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Czamara D, Dieckmann L, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Cruceanu C, Henrich W, Plagemann A, Räikkönen K, Braun T, Binder EB, Lahti J, Entringer S. Sex differences in DNA methylation across gestation: a large scale, cross-cohort, multi-tissue analysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:177. [PMID: 38600394 PMCID: PMC11006734 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Biological sex is a key variable influencing many physiological systems. Disease prevalence as well as treatment success can be modified by sex. Differences emerge already early in life and include pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. The placenta is a critical organ for fetal development and shows sex-based differences in the expression of hormones and cytokines. Epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), may underlie the previously reported placental sexual dimorphism. We associated placental DNAm with fetal sex in three cohorts. Individual cohort results were meta-analyzed with random-effects modelling. CpG-sites differentially methylated with sex were further investigated regarding pathway enrichment, overlap with methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs), and hits from phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS). We evaluated the consistency of findings across tissues (CVS, i.e. chorionic villus sampling from early placenta, and cord blood) as well as with gene expression. We identified 10,320 epigenome-wide significant sex-differentially methylated probes (DMPs) spread throughout the epigenome of the placenta at birth. Most DMPs presented with lower DNAm levels in females. DMPs mapped to genes upregulated in brain, were enriched for neurodevelopmental pathways and significantly overlapped with meQTLs and PheWAS hits. Effect sizes were moderately correlated between CVS and placenta at birth, but only weakly correlated between birth placenta and cord blood. Sex differential gene expression in birth placenta was less pronounced and implicated genetic regions only marginally overlapped with those associated with differential DNAm. Our study provides an integrative perspective on sex-differential DNAm in perinatal tissues underscoring the possible link between placenta and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Czamara
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
| | - Linda Dieckmann
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Plagemann
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thorsten Braun
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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2
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Narayan G, Agrawal A, Sen P, Nagotu S, Thummer RP. Production of Bioactive Human PAX4 Protein from E. coli. Protein J 2023; 42:766-777. [PMID: 37552387 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Paired box 4 (PAX4) is a pivotal transcription factor involved in pancreatogenesis during embryogenesis, and in adults, it is key for β-cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, PAX4 also functions as a tumor suppressor protein in human melanomas. The present study demonstrates the production of bioactive recombinant human PAX4 transcription factor. At first, the inserts (PAX4 protein-coding sequence having tags at either ends) were cloned in an expression vector to give rise to pET28a(+)-HTN-PAX4 and pET28a(+)-PAX4-NTH genetic constructs, and these were then transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) for their expression. The HTN-PAX4 and PAX4-NTH fusion proteins produced were purified with a yield of ~ 3.15 mg and ~ 0.83 mg, respectively, from 1.2 L E. coli culture. Further, the secondary structure retention of the PAX4 fusion proteins and their potential to internalize the mammalian cell and its nucleus was demonstrated. The bioactivity of these fusion proteins was investigated using various assays (cell migration, cell proliferation and cell cycle assays), demonstrating it to function as a tumor suppressor protein. Thus, this macromolecule can prospectively help understand the function of human PAX4 in cellular processes, disease-specific investigations and direct cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Narayan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Akriti Agrawal
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Plaboni Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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3
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Ko J, Fonseca VA, Wu H. Pax4 in Health and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098283. [PMID: 37175989 PMCID: PMC10179455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired box 4 (Pax4) is a key transcription factor involved in the embryonic development of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Consisting of a conserved paired box domain and a homeodomain, this transcription factor plays an essential role in early endocrine progenitor cells, where it is necessary for cell-fate commitment towards the insulin-secreting β cell lineage. Knockout of Pax4 in animal models leads to the absence of β cells, which is accompanied by a significant increase in glucagon-producing α cells, and typically results in lethality within days after birth. Mutations in Pax4 that cause an impaired Pax4 function are associated with diabetes pathogenesis in humans. In adulthood, Pax4 expression is limited to a distinct subset of β cells that possess the ability to proliferate in response to heightened metabolic needs. Upregulation of Pax4 expression is known to promote β cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, ectopic expression of Pax4 in pancreatic islet α cells or δ cells has been found to generate functional β-like cells that can improve blood glucose regulation in experimental diabetes models. Therefore, Pax4 represents a promising therapeutic target for the protection and regeneration of β cells in the treatment of diabetes. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough and up-to-date overview of the role of Pax4 in pancreatic β cells and its potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Ko
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hongju Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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4
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Secco B, Saitoski K, Drareni K, Soprani A, Pechberty S, Rachdi L, Venteclef N, Scharfmann R. Loss of Human Beta Cell Identity in a Reconstructed Omental Stromal Cell Environment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060924. [PMID: 35326375 PMCID: PMC8946101 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In human type 2 diabetes, adipose tissue plays an important role in disturbing glucose homeostasis by secreting factors that affect the function of cells and tissues throughout the body, including insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. We aimed here at studying the paracrine effect of stromal cells isolated from subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue on human beta cells. We developed an in vitro model wherein the functional human beta cell line EndoC-βH1 was treated with conditioned media from human adipose tissues. By using RNA-sequencing and western blotting, we determined that a conditioned medium derived from omental stromal cells stimulates several pathways, such as STAT, SMAD and RELA, in EndoC-βH1 cells. We also observed that upon treatment, the expression of beta cell markers decreased while dedifferentiation markers increased. Loss-of-function experiments that efficiently blocked specific signaling pathways did not reverse dedifferentiation, suggesting the implication of more than one pathway in this regulatory process. Taken together, we demonstrate that soluble factors derived from stromal cells isolated from human omental adipose tissue signal human beta cells and modulate their identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Secco
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; (B.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Kevin Saitoski
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; (B.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Karima Drareni
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (K.D.); (A.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Antoine Soprani
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (K.D.); (A.S.); (N.V.)
- Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ramsey General de Santé, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Severine Pechberty
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; (B.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Latif Rachdi
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; (B.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (K.D.); (A.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; (B.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(33)-1-76-53-55-68
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5
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Garrido-Utrilla A, Ayachi C, Friano ME, Atlija J, Balaji S, Napolitano T, Silvano S, Druelle N, Collombat P. Conversion of Gastrointestinal Somatostatin-Expressing D Cells Into Insulin-Producing Beta-Like Cells Upon Pax4 Misexpression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:861922. [PMID: 35573999 PMCID: PMC9103212 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.861922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin-producing beta-cells. Accordingly, important research efforts aim at regenerating these lost beta-cells by converting pre-existing endogenous cells. Following up on previous results demonstrating the conversion of pancreatic somatostatin delta-cells into beta-like cells upon Pax4 misexpression and acknowledging that somatostatin-expressing cells are highly represented in the gastrointestinal tract, one could wonder whether this Pax4-mediated conversion could also occur in the GI tract. We made use of transgenic mice misexpressing Pax4 in somatostatin cells (SSTCrePOE) to evaluate a putative Pax4-mediated D-to-beta-like cell conversion. Additionally, we implemented an ex vivo approach based on mice-derived gut organoids to assess the functionality of these neo-generated beta-like cells. Our results outlined the presence of insulin+ cells expressing several beta-cell markers in gastrointestinal tissues of SSTCrePOE animals. Further, using lineage tracing, we established that these cells arose from D cells. Lastly, functional tests on mice-derived gut organoids established the ability of neo-generated beta-like cells to release insulin upon stimulation. From this study, we conclude that the misexpression of Pax4 in D cells appears sufficient to convert these into functional beta-like cells, thus opening new research avenues in the context of diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Garrido-Utrilla
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Chaïma Ayachi
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Marika Elsa Friano
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Josipa Atlija
- Department of Cryopreservation, Distribution, Typing and Animal Archiving, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité d'Appui à la Recherche (CNRS-UAR) 44 Typage et Archivage d’Animaux Modèles (TAAM), Orléans, France
| | - Shruti Balaji
- PlantaCorp Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tiziana Napolitano
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Serena Silvano
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Noémie Druelle
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Noémie Druelle, ; Patrick Collombat,
| | - Patrick Collombat
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Noémie Druelle, ; Patrick Collombat,
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6
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A nexus of miR-1271, PAX4 and ALK/RYK influences the cytoskeletal architectures in Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Biochem J 2021; 478:3297-3317. [PMID: 34409981 PMCID: PMC8454712 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) share a common hallmark of insulin resistance. Reportedly, two non-canonical Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), ALK and RYK, both targets of the same micro RNA miR-1271, exhibit significant and consistent functional down-regulation in post-mortem AD and T2D tissues. Incidentally, both have Grb2 as a common downstream adapter and NOX4 as a common ROS producing factor. Here we show that Grb2 and NOX4 play critical roles in reducing the severity of both the diseases. The study demonstrates that the abundance of Grb2 in degenerative conditions, in conjunction with NOX4, reverse cytoskeletal degradation by counterbalancing the network of small GTPases. PAX4, a transcription factor for both Grb2 and NOX4, emerges as the key link between the common pathways of AD and T2D. Down-regulation of both ALK and RYK through miR-1271, elevates the PAX4 level by reducing its suppressor ARX via Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. For the first time, this study brings together RTKs beyond Insulin Receptor (IR) family, transcription factor PAX4 and both AD and T2D pathologies on a common regulatory platform.
