and then discuss recent findings in four topics of vision science: (i) visual perception, plasticity in the (ii) healthy and (iii) dysfunctional visual system, and (iv) during visual stimulation. Taken together, evidence suggests that the neurochemistry of the visual system provides important novel insights into how we perceive the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Betina Ip
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Holly Bridge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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High temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the mouse upon visual stimulation. Neuroimage 2021; 234:117973. [PMID: 33762216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) quantifies metabolic variations upon presentation of a stimulus and can therefore provide complementary information compared to activity inferred from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Improving the temporal resolution of fMRS can be beneficial to clinical applications where detailed information on metabolism can assist the characterization of brain function in healthy and sick populations as well as for neuroscience applications where information on the nature of the underlying activity could be potentially gained. Furthermore, fMRS with higher temporal resolution could benefit basic studies on animal models of disease and for investigating brain function in general. However, to date, fMRS has been limited to sustained periods of activation which risk adaptation and other undesirable effects. Here, we performed fMRS experiments in the mouse with high temporal resolution (12 s), and show the feasibility of such an approach for reliably quantifying metabolic variations upon activation. We detected metabolic variations in the superior colliculus of mice subjected to visual stimulation delivered in a block paradigm at 9.4 T. A robust modulation of glutamate is observed on the average time course, on the difference spectra and on the concentration distributions during active and recovery periods. A general linear model is used for the statistical analysis, and for exploring the nature of the modulation. Changes in NAAG, PCr and Cr levels were also detected. A control experiment with no stimulation reveals potential metabolic signal "drifts" that are not correlated with the functional activity, which should be taken into account when analyzing fMRS data in general. Our findings are promising for future applications of fMRS.
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Visual Attention Modulates Glutamate-Glutamine Levels in Vestibular Cortex: Evidence from Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1970-1981. [PMID: 33452222 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2018-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attending to a stimulus enhances the neuronal responses to it, while responses to nonattended stimuli are not enhanced and may even be suppressed. Although the neural mechanisms of response enhancement for attended stimuli have been intensely studied, the neural mechanisms underlying attentional suppression remain largely unknown. It is uncertain whether attention acts to suppress the processing in sensory cortical areas that would otherwise process the nonattended stimulus or the subcortical input to these cortical areas. Moreover, the neurochemical mechanisms inducing a reduction or suppression of neuronal responses to nonattended stimuli are as yet unknown. Here, we investigated how attention directed toward visual processing cross-modally acts to suppress vestibular responses in the human brain. By using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a group of female and male subjects, we find that attention to visual motion downregulates in a load-dependent manner the concentration of excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate and its precursor glutamine, referred to together as Glx) within the parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC), a core cortical area of the vestibular system, while leaving the concentration of inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA) in PIVC unchanged. This makes PIVC less responsive to excitatory thalamic vestibular input, as corroborated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Together, our results suggest that attention acts to suppress the processing of nonattended sensory cues cortically by neurochemically rendering the core cortical area of the nonattended sensory modality less responsive to excitatory thalamic input.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we address a fundamental problem that has eluded attention research for decades, namely, how the brain ignores irrelevant stimuli. To date, three classes of solutions to this problem have been proposed: (1) enhancement of GABAergic interneuron activity in cortex, (2) downregulation of glutamatergic cell activity in cortex; and (3) downregulation of neural activity in thalamic projection areas, which would then provide the cortex with less input. Here, we use magnetic resonance spectroscopy in humans and find support for the second hypothesis, implying that attention to one sensory modality involves the suppression of irrelevant stimuli of another sensory modality by downregulating glutamate in the cortex.
