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Li M, Huang W, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhao S, Wang L, Sun Y, Sha B, Yan J, Ma Y, Tang J, Shi J, Li P, Jia L, Hu T, Chen P. Glucose deprivation triggers DCAF1-mediated inactivation of Rheb-mTORC1 and promotes cancer cell survival. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:409. [PMID: 38862475 PMCID: PMC11166663 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Low glucose is a common microenvironment for rapidly growing solid tumors, which has developed multiple approaches to survive under glucose deprivation. However, the specific regulatory mechanism remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that glucose deprivation, while not amino acid or serum starvation, transactivates the expression of DCAF1. This enhances the K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of Rheb, inhibits mTORC1 activity, induces autophagy, and facilitates cancer cell survival under glucose deprivation conditions. This study identified DCAF1 as a new cellular glucose sensor and uncovered new insights into mechanism of DCAF1-mediated inactivation of Rheb-mTORC1 pathway for promoting cancer cell survival in response to glucose deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yue Du
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Longhao Wang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yaxin Sun
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Beibei Sha
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, China
| | - Jie Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yangcheng Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jinlu Tang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Precision Medicine Center, Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Pei Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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2
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Kim DH. Contrasting views on the role of AMPK in autophagy. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300211. [PMID: 38214366 PMCID: PMC10922896 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Efficient management of low energy states is vital for cells to maintain basic functions and metabolism and avoid cell death. While autophagy has long been considered a critical mechanism for ensuring survival during energy depletion, recent research has presented conflicting evidence, challenging the long-standing concept. This recent development suggests that cells prioritize preserving essential cellular components while restraining autophagy induction when cellular energy is limited. This essay explores the conceptual discourse on autophagy regulation during energy stress, navigating through the studies that established the current paradigm and the recent research that has challenged its validity while proposing an alternative model. This exploration highlights the far-reaching implications of the alternative model, which represents a conceptual departure from the established paradigm, offering new perspectives on how cells respond to energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Santos RD, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Glp-1 Mimetics and Autophagy in Diabetic Milieu: State-of-the-Art. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e250124226181. [PMID: 38299271 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998276570231222105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The diabetic milieu is associated with cascades of pathophysiological pathways that culminate in diabetic complications and tissue injuries. Autophagy is an essential process mandatory for cell survival and tissue homeostasis by degrading damaged organelles and removing injured cells. However, it may turn into a pathological process in an aberrant mode in the diabetic and/or malignant milieu. Moreover, autophagy could serve as a promising therapeutic target for many complications related to tissue injury. Glp-1 mimetics are a class of newer antidiabetic agents that reduce blood glucose through several pathways. However, some evidence suggests that they can provide extra glycemic benefits by modulating autophagy, although there is no complete understanding of this mechanism and its underlying molecular pathways. Hence, in the current review, we aimed to provide new insights on the possible impact of Glp-1 mimetics on autophagy and consequent benefits as well as mediating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mina Maleki
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Medical Toxicolgy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Medical Toxicolgy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Hwang ES, Song SB. Impaired Autophagic Flux in Glucose-Deprived Cells: An Outcome of Lysosomal Acidification Failure Exacerbated by Mitophagy Dysfunction. Mol Cells 2023; 46:655-663. [PMID: 37867391 PMCID: PMC10654461 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction is associated with human diseases and conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic issues, and chronic infections. Additionally, the decline in autophagic activity contributes to tissue and organ dysfunction and aging-related diseases. Several factors, such as down-regulation of autophagy components and activators, oxidative damage, microinflammation, and impaired autophagy flux, are linked to autophagy decline. An autophagy flux impairment (AFI) has been implicated in neurological disorders and in certain other pathological conditions. Here, to enhance our understanding of AFI, we conducted a comprehensive literature review of findings derived from two well-studied cellular stress models: glucose deprivation and replicative senescence. Glucose deprivation is a condition in which cells heavily rely on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP generation. Autophagy is activated, but its flux is hindered at the autolysis step, primarily due to an impairment of lysosomal acidity. Cells undergoing replicative senescence also experience AFI, which is also known to be caused by lysosomal acidity failure. Both glucose deprivation and replicative senescence elevate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), affecting lysosomal acidification. Mitochondrial alterations play a crucial role in elevating ROS generation and reducing lysosomal acidity, highlighting their association with autophagy dysfunction and disease conditions. This paper delves into the underlying molecular and cellular pathways of AFI in glucose-deprived cells, providing insights into potential strategies for managing AFI that is driven by lysosomal acidity failure. Furthermore, the investigation on the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction sheds light on the potential effectiveness of modulating mitochondrial function to overcome AFI, offering new possibilities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Seon Beom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
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5
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Shekari F, Alibhai FJ, Baharvand H, Börger V, Bruno S, Davies O, Giebel B, Gimona M, Salekdeh GH, Martin‐Jaular L, Mathivanan S, Nelissen I, Nolte‐’t Hoen E, O'Driscoll L, Perut F, Pluchino S, Pocsfalvi G, Salomon C, Soekmadji C, Staubach S, Torrecilhas AC, Shelke GV, Tertel T, Zhu D, Théry C, Witwer K, Nieuwland R. Cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles: Considerations for reporting cell culturing parameters. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e115. [PMID: 38939735 PMCID: PMC11080896 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture-conditioned medium (CCM) is a valuable source of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for basic scientific, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Cell culturing parameters affect the biochemical composition, release and possibly the function of CCM-derived EVs (CCM-EV). The CCM-EV task force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles aims to identify relevant cell culturing parameters, describe their effects based on current knowledge, recommend reporting parameters and identify outstanding questions. While some recommendations are valid for all cell types, cell-specific recommendations may need to be established for non-mammalian sources, such as bacteria, yeast and plant cells. Current progress towards these goals is summarized in this perspective paper, along with a checklist to facilitate transparent reporting of cell culturing parameters to improve the reproducibility of CCM-EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP‐TDC), Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
| | | | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in BiologyUniversity of Science and CultureTehranIran
| | - Verena Börger
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTurinItaly
| | - Owen Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Mario Gimona
- GMP UnitSpinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS) and Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies” Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | | | - Lorena Martin‐Jaular
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932 and Curie CoreTech Extracellular VesiclesPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Inge Nelissen
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health departmentBoeretangBelgium
| | - Esther Nolte‐’t Hoen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Francesca Perut
- Biomedical Science and Technologies and Nanobiotechnology LabIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResourcesNational Research CouncilNaplesItaly
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae‐Oncology Group, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)SPBrazil
| | - Ganesh Vilas Shelke
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Dandan Zhu
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932 and Curie CoreTech Extracellular VesiclesPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Kenneth Witwer
- Departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology and Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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6
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Diez AF, Leroux LP, Chagneau S, Plouffe A, Gold M, Chaparro V, Jaramillo M. Toxoplasma gondii inhibits the expression of autophagy-related genes through AKT-dependent inactivation of the transcription factor FOXO3a. mBio 2023; 14:e0079523. [PMID: 37387601 PMCID: PMC10470550 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00795-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii induces host AKT activation to prevent autophagy-mediated clearance; however, the molecular underpinnings are not fully understood. Autophagy can be negatively regulated through AKT-sensitive phosphorylation and nuclear export of the transcription factor Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a). Using a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches, herein we investigated whether T. gondii hinders host autophagy through AKT-dependent inactivation of FOXO3a. We found that infection by type I and II strains of T. gondii promotes gradual and sustained AKT-dependent phosphorylation of FOXO3a at residues S253 and T32 in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and murine 3T3 fibroblasts. Mechanistically, AKT-sensitive phosphorylation of FOXO3a by T. gondii required live infection and the activity of PI3K but was independent of the plasma membrane receptor EGFR and the kinase PKCα. Phosphorylation of FOXO3a at AKT-sensitive residues was paralleled by its nuclear exclusion in T. gondii-infected HFF. Importantly, the parasite was unable to drive cytoplasmic localization of FOXO3a upon pharmacological blockade of AKT or overexpression of an AKT-insensitive mutant form of FOXO3a. Transcription of a subset of bona fide autophagy-related targets of FOXO3a was reduced during T. gondii infection in an AKT-dependent fashion. However, parasite-directed repression of autophagy-related genes was AKT-resistant in cells deficient in FOXO3a. Consistent with this, T. gondii failed to inhibit the recruitment of acidic organelles and LC3, an autophagy marker, to the parasitophorous vacuole upon chemically or genetically induced nuclear retention of FOXO3a. In all, we provide evidence that T. gondii suppresses FOXO3a-regulated transcriptional programs to prevent autophagy-mediated killing. IMPORTANCE The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis, an opportunistic infection commonly transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. To date, no effective vaccines in humans have been developed and no promising drugs are available to treat chronic infection or prevent congenital infection. T. gondii targets numerous host cell processes to establish a favorable replicative niche. Of note, T. gondii activates the host AKT signaling pathway to prevent autophagy-mediated killing. Herein, we report that T. gondii inhibits FOXO3a, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of autophagy-related genes, through AKT-dependent phosphorylation. The parasite's ability to block the recruitment of the autophagy machinery to the parasitophorous vacuole is impeded upon pharmacological inhibition of AKT or overexpression of an AKT-insensitive form of FOXO3a. Thus, our study provides greater granularity in the role of FOXO3a during infection and reinforces the potential of targeting autophagy as a therapeutic strategy against T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Felipe Diez