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7
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Agrawal A, Narayan G, Gogoi R, Thummer RP. Recent Advances in the Generation of β-Cells from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Potential Cure for Diabetes Mellitus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:1-27. [PMID: 34426962 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The present-day solution to diabetes mellitus includes regular administration of insulin, which brings about many medical complications in diabetic patients. Although islet transplantation from cadaveric subjects was proposed to be a permanent cure, the increased risk of infections, the need for immunosuppressive drugs, and their unavailability had restricted its use. To overcome this, the generation of renewable and transplantable β-cells derived from autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has gained enormous interest as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat diabetes mellitus permanently. To date, extensive research has been undertaken to derive transplantable insulin-producing β-cells (iβ-cells) from iPSCs in vitro by recapitulating the in vivo developmental process of the pancreas. This in vivo developmental process relies on transcription factors, signaling molecules, growth factors, and culture microenvironment. This review highlights the various factors facilitating the generation of mature β-cells from iPSCs. Moreover, this review also describes the generation of pancreatic progenitors and β-cells from diabetic patient-specific iPSCs, exploring the potential of the diabetes disease model and drug discovery. In addition, the applications of genome editing strategies have also been discussed to achieve patient-specific diabetes cell therapy. Last, we have discussed the current challenges and prospects of iPSC-derived β-cells to improve the relative efficacy of the available treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Agrawal
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Gloria Narayan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ranadeep Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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8
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Parajuli KR, Zhang Y, Cao AM, Wang H, Fonseca VA, Wu H. Pax4 Gene Delivery Improves Islet Transplantation Efficacy by Promoting β Cell Survival and α-to-β Cell Transdifferentiation. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720958655. [PMID: 33086892 PMCID: PMC7784573 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720958655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax4 plays an essential role in the development of insulin-producing β cells in pancreatic islets. Ectopic Pax4 expression not only promotes β cell survival but also induces α-to-β cell transdifferentiation. This dual functionality of Pax4 makes it an appealing therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this study, we demonstrated that Pax4 gene delivery by an adenoviral vector, Ad5.Pax4, improved β cell function of mouse and human islets by promoting islet cell survival and α-to-β cell transdifferentiation, as assessed by multiple viability assays and lineage-tracing analysis. We then explored the therapeutic benefits of Pax4 gene delivery in the context of islet transplantation using T1D mouse models. Both mouse-to-mouse and human-to-mouse islet transplantation, via either kidney capsule or portal vein, were examined. In all settings, Ad5.Pax4-treated donor islets (mouse or human) showed substantially better therapeutic outcomes. These results suggest that Pax4 gene delivery into donor islets may be considered as an adjunct therapy for islet transplantation, which can either improve the therapeutic outcome of islet transplantation using the same amount of donor islets or allow the use of fewer donor islets to achieve normoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab R Parajuli
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alexander M Cao
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hongju Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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9
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Zhang Y, Ding L, Ni Q, Tao R, Qin J. Transcription factor PAX4 facilitates gastric cancer progression through interacting with miR-27b-3p/Grb2 axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16786-16803. [PMID: 34162761 PMCID: PMC8266315 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common aggressive cancers. The discovery of an effective biomarker is necessary for GC diagnosis. In this study, we confirmed that Paired box gene 4 (PAX4) is up-regulated in GC tissues and cells via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemical staining. It was also identified that PAX4 contributed to GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion through Cell Counting Kit-8, BrdU, flow cytometry assay, colony formation assay, transwell assays, and wound healing assay. miR-27b-3p was confirmed with the binding site with PAX4 using ChIP assay and served as a tumor suppressor that inhibiting GC cell growth and metastasis, and reversed the effect of PAX4. Bioinformatics prediction and dual luciferase assay results demonstrated that miR-27b-3p targeted Grb2, which could alter the function of miR-27b-3p. Furthermore, the transcriptional control of PAX4-regulated miR-27b-3p activated the Ras-ERK pathway. Taken together, the PAX4/miR-27b-3p/Grb2 loop is known to be involved in GC cell promotion, and can be seen as a promising target for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qingfeng Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
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10
