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Islam SMM, Siddik MAB, Sørensen M, Brinchmann MF, Thompson KD, Francis DS, Vatsos IN. Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109625. [PMID: 38740231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish, including their intestines, gills, and skin, are constantly exposed to various environmental threats, such as water quality fluctuations, pollutants, and pathogens. However, various cells and microbiota closely associated with these surfaces work in tandem to create a functional protective barrier against these conditions. Recent research has shown that incorporating specific feed ingredients into fish diets can significantly boost their mucosal and general immune response. Among the various ingredients being investigated, insect meal has emerged as one of the most promising options, owing to its high protein content and immunomodulatory properties. By positively influencing the structure and function of mucosal surfaces, insect meal (IM) has the potential to enhance the overall immune status of fish. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of incorporating IM into aquafeed as a feed ingredient for augmenting the mucosal immune response of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ioannis N Vatsos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway.
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2
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Sun H, Dong W, He G, Long Y, He Y, Chen Y, Lin S. Excessive level of dietary insect protein negatively changed growth metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides). ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:397-407. [PMID: 38812498 PMCID: PMC11134530 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (HI) meal is a promising substitute for fish meal (FM) in the feeds of farmed fish. However, the impacts of dietary HI meal on largemouth bass (LMB) remain unknown. In this study, we formulated three isonitrogenous and isolipid diets with 0% (HI0, control), 20% (HI20) and 40% (HI40) of FM substituted by HI meal. A total of 270 juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 10.02 ± 0.03 g were used (30 fish per tank). After an 80-day feeding trial, the fish fed with the HI40 diet demonstrated decreased growth performance and protein efficiency ratio (PER), and increased liver oxidative indices and lipid accumulation compared to the control (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the effects of high dietary HI meal on liver gene expression. Consistent with the reduced growth and disturbed liver oxidative status, the upregulated genes were enriched in the biological processes associated with protein catabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; while the downregulated genes were enriched in cellular proliferation, growth, metabolism, immunity and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Differential metabolites in the liver samples were also identified by untargeted metabolomic assay. The results of joint transcriptomic-metabolomic analyses revealed that the pathways such as one carbon pool by folate, propanoate metabolism and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism were disturbed by high dietary HI meal. In summary, our data revealed the candidate genes, metabolites and biological pathways that account for the adverse effects of high HI meal diet on the growth and health of LMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenjing Dong
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guanglun He
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuanfa He
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shimei Lin
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Feidantsis K, Panteli N, Bousdras T, Gai F, Gasco L, Antonopoulou E. Dietary Tenebrio molitor larvae meal effects on cellular stress responses, antioxidant status and intermediate metabolism of Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38657021 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In the context of evaluating the impact of environmentally friendly and sustainably produced alternative protein sources in fish feed, the present study's aim was to examine the overall physiological stress response in one of the main fish species of European freshwater aquaculture, Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), following the partial substitution of fish meal (FM) with a Tenebrio molitor (TM) (yellow mealworm) full-fat meal. In total, 222 rainbow trout individuals (115.2 ± 14.2 g) were allocated randomly into six tanks, three per dietary treatment, and were fed a formulated diet containing 60% yellow mealworm (TM60) compared to a control diet without insect meal (TM0). Both diets contained equal amounts of crude protein, dry matter and, lipid content, while the FM in TM60 was 100 g kg-1 corresponding to the one seventh of the TM0. Heat shock response (HSR), MAPK signalling, cell death pathways (apoptosis and autophagy), antioxidant defence mechanisms, and intermediate metabolism were evaluated. In general, HSR and MAPK signalling were activated in response to the inclusion of T. molitor. Moreover, triggering of apoptotic and autophagic processes and the onset of antioxidant defence mechanisms underlined the existence of physiological stress. Despite the apparent dietary-induced stress, rainbow trout in the present study exhibited no mortality and no significant effects regarding growth performance parameters. Specifically, TM60 dietary inclusion resulted in no changes in final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. However, feed intake depicted a statistically significant decrease in TM60 fish compared to TM0 individuals. Nevertheless, nutrient stress should be considered a limiting factor regarding the utilization of T. molitor in O. mykiss diet due to the associated risks for health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Patras, Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Nikolas Panteli
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Bousdras
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Grugliasco, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ruschioni S, Duca D, Tulli F, Zarantoniello M, Cardinaletti G, Corsi L, Olivotto I, Basili D, Naspetti S, Truzzi C, Isidoro N, Riolo P. Evaluation of Growth Performance and Environmental Impact of Hermetia illucens Larvae Reared on Coffee Silverskins Enriched with Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana Microalgae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:609. [PMID: 38396577 PMCID: PMC10886010 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens is a promising insect due to its ability to convert low-value substrates as food chain by-products into highly nutritious feed. Its feeding and nutrition are important issues. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different substrates consisting of coffee silverskin, a by-product of the roasting process, enriched with different inclusions of microalgae (5%, 10%, 20%, and 25%), Schizochytrium limacinum, and Isochrysis galbana, combined with the assessment of environmental sustainability by LCA. In general, the addition of microalgae led to an increase in larval growth performance due to the higher content of protein and lipids, although S. limacinum showed the best results with respect to larvae fed with coffee silverskin enriched with I. galbana. A higher prepupal weight was observed in larvae fed with 10%, 20%, and 25% S. limacinum; shorter development times in larvae fed with 25% of both S. limacinum and I. galbana; and a higher growth rate in larvae fed with 25% S. limacinum. The 10% S. limacinum inclusion was only slightly different from the higher inclusions. Furthermore, 10% of S. limacinum achieved the best waste reduction index. The greater the inclusion of microalgae, the greater the environmental impact of larval production. Therefore, the addition of 10% S. limacinum appears to be the best compromise for larval rearing, especially considering that a higher inclusion of microalgae did not yield additional benefits in terms of the nutritional value of H. illucens prepupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Daniele Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Danilo Basili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simona Naspetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
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5
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Pascon G, Daniso E, Cardinaletti G, Messina M, Campagnolo F, Zuccaccia D, Tulli F. Postprandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): genes expression, enzymatic activity and blood biochemistry as a practical tool for nutritional studies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111559. [PMID: 38052346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial kinetics of genes expression of gastric (chitinase, pepsinogen) and intestinal (alkaline phosphatase, maltase) digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters (peptide transporter 1, sodium-glucose transporter 1), Brush Border Membrane (BBM) enzymes activity (alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, maltase, saccharase) and blood biochemistry (triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, albumin, glucose, amino acids) through NMR spectroscopy, were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a commercial aquafeed. For this purpose, fish were starved 72 h and digestive tract and blood were sampled before the meal and at 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after feeding (T0, T1.5, T3, T6, T9, T12 and T24). The postprandial kinetic showed that the expression of the genes involved in digestion and nutrient transport, the activity of BBM enzymes, and the presence of metabolites in blood were stimulated in different ways by the presence of feed in the digestive tract. The expression of most genes peaked 3 h after meal except gastric pepsinogen and maltase in distal intestine that peaked at T9 and T12, respectively. The activity of BBM enzymes were stimulated differently based on the intestine tract. The plasma proteins level increased from T1.5 until T9, while the other blood parameters unvariated during the postprandial period. This study supplied useful information about the physiological effects a single meal as a potential tool for planning nutritional studies involving the digestive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pascon
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - E Daniso
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - G Cardinaletti
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - M Messina
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Campagnolo
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - D Zuccaccia
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Tulli
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy.
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Milián-Sorribes MC, Martínez-Llorens S, Peñaranda DS, Jauralde I, Jover-Cerdá M, Tomás-Vidal A. Growth, Survival, and Intestinal Health Alterations in Mediterranean Yellowtail ( Seriola dumerili) Due to Alternatives to Fishmeal and Fish Oil. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:753-772. [PMID: 38248351 PMCID: PMC10814527 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fishmeal and fish oil substitution in aquafeeds might have adverse effects on fish growth and health, mainly in carnivorous species, such as Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerili). Mediterranean yellowtail shows great potential as an alternative aquaculture species due to its fast growth and high price on the market, but the need for high-quality protein and fatty acid content in its diets is limiting its production. In order to improve the sustainability of its production, this study was conducted with 360 fish of 35 g to evaluate the effects on fish growth and health. Six diets were used: one control diet without replacement, three with FM replacement (FM66, FM33, and FM0) (33%, 66%, and 100% FM replacement), and two with FO replacement (FO50 and FO0) (50% and 100% FO replacement). The substitution of FM was with vegetable (VM) (corn gluten) and animal (AM) (krill and meat meal) meals. The reductions in FM and FO of up to 33 and 0%, respectively, did not affect the growth and survival of S. dumerili at the intestinal morphology level, except for the anterior intestine regarding the lower villi length and width and the posterior intestine regarding the lower width of the lamina propria. On the other hand, the substitution of fish ingredients in the diet affects liver morphology, indicating alterations in the major diameter of hepatocytes or their nuclei. Finally, diet did not affect the gut microbiota with respect to the control, but significant differences were found in alpha and beta diversity when FO and FM microbiota were compared. A 66% FM replacement and total FO replacement would be possible without causing major alterations in the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Llorens
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (I.J.); (M.J.-C.); (A.T.-V.)
