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Kobik W, Aryee PA. Energy drinks in Tamale: Understanding youth perceptions, consumption patterns, and related factors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289391. [PMID: 38669248 PMCID: PMC11051681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) have become a popular choice for young people seeking physical and cognitive boosts, with ingredients such as caffeine, taurine, and B vitamins aimed at improving academic, athletic, and alertness levels. However, the popularity of these drinks is also driven by low prices, taste, brand loyalty, and gendered marketing, with boys being more likely to consume them. Despite the supposed benefits, EDs have been associated with high-risk behaviours, deaths, and adverse health effects, especially those related to cardiovascular risk. Meanwhile, in Ghana, the use of EDs is on the rise. Hence, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and consumption patterns, perceptions, and factors associated with ED consumption among the youth of the Tamale Metropolis. The study was cross-sectional, consisting of 541 participants. The group consisted of 340 males and 201 females, between the ages of 15 and 45. A questionnaire was utilized to obtain data on the respondents' consumption patterns and perceptions of EDs, as well as their socio-demographic characteristics. The results of the study indicated that a large percentage of the respondents, 98.7%, had consumed EDs before, while 78.7% currently consume them. Respondents believed that EDs provided additional energy (81.00%) and reduced stress (62.30%). However, they also perceived side effects such as insomnia (60.60%) and restlessness (51.40%). Also, the highest proportion of respondents (83.4%) had poor knowledge of EDs. They were unaware of the classification of EDs and their ingredients, side effects, and benefits. Age, marital status, level of education, work intensity, EDs served at gatherings, and knowledge of EDs was significantly associated with ED consumption (p < .05). Consumption was higher among those aged 26 to 35 years, singles, individuals with no formal education, and those with high work intensity. The high consumption was also associated with low knowledge levels. It is recommended that public health and nutrition professionals engage in further advocacy efforts to improve the youth's knowledge and perception of EDs in a positive manner. In addition, lawmakers should use legislation to influence consumption rates and safeguard the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Kobik
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Allied Relief, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
| | - Paul Armah Aryee
- Department of Dietetics, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
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Aonso-Diego G, Krotter A, García-Pérez Á. Prevalence of energy drink consumption world-wide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2024; 119:438-463. [PMID: 37967848 DOI: 10.1111/add.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The increasing market for energy drinks (EDs) in recent years, as well as the health risks caused by their consumption, prompt calls to estimate the prevalence of ED use among different countries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the prevalence of ED use in different continents and age groups. METHOD We searched two databases (i.e. PubMed and PsycInfo) on 31 March 2023 to identify studies reporting the prevalence of ED use. A total of 192 studies (196 distinct samples; n = 1 120 613; 53.37% males) from the United States, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa were included in the analysis. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall pooled prevalence at several time-periods. Subgroup analyses were performed to provide prevalence based on continent and age group. The quality of articles was assessed using Joana Brigg's Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. Measurements included prevalence of ED use (i.e. life-time, past 12 months, past 30 days, past 7 days and daily use), continent and age group (i.e. children, adolescents, young adults and adults). RESULTS The life-time ED use world-wide-pooled prevalence was estimated to be 54.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 48.8-60.6; I2 = 99.80], 43.4% (95% CI = 36.1-50.6; I2 = 99.92) in the past 12 months, 32.3% (95% CI = 28.8-35.8; I2 = 99.82) in the past 30 days, 21.6% (95% CI = 18.7-24.5; I2 = 99.95) in the past 7 days and 8.82% (95% CI = 6.3-11.4; I2 = 99.95) daily ED use. Subgroups analyses showed significant differences in ED life-time use within age groups (P = 0.002) and continents (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The world-wide prevalence of energy drink use appears to be high, particularly among adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Krotter
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Philosophy, University of León, León, Spain
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Bulczak EM, Chmurzyńska AU. Caffeine Consumption in Polish Adults: Development and Validation of a Polish Questionnaire for Assessing Caffeine Intake. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:769-775. [PMID: 36725370 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2172749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Caffeine is one of the oldest natural substances consumed by people. Its consumption in Poland has not been well described. The aim of this study was to design and validate an online food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on caffeine intake and to use it to estimate caffeine consumption in Polish adults.Method: The FFQ was prepared and validated in a pilot study. The intake assessment was conducted in 2019-2020 on 372 respondents, aged 18 to 60 years. The FFQ included products such as coffee, tea, energy drinks, and carbonated drinks, as well as supplements and chocolate.Results: We showed good repeatability of the FFQ and it was considered a valid tool. The mean total caffeine intake among all participants was 426.7 mg ± 283.4 mg/day of all sources; in women, it was 446.4 mg ± 306.2 mg/day, while in men, it was 394.1 ± 236.4 mg/day. Forty-three percent of the respondents consumed more than 400 mg of caffeine/day. Coffee was the main source of caffeine and contributed to 65% of total caffeine consumption. Women consumed 90% more green tea than men (p < 0.01). Overweight and obese people have 20% greater total caffeine intake (p = 0.01) and consumed 20% more coffee (p = 0.02) and 30% more black tea (p = 0.01) than people of normal weight.Conclusions: Average caffeine consumption among Polish adults slightly exceeds the safe consumption dose established by the European Food Safety Authority. Body weight status can differentiate caffeine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Bulczak