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)—Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Leroux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)—Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Chagneau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)—Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Plouffe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)—Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Gold
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)—Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Visnu Chaparro
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)—Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)—Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (AFSB), Laval, Québec, Canada
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7
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Mireault M, Xiao Y, Barbeau B, Jumarie C. Cadmium affects autophagy in the human intestinal cells Caco-2 through ROS-mediated ERK activation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:945-966. [PMID: 34580807 PMCID: PMC10406703 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic metal that enters the food chain. Following oral ingestion, the intestinal epithelium has the capacity to accumulate high levels of this metal. We have previously shown that Cd induces ERK1/2 activation in differentiated but not proliferative human enterocytic-like Caco-2 cells. As autophagy is a dynamic process that plays a critical role in intestinal mucosa, we aimed the present study 1) to investigate the role of p-ERK1/2 in constitutive autophagy in proliferative Caco-2 cells and 2) to investigate whether Cd-induced activation of ERK1/2 modifies autophagic activity in postconfluent Caco-2 cell monolayers. Western blot analyses of ERK1/2 and autophagic markers (LC3, SQSTM1), and cellular staining with acridine orange showed that ERK1/2 and autophagic activities both decreased with time in culture. GFP-LC3 fluorescence was also associated with proliferative cells and the presence of a constitutive ERK1/2-dependent autophagic flux was demonstrated in proliferative but not in postconfluent cells. In the latter condition, serum and glucose deprivation triggered autophagy via a transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas Cd-modified autophagy via a ROS-dependent sustained activation of ERK1/2. Basal autophagy flux in proliferative cells and Cd-induced increases in autophagic markers in postconfluent cells both involved p-ERK1/2. Whether Cd blocks autophagic flux in older cell cultures remains to be clarified but our data suggest dual effects. Our results prompt further studies investigating the consequences that Cd-induced ERK1/2 activation and the related effect on autophagy may have on the intestinal cells, which may accumulate and trap high levels of Cd under some nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mireault
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Groupe TOXEN, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ Centre ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, centre CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, centre CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoît Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, centre CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Jumarie
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Groupe TOXEN, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ Centre ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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8
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Zhu M, Wei C, Wang H, Han S, Cai L, Li X, Liao X, Che X, Li X, Fan L, Qiu G. SIRT1 mediated gastric cancer progression under glucose deprivation through the FoxO1-Rab7-autophagy axis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1175151. [PMID: 37293593 PMCID: PMC10244632 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1175151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and autophagy have a two-way action (promoting cell death or survival) on the progression and treatment of gastric cancer (GC) under different conditions or environments. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of SIRT1 on autophagy and the malignant biological behavior of GC cells under conditions of glucose deprivation (GD). Materials and methods Human immortalized gastric mucosal cell GES-1 and GC cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823, MKN-45 and MKN-28 were utilized. A sugar-free or low-sugar (glucose concentration, 2.5 mmol/L) DMEM medium was used to simulate GD. Additionally, CCK8, colony formation, scratches, transwell, siRNA interference, mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus infection, flow cytometry and western blot assays were performed to investigate the role of SIRT1 in autophagy and malignant biological behaviors (proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle) of GC under GD and the underlying mechanism. Results SGC-7901 cells had the longest tolerance time to GD culture conditions, which had the highest expression of SIRT1 protein and the level of basal autophagy. With the extension of GD time, the autophagy activity in SGC-7901 cells also increased. Under GD conditions, we found a close relationship between SIRT1, FoxO1 and Rab7 in SGC-7901 cells. SIRT1 regulated the activity of FoxO1 and upregulated the expression of Rab7 through deacetylation, which ultimately affected autophagy in GC cells. In addition, changing the expression of FoxO1 provided feedback on the expression of SIRT1 in the cell. Reducing SIRT1, FoxO1 or Rab7 expression significantly inhibited the autophagy levels of GC cells under GD conditions, decreased the tolerance of GC cells to GD, enhanced the inhibition of GD in GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and increased apoptosis induced by GD. Conclusion The SIRT1-FoxO1-Rab7 pathway is crucial for the autophagy and malignant biological behaviors of GC cells under GD conditions, which could be a new target for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Clinical Medicine Teaching and Research Section, Xi’an Health School, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shangning Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lindi Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinhua Liao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangming Che
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanglin Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Thangavel H, Lizardo K, Dhanyalayam D, De Assis S, Nagajyothi JF. Diets Differently Regulate Tumorigenesis in Young E0771 Syngeneic Breast Cancer Mouse Model. J Clin Med 2023; 12:413. [PMID: 36675341 PMCID: PMC9862441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer type, accounting for one in eight cancer diagnoses worldwide. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased risk of BC in post-menopausal women, whereas adiposity reduces the risk of BC in premenopausal women. The mechanistic link between obesity and BC has been examined by combining murine BC models with high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. However, the effect of adiposity (not obesity) induced by a short period of HFD consumption on BC pathogenesis is not well understood. In the current study, we examined the effects of different diet compositions on BC pathogenesis using a young E0771 syngeneic BC mouse model fed on either an HFD or regular diet (RD: a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet) for a short period (4 weeks) before implanting mammary tumors in mice. We analyzed the effect of diet composition on the onset of tumor growth, metastasis, and metabolic and immune status in the tumor microenvironment (TME) using various methods including in vivo bioluminescence imaging and immunoblotting analyses. We showed for the first time that a short-term HFD delays the onset of tumorigenesis by altering the immune and metabolic signaling and energy mechanism in the TME. However, RD may increase the risk of tumorigenesis and metastasis by increasing pro-inflammatory factors in the TME in young mice. Our data suggest that diet composition, adipogenesis, and loss of body fat likely regulate the pathogenesis of BC in a manner that differs between young and post-menopausal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad Thangavel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Dhanya Dhanyalayam
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Sonia De Assis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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10
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Arya JK, Kumar R, Tripathi SS, Rizvi SI. 3-Bromopyruvate, a caloric restriction mimetic, exerts a mitohormetic effect to provide neuroprotection through activation of autophagy in rats during aging. Biogerontology 2022; 23:641-652. [PMID: 36048311 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, attempts have been made to evaluate the potential role of 3 Bromopyruvate (3-BP) a glycolytic inhibitor and a caloric restriction mimetic (CRM), to exert neuroprotection in rats during aging through modulation of autophagy. Young male rats (4 months), and naturally aged (22 months) male rats were supplemented with 3-BP (30 mg/kg b.w., orally) for 28 days. Our results demonstrate a significant increase in the antioxidant biomarkers (ferric reducing antioxidant potential level, total thiol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities) and a decrease in the level of pro-oxidant biomarkers such as protein carbonyl after 3-BP supplementation in brain tissues. A significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed due to the mitohormetic effect of 3-BP supplementation in the treated rats. Furthermore, the 3-BP treatment also enhanced the activities of electron transport chain complexes I and IV in aged brain mitochondria thus proving its antioxidant potential at the level of mitochondria. Gene expression analysis with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to assess the expression of autophagy, neuroprotective and aging marker genes. RT-PCR data revealed that 3-BP up-regulated the expression of autophagy markers genes (Beclin-1 and LC3 β), sirtuin-1, and neuronal marker gene (NSE), respectively in the aging brain. The results suggest that 3-BP induces a mitohormetic effect through the elevation of ROS which reinforces defensive mechanism(s) targeted at regulating autophagy. These findings suggest that consistently low-dose 3-BP may be beneficial for neuroprotection during aging and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India
| | - Raushan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India
| | | | - Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India.