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Pan R, Lou J, Wei L. Significant effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide on lipid metabolism in diabetes may be associated with the activation of the FAM3C-HSF1-CAM signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:820. [PMID: 34131443 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a threat to patient health worldwide. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), one of the two main types of diabetes, is a long-term metabolic disease caused by heredity and environmental factors. It has been reported that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) significantly decreased the concentration of blood glucose, promoted insulin secretion, improved glucose tolerance and regulated the concentration of blood lipids. In the present study, a T2DM model was established in db/db mice, following which T2DM mice were treated with GLP (100 and 400 mg/kg) for 8 weeks, with MET used as the positive control. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, and diabetes-associated clinical chemistry indexes were detected in the blood and serum of each mouse. Hematoxylin and eosin, and oil red O staining were performed on the livers of each mouse to evaluate the level of liver fat. The expression levels of family with sequence similarity 3 (FAM3C), heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), calmodulin (CaM), AKT and phosphorylated (p)-AKT were detected in the hepatocytes of T2DM mice using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. The results demonstrated that the unbalanced levels of HbAlc, FBG and diabetes-related index in T2DM mice were significantly improved by treatment with GLP. Lipid droplets in the hepatocytes of mice shrank in the GLP groups compared with the model control group. The expression levels of FAM3C, HSF1, CaM and p-AKT/AKT in the hepatocytes of T2DM mice were significantly increased following treatment with GLP. In conclusion, GLP exerted significant effects on lipid metabolism in diabetes, which may be associated with the activation of the FAM3C-HSF1-CaM signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Yuxi People's Hospital of Kunming, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lou
- Department of Nutrition, Yuxi People's Hospital of Kunming, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
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11
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Dewanjee S, Vallamkondu J, Kalra RS, Chakraborty P, Gangopadhyay M, Sahu R, Medala V, John A, Reddy PH, De Feo V, Kandimalla R. The Emerging Role of HDACs: Pathology and Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2021; 10:1340. [PMID: 34071497 PMCID: PMC8228721 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the principal manifestations of metabolic syndrome and its prevalence with modern lifestyle is increasing incessantly. Chronic hyperglycemia can induce several vascular complications that were referred to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in DM. Although several therapeutic targets have been identified and accessed clinically, the imminent risk of DM and its prevalence are still ascending. Substantial pieces of evidence revealed that histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoforms can regulate various molecular activities in DM via epigenetic and post-translational regulation of several transcription factors. To date, 18 HDAC isoforms have been identified in mammals that were categorized into four different classes. Classes I, II, and IV are regarded as classical HDACs, which operate through a Zn-based mechanism. In contrast, class III HDACs or Sirtuins depend on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) for their molecular activity. Functionally, most of the HDAC isoforms can regulate β cell fate, insulin release, insulin expression and signaling, and glucose metabolism. Moreover, the roles of HDAC members have been implicated in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and other pathological events, which substantially contribute to diabetes-related vascular dysfunctions. Therefore, HDACs could serve as the potential therapeutic target in DM towards developing novel intervention strategies. This review sheds light on the emerging role of HDACs/isoforms in diabetic pathophysiology and emphasized the scope of their targeting in DM for constituting novel interventional strategies for metabolic disorders/complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | | | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305 8565, Japan;
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Moumita Gangopadhyay
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, ADAMAS University, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India;
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India;
| | - Vijaykrishna Medala
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Albin John
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.J.); (P.H.R.)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.J.); (P.H.R.)
- Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
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Lorenzo PI, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Martín-Vázquez E, López-Noriega L, Gauthier BR. Harnessing the Endogenous Plasticity of Pancreatic Islets: A Feasible Regenerative Medicine Therapy for Diabetes? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4239. [PMID: 33921851 PMCID: PMC8073058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease caused by an absolute or relative deficiency in functional pancreatic β-cells that leads to defective control of blood glucose. Current treatments for diabetes, despite their great beneficial effects on clinical symptoms, are not curative treatments, leading to a chronic dependence on insulin throughout life that does not prevent the secondary complications associated with diabetes. The overwhelming increase in DM incidence has led to a search for novel antidiabetic therapies aiming at the regeneration of the lost functional β-cells to allow the re-establishment of the endogenous glucose homeostasis. Here we review several aspects that must be considered for the development of novel and successful regenerative therapies for diabetes: first, the need to maintain the heterogeneity of islet β-cells with several subpopulations of β-cells characterized by different transcriptomic profiles correlating with differences in functionality and in resistance/behavior under stress conditions; second, the existence of an intrinsic islet plasticity that allows stimulus-mediated transcriptome alterations that trigger the transdifferentiation of islet non-β-cells into β-cells; and finally, the possibility of using agents that promote a fully functional/mature β-cell phenotype to reduce and reverse the process of dedifferentiation of β-cells during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra I. Lorenzo