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata U Chmurzyńska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Gradinaru I, Vasiliu AL, Bargan A, Checherita LE, Ciubotaru BI, Armencia AO, Istrate B, Dascalu CG, Antohe ME. The Influence of Beverages on Resin Composites: An In Vitro Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2571. [PMID: 37761013 PMCID: PMC10526112 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental composites, through their structural diversity, represent the biomaterials frequently used in dental reconstructive therapy. The aim of our study was to observe the influence of different beverage environment conditions on seven types of obturation dental materials with different compositions. Our research focused on the surface modification analysis of the materials after the immersion in the different beverages; in this regard, we used the EDAX technique correlated with the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The pH of the drinks and that of the simulated saliva solution were determined by the titrimetric method, a sodium hydroxide solution 0.1 mol/dm3 was prepared and used for the titration. An amount of 5 mL of each analyzed solution was added to 15 mL of distilled water to obtain a dilution, to which 3 drops of phenolphthalein (as a color indicator-Phenolphthalein, 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, C20H14O4 Mw: 318.32, purchased from Merck) were added for each analysis. For each solution, the experiment was repeated three times in order to obtain accurate results. The results of our study materialized into a real plea for modifying the patients' behavior in terms of diet and preferences for acidic drinks, so that their quality-of-life valence can be improved by keeping the composite materials in a long-term unalterable state on the one hand; on the other hand, systemic damage can be prevented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gradinaru
- 3rd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.G.); (M.E.A.)
| | - Ana Lavinia Vasiliu
- Department of Functional Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Vodă, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.L.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Bargan
- Department of Functional Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Vodă, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.L.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Laura Elisabeta Checherita
- 2nd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Bianca-Iulia Ciubotaru
- Department of Inorganic Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Vodă, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Adina Oana Armencia
- 1st Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Istrate
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronic and Robotic Engineering, The Faculty of Mechanics, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, Bulevardul Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron 67, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cristina Gena Dascalu
- Department of Medical Informatics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Magda Ecaterina Antohe
- 3rd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.G.); (M.E.A.)
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Nowak D, Czarnecki D, Świątek A, Ziółkowski M. Effect of various factors on energy drinks consumption, and their connection with alcohol consumption. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13281. [PMID: 37252879 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among adolescents and young adults. Excessive consumption of EDs can lead to ED abuse and alcohol abuse. Therefore, this study has aimed to analyse the consumption of EDs in a group of patients suffering from alcohol dependence and among young adults, considering such issues as the amounts consumed, underlying reasons and threats arising from excessive consumption of ED and their mixing with alcohol (AmED). The study included 201 men (101 patients treated due to alcohol dependence and 100 young adults/students). Each research participant responded to questions in a survey designed by the researchers (socio-demographic data, clinical data, including consumption of ED, AmED and alcohol), the MAST and SADD. The participants also had their arterial blood pressure measured. EDs were consumed by 92% of the patients and 52% of young adults. A statistically significant dependence was confirmed between consumption of ED and tobacco smoking (p < 0.001), as well as the place of residence (p = 0.044). For 22% of the patients, ED consumption had an effect on alcohol consumption, where 7% admitted to feeling an increased urge to drink alcohol, and 15% said ED consumption decreased it. A statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001) was also shown between ED consumption and the consumption of EDs mixed with alcohol (AmED). This study may implicate that widespread consumption of EDs predisposes to the consumption of alcohol mixed with ED or separate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Damian Czarnecki
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Świątek
- Department of Biostatistics and Theory of Biomedical Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Ziółkowski