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Sankappa NM, Lange MD, Yildirim-Aksoy M, Eljack R, Kucuktas H, Beck BH, Abernathy JW. Transcriptome analysis and immune gene expression of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) fed diets with inclusion of frass from black soldier fly larvae. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1330368. [PMID: 38264328 PMCID: PMC10803510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1330368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The larval waste, exoskeleton shedding, and leftover feed components of the black soldier fly and its larvae make up the by-product known as frass. In this study, we subjected channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to a 10-week feeding trial to assess how different dietary amounts of frass inclusion would affect both systemic and mucosal tissue gene expression, especially in regard to growth and immune-related genes. Fish were divided in quadruplicate aquaria, and five experimental diets comprising 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 g of frass per kilogram of feed were fed twice daily. At the end of the trial, liver, head kidney, gill, and intestine samples were collected for gene expression analyses. First, liver and intestine samples from fish fed with a no frass inclusion diet (control), low-frass (50 g/kg) inclusion diet, or a high-frass (300 g/kg) inclusion diet were subjected to Illumina RNA sequencing to determine global differential gene expression among diet groups. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included the upregulation of growth-related genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and myostatin, as well as innate immune receptors and effector molecules such as toll-like receptor 5, apolipoprotein A1, C-type lectin, and lysozyme. Based on the initial screenings of low/high frass using RNA sequencing, a more thorough evaluation of immune gene expression of all tissues sampled, and all levels of frass inclusion, was further conducted. Using targeted quantitative PCR panels for both innate and adaptive immune genes from channel catfish, differential expression of genes was identified, which included innate receptors (TLR1, TLR5, TLR9, and TLR20A), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β type a, IL-1β type b, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNFα), chemokines (CFC3 and CFD), and hepcidin in both systemic (liver and head kidney) and mucosal (gill and intestine) tissues. Overall, frass from black soldier fly larvae inclusion in formulated diets was found to alter global gene expression and activate innate and adaptive immunity in channel catfish, which has the potential to support disease resistance in this species in addition to demonstrated growth benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Muliya Sankappa
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Miles D. Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Mediha Yildirim-Aksoy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rashida Eljack
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Huseyin Kucuktas
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Dexter, NM, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jason W. Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
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Gebremichael A, Szabó A, Sándor ZJ, Nagy Z, Ali O, Kucska B. Chemical and Physical Properties of African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus) Fillet Following Prolonged Feeding with Insect Meal-Based Diets. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:6080387. [PMID: 37674976 PMCID: PMC10480016 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A 25-week experiment was undertaken to explore the effect of partial replacement of dietary fishmeal (FM) with black soldier fly meal (Hermetia illucens) (BS), mealworm meal (Tenebrio molitor) (MW), and a 1 : 1 mixture of both insect meals (BSMW) on fillet quality in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). A total of 96 fish with an average initial body weight of 248 ± 28 g were stocked into a recirculating aquaculture system and fed in four different dietary groups (control, BS, MW, and BSMW). No mortality was recorded in any of the groups. At the end of the feeding period, 24 fish (n = 6 for each treatment, weight between 690 and 822 g) were used for analysis. There was no alteration in filleting yield or other slaughter indices within experimental groups, except the hepatosomatic index. Among quality attributes, pH 24 hr postmortem exhibited a significant difference (p < 0.05). In respect of the fatty acid profile, the n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 1.17 and 1.40 but was not significantly modified by the partial replacement of FM. Similarly, the proximate composition of the fillets was not significantly different between the control and experimental diet groups. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acids ranged between 0.67 and 0.79 in the fillets, without significant differences between groups. The atherogenic index was increased in the BS group, as compared to the others; however, the thrombogenicity index of fillets was not significantly affected. Similarly, the conventional quality traits of the fillet, such as cooking, drip, and thawing losses, did not differ within treatments. This study demonstrates that the dietary inclusion of black soldier fly and/or mealworm meals used for African catfish at the tested inclusion level has negligible impact on fillet properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askale Gebremichael
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba S. u. 40., 7400, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Department of Animal Science, Mizan-Tepi University, 260 Mizan Aman District, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - András Szabó
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba S. u. 40., 7400, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna J. Sándor
- Research Centre of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Anna-Liget. u. 35., Szarvas 5540, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- Research Centre of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Anna-Liget. u. 35., Szarvas 5540, Hungary
| | - Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba S. u. 40., 7400, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kucska
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba S. u. 40., 7400, Kaposvár, Hungary
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Antonopoulou E, Kolygas M, Panteli N, Gouva E, Kontogeorgiou P, Feidantsis K, Chatzopoulos A, Bitchava K, Zacharis C, Bonos E, Giannenas I, Skoufos I, Andreadis SS, Skoulakis G, Athanassiou CG, Nathanailides C. Breeding Substrate Containing Distillation Residues of Mediterranean Medicinal Aromatic Plants Modulates the Effects of Tenebrio molitor as Fishmeal Substitute on Blood Signal Transduction and WBC Activation of Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2537. [PMID: 37570345 PMCID: PMC10417334 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This work assesses the dietary use of two insect meals of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae reared in conventional (TM-10) or MAP-enriched substrates (MAP-TM-10) as fish meal replacements (10%) in the diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish (n = 4500; 207.19 ± 1.47 g) were divided into three groups with triplicates: control (fed conventional diet), TM-10, and MAP-TM-10 groups. The fish were reared in floating cages for 12 weeks and the dietary effects on white blood cell activation, heat shock proteins, MAPKs, and apoptosis of the fish were evaluated. The MAP-TM-10 group exhibited the highest eosinophilic induction. Phosphorylated levels of p38 MAPK, p44/42 MAPK, HSP70, and HSP90 increased in the TM-10 and MAP-TM-10 groups. In terms of apoptosis, Bax levels were lower in the TM groups compared to the control, and the MAP-TM-10 group showed even lower levels than the TM-10 group. Bcl-2 levels increased in the TM-10 group compared to the control, and further increased in the MAP-TM-10 group. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, an apoptosis indicator, decreased in the TM groups, with the MAP-TM-10 group showing a further decrease compared to TM-10. These findings suggest that insects' breeding substrate being enriched with MAPs modulated the effect of TM on cellular stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Markos Kolygas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Nikolas Panteli
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Gouva
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Panagiota Kontogeorgiou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, 26504 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Achilleas Chatzopoulos
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Bitchava
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Skaloma Fishery [A.C], 46300 Sagaida, Greece
| | - Christos Zacharis
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (M.K.)
| | - Stefanos S. Andreadis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Georgios Skoulakis
- AgriScienceGEO, Melpomenis Str. P.O. Box 60561, Industrial Area of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
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10
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Zarantoniello M, de Oliveira AA, Sahin T, Freddi L, Torregiani M, Tucciarone I, Chemello G, Cardinaletti G, Gatto E, Parisi G, Bertolucci C, Riolo P, Nartea A, Gioacchini G, Olivotto I. Enhancing Rearing of European Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) in Aquaponic Systems: Investigating the Effects of Enriched Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Prepupae Meal on Fish Welfare and Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1921. [PMID: 37370431 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the modern aquaculture goals, the present study aimed to couple sustainable aquafeed formulation and culturing systems. Two experimental diets characterized by 3 and 20% of fish meal replacement with full-fat spirulina-enriched black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae meal (HPM3 and HPM20, respectively) were tested on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles during a 90-day feeding trial performed in aquaponic systems. The experimental diets ensured 100% survival and proper zootechnical performance. No behavioral alterations were evidenced in fish. Histological and molecular analyses did not reveal structural alterations and signs of inflammation at the intestinal level, highlighting the beneficial role on gut health of bioactive molecules typical of HPM or derived from the enriching procedure of insects' growth substrate with spirulina. Considering the quality traits, the tested experimental diets did not negatively alter the fillet's fatty acid profile and did not compromise the fillet's physical features. In addition, the results highlighted a possible role of spirulina-enriched HPM in preserving the fillet from lipid oxidation. Taken together, these results corroborate the use of sustainable ingredients (spirulina-enriched HPM) in aquaponic systems for euryhaline fish rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Adriana Alves de Oliveira
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matoshinos, Portugal
| | - Tolga Sahin
- Department of Aquaculture, Marine Sciences and Technology Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17000 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Lorenzo Freddi
- Mj Energy srl Società Agricola, Contrada SS. Crocifisso, 22, 62010 Treia, Italy
| | - Matteo Torregiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Isabella Tucciarone
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elia Gatto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ancuta Nartea
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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11
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Influence of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Dietary Inclusion on Growth Performance, Gut Histological Traits and Stress Parameters in Sparus aurata. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030339. [PMID: 36766228 PMCID: PMC9913394 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provided new data and knowledge on the potential use of Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) as a new sustainable ingredient for Sparus aurata diet. The effect of HIM dietary inclusion on fish growth performance, stress indicators and gut histology was studied. For 131 days, 312 fish were fed a basal diet containing fishmeal as animal protein source, and three diets containing 25%, 35% and 50% HIM as a partial replacement for fishmeal. The main findings indicated that fishmeal can be replaced by HIM up to 110 g/kg of substitution (35% of inclusion in diet) without negative effects on growth performance, stress parameters or histological traits of the posterior gut tract, and with positive effects (p < 0.05) on the histological and morphometric characteristics of the anterior gut tract. At the same time, the results showed that the effect of Hermetia illucens meal at 50% inclusion level caused morphometric and histopathological alterations in the anterior gut tract of seabream. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggested that the dietary inclusion level of HIM35 was the most tolerated by fish showing the best gut morphometric parameters and histological conditions, with fewer signs of inflammation, as well as good nutritional and health status.