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11
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Mecchia A, Palumbo C, De Luca A, Sbardella D, Boccaccini A, Rossi L, Parravano M, Varano M, Caccuri AM. High glucose induces an early and transient cytoprotective autophagy in retinal Müller cells. Endocrine 2022; 77:221-230. [PMID: 35612691 PMCID: PMC9325829 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the autophagic response of rat Müller rMC-1 cells during a short-term high glucose challenge. METHODS rMC-1 cells were maintained in 5 mM glucose (LG) or exposed to 25 mM glucose (HG). Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the expression levels of markers of autophagy (LC3-II, p62) and glial activation (AQP4), as well as the activation of TRAF2/JNK, ERK and AKT pathways. Autophagic flux assessment was performed using the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. ROS levels were measured by flow cytometry using dichlorofluorescein diacetate. ERK involvement in autophagy induction was addressed using the ERK inhibitor FR180204. The effect of autophagy inhibition on cell viability was evaluated by SRB assay. RESULTS Activation of autophagy was observed in the first 2-6 h of HG exposure. This early autophagic response was transient, not accompanied by an increase in AQP4 or in the phospho-activation of JNK, a key mediator of cellular response to oxidative stress, and required ERK activity. Cells exposed to HG had a lower viability upon autophagy inhibition by chloroquine, as compared to those maintained in LG. CONCLUSION A short-term HG challenge triggers in rMC-1 cells a process improving the ability to cope with stressful conditions, which involves ERK and an early and transient autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mecchia
- IRCCS-G.B. Bietti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - C Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - L Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - M Varano
- IRCCS-G.B. Bietti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Caccuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
- The NAST Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Innovative Instrumentation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Kim D, Kim J, Yu YS, Kim YR, Baek SH, Won KJ. Systemic approaches using single cell transcriptome reveal that C/EBPγ regulates autophagy under amino acid starved condition. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7298-7309. [PMID: 35801910 PMCID: PMC9303372 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic process to remove unnecessary or dysfunctional organelles, is triggered by various signals including nutrient starvation. Depending on the types of the nutrient deficiency, diverse sensing mechanisms and signaling pathways orchestrate for transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of autophagy. However, our knowledge about nutrient type-specific transcriptional regulation during autophagy is limited. To understand nutrient type-dependent transcriptional mechanisms during autophagy, we performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in the mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with or without glucose starvation (GS) as well as amino acid starvation (AAS). Trajectory analysis using scRNAseq identified sequential induction of potential transcriptional regulators for each condition. Gene regulatory rules inferred using TENET newly identified CCAAT/enhancer binding protein γ (C/EBPγ) as a regulator of autophagy in AAS, but not GS, condition, and knockdown experiment confirmed the TENET result. Cell biological and biochemical studies validated that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is responsible for conferring specificity to C/EBPγ for the activation of autophagy genes under AAS, but not under GS condition. Together, our data identified C/EBPγ as a previously unidentified key regulator under AAS-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongha Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Junil Kim
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Yu
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Dedert C, Mishra V, Aggarwal G, Nguyen AD, Xu F. Progranulin Preserves Autophagy Flux and Mitochondrial Function in Rat Cortical Neurons Under High Glucose Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:874258. [PMID: 35880011 PMCID: PMC9308004 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.874258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia in type II diabetes results in impaired autophagy function, accumulation of protein aggregates, and neurodegeneration. However, little is known about how to preserve autophagy function under hyperglycemic conditions. In this study, we tested whether progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor required for proper lysosome function, can restore autophagy function in neurons under high-glucose stress. We cultured primary cortical neurons derived from E18 Sprague-Dawley rat pups to maturity at 10 days in vitro (DIV) before incubation in high glucose medium and PGRN for 24-72 h before testing for autophagy flux, protein turnover, and mitochondrial function. We found that although PGRN by itself did not upregulate autophagy, it attenuated impairments in autophagy seen under high-glucose conditions. Additionally, buildup of the autophagosome marker light chain 3B (LC3B) and lysosome marker lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A) changed in both neurons and astrocytes, indicating a possible role for glia in autophagy flux. Protein turnover, assessed by remaining advanced glycation end-product levels after a 6-h incubation, was preserved with PGRN treatment. Mitochondrial activity differed by complex, although PGRN appeared to increase overall activity in high glucose. We also found that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), kinases implicated in autophagy function, increased with PGRN treatment under stress. Together, our data suggest that PGRN prevents hyperglycemia-induced decreases in autophagy by increasing autophagy flux via increased ERK1/2 kinase activity in primary rat cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cass Dedert
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vandana Mishra
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Fenglian Xu,
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14
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Chaudhary R, Liu B, Bensalem J, Sargeant TJ, Page AJ, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK. Intermittent fasting activates markers of autophagy in mouse liver, but not muscle from mouse or humans. Nutrition 2022; 101:111662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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15
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Yousafzai NA, Jin H, Ullah M, Wang X. Recent advances of SIRT1 and implications in chemotherapeutics resistance in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5233-5248. [PMID: 34873458 PMCID: PMC8640807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a big group of diseases and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite enormous studies and efforts are being carried out in understanding the cancer and developing drugs against tumorigenesis, drug resistance is the main obstacle in cancer treatments. Chemotherapeutic treatment is an important part of cancer treatment and drug resistance is getting gradually multidimensional with the advancement of studies in cancer. The underlying mechanisms of drug resistance are largely unknown. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is a type of the Class III histone deacetylase family that is distinctively dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) for catalysis reaction. SIRT1 is a molecule which upon upregulation directly influences tumor progression, metastasis, tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy, DNA repair, as well as other interlinked tumorigenesis mechanism. It is involved in drug metabolism, apoptosis, DNA damage, DNA repair, and autophagy, which are key hallmarks of drug resistance and may contribute to multidrug resistance. Thus, understanding the role of SIRT1 in drug resistance could be important. This study focuses on the SIRT1 based mechanisms that might be a potential underlying approach in the development of cancer drug resistance and could be a potential target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelum Aziz Yousafzai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch RawalakotAJK 12350, Pakistan
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford UniversityPalo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Amino Acids in Autophagy: Regulation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:51-66. [PMID: 34251638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process in which the eukaryotic cells break down intracellular components by lysosomal degradation. Under the normal condition, the basal level of autophagy removes damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, or protein aggregates to keep cells in a homeostatic condition. Deprivation of nutrients (e.g., removal of amino acids) stimulates autophagy activity, promoting lysosomal degradation and the recycling of cellular components for cell survival. Importantly, insulin and amino acids are two main inhibitors of autophagy. They both activate the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway to inhibit the autophagy upstream of the uncoordinated-51 like kinase 1/2 (ULK1/2) complex that triggers autophagosome formation. In particular, insulin activates mTORC1 via the PI3K class I-AKT pathway; while amino acids activate mTORC1 either through the PI3K class III (hVps34) pathway or through a variety of amino acid sensors located in the cytosol or lysosomal membrane. These amino acid sensors control the translocation of mTORC1 from the cytosol to the lysosomal surface where mTORC1 is activated by Rheb GTPase, therefore regulating autophagy and the lysosomal protein degradation.
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17
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Phloretin suppresses neuroinflammation by autophagy-mediated Nrf2 activation in macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:148. [PMID: 34218792 PMCID: PMC8254976 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages play a dual role in neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). They are involved in lesion onset and progression but can also promote the resolution of inflammation and repair of damaged tissue. In this study, we investigate if and how phloretin, a flavonoid abundantly present in apples and strawberries, lowers the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and suppresses neuroinflammation. Methods Transcriptional changes in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages upon phloretin exposure were assessed by bulk RNA sequencing. Underlying pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress response and autophagy were validated by quantitative PCR, fluorescent and absorbance assays, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout mice, western blot, and immunofluorescence. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was used to study the impact of phloretin on neuroinflammation in vivo and confirm underlying mechanisms. Results We show that phloretin reduces the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and markedly suppresses neuroinflammation in EAE. Phloretin mediates its effect by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Nrf2 activation was attributed to 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent activation of autophagy and subsequent kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) degradation. Conclusions This study opens future perspectives for phloretin as a therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory disorders such as MS. Trial registration Not applicable. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02194-z.