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Eugenia Martín-Vázquez
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Livia López-Noriega
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Benoit R. Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 028029 Madrid, Spain
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Cho SB, Jang JH, Chung MG, Kim SC. Exome Chip Analysis of 14,026 Koreans Reveals Known and Newly Discovered Genetic Loci Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:231-240. [PMID: 32794382 PMCID: PMC8024163 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most loci associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) discovered to date are within noncoding regions of unknown functional significance. By contrast, exonic regions have advantages for biological interpretation. METHODS We analyzed the association of exome array data from 14,026 Koreans to identify susceptible exonic loci for T2DM. We used genotype information of 50,543 variants using the Illumina exome array platform. RESULTS In total, 7 loci were significant with a Bonferroni adjusted P=1.03×10-6. rs2233580 in paired box gene 4 (PAX4) showed the highest odds ratio of 1.48 (P=1.60×10-10). rs11960799 in membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 3 (MARCH3) and rs75680863 in transcobalamin 2 (TCN2) were newly identified loci. When we built a model to predict the incidence of diabetes with the 7 loci and clinical variables, area under the curve (AUC) of the model improved significantly (AUC=0.72, P<0.05), but marginally in its magnitude, compared with the model using clinical variables (AUC=0.71, P<0.05). When we divided the entire population into three groups-normal body mass index (BMI; <25 kg/m2), overweight (25≤ BMI <30 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) individuals-the predictive performance of the 7 loci was greatest in the group of obese individuals, where the net reclassification improvement was highly significant (0.51; P=8.00×10-5). CONCLUSION We found exonic loci having a susceptibility for T2DM. We found that such genetic information is advantageous for predicting T2DM in a subgroup of obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Cho
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Jang
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Myung Guen Chung
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
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14
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Melnikova AI, Krasnova TS, Zubkova NA, Tiulpakov AN, Rubtsov PM. Alternative Variants of Pax4 Human Transcription Factor: Comparative Transcriptional Activity. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320050076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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β-Cell specific transcription factors in the context of diabetes mellitus and β-cell regeneration. Mech Dev 2020; 163:103634. [PMID: 32711047 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All pancreatic cell populations arise from the standard gut endoderm layer in developing embryos, requiring a regulatory gene network to originate and maintain endocrine lineages and endocrine function. The pancreatic organogenesis is regulated by the temporal expression of transcription factors and plays a diverse role in the specification, development, differentiation, maturation, and functional maintenance. Altered expression and activity of these transcription factors are often associated with diabetes mellitus. Recent advancements in the stem cells and invitro derived islets to treat diabetes mellitus has attracted a great deal of interest in the understanding of factors regulating the development, differentiation, and functions of islets including transcription factors. This review discusses the myriad of transcription factors regulating the development of the pancreas, differentiation of β-islets, and how these factors regulated in normal and disease states. Exploring these factors in such critical context and exogenous or endogenous expression of development and differentiation-specific transcription factors with improved epigenetic plasticity/signaling axis in diabetic milieu would useful for the development of β-cells from other cell sources.
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16
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Volume changes of the pancreatic head remnant after distal pancreatectomy. Surgery 2020; 167:455-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Molecular Modelling of Islet β-Cell Adaptation to Inflammation in Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246171. [PMID: 31817798 PMCID: PMC6941051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a metabolic disease that develops with the increase in insulin resistance during late pregnancy, is currently one of the most common complications affecting pregnancy. The polygenic nature of GDM, together with the interplay between different genetic variants with nutritional and environmental factors has hindered the full understanding of the etiology of this disease. However, an important genetic overlap has been found with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and, as in the case of T2DM, most of the identified loci are associated with β-cell function. Early detection of GDM and adequate interventions to control the maternal glycemia are necessary to avoid the adverse outcomes for both the mother and the offspring. The in utero exposure to the diabetic milieu predispose these children for future diseases, among them T2DM, originating a vicious circle implicated in the increased prevalence of both GDM and T2DM. The involvement of inflammatory processes in the development of GDM highlights the importance of pancreatic β-cell factors able to favor the adaptation processes required during gestation, concomitantly with the protection of the islets from an inflammatory milieu. In this regard, two members of the Pax family of transcription factors, PAX4 and PAX8, together with the chromatin remodeler factor HMG20A, have gained great relevance due to their involvement in β-cell mass adaptation together with their anti-inflammatory properties. Mutations in these factors have been associated with GDM, highlighting these as novel candidates for genetic screening analysis in the identification of women at risk of developing GDM.