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12
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Ratti S, Zarantoniello M, Chemello G, Giammarino M, Palermo FA, Cocci P, Mosconi G, Tignani MV, Pascon G, Cardinaletti G, Pacetti D, Nartea A, Parisi G, Riolo P, Belloni A, Olivotto I. Spirulina-enriched Substrate to Rear Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Prepupae as Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Possible Effects on Zootechnical Performances, Gut and Liver Health Status, and Fillet Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13010173. [PMID: 36611781 PMCID: PMC9818012 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an organic substrate (coffee silverskin) enriched with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w), as a source of lipids and bioactive molecules, was used to rear the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae. Three grossly isonitrogenous, isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic experimental diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles were then produced: a control diet (HM0) mostly including fish meal and fish oil, and two other test diets named HM3 and HM20, in which 3 or 20% of the marine ingredients were substituted with full fat black soldier fly prepupae meal (HM), respectively. Experimental diets were provided for 6 weeks, and at the end of the trial the physiological responses and marketable traits of the fish were investigated using a multidisciplinary approach. Generally, all test diets were well accepted, and fish growth, gut and liver health status, and marketable characteristics were not impaired by the experimental diets. However, an increased immuno-related gene expression along with a slight reduction of fillet redness and yellowness was evident in fish from the HM20 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Miriam Giammarino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Tignani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Pascon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Deborah Pacetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ancuta Nartea
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Belloni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-220-4643
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13
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Guerreiro I, Castro C, Serra CR, Coutinho F, Couto A, Peres H, Pousão-Ferreira P, Gasco L, Gai F, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P. Oxidative Stress Response of Meagre to Dietary Black Soldier Fly Meal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233232. [PMID: 36496753 PMCID: PMC9739864 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of Hermetia illucens meal (HM) dietary inclusion on meagre oxidative status. Thus, fish were fed a fishmeal-based diet (CTR diet) and three other diets with increasing levels of HM inclusion, namely 10%, 20%, and 30% (diets HM10, HM20, and HM30, respectively). At the end of the trial, hepatic and intestine superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and malondialdehyde concentration were unaffected by the diet composition. Liver glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in the fish fed the HM20 diet than in the fish fed the CTR and HM30 diets, and glutathione reductase activity linearly increased with the dietary HM level. The hepatic total glutathione and reduced glutathione contents were significantly lower in fish fed the HM20 diet than in fish fed the CTR and HM10 diets. In the intestine, the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content and oxidative stress index linearly increased with the increase in dietary HM level, with the GSSG content of fish fed the HM20 diet being significantly higher than of fish fed the CTR diet. In conclusion, 30% HM might be included in meagre diets without negatively affecting hepatic and intestine oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Guerreiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carolina Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R. Serra
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Coutinho
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Couto
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Estação Piloto de Piscicultura de Olhão, Av. 5 de Outubro s/n, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Laura Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Paula Enes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Bousdras T, Feidantsis K, Panteli N, Chatzifotis S, Piccolo G, Gasco L, Gai F, Antonopoulou E. Dietary Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal Inclusion Exerts Tissue-Specific Effects on Cellular, Metabolic, and Antioxidant Status in European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) and Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:9858983. [PMID: 36860434 PMCID: PMC9973136 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9858983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study addresses the effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal inclusion on cytoprotective, cell death pathways, antioxidant defence, and intermediate metabolism in the heart, muscle, and digestive tract of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Three experimental diets were formulated to contain 0%, 25%, or 50% inclusion TM levels. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) induction was apparent in both species' muscle at 50% inclusion. Conversely, p44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation was increased (p < 0.05) in both species' muscle and digestive tract at 25% inclusion. Regarding the apoptotic machinery, TM inclusion exerted no influence on gilthead seabream, while suppression through autophagy may have occurred in the muscle. However, significant apoptosis (p < 0.05) was evident in European sea bass muscle and digestive tract. Both fish species' heart seemed to additionally rely on lipids compared to muscle and digestive tract. In contrast to gilthead seabream, European sea bass exhibited increased (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity at 50% TM inclusion. The present findings highlight the dietary derived induction of cellular responses in a species- and tissue-specific manner, whereas European sea bass appears to be more susceptible to TM inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bousdras
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolas Panteli
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Chatzifotis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Gournes Pediados, P.O. Box 2214, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Black soldier fly full-fat meal in Atlantic salmon nutrition – Part A: Effects on growth performance, feed utilization, selected nutriphysiological traits and production sustainability in fries. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Black soldier fly larva meal (BSFM) application as an innovative feed material has been developed in aquaculture nutrition. However, recent scientific literature is still lacking in the case of insect meal effects on different stages of salmonid fish, and the vast majority of research is focused on farmed Atlantic salmon. Therefore, the holistic approach was undertaken in the cycle of two studies carried out: on fries and pre-smolts. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fish meal (FM) replacement by full-fat BSFM in Atlantic salmon fry diets on the growth performance, feed utilization, crude protein and crude fat digestibility, somatic indices, histomorphology of intestines, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, pellet quality was assessed. Two experiments were performed on 360 Atlantic salmon fries – each of which lasted 60 days. For the first experiment, 240 individuals were distributed to four experimental groups: six replicates (tanks) per group and 10 fish per tank. For the second experiment, 120 individuals were distributed to four experimental groups: three replicates (tanks) per group and 10 fish per tank were used. The following groups were applied: CON – without the addition of full-fat BSFM and with 39% FM; BSFM5 – with 5% addition of full-fat BSFM and 36.1% FM; BSFM10 – with 10% full-fat BSFM and 33.3% FM; BSFM15 – with 15% addition of full-fat BSFM and 30.3% FM. The present study showed satisfactory results of BSFM inclusion at the levels of 5% and 10% as a replacement for fish meal in feeds for Atlantic salmon fries. No negative effects on growth performance, feed utilization, protein and fat digestibility, or intestinal structure were recorded. Simultaneously, insect meal inclusion in Atlantic salmon diets significantly improved the environmental sustainability of the feed. In the case of BSFM15, decreases in body weight gain, protein lipid efficiency ratio, and lipid efficiency ratio, as well as increases in feed conversion ratio, were observed. Therefore, the use of shares higher than 10% of BSFM in Atlantic salmon fries may not be recommended.
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16
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Agbohessou PS, Mandiki SNM, Mbondo Biyong SR, Cornet V, Nguyen TM, Lambert J, Jauniaux T, Lalèyè PA, Kestemont P. Intestinal histopathology and immune responses following Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in Nile tilapia fed enriched black soldier fly larval (BSF) meal supplemented with chitinase. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:620-633. [PMID: 36038101 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine to what extend the addition of chitinase to black soldier fly larvae (BSF) meals enriched with either PUFA or LC-PUFA could improve the gut health of Nile tilapia and increase its immune status. Two types of BSF meals enriched with either α-linolenic acid (ALA) or ALA + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were produced using BSF larvae cultured on vegetable substrates (VGS) or fish offal substrates (FOS), respectively. Seven diets were formulated: a control FMFO diet and two other control diets VGD0 vs FOD0 containing the meals of each type of BSF meal as total replacement for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO), as well as four diets supplemented with chitinase. Two doses of commercial chitinase from Aspergillus niger (2 g/kg and 5 g/kg of feed) were supplemented to the other diets VGD0 and FOD0 to formulate VGD2, VGD5, FOD2 and FOD5. After 53 days of feeding, FOD5 diet induced a similar growth performance as the FMFO control diet, while a significant decrease of growth was observed for the other BSF larval-based diets. BSF/FOS meal led to higher SGR of fish than BSF/VGS, as for the FOD5 compared to VGD5. At day 53, lysozyme values showed an increasing trend in fish fed all the BSF-based diets, especially those fed the VGD5. After the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (day 54), the same increasing trend was observed in lysozyme activity, and modulation was observed only in the VGD5 fish. ACH50 activity was reduced by the BSF-based diets except for the FOD5 diet at day 53, and LPS modulation was only observed for the VGS-chitinase-based diets at day 54. Peroxidase activity and total immunoglobulin (Igs) blood level were not affected by substrate, chitinase dose or LPS injection. At day 53, the low or high dose of chitinase increased the expressions of tlr2, il-1β and il-6 genes in the head kidney of fish fed the BSF/VGS diets compared to those fed the VGD0 or FMFO control diets. At day 54 after LPS injection, the high dose of chitinase decreased the expressions of tlr5 gene in the spleen and mhcII-α gene in the head kidney of fish fed FOD5 diets compared to those fed FOD0 diets. BSF/VGS but not BSF/FOS based diets increased fish sub-epithelial mucosa (SM) and lamina propria (LP) thickness and the number of goblet cells (GC) in fish, but dietary chitinase seemed to prevent some of these effects, especially at low dose. Results showed that chitinase supplementation of 5 g/kg of chitinase to a BSF-based diet enriched with LC-PUFA improved growth, prevented histological changes in the proximal intestine and enhanced some innate immune functions of Nile tilapia without any clear booster effect after challenge with E. coli LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamphile S Agbohessou
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium; Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Serge R Mbondo Biyong
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Thi Mai Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Lambert
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe A Lalèyè
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium.
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17
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Maulu S, Langi S, Hasimuna OJ, Missinhoun D, Munganga BP, Hampuwo BM, Gabriel NN, Elsabagh M, Van Doan H, Abdul Kari Z, Dawood MA. Recent advances in the utilization of insects as an ingredient in aquafeeds: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:334-349. [PMID: 36329686 PMCID: PMC9618972 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector. However, the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to cost and sustainability issues remains a major challenge. Recently, insects have shown tremendous results as potential replacers of fishmeal in aquafeed. The present study aimed to review the utilization of insects in aquafeeds and their effects on aquatic animals' growth and feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance, and fish flesh quality and safety. While many insect species have been investigated in aquaculture, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), and the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) are the most studied and most promising insects to replace fishmeal in aquafeed. Generally, insect rearing conditions and biomass processing methods may affect the product's nutritional composition, digestibility, shelf life and required insect inclusion level by aquatic animals. Also, insect-recommended inclusion levels for aquatic animals vary depending on the insect species used, biomass processing method, and test organism. Overall, while an appropriate inclusion level of insects in aquafeed provides several nutritional and health benefits to aquatic animals, more studies are needed to establish optimum requirements levels for different aquaculture species at different stages of development and under different culture systems.
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Can Insect Meal Replace Fishmeal? A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Black Soldier Fly on Fish Growth Performances and Nutritional Values. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131700. [PMID: 35804601 PMCID: PMC9264974 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since 2007, black soldier fly meal has become the main substitute suggested in studies to replace fish meal in fish feeds. The quantitative results of these studies have been analyzed in this paper in order to assess the relevance of such substitution. The analysis focused on the impact of this insect on the growth and nutritional quality of fish. The results showed variable conclusions between studies. These variations are due to the fish species or to the protein substitution rate of the fish meal. Although no definite conclusions have been reached, it is possible to consider high levels of substitution. Abstract The search for quality alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil in the fish feed industry has occupied many researchers worldwide. The use of black soldier fly meal (BSFM) as a substitute has increased. This study evaluated the effect of this substitution on fish growth and nutritional quality through a meta-analysis of the literature. A list of studies was selected after an exhaustive literature search followed by the extraction of growth and nutritional parameters. Two random-effects models were used to estimate the differences between the experimental parameters and the controls. The results showed significant heterogeneity between studies for all parameters. The sources of heterogeneity between studies were mainly fish species and protein substitution rate. High substitutions can be considered without necessarily worrying about an adverse effect. Financial profitability studies of the fish production chain from BSFM should be carried out to validate or invalidate the economic viability of this substitution.
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Growth and Welfare of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Graded Levels of Insect and Poultry By-Product Meals in Fishmeal-Free Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131698. [PMID: 35804596 PMCID: PMC9264821 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and welfare of rainbow trout (ibw 54 g) fed isoproteic (42%), isolipidic (24%), fishmeal-free diets (CV) over 13 weeks. The diets consisted of plant-protein replacement with graded levels (10, 30, 60%) of protein from poultry by-product (PBM) and black soldier fly H. illucens pupae (BSFM) meals, either singly or in combination. A fishmeal-based diet was also tested (CF). Nitrogen retention improved with moderate or high levels of dietary PBM and BSFM relative to CV (p < 0.05). Gut brush border enzyme activity was poorly affected by the diets. Gastric chitinase was up-regulated after high BSFM feeding (p < 0.05). The gut peptide and amino acid transport genes were differently regulated by protein source and level. Serum cortisol was unaffected, and the changes in metabolites stayed within the physiological range. High PBM and high BSFM lowered the leukocyte respiratory burst activity and increased the lysozyme activity compared to CV (p < 0.05). The BSFM and PBM both significantly changed the relative percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate to high PBM and BSFM inclusions in fishmeal-free diets, either singly or in combination, improved gut function and nutrient retention, resulting in better growth performance and the good welfare of the rainbow trout.