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18
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Chen CH, Wang BW, Hsiao YC, Wu CY, Cheng FJ, Hsia TC, Chen CY, Wang Y, Weihua Z, Chou RH, Tang CH, Chen YJ, Wei YL, Hsu JL, Tu CY, Hung MC, Huang WC. PKCδ-mediated SGLT1 upregulation confers the acquired resistance of NSCLC to EGFR TKIs. Oncogene 2021; 40:4796-4808. [PMID: 34155348 PMCID: PMC8298203 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been widely used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but the development of acquired resistance remains a therapeutic hurdle. The reduction of glucose uptake has been implicated in the anti-tumor activity of EGFR TKIs. In this study, the upregulation of the active sodium/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) was found to confer the development of acquired EGFR TKI resistance and was correlated with the poorer clinical outcome of the NSCLC patients who received EGFR TKI treatment. Blockade of SGLT1 overcame this resistance in vitro and in vivo by reducing glucose uptake in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, SGLT1 protein was stabilized through the interaction with PKCδ-phosphorylated (Thr678) EGFR in the TKI-resistant cells. Our findings revealed that PKCδ/EGFR axis-dependent SGLT1 upregulation was a critical mechanism underlying the acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs. We suggest co-targeting PKCδ/SGLT1 as a potential strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR TKIs in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Hsiao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Cheng
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Chen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yihua Wang
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Zhang Weihua
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Yen Tu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Regulation of autophagy by microRNAs in human breast cancer. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:21. [PMID: 33761957 PMCID: PMC7992789 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common solid cancer that affects female population globally. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that can regulate post-transcriptional modification of multiple downstream genes. Autophagy is a conserved cellular catabolic activity that aims to provide nutrients and degrade un-usable macromolecules in mammalian cells. A number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have reported that some miRNAs could modulate autophagy activity in human breast cancer cells, and these would influence human breast cancer progression and treatment response. Therefore, this review was aimed to discuss the roles of autophagy-regulating miRNAs in influencing breast cancer development and treatment response. The review would first introduce autophagy types and process, followed by the discussion of the roles of different miRNAs in modulating autophagy in human breast cancer, and to explore how would this miRNA-autophagy regulatory process affect the disease progression or treatment response. Lastly, the potential applications and challenges of utilizing autophagy-regulating miRNAs as breast cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic agents would be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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20
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Guo W, Wang Q, Pan S, Li J, Wang Y, Shu Y, Chen J, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhang X, Yue J. The ERK1/2-ATG13-FIP200 signaling cascade is required for autophagy induction to protect renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6932-6947. [PMID: 33682133 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, is known to regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes. At present, the function and the precise mechanism of autophagy regulation in kidney and renal cells remain elusive. Here, we explored the role of ERK1 and ERK2 (referred as ERK1/2 hereafter) in autophagy regulation in renal cells in response to hypoglycemia. Glucose starvation potently and transiently activated ERK1/2 in renal cells, and this was concomitant with an increase in autophagic flux. Perturbing ERK1/2 activation by treatment with inhibitors of RAF or MEK1/2, via the expression of a dominant-negative mutant form of MEK1/2 or RAS, blocked hypoglycemia-mediated ERK1/2 activation and autophagy induction in renal cells. Glucose starvation also induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in renal cells, which was involved in the activation of the ERK1/2 cascade and the induction of autophagy in renal cells. Interestingly, ATG13 and FIP200, the members of the ULK1 complex, contain the ERK consensus phosphorylation sites, and glucose starvation induced an association between ATG13 or FIP200 and ERK1/2. Moreover, the expression of the phospho-defective mutants of ATG13 and FIP200 in renal cells blocked glucose starvation-induced autophagy and rendered cells more susceptible to hypoglycemia-induced cell death. However, the expression of the phospho-mimic mutants of ATG13 and FIP200 induced autophagy and protected renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death. Taken together, our results demonstrate that hypoglycemia activates the ERK1/2 signaling to regulate ATG13 and FIP200, thereby stimulating autophagy to protect the renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Scientific Instruments Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shihua Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahai Shu
- Scientific Instruments Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaheng Chen
- Scientific Instruments Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qizheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,City University of Hong Kong Chengdu Research Institute, Chengdu, China
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Yao MY, Liu T, Zhang L, Wang MJ, Yang Y, Gao J. Role of ferroptosis in neurological diseases. Neurosci Lett 2021; 747:135614. [PMID: 33485988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of nonapoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides which leads to oxidative stress and cell death. Recent studies have indicated that ferroptosis plays an essential role in the pathology of neurological diseases, such as intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury and brain cancer. This review focuses on the latest researches on the relationship of ferroptosis with nervous system diseases, highlighting the ferroptosis-based mechanisms, and elaborating the new perspective therapeutic targets of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yi Yao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ming-Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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22
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Nakai N, Kitai S, Iida N, Inoue S, Nakata K, Murakami T, Higashida K. Induction of Autophagy and Changes in Cellular Metabolism in Glucose Starved C2C12 Myotubes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:41-47. [PMID: 32115452 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mouse myoblast C2C12 cells are commonly used as a model system for investigating the metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle. As it is therefore important to understand the metabolic features of C2C12 cells, we examined the effect of glucose starvation on autophagy in C2C12 myotubes. After culture of C2C12 myotubes with high (HG, 25.0 mM) or low (LG, 5.6 mM) glucose concentrations, the concentration of glucose in the LG group had decreased to 0 mM after 24 h of culture and was around 17 mM after 48 h of culture in the HG group. The concentration of lactate increased from 0 to approximately 9 mM at 24 h and then dropped slightly in the LG group, while it increased linearly to 21 mM in the HG group at 48 h. The phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase, marker for the protein translation initiation was significantly lower and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, marker for the induction of autophagy was significantly higher in the LG group. GLUT1 and hexokinase II expression were significantly higher in the LG group. Together, these changes in glucose and lactate concentrations in the culture media suggest that C2C12 myotubes depend on anaerobic glycolysis. Our findings also suggest that glucose depletion stimulates the expression of key molecules involved in glycolysis and that cellular autophagy is also activated in C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Saki Kitai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Noriko Iida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Sachika Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Ken Nakata
- Medicine for Sports and Performing Arts, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | | | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
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23
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Wernersson A, Sarmiento L, Cowan E, Fex M, Cilio CM. Human enteroviral infection impairs autophagy in clonal INS(832/13) cells and human pancreatic islet cells. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2372-2384. [PMID: 32676816 PMCID: PMC7527364 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Human enteroviral infections are suggested to be associated with type 1 diabetes. However, the mechanism by which enteroviruses can trigger disease remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate the impact of enterovirus on autophagy, a cellular process that regulates beta cell homeostasis, using the clonal beta cell line INS(832/13) and human islet cells as in vitro models. METHODS INS(832/13) cells and human islet cells were infected with a strain of echovirus 16 (E16), originally isolated from the stool of a child who developed type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies. Virus production and release was determined by 50% cell culture infectious dose (CCID50) assay and FACS analysis. The occurrence of autophagy, autophagosomes, lysosomes and autolysosomes was detected by western blot, baculoviral-mediated expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)II-GFP and LysoTracker Red, and quantified by Cellomics ArrayScan. Autophagy was also monitored with a Cyto-ID detection kit. Nutrient deprivation (low glucose [2.8 mmol/l]), amino acid starvation (Earle's Balanced Salt Solution [EBSS]) and autophagy-modifying agents (rapamycin and chloroquine) were used in control experiments. Insulin secretion and the expression of autophagy-related (Atg) genes and genes involved in autophagosome-lysosome fusion were determined. RESULTS E16-infected INS(832/13) cells displayed an accumulation of autophagosomes, compared with non-treated (NT) cells (grown in complete RPMI1640 containing 11.1 mmol/l glucose) (32.1 ± 1.7 vs 21.0 ± 1.2 μm2/cell; p = 0.05). This was accompanied by increased LC3II ratio both in E16-infected cells grown in low glucose (LG) (2.8 mmol/l) (0.42 ± 0.03 vs 0.11 ± 0.04 (arbitrary units [a.u.]); p < 0.0001) and grown in media containing 11.1 mmol/l glucose (0.37 ± 0.016 vs 0.05 ± 0.02 (a.u.); p < 0.0001). Additionally, p62 accumulated in cells after E16 infection when grown in LG (1.23 ± 0.31 vs 0.36 ± 0.12 (a.u.); p = 0.012) and grown in media containing 11.1 mmol/l glucose (1.79 ± 0.39 vs 0.66 ± 0.15 (a.u.); p = 0.0078). mRNA levels of genes involved in autophagosome formation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion remained unchanged in E16-infected cells, except Atg7, which was significantly increased when autophagy was induced by E16 infection, in combination with LG (1.48 ± 0.08-fold; p = 0.02) and at 11.1 mmol/l glucose (1.26 ± 0.2-fold; p = 0.001), compared with NT controls. Moreover, autophagosomes accumulated in E16-infected cells to the same extent as when cells were treated with the lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine, clearly indicating that autophagosome turnover was blocked. Upon infection, there was an increased viral titre in the cell culture supernatant and a marked reduction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (112.9 ± 24.4 vs 209.8 ± 24.4 ng [mg protein]-1 h-1; p = 0.006), compared with uninfected controls, but cellular viability remained unaffected. Importantly, and in agreement with the observations for INS(832/13) cells, E16 infection impaired autophagic flux in primary human islet cells (46.5 ± 1.6 vs 34.4 ± 2.1 μm2/cell; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Enteroviruses disrupt beta cell autophagy by impairing the later stages of the autophagic pathway, without influencing expression of key genes involved in core autophagy machinery. This results in increased viral replication, non-lytic viral spread and accumulation of autophagic structures, all of which may contribute to beta cell demise and type 1 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Wernersson
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center 91:10, Jan Waldenströmsgata 35, SE-21428, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Luis Sarmiento
- Immunovirology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elaine Cowan
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center 91:10, Jan Waldenströmsgata 35, SE-21428, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Fex
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center 91:10, Jan Waldenströmsgata 35, SE-21428, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Corrado M Cilio
- Immunovirology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
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24
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Nakanuma R, Masumi-Koizumi K, Ohmuro-Matsuyama Y, Katsuda T, Yamaji H. Effects of autophagy inducers on recombinant antibody production in insect cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 73:10.1007/s10616-020-00423-6. [PMID: 32996001 PMCID: PMC8166964 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect cells have recently proven to be an excellent platform for the high-level production of functional recombinant proteins. Autophagy is an important mechanism that promotes cell survival by eliminating damaged organelles and protein aggregates, and it also may influence recombinant protein production. In the present study, we compared the effects that autophagy inducers rapamycin, everolimus, and lithium chloride exert on recombinant lepidopteran insect cells that secrete an engineered antibody molecule. Compared with nontreatment, treatment with either rapamycin or everolimus prolonged cell growth to allow high cell density, improved viability in the declining phase, and then increased the yield of secreted antibodies. These positive effects appeared to be induced via autophagy since autophagosomes were clearly detected, particularly in cells treated with rapamycin or everolimus. Unlike rapamycin, another autophagy inducer, FK506, was ineffective in insect cells. The addition of an appropriate autophagy inducer may be effective in increasing the productivity of recombinant proteins in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Nakanuma
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masumi-Koizumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Katsuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaji
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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25
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Nakai N, Kitai S, Iida N, Inoue S, Higashida K. Autophagy under glucose starvation enhances protein translation initiation in response to re-addition of glucose in C2C12 myotubes. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2149-2156. [PMID: 32882752 PMCID: PMC7530399 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis is known to play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular process for the bulk degradation of proteins in lysosomes. Although nutrient starvation is known to induce autophagy, the effect of nutrient repletion following starvation on the mTOR pathway‐mediated protein translation remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of glucose starvation on the initiation of protein translation in response to glucose re‐addition in C2C12 myotubes. Glucose starvation decreased the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), a bonafide marker for protein translation initiation. Following re‐addition of glucose, phosphorylation of p70S6K markedly increased only in glucose‐starved cells. Inhibiting autophagy using pharmacological inhibitors diminished the effect of glucose re‐addition on the phosphorylation of p70S6K, whereas inhibition of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system did not exert any effect. In conclusion, autophagy under glucose starvation partially accounts for the activation of translation initiation by re‐addition of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Saki Kitai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Noriko Iida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Sachika Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
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26
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The effect of energy restriction on development and progression of chronic kidney disease: review of the current evidence. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:1201-1214. [PMID: 32921320 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452000358x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Energy restriction (ER) has anti-ageing effects and probably protects from a range of chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Specifically, ER has a positive impact on experimental kidney ageing, CKD (diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease) and acute kidney injury (nephrotoxic, ischaemia-reperfusion injury) through such mechanisms as increased autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA repair, and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress. Key molecules contributing to ER-mediated kidney protection include adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, sirtuin-1 and PPAR-γ coactivator 1α. However, CKD is a complex condition, and ER may potentially worsen CKD complications such as protein-energy wasting, bone-mineral disorders and impaired wound healing. ER mimetics are drugs, such as metformin and Na-glucose co-transporter-2 which mimic the action of ER. This review aims to provide comprehensive data regarding the effect of ER on CKD progression and outcomes.