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Secondary School Students and Caffeine: Consumption Habits, Motivations, and Experiences. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041011. [PMID: 36839369 PMCID: PMC9965339 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of caffeine due to a lack of tolerance, their small size, changing brain physiology, and increasing independence. Concerns about adolescent caffeine consumption relate to potentially serious physiological and psychological effects following consumption. Motivations driving caffeine intake are not well understood among adolescents but are important to understand to reduce harmful behavioural patterns. This study explored caffeine consumption habits (sources, amount, frequency) of New Zealand adolescents; and factors motivating caffeine consumption and avoidance. The previously validated caffeine consumption habits questionnaire (CaffCo) was completed by 216 participants (15-18 years), with most (94.9%) consuming at least one caffeinated product daily. Chocolate, coffee, tea, and kola drinks were the most consumed sources. The median caffeine intake was 68 mg·day-1. Gender (boy) and being employed influenced the source, but not the quantity of caffeine consumed. One-fifth (21.2%) of adolescents consumed more than the recommended European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) safe level (3 mg·kg-1·day-1). Taste, energy, and temperature were the main motivators for consumption, and increased energy, excitement, restlessness, and sleep disturbances were reported effects following caffeine consumption. This study provides information on caffeinated product consumption among New Zealand adolescents, some of whom consumed caffeine above the EFSA safe level. Public health initiatives directed at adolescents may be important to reduce potential caffeine-related harm.
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Rubio C, Cámara M, Giner RM, González-Muñoz MJ, López-García E, Morales FJ, Moreno-Arribas MV, Portillo MP, Bethencourt E. Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and Taurine Content in Energy Drinks: Exposure and Risk Assessment. Nutrients 2022; 14:5103. [PMID: 36501132 PMCID: PMC9735529 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of energy drinks (EDs) is increasing globally while the evidence and concern about the potential health risks are also growing. Caffeine (generally 32 mg/100 mL) together with a wide variety of other active components such as taurine (usually 4000 mg/L) and D-glucuronolactone (generally 2400 mg/L) are the main ingredients of EDs. This study aims to assess the exposures to caffeine, taurine and D-glucuronolactone from EDs in various consumption scenarios and consumer profiles and to characterize the risks by evaluating caffeine and taurine intakes with their reference values and by calculating the margin of safety (MOS) for D-glucuronolactone. While the exposure assessment results showed that caffeine intakes from EDs ranged from 80 to 160 mg (1.14-4 mg/kg b.w.) for the considered scenarios, the risk characterization estimated some risks that could be managed with consumption recommendations such as limiting EDs in 40, 60 and 80 kg b.w. consumers to 175, 262.5 and 350 mL, respectively, to prevent sleep disturbances and to 375, 562.5 and 750 mL to prevent general caffeine adverse health risks, respectively. Dietary exposure to D-glucuronolactone from EDs ranged from 600 to 1200 mg (7.5-30 mg/kg b.w.). As D-glucuronolactone MOS ≥ 100 is only observed when EDs consumption is limited to 250 mL, for individuals weighing above 60 kg, some risks were observed in some of the studied scenarios. A taurine exposure from EDs varied from 1000 to 2000 mg (12.5-50 mg/kg b.w.) and consumptions over 500 mL were estimated to generate intakes above the reference value. In conclusion, the management of these risks requires a European legal framework for EDs with maximum limits for the active components, volume size limitations and labeling improvements along with the development of education and awareness programs and risk communication actions in collaboration with the industry and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Toxicology Department, Pharmacy and Health Sciences Faculties, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Montaña Cámara
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Giner
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - María José González-Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther López-García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain/IdiPAZ, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Morales
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María P. Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Institute of Health, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Elena Bethencourt
- Elena Bethencourt Barbuzano, Toxicology Department, Pharmacy and Health Sciences Faculties, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of energy drinks using 1H NMR and HPLC methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Risky behaviors, substance use, and other lifestyle correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:1307-1319. [PMID: 34988663 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing concerns have been raised on the health-related risks connected with energy drink (ED) consumption in children and adolescents, with high acute or chronic consumers exceeding 10% in either age group in Europe in 2011. Preliminary evidence has suggested a common pattern of ED and substance use, especially alcohol. Additional evidence has been accumulating very fast; in addition, other lifestyle and risky behaviors may contribute to shed light on the complex interplay of factors involved in ED consumption. We have undertaken a comprehensive systematic review of the evidence on psychosocial correlates of ED consumption in 0-18 years subjects, as published up to April 1, 2021, in MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials, which allowed to select 104 original articles. Only ~ 10% of the papers provided results based on longitudinal analyses. A common pattern of ED consumption and polysubstance use, including alcohol, tobacco, and soft and hard drugs, was still confirmed in adolescents; violent and risky behaviors were also related to a higher ED consumption. In addition, frequent ED consumers are more likely to have bad dietary habits, including consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and junk foods. A generally inconclusive evidence was found for sport/physical activities, although sedentary behaviors were generally related to ED consumption. CONCLUSIONS Frequent ED consumption might be a screening indicator to identify students at risk of substance use or other risky/problem behaviors; enquiring about an adolescent's recent ED consumption could create opportunities for early intervention/prevention by informed pediatricians. WHAT IS KNOWN • Substances, especially alcohol, are associated with energy drinks in most cross-sectional studies. WHAT IS NEW • Violent behaviors are associated with energy drink consumption, in the absence of longitudinal studies; problematic use of internet/videogames deserves further investigation; unhealthy dietary patterns are related to energy drinks; evidence on physical activity is inconclusive, but sedentary behaviors are related to energy drinks.