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Biasato I, Chemello G, Oddon SB, Ferrocino I, Corvaglia M, Caimi C, Resconi A, Paul A, van Spankeren M, Capucchio M, Colombino E, Cocolin L, Gai F, Schiavone A, Gasco L. Hermetia illucens meal inclusion in low-fishmeal diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, selected gut health traits, and health status indices. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Aragão C, Gonçalves AT, Costas B, Azeredo R, Xavier MJ, Engrola S. Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 35565636 PMCID: PMC9103129 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has been challenged to find alternative ingredients to develop innovative feed formulations that foster a sustainable future growth. Given the most recent trends in fish feed formulation on the use of alternative protein sources to decrease the dependency of fishmeal, it is fundamental to evaluate the implications of this new paradigm for fish health and welfare. This work intends to comprehensively review the impacts of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish gut microbiota and health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity. The research results indicate that alternative protein sources, such as terrestrial plant proteins, rendered animal by-products, insect meals, micro- and macroalgae, and single cell proteins (e.g., yeasts), may negatively impact gut microbiota and health, thus affecting immune and stress responses. Nevertheless, some of the novel protein sources, such as insects and algae meals, have functional properties and may exert an immunostimulatory activity. Further research on the effects of novel protein sources, beyond growth, is clearly needed. The information gathered here is of utmost importance, in order to develop innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions, thus contributing to a sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Aragão
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- SPAROS Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Maria João Xavier
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Sofia Engrola
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
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22
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The first insight into black soldier fly meal in brown trout nutrition as an environmentally sustainable fish meal replacement. Animal 2022; 16:100516. [PMID: 35468507 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect meals are considered among the most promising feed materials in fish nutrition due to their sustainability and possibility of fish meal replacement. The present study is the first application of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal in brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) diets. Two experiments were performed on 240 brown trout fingerlings (average body mass 4.85 g) distributed into four groups (12 tanks for the growth performance experiment, 10 fish/tank; and 12 metabolic tanks for the digestibility test, 10 fish/tank). The experimental group design was conducted as follows: control diet, with no BSFL and 35% fish meal, and experimental diets: BSFL5 - with 5% BSFL full-fat meal and 32.5% fish meal; BSFL10 - with 10% BSFL full-fat meal and 30% fish meal; and BSFL20 - with 20% BSFL full-fat meal and 25% fish meal. No effects were recorded in the case of growth performance and feed utilization parameters. The environmental sustainability of the usage of insect meals in fish diets was proven - due to the lower fish meal inclusion, the fish-in-fish-out ratio decreased by 31% in BSFL20. In the case of the viscerosomatic index, increases in BSFL5 and BSFL20 were reported. In all experimental groups, decreases in hepatosomatic index values were observed. Crude protein digestibility decreased in BSFL5 and BSFL20, while crude fat digestibility decreased only in the BSFL20 group. The effect of including BSFL full-fat meal in a brown trout diet on serum biochemical parameters was reported. The aspartate transaminase concentration increased in BSFL10 and BSFL20, while the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase values decreased in BSFL20. In the case of total cholesterol, higher values were observed in BSFL10 and BSFL20. The albumin content decreased in the BSFL20 group, while globulin showed the highest values in the control group. The microbiota composition was not affected by insect meal inclusion. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed the high potential of BSFL full-fat meal application of up to 20% in a brown trout diet.
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Alfiko Y, Xie D, Astuti RT, Wong J, Wang L. Insects as a feed ingredient for fish culture: Status and trends. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Giannetti D, Schifani E, Reggiani R, Mazzoni E, Reguzzi MC, Castracani C, Spotti FA, Giardina B, Mori A, Grasso DA. Do It by Yourself: Larval Locomotion in the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens, with a Novel “Self-Harvesting” Method to Separate Prepupae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020127. [PMID: 35206701 PMCID: PMC8879302 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The black soldier fly Hermetia illucens is a widespread species of fly of American origins, which is increasingly used to develop sustainable waste recycling processes as it is able to develop by consuming a wide variety of wastes as food, while both its body and the residuals of its feeding activity can be re-used in a variety of processes. However, many aspects of its larval biology remain unknown. Among these, there is larval movement and its variation in response to external stimuli and environmental conditions. Larvae of the black soldier fly eventually reach the prepupal stage, during which they stop feeding and seek a shelter to pupate. Sorting prepupae from the younger larvae and feeding substratum can be important in rearing processes, since they are used to obtain adults but are also particularly rich in protein and lipids. We focused our study on behavioural differences between prepupae and younger larvae, describing tonic immobility as an anti-predatory response of both, but also their very different ways of locomotion and reactions to stress. Finally, we developed a practical system to exploit these differences, inducing prepupae to move away from the substratum and other larvae to be efficiently collected. Abstract The neotropical insect Hermetia illucens has become a cosmopolite species, and it is considered a highly promising insect in circular and sustainable economic processes. Being able to feed on a wide variety of organic substrates, it represents a source of lipids and proteins for many uses and produces recyclable waste. We investigated the characteristics and differences in the poorly-known locomotory behaviour of larvae of different instars, paying particular attention to the unique characteristics of the prepupal stage, key to farming and industrial processes. Moreover, we attempted to develop a “self-harvesting” system relying on the behavioural traits of prepupae to obtain their separation from younger larvae under rearing condition with minimum effort. Prepupae differ from younger larvae in their response to physical disturbance in the form of tonic immobility and significantly differ in their locomotory movements. Both prepupae and younger larvae reacted similarly to heat or light-induced stress, but low light and high moisture induced only prepupae to migrate away, which resulted in the development of a highly efficient separation methodology. The new data on the behaviour of H. illucens not only shed new light on some unexplored aspects of its biology, but also led to develop an inexpensive self-harvesting system that can be implemented in small-scale and industrial farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Giannetti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Enrico Schifani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Roberto Reggiani
- Azienda Agraria Sperimentale Stuard, Strada Madonna dell’Aiuto, 7/a, San Pancrazio, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Mazzoni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (E.M.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria Cristina Reguzzi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (E.M.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Cristina Castracani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Fiorenza A. Spotti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Beatrice Giardina
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Donato A. Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
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Chaklader MR, Chung WH, Howieson J, Fotedar R. A Combination of Hermetia illucens Reared on Fish Waste and Poultry By-Product Meal Improves Sensory and Physicochemical Quality of Farmed Barramundi Filets. Front Nutr 2022; 8:788064. [PMID: 35096935 PMCID: PMC8791043 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.788064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximate composition, sensory attributes, and shelf life of filets from barramundi, Lates calcarifer, were fed a fishmeal (FM) based diet (0PBM-0HI) and three test diets replacing FM protein entirely with 85% poultry by-products meal (PBM) and 15% Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal protein (85PBM-15HI), 80% PBM and 20% HI (80PBM-20HI) and 75% PBM and 25% HI (75PBM-25HI) were investigated. After a 56-day feeding trial, the crude protein, moisture, and ash percentage were unchanged while the crude lipid increased in barramundi filet when fed with PBM-HI-based diets. The increase in C12:0 (lauric acid) and C14:0 (myristic acid) resulted in an increase in the total saturated fatty acid while the monounsaturated fatty acid elevated due to an increase in C16:1n7 and C18:1cis + trans in the filet of the barramundi fed with a PBM-HI based diet. While the decrease in the total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in PBM-HI based fed barramundi filet was mainly due to a decrease in essential fatty acids including C20:5n3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and C22:6n3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] when compared with the 0PBM-0HI fed barramundi filet. The sensory quality was improved by PBM-HI-based diets, manifested by the highest scores given by the panelists. Texture profiles were not affected by diet but cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness decreased with increasing storage time. On days 1 and 8, skin brightness decreased in the skin of the barramundi fed with 85PBM-15HI and 80PBM-20HI compared with the skin of the 0PBM-0HI fed barramundi. Skin redness improved in fish-fed PBM-HI-based diets. The flesh brightness and yellowness increased significantly in barramundi when fed with PBM-HI-based diets. On days 1 and 4, the flesh brightness of the barramundi fed with PBM-HI-based diets demonstrated an increase compared with 0PBM-0HI. PBM-HI diets suppress lipid oxidation while lipid oxidation increased over the storage time. In summary, the improvement in sensory quality and color coupled with the suppression of rancidity in barramundi filets underpinned the potentiality of using the mixture of PBM and HI transformed from food waste in the barramundi diet to improve the filet quality and thus support sustainability and circular economy in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Reaz Chaklader
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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26
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Melenchón F, de Mercado E, Pula HJ, Cardenete G, Barroso FG, Fabrikov D, Lourenço HM, Pessoa MF, Lagos L, Weththasinghe P, Cortés M, Tomás-Almenar C. Fishmeal Dietary Replacement Up to 50%: A Comparative Study of Two Insect Meals for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020179. [PMID: 35049801 PMCID: PMC8772703 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand of optimal protein for human consumption is growing. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has highlighted aquaculture as one of the most promising alternatives for this protein supply gap due to the high efficiency of fish growth. However, aquaculture has been facing its own sustainability problem, because its high demand for protein has been traditionally satisfied with the use of fishmeal (FM) as the main source. Some of the most promising and sustainable protein substitutes for FM come from insects. The present manuscript provides insight into an experiment carried out on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a 50% replacement of FM with different larvae insect meals: Hermetia illucens (HI), and Tenebrio molitor (TM). TM showed better results for growth, protein utilization and more active digestive function, supported by intestinal histological changes. Liver histology and intermediary metabolism did not show relevant changes between insect meals, while other parameters such as antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue damage indicators showed the potential of insect meals as functional ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Melenchón
- Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Arévalo s/n, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (F.M.); (E.d.M.)
| | - Eduardo de Mercado
- Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Arévalo s/n, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (F.M.); (E.d.M.)