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27
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Werley CA, Boccardo S, Rigamonti A, Hansson EM, Cohen AE. Multiplexed Optical Sensors in Arrayed Islands of Cells for multimodal recordings of cellular physiology. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3881. [PMID: 32753572 PMCID: PMC7403318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells typically respond to chemical or physical perturbations via complex signaling cascades which can simultaneously affect multiple physiological parameters, such as membrane voltage, calcium, pH, and redox potential. Protein-based fluorescent sensors can report many of these parameters, but spectral overlap prevents more than ~4 modalities from being recorded in parallel. Here we introduce the technique, MOSAIC, Multiplexed Optical Sensors in Arrayed Islands of Cells, where patterning of fluorescent sensor-encoding lentiviral vectors with a microarray printer enables parallel recording of multiple modalities. We demonstrate simultaneous recordings from 20 sensors in parallel in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells and in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), and we describe responses to metabolic and pharmacological perturbations. Together, these results show that MOSAIC can provide rich multi-modal data on complex physiological responses in multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Werley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stefano Boccardo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Nobel Biocare AG, Kloten, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Rigamonti
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Adam E Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
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Upadhyaya S, Agrawal S, Gorakshakar A, Rao BJ. TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is modulated by cellular metabolic states. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3122-3141. [PMID: 32677084 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a sensor and a central integrator of internal and external metabolic cues. However, in algae and in higher plants, the components of TOR kinase signaling are yet to be characterized. Here, we establish an assay system to study TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using the phosphorylation status of its putative downstream target, CrS6K. Using this assay, we probe the modulation of cellular TOR kinase activity under various physiological states such as photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy, and nitrogen (N) starvation. Importantly, we uncover that excess acetate in the medium leads to high cellular reactive oxygen species levels, triggering autophagy and a concomitant drop in TOR kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, thus leading to a N-starvation-like cellular phenotype, even when nitrogen is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Upadhyaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, India
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anmol Gorakshakar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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29
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Chae CW, Lee HJ, Choi GE, Jung YH, Kim JS, Lim JR, Kim SY, Hwang IK, Seong JK, Han HJ. High glucose-mediated PICALM and mTORC1 modulate processing of amyloid precursor protein via endosomal abnormalities. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3828-3847. [PMID: 32436237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the detailed mechanism(s) by which DM regulates amyloid β (Aβ) processing is still unclear. The longer residence time of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in endosomes is critical for Aβ production and DM is known to cause endosomal dysregulation. Here we have examined the effects of high glucose on APP-producing endosomes and related signaling pathways. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To identify the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the effects of high glucose on abnormalities in early endosomes and related signalling pathways in human neuroblastoma cells. In vivo, diabetic mice treated with pharmacological inhibitors were used to examine endosomal dysfunction. KEY RESULTS The hippocampus of diabetic animals presented endosomal abnormalities and Aβ up-regulation. High glucose increased Aβ production through early endosomal enlargement achieved by increased lipid raft-mediated APP endocytosis. High glucose induced ROS-stimulated Sp1 activation, up-regulating phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), clathrin heavy chain, and adaptor-related protein complex 2 alpha 1. PICALM facilitated clathrin-mediated APP endocytosis resulting in early endosomal enlargement. Meanwhile, AMPK/mTORC1-mediated autophagy defect and ROS- and mTORC1-mediated lysosomal dysfunction aggravated early endosomal enlargement under high glucose. Moreover, the increased Aβ production and cognitive deficits in diabetic mice were reversed by inhibition of early endosomal enlargement. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS High glucose induces early endosomal abnormalities through PICALM-induced APP endocytosis and mTORC1-inhibited endosomal clearance, up-regulating Aβ production. Thus, targeting PICALM and mTORC1 to prevent endosomal disorders is a promising strategy for managing diabetes-induced AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Chae
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Gee Euhn Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Ryong Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seo Yihl Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ebadi N, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Arsang-Jang S, Parsa SA, Omrani MD. Dysregulation of autophagy-related lncRNAs in peripheral blood of coronary artery disease patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 867:172852. [PMID: 31836534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) as a major cause of death has been associated with dysregulation of several processes among them is autophagy. In the current study, we assessed expression of autophagy related gene 5 (ATG5) and three ATG5-associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs Chast, HULC and DICER1-AS1) in the peripheral blood of patients with premature CAD and healthy subjects. Expression levels of ATG5, Chast, HULC and DICER1-AS1 were significantly lower in peripheral blood of CAD cases compared with healthy subjects. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that HULC and DICER1-AS1 can properly differentiate CAD patients from healthy subjects (area under curve (AUC) values of 0.90 and 0.87, respectively). Expression levels of ATG5 and Chast were inversely correlated with FBS levels (r = -0.41, P < 0.0001 and r = -0.38, P < 0.0001 respectively) but no other biochemical factors. Expression of DICER1-AS1 was inversely correlated with FBS (r = -0.54, P < 0.0001), TG (r = -0.29, P < 0.0001) and TG/HDL ratio (r = -0.27, P < 0.0001). Expression of HULC was inversely correlated with age (r = -0.24, P < 0.0001), FBS (r = -0.62, P < 0.0001) and TG (r = -0.31, P < 0.0001). There were significant pairwise correlations between expression levels of all genes. The most robust correlations were detected ATG5 and Chast (r = 0.81, P < 0.0001) and between DICER1-AS1 and HULC (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001). The current study further verified associations between dysregulation of autophagy and CAD. Moreover, our results indicate appropriateness of two autophagy-related lncRNAs for differentiation of CAD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ebadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Arsang-Jang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Saeed Alipour Parsa
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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31
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Picconi F, Parravano M, Sciarretta F, Fulci C, Nali M, Frontoni S, Varano M, Caccuri AM. Activation of retinal Müller cells in response to glucose variability. Endocrine 2019; 65:542-549. [PMID: 31327157 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the earliest stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a dysfunction of Müller cells, characterized by high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporins (AQP), has been observed. Although chronic hyperglycemia causes the activation of Müller cells, the effect of glycemic fluctuations is yet unknown. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of glucose variability on rat retinal Müller cells (rMC-1) adapted to either normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose levels. METHODS rMC-1 were cultured in a medium containing either 5 mM (N cells) or 25 mM of glucose (H cells) and then incubated for 96 h in a medium containing (a) low glucose (either 1-3 or 5 mM), (b) basal glucose (either 5 or 25 mM), (c) high glucose (either 25 or 45 mM), (d) basal and high glucose alternated every 24 h; (e) low- and high glucose alternated every 24 h; (f) basal glucose with episodes of low glucose for 30 min twice a day. Müller cells activation was evaluated by measuring the levels of GFAP, AQP4, and phospho-active extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK). RESULTS Under both basal and high glucose concentrations rMC-1 were viable, but their response to glucose excursions was different. In N cells kept under normal (5 mM) glucose, a significant glial activation was measured not only in response to constant high glucose but also to alternating low/high glucose. In H cells, adapted to 25 mM glucose, a significant response was observed only after exposition to a lower (5 mM) glucose concentration. CONCLUSION Our results highlight Müller cells activation in response to glucose variability and a different susceptibility depending on the basal glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Picconi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Sciarretta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fulci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Nali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Frontoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Maria Caccuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Center Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Innovative Instrumentation (NAST), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Wang X, Wu WKK, Gao J, Li Z, Dong B, Lin X, Li Y, Li Y, Gong J, Qi C, Peng Z, Yu J, Shen L. Autophagy inhibition enhances PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:140. [PMID: 30925913 PMCID: PMC6440013 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Autophagy, a process for degrading intracellular substances to maintain basal metabolic turnover, is known to be perturbed in gastric cancer. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) with its ligand (PD-L1) are important immune checkpoint proteins and their regulation by autophagy has been reported in mouse melanoma and human ovarian cancer. Here, we explored the interplay between autophagy and the PD1/PD-L1 axis in gastric cancer. Methods The expression of PD-L1 in gastric cancer cells was detected by Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. The effect of autophagy inhibition on PD-L1 expression was examined in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms of the regulation of PD-L1 by autophagy were evaluated in gastric cancer cell lines. The clinical relevance of autophagy-related markers p62/SQSTM1 and LC3 with PD-L1 was evaluated in 137 patients with gastric cancer. Results We found that inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitors or small interfering RNAs increased the levels of PD-L1 in cultured gastric cancer cells and in xenografts. Interferon (IFN)-γ also promoted PD-L1 gene transcription, whose action was enhanced by autophagy inhibition. Mechanistically, autophagy inhibition led to the accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, in which NF-κB inhibition or p62/SQSTM1 knockdown attenuated PD-L1 induction by autophagy inhibition. Immunohistochemical staining of primary tumor tissues of 137 patients with gastric cancer showed that LC3 and p62/SQSTM1 protein levels were positively correlated with PD-L1 (LC3, p < 0.001; p62/SQSTM1, p < 0.05). The expression of PD-L1 was also positively correlated with tumor lymphocyte infiltration (p < 0.001). Conclusions We discovered that autophagy regulates PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer through the p62/SQSTM1-NF-κB pathway. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy may thus influence the therapeutic efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1148-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Lin
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jifang Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Changsong Qi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Hofer SJ, Kroemer G. Caloric Restriction Mimetics against Age-Associated Disease: Targets, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Cell Metab 2019; 29:592-610. [PMID: 30840912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increase in life expectancy has boosted the incidence of age-related pathologies beyond social and economic sustainability. Consequently, there is an urgent need for interventions that revert or at least prevent the pathogenic age-associated deterioration. The permanent or periodic reduction of calorie intake without malnutrition (caloric restriction and fasting) is the only strategy that reliably extends healthspan in mammals including non-human primates. However, the strict and life-long compliance with these regimens is difficult, which has promoted the emergence of caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs). We define CRMs as compounds that ignite the protective pathways of caloric restriction by promoting autophagy, a cytoplasmic recycling mechanism, via a reduction in protein acetylation. Here, we describe the current knowledge on molecular, cellular, and organismal effects of known and putative CRMs in mice and humans. We anticipate that CRMs will become part of the pharmacological armamentarium against aging and age-related cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Sebastian J Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China.