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18
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Fuente-Martín E, Mellado-Gil JM, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Martín-Montalvo A, Romero-Zerbo SY, Diaz Contreras I, Hmadcha A, Soria B, Martin Bermudo F, Reyes JC, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Lorenzo PI, Gauthier BR. Dissecting the Brain/Islet Axis in Metabesity. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050350. [PMID: 31072002 PMCID: PMC6562925 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), together with the fact that current treatments are only palliative and do not avoid major secondary complications, reveals the need for novel approaches to treat the cause of this disease. Efforts are currently underway to identify therapeutic targets implicated in either the regeneration or re-differentiation of a functional pancreatic islet β-cell mass to restore insulin levels and normoglycemia. However, T2DM is not only caused by failures in β-cells but also by dysfunctions in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Herein, we review the physiological contribution of hypothalamic neuronal and glial populations, particularly astrocytes, in the control of the systemic response that regulates blood glucose levels. The glucosensing capacity of hypothalamic astrocytes, together with their regulation by metabolic hormones, highlights the relevance of these cells in the control of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, the critical role of astrocytes in the response to inflammation, a process associated with obesity and T2DM, further emphasizes the importance of these cells as novel targets to stimulate the CNS in response to metabesity (over-nutrition-derived metabolic dysfunctions). We suggest that novel T2DM therapies should aim at stimulating the CNS astrocytic response, as well as recovering the functional pancreatic β-cell mass. Whether or not a common factor expressed in both cell types can be feasibly targeted is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fuente-Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Jose M Mellado-Gil
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Martín-Montalvo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Silvana Y Romero-Zerbo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Irene Diaz Contreras
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Abdelkrim Hmadcha
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Martin Bermudo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose C Reyes
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Bermúdez-Silva
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Petra I Lorenzo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
In addition to the common types of diabetes mellitus, two major monogenic diabetes forms exist. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) represents a heterogenous group of monogenic, autosomal dominant diseases. MODY accounts for 1-2% of all diabetes cases, and it is not just underdiagnosed but often misdiagnosed to type 1 or type 2 diabetes. More than a dozen MODY genes have been identified to date, and their molecular classification is of great importance in the correct treatment decision and in the judgment of the prognosis. The most prevalent subtypes are HNF1A, GCK, and HNF4A. Genetic testing for MODY has changed recently due to the technological advancements, as contrary to the sequential testing performed in the past, nowadays all MODY genes can be tested simultaneously by next-generation sequencing. The other major group of monogenic diabetes is neonatal diabetes mellitus which can be transient or permanent, and often the diabetes is a part of a syndrome. It is a severe monogenic disease appearing in the first 6 months of life. The hyperglycemia usually requires insulin. There are two forms, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM). In TNDM, the diabetes usually reverts within several months but might relapse later in life. The incidence of NDM is 1:100,000-1:400,000 live births, and PNDM accounts for half of the cases. Most commonly, neonatal diabetes is caused by mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genes encoding the ATP-dependent potassium channel of the β cell. Neonatal diabetes has experienced a quick and successful transition into the clinical practice since the discovery of the molecular background. In case of both genetic diabetes groups, recent guidelines recommend genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Gaál
- 4th Department of Medicine, Jósa András Teaching Hospital, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - István Balogh
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Hu Y, Tan LJ, Chen XD, Greenbaum J, Deng HW. Identification of novel variants associated with osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and potentially pleiotropic loci using pleiotropic cFDR method. Bone 2018; 117:6-14. [PMID: 30172742 PMCID: PMC6364698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Clinical and epidemiological findings point to an association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and osteoporosis. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been fruitful in identifying some loci potentially associated with osteoporosis and T2D respectively. However, the total genetic variance for each of these two diseases and the shared genetic determination between them are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify novel genetic variants for osteoporosis and/or T2D. METHODS First, using a pleiotropic conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) method, we analyzed two GWAS summary data of femoral neck bone mineral density (FN_BMD, n = 53,236) and T2D (n = 159,208) to identify novel shared genetic loci. FN_BMD is an important risk factor for osteoporosis. Next, to explore the potential functions of the identified potential pleiotropic genes, differential expression analysis was performed for them in monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as these cells are relevant to the etiology of osteoporosis and/or T2D. Further, weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify functional connections between novel pleiotropic genes and known osteoporosis/T2D susceptibility genes by using transcriptomic expression datasets in bone biopsies (E-MEXP-1618) and pancreatic islets (GSE50397). Finally, multi-trait