| | - Héctor J. Pula
- Department of Zoology, Campus Fuentenueva, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (H.J.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriel Cardenete
- Department of Zoology, Campus Fuentenueva, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (H.J.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Fernando G. Barroso
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (F.G.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Dmitri Fabrikov
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (F.G.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Helena M. Lourenço
- Division of Aquaculture, Valorisation and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal;
| | - María-Fernanda Pessoa
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Nova School, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Pabodha Weththasinghe
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Marcos Cortés
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Santiago 9170002, Chile;
| | - Cristina Tomás-Almenar
- Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Arévalo s/n, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (F.M.); (E.d.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Fawole FJ, Labh SN, Hossain MS, Overturf K, Small BC, Welker TL, Hardy RW, Kumar V. Insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil as a potential substitute for fish or soy oil in the fish meal-based diet of juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1360-1370. [PMID: 34786509 PMCID: PMC8577097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alternative sources of fish oil (FO) are one of the major problems in aquaculture; therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil (BSLO) as a potential replacer of fish/soy oil in juvenile rainbow trout (initial average weight of 32 ± 0.15 g) feed. Four diets were formulated wherein FO (control diet) was completely replaced with either soybean oil (SO) or BSLO, and an additional BSLO-based diet supplemented with 1.5% bile acid (BSLO + BA) were fed to the fish for 10 weeks. Growth performance of the BSLO fed group was similar (P > 0.05) to that of the FO and SO fed groups, however, the fish fed BSLO + BA diet registered the lowest growth (P < 0.05). Oil sources did not (P > 0.05) affect the major nutrient content of whole-body, however, the fatty acid composition of the muscle and liver was influenced (P < 0.05), with the highest 14:0, 16:0, and total saturated fatty acid detected in BSLO or BSLO + BA fed trout compared to the others (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) or total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in muscle among the groups, whereas, the highest EPA:DHA and n-3:n-6 ratios were detected in the FO group. Gene expression for fatty acid binding protein (fabp), fatty acid synthase (fas), and Δ5 desaturase in the liver was lower in FO (P < 0.05), while BSLO + BA registered the highest Δ6 expression (P = 0.006). Supplementation of BA in the BSLO diet increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BSLO could serve as a substitute for FO and SO in rainbow trout diet without negatively impacting growth performance, whole-body composition and nutrient retention, and modulate the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi J. Fawole
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Shyam N. Labh
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Md Sakhawat Hossain
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Ken Overturf
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Brian C. Small
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Thomas L. Welker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Ronald W. Hardy
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Hoc B, Tomson T, Malumba P, Blecker C, Jijakli MH, Purcaro G, Francis F, Caparros Megido R. Production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae-based formulations with differentiated fatty acid profiles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148647. [PMID: 34217091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture sector is expanding rapidly and needs an increasing supply of fishery products. To ensure an ecological transition of this sector, alternative feed ingredients are required for fish nutrition. Potential alternatives include insects, particularly the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758), which is being increasingly targeted for their nutritional qualities and their sustainable production practices. BSF have a well-balanced amino acid profile; however, their fatty acid profile is not sufficiently balanced for most aquafeed formulations but can be modulated through their feed. In this study, two different batches of BSF prepupae (BSFP) were firstly produced: BSFP with a standard ω3 content (C18:3n-3 ≈ 1.36%) and ω3-enriched BSFP (C18:3n-3 ≈ 9.67%). Then, three isoproteic, -lipidic and -energetic trout feeds were formulated and produced: one control and two feeds containing 75% BSF meal as a substitute for fish meal (standard vs ω3-enriched-BSF). Finally, a trout feeding trial (n = 3 for each feed batch) in a recirculating aquaculture system was carried out for 75 days. BSFP meal inclusion in trout diets did not impact most nutritional and growth parameters of trout compared to the control; however, the coefficient of fatness increased, weight gain decreased and fatty acid profiles of fillets were altered. In conclusion, this study presents a more sustainable model of trout production by including insects from bioconversion of local byproducts in aquafeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Hoc
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Tomson
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Paul Malumba
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - M Haissam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rudy Caparros Megido
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Mzengereza K, Ishikawa M, Koshio S, Yokoyama S, Yukun Z, Shadrack RS, Seo S, Kotani T, Dossou S, Basuini MFE, Dawood MAO. Growth Performance, Growth-Related Genes, Digestibility, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Immune and Stress Responses of de novo Camelina Meal in Diets of Red Seabream ( Pagrus major). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113118. [PMID: 34827850 PMCID: PMC8614381 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish meal (FM) is the major protein source in aquafeed to achieve sustainable aquaculture production. However, the supply of FM is low due to high cost and low availability. There is ongoing conceited research to identify alternative viable protein sources to replace the finite FM. Novel camelina meal (CM) is a plant protein with high amino acids levels and has been tested as an alternative protein source in livestock feeding. However, there is limited information on supplementation of the CM in aquaculture diets. In this study, four diets were formulated to contain 0% plant protein, 205 g/kg soybean meal, and two levels of CM (205 g/kg and 330 g/kg) in diets fed to red seabream. Results indicated that adding CM 205 g/kg in diets-maintained growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and nutrient digestibility regulated the immunity and stress resistance and modulated the growth-related genes in red seabream. These findings provide the first step in using novel CM and are essential for future practical formulations of feed for red seabream and other marine fish species. Abstract A 60-day experiment was designed to assess the effect of different ratios of fish meal (FM): camelina meal plant protein (CM) on growth response and relative gene expression of growth-promoting factors, feed utilization potency, digestive enzymes activities, apparent digestibility (ADC), stress response, non-specific immunity of Pagrus major. Four isonitrogenous (490.7 g/kg of crude protein) and isolipidic (91.5 g/kg total lipid) experimental diets were formulated and designated as camelina meal (CM0), soyabean meal (SBM20.5), CM20.5, and CM33 based on protein contents. At the end of the feed trial, significantly higher (p < 0.05) weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake but lower feed conversion ratio were recorded in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 than fish fed CM33. The lowest growth, feed utilization, enzyme activity, and digestibility were recorded in fish fed CM33. Significantly higher pepsin, amylase, and protease activities were observed in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 diets than fish fed CM33. The highest ADC of protein was recorded in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 diets. Hematocrit levels were depressed CM33 while total serum protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly changed by the inclusion of CM. Non-specific immune variables (lysozyme activity, peroxidase activity in serum and nitro blue tetrazolium) in fish fed CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 were significantly higher than in fish fed CM33 diet. The superoxide dismutase of fish fed CM20.5 was not significantly different from CM0 and SBM20.5 (p > 0.05). Catalase and low salinity stress test show that CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 were not significantly (p > 0.05) different, while CM33 was significantly lower than the rest of the diets. TBARs show that CM20.5 and CM33 diets were significantly different (p < 0.05), but CM20.5 was not significantly different from SBM20.5. Significantly higher hepatic IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA expression was found in fish-fed diet groups CM0, SBM20.5, and CM20.5 than fish fed CM33. The present study indicated that the addition of CM up 205 kg/kg to diet maintains growth, digestive enzymes, nutrient digestibility, immunity, stress resistance, and feed utilization efficiency of red sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumbukani Mzengereza
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (K.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.S.S.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (M.I.); (S.K.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Aquatic and Fisheries Science, Private Bag 201, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu 105200, Malawi
| | - Manabu Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (M.I.); (S.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shunsuke Koshio
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (M.I.); (S.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Saichiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (M.I.); (S.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Zhang Yukun
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (K.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.S.S.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (M.I.); (S.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Ronick S. Shadrack
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (K.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.S.S.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (M.I.); (S.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Seok Seo
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (K.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.S.S.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (M.I.); (S.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Tomonari Kotani
- Laboratory of Larval Rearing Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan;
| | - Serge Dossou
- Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie et Aquaculture, Faculté des Sciences Agronomies’, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP:526, Benin;
| | - Mohammed F. El Basuini
- Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, South Sinai 46612, Egypt;
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The exponential increase of global demand for proteins and lipids can no longer be satisfied by classical sources. High amounts of CO2 produced by intensive livestock breeding and its effects on the environment are the main factors that prevent the use of animals as primary sources for proteins and lipids, calling for the use of new sustainable sources, such as insects. The massive breeding of bioconverter insects as a feed source has been a major topic in recent years, with both economic and scientific aspects related to rearing and subsequent processing optimization. The larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (also known as Black Soldier Fly) can be used for the eco-sustainable production of proteins and lipids with high biological and economic value. Lipids can be obtained from BSF bioconversion processes and are present in high quantities in the last instar larvae and prepupae. Fats obtained from BSF are used as animal feed ingredients, in the formulation of several products for personal care, and in biodiesel production. To enable the use of insect-derived lipids, it is important to understand how to optimize their extraction. Here, we summarize the published information on the composition, the extraction methods, and the possible applications of the BSF lipid component.
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Ido A, Ali MFZ, Takahashi T, Miura C, Miura T. Growth of Yellowtail ( Seriola quinqueradiata) Fed on a Diet Including Partially or Completely Defatted Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080722. [PMID: 34442288 PMCID: PMC8397187 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects which can be reared artificially, such as the black soldier fly, housefly or yellow mealworm are considered as promising feed sources for sustainable aquaculture. The present study is the first to reveal the potential of diets containing insect meal for juvenile yellowtail. The growth of fish fed diets in which fish meal was replaced by 10–30% partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal was decreased in accordance with the content of the larvae meal. On the other hand, growth of fish with a diet including 20% completely defatted larvae meal was equivalent to that with a diet of the partially defatted larvae meal. Thus, the fat fraction of black solider fly larvae could cause growth retardation of yellowtail, and the defatting process of the insect meal may be important in the manufacture of black soldier fly larvae meal for yellowtail. Abstract Against a background of increased demand for fish meal (FM), black soldier fly larva is a promising alternative feed source for sustainable aquaculture. Yellowtail, the most popular farmed fish in Japan, is a carnivorous fish; therefore, it requires a high proportion of FM in its diet. This study represents the first example of yellowtail fed on a diet including insect meal as a replacement for FM. Partially defatted black soldier fly meal (PDBM) comprised 49.0% crude protein and 23.2% crude fat, while completely defatted black soldier fly meal (CDBM) contained less than 10% crude fat, as the same level as FM was achieved with defatting PDBM using hexane. In feeding trials, growth of the fish was reduced in accordance with PDBM content: 10%, 20%, and 30% in their diet. Although a diet including 8% CDBM (with the same protein composition as 10% PDBM) also resulted in decreased fish growth, growth with a diet including 16% CDBM (with the same protein composition as 20% PDBM) was significantly higher than that of 20% PDBM, and equivalent to that of 10% PDBM. Therefore, even 10% of partially or completely black soldier fly larvae meal in diets inhibited growth in juvenile yellowtail, and we found that removal of the fat fraction could improve fish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ido
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Muhammad-Fariz-Zahir Ali
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Takayuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiemi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
- Department of Global Environment Studies, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Saeki 731-5193, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-89-946-3684
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Fishmeal Replacement with Hermetia illucens Meal in Aquafeeds: Effects on Zebrafish Growth Performances, Intestinal Morphometry, and Enzymology. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fishmeal (FM) is still the most important protein source in aquafeeds. However, due to the reduction of wild fish stocks used for FM production, its manufacturing it is now unsustainable. Insect meal represents a valid alternative to FM, due to the low carbon footprint of its production and its high nutritional value. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentials of replacing FM with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal (HIM) in aquafeeds, using zebrafish as the animal model. Four diets were formulated with increasing HIM/FM replacement rate (the control diet contained 20% FM). Mortality rates, growth performances, and feed consumptions were measured, and fish intestine samples were collected for histological and enzymatic analysis. After 49 days, all groups almost tripled their initial body weight (cumulative body weight gain ranged between 143.9 and 155.2 mg), and no statistically significant differences among treatments were observed in relation to growth performances and histological traits. Contrarily, trypsin, alkaline phosphatases, and alpha amylase–glucoamylase activities were significantly reduced when the FM replacement rate was increased. In conclusion, HIM may represent an alternative to FM, since no adverse effects were observed when it was included up to 20% in the zebrafish diet, even when replacing 100% of the FM.