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Hsieh CF, Liu CK, Lee CT, Yu LE, Wang JY. Acute glucose fluctuation impacts microglial activity, leading to inflammatory activation or self-degradation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:840. [PMID: 30696869 PMCID: PMC6351546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s dementia and cognitive decline. The cause of neurodegeneration in chronic diabetic patients remains unclear. Changes in brain microglial activity due to glycemic fluctuations may be an etiological factor. Here, we examined the impact of acute ambient glucose fluctuations on BV-2 microglial activity. Biochemical parameters were assayed and showed that the shift from normal glucose (NG; 5.5 mM) to high glucose (HG; 25 mM) promoted cell growth and induced oxidative/inflammatory stress and microglial activation, as evidenced by increased MTT reduction, elevated pro-inflammatory factor secretion (i.e., TNF-α and oxygen free radicals), and upregulated expression of stress/inflammatory proteins (i.e., HSP70, HO-1, iNOS, and COX-2). Also, LPS-induced inflammation was enlarged by an NG-to-HG shift. In contrast, the HG-to-NG shift trapped microglia in a state of metabolic stress, which led to apoptosis and autophagy, as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 and increased cleaved caspase-3, TUNEL staining, and LC3B-II expression. These stress episodes were primarily mediated through MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB cascades. Our study demonstrates that acute glucose fluctuation forms the stress that alters microglial activity (e.g., inflammatory activation or self-degradation), representing a novel pathogenic mechanism for the continued deterioration of neurological function in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tien Lee
- Department of Nursing, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-En Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiz-Yuh Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Signorelli S. Autophagy in Plants: Both a Puppet and a Puppet Master of Sugars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:14. [PMID: 30723485 PMCID: PMC6349728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major pathway that recycles cellular components in eukaryotic cells both under stressed and non-stressed conditions. Sugars participate both metabolically and as signaling molecules in development and response to various environmental and nutritional conditions. It is therefore essential to maintain metabolic homeostasis of sugars during non-stressed conditions in cells, not only to provide energy, but also to ensure effective signaling when exposed to stress. In both plants and animals, autophagy is activated by the energy sensor SnRK1/AMPK and inhibited by TOR kinase. SnRK1/AMPK and TOR kinases are both important regulators of cellular metabolism and are controlled to a large extent by the availability of sugars and sugar-phosphates in plants whereas in animals AMP/ATP indirectly translate sugar status. In plants, during nutrient and sugar deficiency, SnRK1 is activated, and TOR is inhibited to allow activation of autophagy which in turn recycles cellular components in an attempt to provide stress relief. Autophagy is thus indirectly regulated by the nutrient/sugar status of cells, but also regulates the level of nutrients/sugars by recycling cellular components. In both plants and animals sugars such as trehalose induce autophagy and in animals this is independent of the TOR pathway. The glucose-activated G-protein signaling pathway has also been demonstrated to activate autophagy, although the exact mechanism is not completely clear. This mini-review will focus on the interplay between sugar signaling and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Departamento de Biologiía Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la Repuíblica, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Oh JY, Choi GE, Lee HJ, Jung YH, Chae CW, Kim JS, Lee CK, Han HJ. 17β-Estradiol protects mesenchymal stem cells against high glucose-induced mitochondrial oxidants production via Nrf2/Sirt3/MnSOD signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:328-342. [PMID: 30412732 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) is an important regulator of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism, thus making it a potential target for preventing or treating metabolic disorders. However, the exact mechanism by which E2 affects high glucose-induced oxidative stress remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of E2 in high glucose-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production through estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling in human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) in vitro. In addition, the effect of hUCB-MSC transplantation on mouse skin wound healing induced by E2 in ovariectomized (OVX) diabetic mice in vivo was also studied. High glucose (D-glucose, 25 mM) increased mtROS production, resulting in increase of Beclin1 expression and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, leading to decreased cell viability. Conversely, E2 (10 nM) treatment significantly decreased high glucose-induced mtROS levels and subsequently restored cell viability, suggesting that E2 serves as a strong antioxidant. High glucose downregulated Nrf2 levels in nucleus, subsequently culminating in Sirt3 downregulation and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) acetylation. However, we found that E2 induces nuclear Nrf2 expression via interaction with ERα. The increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 triggered Sirt3 upregulation and MnSOD activation, both of which play important roles in decreasing mtROS levels. Thus, the therapeutic effect of hUCB-MSC transplantation on skin wound healing in OVX diabetic mice was enhanced by E2 treatment compared with the findings in OVX diabetic mice treated only with hUCB-MSCs. In addition, blood vessels with well-developed branches were observed in OVX diabetic mice that underwent hUCB-MSC transplantation and E2 treatment compared with the effects of ERα siRNA-transfected hUCB-MSC transplantation alone. In conclusion, our results imply that E2 protects cells against high glucose-induced mtROS production and autophagic cell death through increasing nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which was followed by Sirt3 upregulation and MnSOD activation in hUCB-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gee Euhn Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Chae
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeong Chang, Gangwon do 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Role of AMPK signalling pathway during compensatory growth in pigs. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:682. [PMID: 30223793 PMCID: PMC6142327 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular basis of compensatory growth in monogastric animals has not yet been fully explored. Herewith, in this study we aim to determine changes in the pig skeletal muscle transcriptome profile during compensatory growth following a feed restriction period. A RNA-Seq experiment was performed with a total of 24 females belonging to a Duroc commercial line. Half of the animals received either a restricted (RE) or ad libitum (AL) diet during the first fattening period (60–125 d of age). After that, all gilts were fed ad libitum for a further ~30 d until the age of ~155 d, when animals were slaughtered and samples of gluteus medius muscle were harvested to perform RNA-Seq analyses and intramuscular fat content determination. Results During the period following food restriction, RE animals re-fed ad libitum displayed compensatory growth, showed better feed conversion rate and tended to deposit more subcutaneous fat than AL fed animals. Animals were slaughtered in the phase of accelerated growth, when RE animals had not completely compensated the performance of AL group, showing lower live and carcass weights. At intramuscular level, RE gilts showed a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids during the compensatory growth phase. The comparison of RE and AL expression profiles allowed the identification of 86 (ǀlog2Fold-Changeǀ > 1, padj < 0.05) differentially expressed (DE) genes. A functional categorization of these DE genes identified AMPK Signaling as the most significantly enriched canonical pathway. This kinase plays a key role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis as well as in the activation of autophagy. Among the DE genes identified as components of AMPK Signaling pathway, five out of six genes were downregulated in RE pigs. Conclusions Animals re-fed after a restriction period exhibited a less oxidative metabolic profile and catabolic processes in muscle than animals fed ad libitum. The downregulation of autophagy observed in the skeletal muscle of pigs undergoing compensatory growth may constitute a mechanism to increase muscle mass thus ensuring an accelerated growth rate. These results reveal that the downregulation of AMPK Signaling plays an important role in compensatory growth in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5071-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Bhattacharya D, Mukhopadhyay M, Bhattacharyya M, Karmakar P. Is autophagy associated with diabetes mellitus and its complications? A review. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:709-720. [PMID: 30190661 PMCID: PMC6123605 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder. In coming decades it will be one of the leading causes of death globally. The key factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes are cellular injuries and disorders of energy metabolism leading to severe diabetic complications. Recent studies have confirmed that autophagy plays a pivotal role in diabetes and its complications. It has been observed that autophagy regulates the normal function of pancreatic β cells and insulin-target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. This review will summarize the regulation of autophagy in diabetes and its complications, and explore how this process would emerge as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032
| | | | | | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang P, Xue Y, Li X, Qiao X, Zhang X, Xu T, Liu G, Li P, Chen C. Autophagy impairment mediated by S-nitrosation of ATG4B leads to neurotoxicity in response to hyperglycemia. Autophagy 2018. [PMID: 28633005 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1320467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of diabetic patients develop neuropathy and there is an increasing prevalence of neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanism behind this is poorly understood. Here we first observed that macroautophagy/autophagy was suppressed in the hippocampus of diabetic GK rats with hyperglycemia, whereas it was unchanged in ob/ob mice without hyperglycemia. Autophagy could be directly inhibited by high glucose in mouse primary hippocampal neurons. Moreover, autophagy was protective in high-glucose-induced neurotoxicity. Further studies revealed that autophagic flux was suppressed by high glucose due to impaired autophagosome synthesis illustrated by mRFP-GFP-LC3 puncta analysis. We showed that decreased autophagy was dependent on NO produced under high glucose conditions. Therefore, (LC-MS/MS)-based quantitative proteomic analysis of protein S-nitrosation was performed and a core autophagy protein, ATG4B was found to be S-nitrosated in the hippocampus of GK rats. ATG4B was also verified to be S-nitrosated in neuronal cells cultured with high glucose. The activities of ATG4B in the processing of unmodified, precursor Atg8-family proteins and in the deconjugation of PE from lipidated Atg8-family proteins, which are essential for efficient autophagosome biogenesis were both compromised by S-nitrosation at Cys189 and Cys292 sites. In addition, ATG4B processing of the GABARAPL1 precursor was affected the least by S-nitrosation compared with other substrates. Finally, ATG4B S-nitrosation was verified to be responsible for decreased autophagy and neurotoxicity in response to high glucose. In conclusion, autophagy impairment mediated by S-nitrosation of ATG4B leads to neurotoxicity in response to hyperglycemia. Our research reveals a novel mechanism linking hyperglycemia with CNS neurotoxicity and shows that S-nitrosation is a novel post-transcriptional modification of the core autophagy machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazi Li