fine mapping for the detected pleiotropic risk loci were conducted to identify the SNPs that have the highest probability of being causal for both FN_BMD and T2D. RESULTS We identified 27 significant SNPs with cFDR<0.05 for FN_BMD and 61 SNPs for T2D respectively. Four loci, rs7068487 (PLEKHA1), rs10885421 (TCF7L2), rs944082 (GNG12-AS1 (WLS)) and rs2065929 (PIFO||PGCP1), were found to be potentially pleiotropic and shared between FN_BMD and T2D (ccFDR<0.05). PLEKHA1 was found differentially expressed in circulating monocytes between high and low BMD subjects, and PBMCs between diabetic and non-diabetic conditions. WGCNA showed that PLEKHA1 and TCF7L2 were interconnected with multiple osteoporosis and T2D associated genes in bone biopsy and pancreatic islets, such as JAG, EN1 and CPE. Fine mapping showed that rs11200594 was a potentially causal variant in the locus of PLEKHA1. rs11200594 is also an eQTL of PLEKHA1 in multiple tissue (e.g. peripheral blood cells, adipose and ovary) and is in strong LD with a number of functional variants. CONCLUSIONS Four potential pleiotropic loci were identified for shared genetic determination of osteoporosis and T2D. Our study highlights PLEKHA1 as an important potentially pleiotropic gene. The findings may help us gain a better understanding of the shared genetic determination between these two important disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Li-Jun Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xiang-Ding Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Jonathan Greenbaum
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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21
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Therapeutic potential of pancreatic PAX4-regulated pathways in treating diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wang X, Li W, Ma L, Ping F, Liu J, Wu X, Mao J, Wang X, Nie M. Micro-ribonucleic acid-binding site variants of type 2 diabetes candidate loci predispose to gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese Han women. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1196-1202. [PMID: 29352517 PMCID: PMC6123053 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence has suggested that the genetic background of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was analogous to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In contrast to type 2 diabetes mellitus, the genetic studies for GDM were limited. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to extensively explore the influence of micro-ribonucleic acid-binding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus candidate loci on GDM susceptibility in Chinese. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 839 GDM patients and 900 controls were enrolled. Six micro-ribonucleic acid-binding SNPs were selected from 30 type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility loci and genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. RESULTS The minor allele of three SNPs, PAX4 rs712699 (OR 1.366, 95% confidence interval 1.021-1.828, P = 0.036), KCNB1 rs1051295 (OR 1.579, 95% confidence interval 1.172-2.128, P = 0.003) and MFN2 rs1042842 (OR 1.398, 95% confidence interval 1.050-1.862, P = 0.022) were identified to significantly confer higher a risk of GDM in the additive model. The association between rs1051295 and increased fasting plasma glucose (b = 0.006, P = 0.008), 3-h oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose (b = 0.058, P = 0.025) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (b = 0.065, P = 0.017) was also shown. Rs1042842 was correlated with higher 3-h oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose (b = 0.056, P = 0.028). However, no significant correlation between the other included SNPs (LPIN1 rs1050800, VPS26A rs1802295 and NLRP3 rs10802502) and GDM susceptibility were observed. CONCLUSIONS The present findings showed that micro-ribonucleic acid-binding SNPs in type 2 diabetes mellitus candidate loci were also associated with GDM susceptibility, which further highlighted the similar genetic basis underlying GDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyKey Laboratory of EndocrinologyMinistry of HealthPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- Department of EndocrinologyKey Laboratory of EndocrinologyMinistry of HealthPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liangkun Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fan Ping
- Department of EndocrinologyKey Laboratory of EndocrinologyMinistry of HealthPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Juntao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of EndocrinologyKey Laboratory of EndocrinologyMinistry of HealthPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of EndocrinologyKey Laboratory of EndocrinologyMinistry of HealthPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyKey Laboratory of EndocrinologyMinistry of HealthPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Min Nie
- Department of EndocrinologyKey Laboratory of EndocrinologyMinistry of HealthPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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23
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Song Y, Deng J, Chen M, Ouyang H, Lai L, Li Z. Generation and Phenotype Identification of PAX4 Gene Knockout Rabbit by CRISPR/Cas9 System. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:2833-2840. [PMID: 29950431 PMCID: PMC6071587 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.300448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Paired-homeodomain transcription factor 4 (PAX4) gene encodes a transcription factor which plays an important role in the generation, differentiation, development, and survival of insulin-producing β-cells during mammalian pancreas development. PAX4 is a key diabetes mellitus (DM) susceptibility gene, which is associated with many different types of DM, including T1DM, T2DM, maturity onset diabetes of the young 9 (MODY9) and ketosis prone diabetes. In this study, a novel PAX4 gene knockout (KO) model was generated through co-injection of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) mRNA/sgRNA into rabbit zygotes. Typical phenotypes of growth retardation, persistent hyperglycemia, decreased number of insulin-producing β cells and increased number of glucagon-producing α cells were observed in the homozygous PAX4 KO rabbits. Furthermore, DM associated phenotypes including diabetic nephropathy, hepatopathy, myopathy and cardiomyopathy were also observed in the homozygous PAX4 KO rabbits but not in the wild type (WT) controls and the heterozygous PAX4 KO rabbits. In summary, this is the first PAX4 gene KO rabbit model generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system. This novel rabbit model may provide a new platform for function study of PAX4 gene in rabbit and gene therapy of human DM in clinical trails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jichao Deng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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24