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Tegtmeier D, Hurka S, Mihajlovic S, Bodenschatz M, Schlimbach S, Vilcinskas A. Culture-Independent and Culture-Dependent Characterization of the Black Soldier Fly Gut Microbiome Reveals a Large Proportion of Culturable Bacteria with Potential for Industrial Applications. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1642. [PMID: 34442721 PMCID: PMC8398798 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are fast-growing, resilient insects that can break down a variety of organic substrates and convert them into valuable proteins and lipids for applications in the feed industry. Decomposition is mediated by an abundant and versatile gut microbiome, which has been studied for more than a decade. However, little is known about the phylogeny, properties and functions of bacterial isolates from the BSFL gut. We therefore characterized the BSFL gut microbiome in detail, evaluating bacterial diversity by culture-dependent methods and amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Redundant strains were identified by genomic fingerprinting and 105 non-redundant isolates were then tested for their ability to inhibit pathogens. We cultivated representatives of 26 genera, covering 47% of the families and 33% of the genera detected by amplicon sequencing. Among these isolates, we found several representatives of the most abundant genera: Morganella, Enterococcus, Proteus and Providencia. We also isolated diverse members of the less-abundant phylum Actinobacteria, and a novel genus of the order Clostridiales. We found that 15 of the isolates inhibited at least one of the tested pathogens, suggesting a role in helping to prevent colonization by pathogens in the gut. The resulting culture collection of unique BSFL gut bacteria provides a promising resource for multiple industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Tegtmeier
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Hurka
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sanja Mihajlovic
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Maren Bodenschatz
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephanie Schlimbach
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
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Pulido-Rodriguez LF, Cardinaletti G, Secci G, Randazzo B, Bruni L, Cerri R, Olivotto I, Tibaldi E, Parisi G. Appetite Regulation, Growth Performances and Fish Quality Are Modulated by Alternative Dietary Protein Ingredients in Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata) Culture. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071919. [PMID: 34203438 PMCID: PMC8300235 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In a world dramatically harassed by climate changes and overexploitation of resources, the aquaculture expansion poses several challenges. Among the others, aquafeed formulations need to be rethought in a circular economy vision, avoiding food-feed competition, and possibly valorizing one or more ingredients for their functionality. In this context, the present trial showed that Hermetia illucens prepupae, poultry-by products, and red swamp crayfish meals can effectively replace a substantial proportion of vegetable proteins in the diet for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) without impairing fish growth and fillet quality. On the contrary, a blend of Tisochrysis lutea and Tetraselmis suecica negatively impacted fish growth and further studies are thus necessary to better valorize their natural content in pigments in fish farming. Abstract By answering the need for increasing sustainability in aquaculture, the present study aimed to compare growth, gene expression involved in appetite regulation, physical characteristics, and chemical composition of Sparus aurata fed alternative protein sources. Fish were fed ten iso-proteic, iso-lipidic, and isoenergetic diets: a vegetable-based (CV) and a marine ingredient-rich (CF) diet were set as control diets. The others were prepared by replacing graded levels (10, 20 or 40%) of the vegetable proteins in the CV with proteins from a commercial defatted Hermetia illucens pupae meal (H), poultry by-product meal (PBM) singly (H10, H20, H40, P20, P40) or in combination (H10P30), red swamp crayfish meal (RC10) and from a blend (2:1, w:w) of Tisochrysis lutea and Tetraselmis suecica (MA10) dried biomasses. The increase in ghre gene expression observed in MA10 fed fish matched with increased feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio. Besides, the MA10 diet conferred a lighter aspect to the fish skin (p < 0.05) than the others. Overall, no detrimental effects of H, PBM, and RC meal included in the diets were observed, and fish fatty acid profile resulted as comparable among these groups and CV, thus demonstrating the possibility to introduce H, PBM, and RC in partial replacement of vegetable proteins in the diet for Sparus aurata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fernanda Pulido-Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Giulia Secci
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.)
| | - Leonardo Bruni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Roberto Cerri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.)
| | - Emilio Tibaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Rumbos CI, Mente E, Karapanagiotidis IT, Vlontzos G, Athanassiou CG. Insect-Based Feed Ingredients for Aquaculture: A Case Study for Their Acceptance in Greece. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070586. [PMID: 34203332 PMCID: PMC8303123 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Since 2017, insects can be used as ingredients in aquafeeds in the EU. However, insect-based aquafeeds are still not broadly accepted by European aquaculture companies. Understanding the beliefs of people associated with the aquaculture sector on the use of insect-based fish diets could assist their adoption. In the present study, we ran a survey among the participants of an aquaculture conference held in Greece, in order to ask them what they think regarding the inclusion of insect meal in aquafeeds. Furthermore, we inquired nine Greek aquaculture and aquafeed companies about this issue. Greece is among the largest farmed fish producers in the EU; however, there are currently no data available on the acceptance of insect-based aquafeeds in Greece. Based on our results, the majority of the respondents were aware and in favor of the inclusion of insects in aquafeeds, mainly due to their potential to lower fishing pressure on wild fish stocks used for fishmeal production and enhance the ecological footprint and sustainability of aquaculture. Moreover, six out of nine companies were favorably disposed towards the use of insects in fish diets and four of them were willing to produce or use such diets. Further studies are warranted towards this direction. Abstract Although the inclusion of insects in fish diets is officially allowed in the EU since 2017, insect-based aquafeeds have not been widely adopted by the European aquaculture sector. In order to investigate the perceptions related with adoption trends, it is critical to explore the beliefs of people associated with the aquaculture sector on the use of insects in farmed fish diets. A survey was conducted among 228 participants of an aquaculture conference to explore their perceptions on the inclusion of insect meal in fish diets. Additionally, we investigated the attitudes of nine companies operating in the aquaculture and aquafeed sector in Greece that attended the conference towards this direction. The findings of the conference survey provide evidence that there is a wide-range awareness and acceptance regarding the use of insect-based feeds in farmed fish diets among the respondents. This is mainly driven by the expectations for the decline in fishing pressure on wild fish stocks, the reduction of the ecological footprint and the enhancement of the sustainability of the aquaculture sector. The results of the stakeholder survey show that six out of the nine companies that participated in the survey are favorably disposed towards the use of insect-based feeds. Specifically, four of them stated that they would produce or use aquafeeds based on insects. However, the results highlight the need for further research on the implementation of the wider adoption of insect-based feeds in aquaculture. The present study provides some first insights into the use of insect-based aquafeeds in Greece, for which there are no data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos I. Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece;
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; (E.M.); (I.T.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleni Mente
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; (E.M.); (I.T.K.)
| | - Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; (E.M.); (I.T.K.)