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Wang
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ping Wang
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yanhong Xue
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xu Zhang
- c Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Tao Xu
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Peng Li
- d Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Chang Chen
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,e Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Youanmen , Beijing , China
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Walker A, Singh A, Tully E, Woo J, Le A, Nguyen T, Biswal S, Sharma D, Gabrielson E. Nrf2 signaling and autophagy are complementary in protecting breast cancer cells during glucose deprivation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:407-413. [PMID: 29649567 PMCID: PMC6186426 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy can serve as a mechanism for survival of cells during nutrient deprivation by recycling cellular macromolecules and organelles transiently to provide essential metabolic substrates. However, autophagy itself causes metabolic stress to cells, and other cellular protective mechanisms likely cooperate with autophagy to promote cell survival during nutrient deprivation. In this study, we explored protective mechanisms in breast cancer cells in the setting of glucose deprivation. While breast cancer cells (MCF7 and T47D) survive in glucose-free medium for three days or more, autophagy is induced in this setting. Blocking autophagy pharmacologically with chloroquine or by knock-out of an essential autophagy gene, such as Beclin 1 or ATG7, markedly reduces the ability of cells to survive during glucose deprivation. Autophagy previously was shown to degrade p62, a protein that sequesters KEAP1, and KEAP1 in turn sequesters Nrf2, a master regulator of the antioxidant response. Hence, we investigated how the Nrf2 signaling pathway might be affected by glucose deprivation and autophagy. We found that while glucose deprivation does cause decreased cellular levels of p62, Nrf2 protein levels and activity unexpectedly increase in this setting. Moreover, this increase in Nrf2 activity provides important protection to breast cancer cells during glucose deprivation, since siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 markedly impairs survival during glucose deprivation. Antioxidants, N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione also protect these cells during glucose deprivation, leading us to conclude that Nrf2 signaling via its antioxidant activity has a critical and previously undescribed role of protecting cells during glucose deprivation-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Walker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Ellen Tully
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Juhyung Woo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Anne Le
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Tu Nguyen
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 East Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
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Hou J, Zheng D, Xiao W, Li D, Ma J, Hu Y. Mangiferin Enhanced Autophagy via Inhibiting mTORC1 Pathway to Prevent High Glucose-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:383. [PMID: 29719509 PMCID: PMC5913280 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangiferin functions as a perfect anti-oxidative compound in the diabetic heart, however, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we show the cardioprotective effect of mangiferin under high glucose-induced cardiotoxic condition mainly contributed to enhanced autophagy via suppressing mTORC1 downstream signal transduction. Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured to detect myocytes injury, autophagy, and related signal transduction under different doses of glucose and mangiferin treatment. High glucose (30 mM) reduced autophagic flux, and increased myocyte apoptosis and death compared with normal glucose (5.5 mM) as determined by variation of autophagy markers LC3-II, p62, parkin, GFP-LC3, or mRFP-LC3 fluorescence puncta, cell viability, cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP apoptosis indices, reactive oxygen species (ROS), MAO, and PI death indices. Conversely, mangiferin inhibited hyperglycemia associated oxidative stress by reducing ROS, MAO, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved PARP generation, reestablishing cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhancing autophagic flux, thereby preventing myocytes from high glucose-induced toxicity. Furthermore, cardioprotection with mangiferin was potentially related to the decreased mTOR phosphorylation and suppression of mTORC1 downstream signaling pathway. These data indicated the valuable effects of mangiferin on regulation of cardiac autophagy and pointed to the promising utilization for hyperglycemia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Base for Drug Clinical Trial, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
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42
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Hosseinpour-Moghaddam K, Caraglia M, Sahebkar A. Autophagy induction by trehalose: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic impacts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6524-6543. [PMID: 29663416 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The balance between synthesis and degradation is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis and different mechanisms are known to keep this balance. In this review, we will provide a short overview on autophagy as an intracellular homeostatic degradative machinery. We will also describe the involvement of downregulation of autophagy in numerous diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, aging, metabolic disorders, and other infectious diseases. Therefore, modulation of autophagic processes can represent a promising way of intervention in different diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. Trehalose, also known as mycose, is a natural disaccharide found extensively but not abundantly among several organisms. It is described that trehalose can work as an important autophagy modulator and can be proficiently used in the control several diseases in which autophagy plays an important role. On these bases, we describe here the role of trehalose as an innovative drug in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other illnesses opening a new scenario of intervention in conditions difficult to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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43
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Evidence for the link between defective autophagy and inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetic patients. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:369-379. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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44
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Zhang J, Culp ML, Craver JG, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrial function and autophagy: integrating proteotoxic, redox, and metabolic stress in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 144:691-709. [PMID: 29341130 PMCID: PMC5897151 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder with widespread neurodegeneration in the brain. Significant oxidative, reductive, metabolic, and proteotoxic alterations have been observed in PD postmortem brains. The alterations of mitochondrial function resulting in decreased bioenergetic health is important and needs to be further examined to help develop biomarkers for PD severity and prognosis. It is now becoming clear that multiple hits on metabolic and signaling pathways are likely to exacerbate PD pathogenesis. Indeed, data obtained from genetic and genome association studies have implicated interactive contributions of genes controlling protein quality control and metabolism. For example, loss of key proteins that are responsible for clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through a process called mitophagy has been found to cause PD, and a significant proportion of genes associated with PD encode proteins involved in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. In this review, we highlight the evidence for the targeting of mitochondria by proteotoxic, redox and metabolic stress, and the role autophagic surveillance in maintenance of mitochondrial quality. Furthermore, we summarize the role of α-synuclein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and tau in modulating mitochondrial function and autophagy. Among the stressors that can overwhelm the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, we will discuss 4-hydroxynonenal and nitric oxide. The impact of autophagy is context depend and as such can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of targeting mitochondria and autophagic function as an integrated therapeutic strategy and the emerging contribution of the microbiome to PD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
| | - M Lillian Culp
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jason G Craver
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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45
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He MY, Wang G, Han SS, Jin Y, Li H, Wu X, Ma ZL, Cheng X, Tang X, Yang X, Liu GS. Nrf2 signalling and autophagy are involved in diabetes mellitus-induced defects in the development of mouse placenta. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160064. [PMID: 27383629 PMCID: PMC4967824 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that diabetes mellitus impairs placental development, but the mechanism by which the disease operates to impair development remains controversial. In this study, we demonstrated that pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM)-induced defects in placental development in mice are mainly characterized by the changes of morphological structure of placenta. The alteration of differentiation-related gene expressions in trophoblast cells rather than cell proliferation/apoptosis is responsible for the phenotypes found in mouse placenta. Meanwhile, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activated nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling were observed in the placenta of mice suffering from PGDM. Using BeWo cells, we also demonstrated that excess ROS was produced and Nrf2 signalling molecules were activated in settings characterized by a high concentration of glucose. More interestingly, differentiation-related gene expressions in trophoblast cells were altered when endogenous Nrf2 expression is manipulated by transfecting Nrf2-wt or Nrf2-shRNA. In addition, PGDM interferes with autophagy in both mouse placenta and BeWo cells, implying that autophagy is also involved, directly or indirectly, in PGDM-induced placental phenotypes. Therefore, we revealed that dysfunctional oxidative stress-activated Nrf2 signalling and autophagy are probably responsible for PGDM-induced defects in the placental development of mice. The mechanism was through the interference with differentiation-related gene expression in trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yao He