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Mellado-Gil JM, Fuente-Martín E, Lorenzo PI, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, López-Noriega L, Martín-Montalvo A, Gómez IDGH, Ceballos-Chávez M, Gómez-Jaramillo L, Campos-Caro A, Romero-Zerbo SY, Rodríguez-Comas J, Servitja JM, Rojo-Martinez G, Hmadcha A, Soria B, Bugliani M, Marchetti P, Bérmudez-Silva FJ, Reyes JC, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Gauthier BR. The type 2 diabetes-associated HMG20A gene is mandatory for islet beta cell functional maturity. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:279. [PMID: 29449530 PMCID: PMC5833347 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HMG20A (also known as iBRAF) is a chromatin factor involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. Recently small nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HMG20A gene have been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) yet neither expression nor function of this T2DM candidate gene in islets is known. Herein we demonstrate that HMG20A is expressed in both human and mouse islets and that levels are decreased in islets of T2DM donors as compared to islets from non-diabetic donors. In vitro studies in mouse and human islets demonstrated that glucose transiently increased HMG20A transcript levels, a result also observed in islets of gestating mice. In contrast, HMG20A expression was not altered in islets from diet-induced obese and pre-diabetic mice. The T2DM-associated rs7119 SNP, located in the 3' UTR of the HMG20A transcript reduced the luciferase activity of a reporter construct in the human beta 1.1E7 cell line. Depletion of Hmg20a in the rat INS-1E cell line resulted in decreased expression levels of its neuronal target gene NeuroD whereas Rest and Pax4 were increased. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction of HMG20A with the Pax4 gene promoter. Expression levels of Mafa, Glucokinase, and Insulin were also inhibited. Furthermore, glucose-induced insulin secretion was blunted in HMG20A-depleted islets. In summary, our data demonstrate that HMG20A expression in islet is essential for metabolism-insulin secretion coupling via the coordinated regulation of key islet-enriched genes such as NeuroD and Mafa and that depletion induces expression of genes such as Pax4 and Rest implicated in beta cell de-differentiation. More importantly we assign to the T2DM-linked rs7119 SNP the functional consequence of reducing HMG20A expression likely translating to impaired beta cell mature function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Mellado-Gil
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Esther Fuente-Martín
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Petra I Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Livia López-Noriega
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Montalvo
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene de Gracia Herrera Gómez
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Ceballos-Chávez
- Department of Genome Biology, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER) JA-CSIC-UPO-US, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez-Jaramillo
- Research Unit, University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Campos-Caro
- Research Unit, University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Silvana Y Romero-Zerbo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Júlia Rodríguez-Comas
- Diabetes & Obesity Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan-Marc Servitja
- Diabetes & Obesity Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martinez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Abdelkrim Hmadcha
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francisco J Bérmudez-Silva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C Reyes
- Department of Genome Biology, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER) JA-CSIC-UPO-US, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado
- Research Unit, University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department University Hospital "Puerta del Mar", Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain.
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25
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of diabetes is mainly attributed to insulin deficiency due to the lack of β cells (type 1), or to insulin resistance that eventually results in β cell dysfunction (type 2). Therefore, an ultimate cure for diabetes requires the ability to replace the lost insulin-secreting β cells. Strategies for regenerating β cells are under extensive investigation. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors first summarize the mechanisms underlying embryonic β cell development and spontaneous adult β cell regeneration, which forms the basis for developing β cell regeneration strategies. Then the rationale and progress of each β cell regeneration strategy is reviewed. Current β cell regeneration strategies can be classified into two main categories: in vitro β cell regeneration using pluripotent stem cells and in vivo reprogramming of non-β cells into β cells. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. EXPERT OPINION Regenerating β cells has shown its potential as a cure for the treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes. Much progress has been made, and β cell regeneration therapy is getting closer to a clinical reality. Nevertheless, more hurdles need to be overcome before any of the strategies suggested can be fully translated from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Dong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hongju Wu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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