| | - Georgios Vlontzos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Economy and Consumer’s Behaviour, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece;
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece;
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Caimi C, Biasato I, Chemello G, Oddon SB, Lussiana C, Malfatto VM, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Schiavone A, Gai F, Trocino A, Brugiapaglia A, Renna M, Gasco L. Dietary inclusion of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:50. [PMID: 33858519 PMCID: PMC8050899 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent investigations highlighted that Hermetia illucens (BSF) larva meal can be a valuable alternative protein source for aquafeed production. In this study, in substitution of fishmeal, we used increasing inclusion levels of a partially defatted BSF larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and we evaluated the related implications in terms of growth performance, physical characteristics, proximate and fatty acid (FA) compositions of the fillets, gut and liver histology, and diet digestibility. In a 131-day trial, 576 fish (100.1 ± 9.29 g) were randomly allotted to 24 tanks (24 fish/tank, 4 replicates/treatment). Six experimental diets were produced to have partial replacement of fishmeal (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) by increasing levels of BSF meal (0% [BSF0], 3% [BSF3], 6% [BSF6], 9% [BSF9], 12% [BSF12] and 15% [BSF15] on as fed basis, respectively). Results No differences were observed among the treatments for all the considered growth performance parameters. The viscero and hepato-somatic indexes showed significant differences among the treatments, with the highest values observed in the BSF15 group. No differences were recorded in terms of fillet’s physical characteristics, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents. Total saturated and monounsaturated FA increased, while polyunsaturated FA (particularly n-3 FA) decreased while increasing the HI meal inclusion in the diet. Histopathology of liver and gut was not affected, whereas, in posterior gut, villi were higher in BSF6 and BSF9 compared to BSF3 fish. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE and gross energy did not vary among the treatments. Conclusions These results suggest that a partially defatted BSF meal could be included up to 15% in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout with no adverse effects on growth performance, fillet’s physical characteristics, gut and liver health, and diet digestibility. On the contrary, the fillet FA composition worsened while increasing the level of BSF meal in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Sara Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Carola Lussiana
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Vanda Maria Malfatto
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.,Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Angela Trocino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alberto Brugiapaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Manuela Renna
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Basto A, Calduch-Giner J, Oliveira B, Petit L, Sá T, Maia MRG, Fonseca SC, Matos E, Pérez-Sánchez J, Valente LMP. The Use of Defatted Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal as a Main Protein Source Is Supported in European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) by Data on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Flesh Quality. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659567. [PMID: 33967831 PMCID: PMC8104126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to determine the maximal inclusion level of defatted (d-) Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TM) able to replace dietary fishmeal (FM) without compromising growth performance, general metabolism, and flesh quality traits in European sea bass, and to evaluate the major underlying physiological mechanisms. Materials and Methods Fish (55 ± 2 g) were fed with diets containing increasing levels of dTM: 0, 40, 80 and 100% (CTRL, TM40, TM80, and TM100, respectively) to replace FM. After 10 weeks of feeding, the growth performance, nutrient and energy balance, intestinal integrity, plasma metabolites and the expression of genes related to growth and nutrient metabolism, in liver and muscle were determined. The fatty acids (FA) profile, textural properties and color were also evaluated in muscle. Results Protein and lipids digestibility remained unaltered up to 80% dTM inclusion. Growth performance parameters were similar among dietary treatments. The dTM inclusion increased the hepatosomatic index in fish fed TM100. Muscle eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA levels were maintained up to 80% dTM inclusion, but total cholesterol and non-esterified FA increased with dietary dTM inclusion. In liver, the expression of elongation of very long-chain FA protein 6 (elovl6) and FA desaturase 2 (fads2) did not change in fish fed TM40 and TM80, but elovl6 decreased whilst fads2 increased in fish fed TM100 when compared to those fed CTRL. The expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-monooxygenase (cyp7a1) decreased with dietary dTM inclusion. In muscle, the expression of myoblast determination protein-2 (myod2) decreased in fish fed TM80 and TM100. Conclusion It is feasible to substitute dietary FM by dTM up to 80% in European sea bass without detrimental effects on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and associated genetic pathways, whilst assuring fillet nutritional value for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Basto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Josep Calduch-Giner
- IATS - CSIC, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Beatriz Oliveira
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lisa Petit
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Tiago Sá
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana C Fonseca
- GreenUPorto, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Matos
- SORGAL - Sociedade de Óleos e Rações, S.A., S. João de Ovar, Portugal
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- IATS - CSIC, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Luisa M P Valente
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Abdel-Tawwab M, Khalil RH, Metwally AA, Shakweer MS, Ghetas HA, Khallaf MA. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets of European seabass: Effects on antioxidative capacity, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:111-118. [PMID: 33508473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) has been successfully demonstrated as a promising fish meal (FM) replacer in diets of several fish species including European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). However, its impacts on antioxidant capacity, and immune responses of treated fish are still poorly understood. A 60-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of FM with different levels of dry BSFLM on the antioxidative status, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance of European seabass to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. Four isoproteic (45%) and isolipidic diets were formulated by replacing 0.0%, 25%, 35%, and 50% of the dietary FM. Each diet was randomly assigned to four fish groups (in triplicates) (initial mean body weight, 12.1 ± 0.21 g) (20 fish per aquarium) (n = 240). Fish were fed three times daily to the apparent satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, serum antioxidant biomarkers such as malondialdehyde levels, and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities were significantly increased in all BSFLM groups in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The non-specific immune indices, including phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, serum lysozyme and respiratory burst activities were significantly elevated in BSFLM groups compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of hepatic heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-10 genes were observed in all BSFLM groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, after the challenge with V. alginolyticus, the relative percent of survival was significantly elevated in fish groups fed on diets containing graded levels of BSFLM over the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusively, the present study suggests the potential efficacy of partial replacement of dietary FM protein for up to 50% by BSFLM without negative effects on fish health with possible potentiation of the antioxidative status, and the immune responses of the European seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt
| | - Riad H Khalil
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Medhat S Shakweer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ghetas
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khallaf
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
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Shafique L, Abdel-Latif HMR, Hassan FU, Alagawany M, Naiel MAE, Dawood MAO, Yilmaz S, Liu Q. The Feasibility of Using Yellow Mealworms ( Tenebrio molitor): Towards a Sustainable Aquafeed Industry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030811. [PMID: 33805823 PMCID: PMC7999726 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The expansion of the aquaculture industry depends mainly on aquafeed availability at reasonable prices. The common ingredients of aquafeed (e.g., fish and soybean meals) are not sustainable due to a lack of resources and increasing prices. Seeking alternative non-traditional ingredients is among the choices of nutritionists to produce high-quality feed at a feasible cost. Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) (TM) have been introduced to the feed industry as protein sources of a circular economy. Many studies have investigated the possibility of including T. molitor meals as a substitute for fish and soybean meals in aquafeed. Thus, this review exclusively presents an assemblage of the literature on the possibility of including T. molitor in aquafeed as a suggestion for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Abstract The success of the aquafeed industry mainly depends on the availability of raw ingredients with high nutritional value, such as fishmeal (FM). However, the increased demand for FM elevates its prices and leads to high feed costs. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable alternatives for FM in fish diets to achieve sustainability in aquaculture. Currently, attention is being paid to the possibility of using insect meals as FM substitutes in aquafeed because of their relatively high nutritional quality. TM is one of those insects that can be regarded as a unique candidate because of its relatively high nutritional value. TM are rich sources of essential amino acids (methionine), lipids, and fatty acids, which vary based on the developmental stage of the worms. Although TM have an abundant amount of chitin as a fiber source and other anti-nutritional factors, numerous studies have investigated the efficacy of partial or complete substitution of FM by T. molitor in fish diets. In this context, we reviewed the current research findings on the achievable inclusion levels of T. molitor versus FM substitution in the diets of several finfish and shellfish species. We discussed the potential use of T. molitor as an FM substitute in fish diets and evaluated its effects on growth, biometric indices, and body composition. Besides, the hematological parameters, immunological responses, antioxidative efficacy, intestinal health status, and sensory criteria of fish fed T. molitor-based diets were also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Shafique
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| | - Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt;
| | - Faiz-ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed A. E. Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Sevdan Yilmaz
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey;
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
- Correspondence:
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Zarantoniello M, Randazzo B, Cardinaletti G, Truzzi C, Chemello G, Riolo P, Olivotto I. Possible Dietary Effects of Insect-Based Diets across Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Generations: A Multidisciplinary Study on the Larval Phase. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030751. [PMID: 33803315 PMCID: PMC8000180 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects represent a valuable and sustainable alternative ingredient for aquafeed formulation. However, insect-based diets have often highlighted controversial results in different fish species, especially when high inclusion levels were used. Several studies have demonstrated that nutritional programming through parental feeding may allow the production of fish better adapted to use sub-optimal aquafeed ingredients. To date, this approach has never been explored on insect-based diets. In the present study, five experimental diets characterized by increasing fish meal substitution levels with full-fat Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) prepupae meal (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) were used to investigate the effects of programming via broodstock nutrition on F1 zebrafish larvae development. The responses of offspring were assayed through biometric, gas chromatographic, histological, and molecular analyses. The results evidenced that the same BSF-based diets provided to adults were able to affect F1 zebrafish larvae fatty acid composition without impairing growth performances, hepatic lipid accumulation and gut health. Groups challenged with higher BSF inclusion with respect to fish meal (50%, 75% and 100%) showed a significant downregulation of stress response markers and a positive modulation of inflammatory cytokines gene expression. The present study evidences that nutritional programming through parental feeding may make it possible to extend the fish meal substitution level with BSF prepupae meal in the diet up to almost 100% without incurring the well-known negative side effects of BSF-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (B.R.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Randazzo B, Zarantoniello M, Cardinaletti G, Cerri R, Giorgini E, Belloni A, Contò M, Tibaldi E, Olivotto I. Hermetia illucens and Poultry by-Product Meals as Alternatives to Plant Protein Sources in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Diet: A Multidisciplinary Study on Fish Gut Status. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030677. [PMID: 33806710 PMCID: PMC8001786 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sustainability and fish welfare have been receiving increasing attention in the aquaculture sector, with an emphasis on the search for new, sustainable, and healthy aquafeed ingredients. For many years, plant ingredients have been widely used in aquafeed formulation; however, negative side effects on gut welfare have often been reported in several carnivorous fish species. From this perspective, alternative ingredients such as poultry by-products and insect meal are receiving attention due to their low ecological footprint and high nutritional value. In the present study, these two ingredients were used, singly or in combination, to formulate practical diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). After a twelve-week feeding trial, a multidisciplinary laboratory approach including histological, molecular, and spectroscopic techniques was adopted in order to investigate fish physiological responses to the new test diets. The results obtained showed excellent zootechnical performances and ameliorated gut health in fish fed dietary inclusions of poultry by-products and insect meal compared to those fed a vegetable-based diet. In addition, the modulation of nutrient absorption in relation to the ingredients used was highlighted by means of spectroscopic tools. The results obtained demonstrated that poultry by-products and insect meal can be successfully used to replace plant-derived ingredients in diets for gilthead seabream without negatively affecting fish welfare. Abstract The attempt to replace marine-derived ingredients for aquafeed formulation with plant-derived ones has met some limitations due to their negative side effects on many fish species. In this context, finding new, sustainable ingredients able to promote fish welfare is currently under exploration. In the present study, poultry by-products and Hermetia illucens meal were used to replace the vegetable protein fraction in diets totally deprived of fish meal intended for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). After a 12-week feeding trial, a multidisciplinary approach including histological, molecular, and spectroscopic techniques was adopted to investigate intestine and liver responses to the different dietary formulations. Regardless of the alternative ingredient used, the reduction in dietary vegetable proteins resulted in a lower incidence of intestine histological alterations and inflammatory responses. In addition, the dietary inclusion of insect meal positively affected the reduction in the molecular inflammatory markers analyzed. Spectroscopic analyses showed that poultry by-product meal improved lipid absorption in the intestine, while insect meal induced increased liver lipid deposition in fish. The results obtained demonstrated that both poultry by-products and H. illucens meal can successfully be used to replace plant-derived ingredients in diets for gilthead seabream, promoting healthy aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilio Randazzo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (M.Z.); (E.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (M.Z.); (E.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Roberto Cerri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (M.Z.); (E.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessia Belloni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (M.Z.); (E.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Contò
- Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, 00015 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emilio Tibaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (M.Z.); (E.G.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Weththasinghe P, Lagos L, Cortés M, Hansen JØ, Øverland M. Dietary Inclusion of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia Illucens) Larvae Meal and Paste Improved Gut Health but Had Minor Effects on Skin Mucus Proteome and Immune Response in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo Salar). Front Immunol 2021; 12:599530. [PMID: 33717079 PMCID: PMC7946862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated effects of dietary inclusion of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) meal and paste on gut health, plasma biochemical parameters, immune response and skin mucus proteome in pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The seven-week experiment consisted of seven experimental diets: a control diet based on fishmeal and plant protein (Control-1); three BSFL meal diets, substituting 6.25% (6.25IM), 12.5% (12.5IM) and 25% (25IM) of protein; two BSFL paste diets, substituting 3.7% (3.7IP) and 6.7% (6.7IP) of protein and an extra control diet with 0.88% of formic acid (Control-2). The 6.25IM diet reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, improved distal intestine histology, and reduced IgM in distal intestine. The fish fed 12.5IM diet reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, improved distal intestine histology, had a higher plasma lysozyme content compared to 6.25IM, and tend to increase phagocytic activity in head-kidney macrophages-like cells. On the other hand, 25IM diet improved distal intestine histology, but showed mild-moderate enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, increased IFNγ and reduced IgM in distal intestine. In the case of BSFL paste diets, 3.7IP diet caused mild inflammatory changes in distal intestine, although it reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca. The 6.7IP diet reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca and improved distal intestine histology. Increasing level of BSFL meal in the diet linearly decreased plasma C-reactive protein, whereas increasing level of BSFL paste linearly increased plasma antioxidant capacity. Dietary inclusion of BSFL meal and paste had minor effects on the expression profile of proteins in skin mucus and no effects on immune markers in splenocytes. BSFL meal showed no negative effect on liver and muscle health as indicated by plasma alanine aminotranseferase, asparate aminotransferase and creatine kinase. The present study showed that replacing conventional protein sources with low to moderate levels of BSFL meal (6.25% and 12.5%) or paste (3.7% and 6.7%) reduced enterocyte steatosis in pyloric caeca, while replacing up to 25% with BSFL meal or 6.7% with paste improved distal intestine histology. Further, dietary inclusion of BSFL meal and paste had minor effects on skin mucus proteome and immune response in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabodha Weththasinghe
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marcos Cortés
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jon Øvrum Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Zarantoniello M, Randazzo B, Nozzi V, Truzzi C, Giorgini E, Cardinaletti G, Freddi L, Ratti S, Girolametti F, Osimani A, Notarstefano V, Milanović V, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Tulli F, Gioacchini G, Olivotto I. Physiological responses of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles fed on full-fat insect-based diet in an aquaponic system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1057. [PMID: 33441819 PMCID: PMC7806854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, the potential use of Black Soldier Fly meal (BSF) as a new and sustainable aquafeed ingredient has been largely explored in several fish species. However, only fragmentary information is available about the use of BSF meal-based diets in sturgeon nutrition. In consideration of a circular economy concept and a more sustainable aquaculture development, the present research represents the first comprehensive multidisciplinary study on the physiological effects of a BSF diet during sturgeon culture in an aquaponic system. Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles were fed over a 60-days feeding trial on a control diet (Hi0) and a diet containing 50% of full-fat BSF meal respect to fish meal (Hi50). Physiological responses of fish were investigated using several analytical approaches, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, histology, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), microbiome sequencing and Real-time PCR. While aquaponic systems performed optimally during the trial, Hi50 group fish showed lower diet acceptance that resulted in growth and survival reduction, a decrease in hepatic lipids and glycogen content (FTIR), a higher hepatic hsp70.1 gene expression and a worsening in gut histological morphometric parameters. The low feed acceptance showed by Hi50 group sturgeon highlighted the necessity to improve the palatability of BSF-based diet designed for sturgeon culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Nozzi
- Mj Energy srl Società Agricola, Contrada SS. Crocifisso, 22, 62010, Treia, MC, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Freddi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federico Girolametti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Giannetto A, Oliva S, Riolo K, Savastano D, Parrino V, Cappello T, Maisano M, Fasulo S, Mauceri A. Waste Valorization via Hermetia Illucens to Produce Protein-Rich Biomass for Feed: Insight into the Critical Nutrient Taurine. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091710. [PMID: 32967279 PMCID: PMC7552637 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have been recognized as sustainable alternative sources of nutrients for food and feed. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is a particularly promising species for its great potential in the waste valorization to produce, during the bioconversion process, high-value fat and proteins that currently represent a valuable source for fish feed. The present study aims to evaluate the efficiency to use substrate proteins in two different BSF developmental stages as sustainable biotechnological tools for vegetable waste management. We provide insights into the nutritional values of both V instar larvae and prepupae in terms of valuable amino acids with special focus on taurine, a crucial nutrient for fish. Moreover, we cloned four key genes from BSF involved in the taurine biosynthesis pathway, 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase (Hiado), cysteine dioxygenase (Hicdo), cysteine sulfonate decarboxylase (Hicsad), and glutamate decarboxylase (Higad). The gene expression analysis in larvae and prepupae by qPCR showed development-specific profiles suggesting they influence the taurine content during BSF development. These findings showed peculiar phenotypes in larvae and prepupae that can be selected for different biotechnological applications as sustainable source of relevant amino acids and taurine to support the increasing demand for animal feed and aquafeed in the next decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Oliva
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Vincenzo Parrino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Angela Mauceri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
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Randazzo B, Zarantoniello M, Gioacchini G, Giorgini E, Truzzi C, Notarstefano V, Cardinaletti G, Huyen KT, Carnevali O, Olivotto I. Can Insect-Based Diets Affect Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Reproduction? A Multidisciplinary Study. Zebrafish 2020; 17:287-304. [PMID: 32857683 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) meal is considered an alternative, emerging, and sustainable ingredient for aquafeed formulation. However, results on fish physiological responses are still fragmentary and often controversial, and no data are available on the effect of insect meal-based diets on fish reproduction. On this regard, zebrafish, with its relatively short life cycle, represents an ideal experimental model to explore this topic. In this study, female zebrafish were fed for 12 months on a control diet based on fish meal (FM) and fish oil and two experimental diets with full-fat BSF (Hermetia illucens) prepupae meal inclusion, to replace 25% and 50% of FM (BSF25 and BSF50). All diets were isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isoenergetic. The effects of these two experimental diets on female's reproduction were investigated through a multidisciplinary approach, including the evaluation of growth, gonadosomatic index, spawned/fertilized eggs and hatching rate, adult female carcass and fertilized egg fatty acid composition, histological analysis of the ovary, spectroscopic macromolecular composition of class IV oocytes, and expression of genes involved in fish lipid metabolism in the liver. Results showed that while fish were perfectly able to cope with a 25% insect meal dietary inclusion, a 50% inclusion level caused the overexpression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, a general reduction in the number of spawned eggs, and differences in the frequency rate of previtellogenic oocytes, class III, IV, oocytes and postovulatory follicles and atretic oocytes, in the macromolecular composition of class IV oocytes, and in the fatty acid composition of the fertilized eggs, respect to control and 25% group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Kieu Thi Huyen
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Zarantoniello M, Randazzo B, Gioacchini G, Truzzi C, Giorgini E, Riolo P, Gioia G, Bertolucci C, Osimani A, Cardinaletti G, Lucon-Xiccato T, Milanović V, Annibaldi A, Tulli F, Notarstefano V, Ruschioni S, Clementi F, Olivotto I. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) physiological and behavioural responses to insect-based diets: a multidisciplinary approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10648. [PMID: 32606335 PMCID: PMC7326965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) meal is considered as an alternative, emerging and sustainable ingredient for aquafeed production. However, results on fish physiological responses are still fragmentary and often controversial, while no studies are available on fish behavior in response to these new diets. The present work represents the first comprehensive multidisciplinary study aimed to investigate zebrafish physiological and behavioural responses to BSF-based diets. Five experimental diets characterized by increasing inclusion levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respect to fish meal) of full fat BSF prepupae meal were tested during a 2-months feeding trial. Prepupae were cultured on coffee silverskin growth substrate enriched with a 10% Schizochytrium sp. to improve insects’ fatty acids profile. The responses of zebrafish were assayed through biometric, histological, gas chromatographic, microbiological, spectroscopic, molecular and behavioural analyses. Results evidenced that BSF-based diets affected fish fatty acid composition, while behavioural tests did not show differences among groups. Specifically, a 50% BSF inclusion level diet represented the best compromise between ingredient sustainability and proper fish growth and welfare. Fish fed with higher BSF inclusions (75 and 100%) showed hepatic steatosis, microbiota modification, higher lipid content, fatty acid modification and higher expression of immune response markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Mikołajczak Z, Rawski M, Mazurkiewicz J, Kierończyk B, Józefiak D. The Effect of Hydrolyzed Insect Meals in Sea Trout Fingerling ( Salmo trutta m. trutta) Diets on Growth Performance, Microbiota and Biochemical Blood Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061031. [PMID: 32545777 PMCID: PMC7341494 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The replacement of fishmeal by environmentally sustainable alternative meals has been one of the targets in aquaculture in recent decades. A number of factors support the use of insect meals, as a group of products characterized by high crude protein and crude fat content, in fish nutrition. Insects are readily accepted by a number of fish species, and they are part of the natural diet of omnivorous and carnivorous species. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hydrolyzed Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio meals as a partial replacement for fishmeal in sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta) diets on growth performance, feed utilization, organosomatic indices, serum biochemistry, gut histology, and microbiota. In the present study, insect meals inclusion did not cause any adverse impacts on growth performance, feed utilization or gut histomorphology. However, an effect on the organosomatic indices, serum biochemistry, and microbiota was observed. In conclusion, hydrolyzed T. molitor and Z. morio meals seem to be promising alternative protein sources for sea trout nutrition. Abstract The present study is the first introduction of hydrolyzed superworm meal in sea trout nutrition. It was conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion in the diet of hydrolyzed insect meals as a partial replacement for fishmeal on growth performance, feed utilization, organosomatic indices, serum biochemical parameters, gut histomorphology, and microbiota composition of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta). The experiment was performed on 225 sea trout fingerlings distributed into three groups (3 tanks/treatment, 25 fish/tank). The control diet was fishmeal-based. In the experimental groups, 10% of hydrolyzed mealworm (TMD) and superworm (ZMD) meals were included. The protein efficiency ratio was lower in the TMD and ZMD. Higher organosomatic indices and liver lipid contents were found in the group fed ZMD. The ZMD increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, and decreased levels of alkaline phosphatase. The Aeromonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. populations decreased in the ZMD. The concentrations of the Carnobacterium spp. decreased in the ZMD and TMD, as did that of the Lactobacillus group in the TMD. In conclusion, insect meals may be an alternative protein source in sea trout nutrition, as they yield satisfying growth performance and have the capability to modulate biochemical blood parameters and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (D.J.)
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Institute of Zoology, Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Zoology, Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (D.J.)
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Giannetto A, Oliva S, Ceccon Lanes CF, de Araújo Pedron F, Savastano D, Baviera C, Parrino V, Lo Paro G, Spanò NC, Cappello T, Maisano M, Mauceri A, Fasulo S. Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomydae) larvae and prepupae: Biomass production, fatty acid profile and expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism. J Biotechnol 2020; 307:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Truzzi C, Giorgini E, Annibaldi A, Antonucci M, Illuminati S, Scarponi G, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Conti C, Zarantoniello M, Cipriani R, Olivotto I. Fatty acids profile of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): Influence of feeding substrate based on coffee-waste silverskin enriched with microalgae. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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