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Younis S, Christensen CE, Vestergaard MB, Lindberg U, Tolnai D, Paulson OB, Larsson HB, Hougaard A, Ashina M. Glutamate levels and perfusion in pons during migraine attacks: A 3T MRI study using proton spectroscopy and arterial spin labeling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:604-616. [PMID: 32423331 PMCID: PMC7922760 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20906902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex disorder, involving peripheral and central brain structures, where mechanisms and site of attack initiation are an unresolved puzzle. While abnormal pontine neuronal activation during migraine attacks has been reported, exact implication of this finding is unknown. Evidence suggests an important role of glutamate in migraine, implying a possible association of pontine hyperactivity to increased glutamate levels. Migraine without aura patients were scanned during attacks after calcitonin gene-related peptide and sildenafil in a double-blind, randomized, double-dummy, cross-over design, on two separate study days, by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling at 3T. Headache characteristics were recorded until 24 h after drug administrations. Twenty-six patients were scanned during migraine, yielding a total of 41 attacks. Cerebral blood flow increased in dorsolateral pons, ipsilateral to pain side during attacks, compared to outside attacks (13.6%, p = 0.009). Glutamate levels in the same area remained unchanged during attacks (p = 0.873), while total creatine levels increased (3.5%, p = 0.041). In conclusion, dorsolateral pontine activation during migraine was not associated with higher glutamate levels. However, the concurrently increased total creatine levels may suggest an altered energy metabolism, which should be investigated in future studies to elucidate the role of pons in acute migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaira Younis
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Casper E Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mark B Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Lindberg
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Daniel Tolnai
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Olaf B Paulson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bw Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders Hougaard
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Glutamatergic response to a low load working memory paradigm in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:451-459. [PMID: 31102169 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Working memory deficits have been widely reported in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the neural mechanisms of working memory dysfunction in MCI have not been clearly understood. In this study, we used proton functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-fMRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to understand the underlying neurobiology of working memory deficits in patients with MCI. We aimed at detecting the changes in the concentration of glutamate and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity using 1H-fMRS and fMRI respectively during a low load verbal (0 back and 1 back) working memory in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) between patients with MCI and healthy controls. Fifteen patients with amnestic MCI and twenty two age, gender and education matched healthy controls underwent a low load verbal working memory 1H-fMRS and fMRI. We observed significant increase in glutamate during working memory task (both 0 back and 1 back) in healthy controls and such changes were absent in patients with MCI. However, percent signal changes representing BOLD activity during both 0 back and 1 back was not significantly different between two groups. Our findings suggest that 1H-fMRS complements fMRI in understanding the working memory mechanism in the left DLPFC.
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Increased Glutamate concentrations during prolonged motor activation as measured using functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 3T. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Barron HC. Neural inhibition for continual learning and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 67:85-94. [PMID: 33129012 PMCID: PMC7116367 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the concentration of cortical GABA decreases during learning. Inhibitory plasticity provides homeostatic control to restore network stability. Memories are held dormant unless latent inhibitory connections are unmasked. Cortical inhibition protects overlapping memories from interference. The emerging model suggests neural inhibition promotes continual learning.
Humans are able to continually learn new information and acquire skills that meet the demands of an ever-changing environment. Yet, this new learning does not necessarily occur at the expense of old memories. The specialised biological mechanisms that permit continual learning in humans and other mammals are not fully understood. Here I explore the possibility that neural inhibition plays an important role. I present recent findings from studies in humans that suggest inhibition regulates the stability of neural networks to gate cortical plasticity and memory retrieval. These studies use non-invasive methods to obtain an indirect measure of neural inhibition and corroborate comparable findings in animals. Together these studies reveal a model whereby neural inhibition protects memories from interference to permit continual learning. Neural inhibition may, therefore, play a critical role in the computations that underlie higher-order cognition and adaptive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Barron
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Cuypers K, Marsman A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Opportunities for a bimodal approach in human neuroscience. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117394. [PMID: 32987106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been an increasing number of studies combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRS provides a manner to non-invasively investigate molecular concentrations in the living brain and thus identify metabolites involved in physiological and pathological processes. Particularly the MRS-detectable metabolites glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, are of interest when combining TMS and MRS. TMS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can be applied either as a neuromodulation or neurostimulation tool, specifically targeting glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms. The combination of TMS and MRS can be used to evaluate alterations in brain metabolite levels following an interventional TMS protocol such as repetitive TMS (rTMS) or paired associative stimulation (PAS). MRS can also be combined with a variety of non-interventional TMS protocols to identify the interplay between brain metabolite levels and measures of excitability or receptor-mediated inhibition and facilitation. In this review, we provide an overview of studies performed in healthy and patient populations combining MRS and TMS, both as a measurement tool and as an intervention. TMS and MRS may reveal complementary and comprehensive information on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Potentially, connectivity changes and dedicated network interactions can be probed using the combined TMS-MRS approach. Considering the ongoing technical developments in both fields, combined studies hold future promise for investigations of brain network interactions and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Cuypers
- Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Anouk Marsman
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Section 714, Kettegård Allé 30, 26500 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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No Effect of Anodal tDCS on Verbal Episodic Memory Performance and Neurotransmitter Levels in Young and Elderly Participants. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8896791. [PMID: 33029128 PMCID: PMC7528151 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8896791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing is accompanied by cognitive decline that affects episodic memory processes in particular. Studies showed that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may counteract this cognitive deterioration by increasing excitability and inducing neuroplasticity in the targeted cortical region. While stimulation gains are more consistent in initial low performers, relying solely on behavioural measures to predict treatment benefits does not suffice for a reliable implementation of this method as a therapeutic option. Hence, an exploration of the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms regarding the differential stimulation effect is warranted. Glutamatergic metabolites (Glx) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in learning and memory processes and can be influenced with tDCS; wherefore, they present themselves as potential biomarkers for tDCS-induced behavioural gains, which are affiliated with neuroplasticity processes. In the present randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover study, 33 healthy young and 22 elderly participants received anodal tDCS to their left DLPFC during the encoding phase of a verbal episodic memory task. Using MEGA-PRESS edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), Glx and GABA levels were measured in the left DLPFC before and after the stimulation period. Further, we tested whether baseline performance and neurotransmitter levels predicted subsequent gains. No beneficial group effects of tDCS emerged in either verbal retrieval performances or neurotransmitter concentrations. Moreover, baseline performance levels did not predict stimulation-induced cognitive gains, nor did Glx or GABA levels. Nevertheless, exploratory analyses suggested a predictive value of the Glx : GABA ratio, with lower ratios at baseline indicating greater tDCS-related gains in delayed recall performance. This highlights the importance of further studies investigating neurophysiological mechanisms underlying previously observed stimulation-induced cognitive benefits and their respective interindividual heterogeneity.
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Tong T, Lu H, Zong J, Lv Q, Chu X. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in patients with breast cancer based on MRS and DTI analysis. Breast Cancer 2020; 27:893-902. [PMID: 32301096 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-020-01094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) in breast cancer patients, analyze absolute concentration and structural changes of metabolites in different brain regions by multimodal neuroimaging technology, and explore correlation between them. Breast cancer patients with chemotherapy treatment group (Ctx+, N = 24) and control group without treatment (Ctx-, N = 20) underwent neuropsychological tests, multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) before and after chemotherapy. Regions of interest (ROls) in magnetic resonance scan include bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG), bilateral dorsal thalamus (DT), bilateral lenticular nucleus (LN), bilateral posterior horn of the lateral ventricle paratrigonal white matter (PWM). In MRS, absolute concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (MI), choline-containing compounds (Cho), total creatine (tCr), glutamine + glutamate (Glx) were quantified using LC Model and SAGE software. In DTI, we used fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) to reflect white matter integrity. In Ctx+ patients, scores of functional assessment of cancer treatment cognition test (FACT-Cog), perceived cognitive impairments (PCI), impact of perceived impairments on quality of life (QOL), perceived cognitive abilities (PCA), auditory-verbal learning test (AVLT) recognition and clock drawing test (CDT) were lower than those before chemotherapy (p < 0.05). In MRS, Ctx+ patients had significantly lower NAA values in bilateral PCG, DT, respectively. The concentrations of tCr were observed to decline in bilateral PCG and right DT. Glx values decreased in right DT. Cho values decreased significantly in bilateral DT. In DTI, Ctx+ patients had lower FA values in bilateral PCG compared with patients before chemotherapy. Among imaging metrics and cognitive scores, positive correlations were observed between changes in AVLT recognition scores and changes in NAA values in bilateral PCG (left PCG: r = 0.470, p < 0.01; right PCG: r = 0.500, p < 0.01). Positive correlations were also found between changes in AVLT recognition and changes in FA values in bilateral PCG (left PCG: r = 0.513, p < 0.01; right PCG: r = 0.563, p < 0.01). Chemotherapy can lead to a decrease in memory function, accompanied by changes in brain metabolite concentration and white matter integrity in some parts of brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishan Tong
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Lu
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zong
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Chu
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.
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Archibald J, MacMillan EL, Enzler A, Jutzeler CR, Schweinhardt P, Kramer JL. Excitatory and inhibitory responses in the brain to experimental pain: A systematic review of MR spectroscopy studies. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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