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China Postdoctoral Research Station of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Jin
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - He Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Lai Ma
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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46
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Onphachanh X, Lee HJ, Lim JR, Jung YH, Kim JS, Chae CW, Lee SJ, Gabr AA, Han HJ. Enhancement of high glucose-induced PINK1 expression by melatonin stimulates neuronal cell survival: Involvement of MT 2 /Akt/NF-κB pathway. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28580603 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a representative hallmark and risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) and is closely linked to DM-associated neuronal cell death. Previous investigators reported on a genome-wide association study and showed relationships between DM and melatonin receptor (MT), highlighting the role of MT signaling by assessing melatonin in DM. However, the role of MT signaling in DM pathogenesis is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of mitophagy regulators in high glucose-induced neuronal cell death and the effect of melatonin against high glucose-induced mitophagy regulators in neuronal cells. In our results, high glucose significantly increased PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and LC-3B expressions; as well it decreased cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 expression and Mitotracker™ fluorescence intensity. Silencing of PINK1 induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential impairment, increased expressions of cleaved caspases, and increased the number of annexin V-positive cells. In addition, high glucose-stimulated melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) mRNA and PINK1 expressions were reversed by ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine pretreatment. Upregulation of PINK1 expression in neuronal cells is suppressed by pretreatment with MT2 receptor-specific inhibitor 4-P-PDOT. We further showed melatonin stimulated Akt phosphorylation, which was followed by nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Silencing of PINK1 expression abolished melatonin-regulated mitochondrial ROS production, cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions, and the number of annexin V-positive cells. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the melatonin stimulates PINK1 expression via an MT2 /Akt/NF-κB pathway, and such stimulation is important for the prevention of neuronal cell apoptosis under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaykham Onphachanh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resource, Souphanouvong University, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Ryong Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Woo Chae
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Amr Ahmed Gabr
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Wang XS, Liu C, Khoso PA, Zheng W, Li M, Li S. Autophagy response in the liver of pigeon exposed to avermectin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12767-12777. [PMID: 26886445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues are an important aspect of environmental pollution. Environmental avermectin residues have produced adverse effects in organisms. Many pesticides exert their toxic effects via the mechanism of autophagy. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in autophagy levels and in autophagy-related genes, including LC3, Beclin 1, Dynein, ATG5, TORC1, and TORC2, resulting from exposure to subchronic levels of AVM in liver tissue in the king pigeon model. We observed abundant autophagic vacuoles with extensively degraded organelles, autophagosomal vacuoles, secondary lysosomes, and double-membrane structures in the liver. The expression levels of the autophagy-related genes LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin 1, ATG5, and Dynein were up-regulated; however, TORC1 and TORC2 expression levels were down-regulated. These changes occurred in a concentration-dependent manner after AVM exposure for 30, 60, and 90 days in pigeons. Taken together, these results suggested that AVM increased the autophagic flux and that upregulation of autophagy might be closely related to the hepatotoxicity of AVM in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Song Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Pervez Ahmed Khoso
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Life Science, Daqing Normal College, Daqing, 163712, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Sakamoto S, Miyara M, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Mild MPP + exposure-induced glucose starvation enhances autophagosome synthesis and impairs its degradation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46668. [PMID: 28443637 PMCID: PMC5405408 DOI: 10.1038/srep46668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, mainly characterised by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. MPP+ has been widely used as a PD-related neurotoxin, and their reports suggested the several hypotheses for neuronal cell death. However, most of these hypotheses come from the studies about the acute MPP+ exposure. We previously revealed that mild MPP+ exposure (10 and 200 μM), which induces gradual cell death, impairs autophagosome degradation at 48 h. In the present study, we further investigated the specific events of mild MPP+ exposure and revealed that mild MPP+ exposure causes the cell death through glucose starvation, but not acute toxic model (2.5 and 5 mM). At 36 h after mild MPP+ exposure, autophagosome synthesis was enhanced owing to glucose starvation and continued to enhance until 48 h, despite impaired autophagosome degradation. Inhibition of autophagosome synthesis reduced mild MPP+-induced cell death. In conclusion, we clarified that glucose starvation-enhanced autophagosome synthesis occurs at an earlier stage than impaired autophagosome degradation and is important in mild MPP+ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Miyara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.,Global Career Design Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8514, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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49
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Robainas M, Otano R, Bueno S, Ait-Oudhia S. Understanding the role of PD-L1/PD1 pathway blockade and autophagy in cancer therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1803-1807. [PMID: 28367063 PMCID: PMC5370068 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s132508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital, physiological catabolic process for cell survival by which cells clear damaged organelles and recycle nutrients when homeostasis is maintained. Cancer is a complex disease with uncontrolled growth of cancer cells. Recent studies have suggested the role of autophagy in cancer. A complex relationship exists between autophagy and cancer, since autophagy can contribute to the survival or the destruction of malignant cells depending on the stage of tumor development. In this review, we describe in detail the mechanism underlying autophagy in cancer cells and the intricate involvement of the programmed cell death-1 (PD1) receptor with its ligand (PD-L1). The overexpression of PD-L1 receptors on cancer cell membranes has been observed in several types of cancers. The interaction of PD-L1 on cancer cells with PD1 on the surface of T-cells causes cancer cells to escape from the immune system by preventing the activation of new cytotoxic T-cells in the lymph nodes and subsequent recruitment to the tumor. In addition to its immunopathogenicity, PD1 has been related to autophagy. Reduction of this receptor due to treatment increases autophagy, therefore promoting the recycling of nutrients and clearance of toxic species, consequently promoting cell survival. In addition, PD-L1/PD1 engagement can induce autophagy in nearby T-cells due to a decrease in the amino acids tryptophan and arginine and due to the deprivation of nutrients such as glucose followed by a reduction in glucose metabolism. Resistance to cancer therapies is attributed to various pathways in oncogenesis including, inhibition of tumor suppressors, alteration of the tumor metabolic environment, and upregulation of autophagy. Here we explore the interaction between the immunosuppressive PD-L1/PD1 engagement and autophagy mechanisms, and evaluate the impact of inhibition of these pathways in augmenting antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Robainas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Rafael Otano
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Bueno
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sihem Ait-Oudhia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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50
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Dimitrova EG, Chaushev BG, Conev NV, Kashlov JK, Zlatarov AK, Petrov DP, Popov HB, Stefanova NT, Klisarova AD, Bratoeva KZ, Donev IS. Role of the pretreatment 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography maximal standardized uptake value in predicting outcomes of colon liver metastases and that value's association with Beclin-1 expression. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:221-228. [PMID: 28250335 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to evaluate the predictive and prognostic performance of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) prior to treatment in 43 patients with colon cancer and unresectable liver metastases. Patients with colon cancer who underwent 18F-FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) scans for staging before the start of first-line 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Expression of Beclin-1 in cancer cells was evaluated in primary tumors using immunohistochemical staining. The pretreatment SUVmax for liver metastases was not able to predict progression-free survival but was significantly associated with poorer overall survival, with a hazard ratio of 2.05 (95 % CI, 1.016-4.155). Moreover, a negative correlation was noted between SUVmax and expression of a marker of autophagy - Beclin-1 (rho = -0.42, p = 0.006). This suggests that the pretreatment SUVmax in 18F-FDG PET/CT is a useful tool to help predict survival outcome in patients with colon cancer and unresectable liver metastases and may significantly distinguish between patients with low and high levels of Beclin-1 expression (AUC = 0.809, 95% CI: 0.670-0.948, p = 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora G Dimitrova
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
| | | | - Nikolay V Conev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
| | - Javor K Kashlov
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
| | - Aleksandar K Zlatarov
- Clinic of Surgery, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of General and Operative Surgery, Medical University of Varna
| | - Dilyan P Petrov
- Clinic of Surgery, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of General and Operative Surgery, Medical University of Varna
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivan S Donev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, UMHAT "St. Marina".,Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Varna
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