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Kaldenbach S, Leonhardt M, Lien L, Bjærtnes AA, Strand TA, Holten-Andersen MN. Sleep and energy drink consumption among Norwegian adolescents - a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:534. [PMID: 35303832 PMCID: PMC8932303 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents are recommended to get 8–10 h of sleep at night, yet more than 80% fail to obtain this goal. Energy drink (ED) consumption has been linked to later bedtime in adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential association between ED consumption and sleep duration, and shuteye latency among adolescents in Norway. Methods This study was based on data from 15- to 16-year-old adolescents living in Oppland County in 2017. In total, 1353 adolescents were included in the analysis. Multiple regression models were used to estimate the associations between the frequency of ED consumption with sleep duration, shuteye latency, and getting 8 h of sleep. Results Forty-six point five percent of the adolescents reported sleeping more than 8 h at night. Those who reported ED consumption at any frequency had significantly shorter sleep duration than those who did not. On average, high consumers of ED (consuming ED ≥ 4 times a week) had 0.95 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.28) hours (i.e., 57 min) less sleep than those who never consumed ED. In addition, high consumers had more than 25 min (95% CI: 13.95, 36.92) longer shuteye period than those who never consumed ED. Conclusion Most ED consumers fail to obtain the recommended 8 h of sleep at night, which could be a consequence of shorter sleep duration and longer shuteye latency. We found a dose-response relationship between frequency of ED consumption and reduced sleep. Yet, the potential long-term effects of both ED consumption and insufficient sleep among adolescents remain unclear. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12972-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Kaldenbach
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marja Leonhardt
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Faculty for Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Asborg A Bjærtnes
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.,Center of International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Mads N Holten-Andersen
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Gasparini A, Ferraroni M, Edefonti V. Psychological and socio-educational correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:889-901. [PMID: 34825275 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) are non-alcoholic beverages providing an extra boost in physical/cognitive performance and mood. Besides the physiological effects related to the high-caffeine content of EDs, long-term emotional, social, and behavioral effects have been recently receiving attention. However, a few systematic reviews have focused on the critical yet understudied periods of childhood and adolescence. We have undertaken a comprehensive systematic review of the evidence on any psychosocial correlates of ED consumption in 0-18-year-old subjects, as published up to April 1, 2021, in MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials. Of the initial 789 records, 104 original articles were included in the systematic review. Seventy percent of them were published from 2016 onwards; among investigated topics, substance use ranked first, followed by psychological and socio-educational factors; the less investigated topic was risky behaviors. Taste and energy-seeking were the main drivers of consumption, which generally happened at home or during sport/recreational activities, without perception of health-related risks. Positive associations with ED consumption were found for sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation, plan, or attempts. Finally, participants with lower grades, a low parental monitoring, or bad influences from peers were more likely to consume EDs. Conclusion: With ~ 70% of papers published since the 2 comprehensive reviews on children/adolescents were carried out, an update of the literature with a broad focus is of great importance. Consumption of EDs by children/adolescents lies in the potential interplay between personality traits, school performance, and influences by family members and peers. What is Known: • Taste and energy-seeking are the main drivers of energy drink consumption, which mostly happened at home or in sport/recreational activities. What is New: • Perception of risks related to energy drinks is associated with a lower consumption, as based on cross-sectional studies. • As mostly based on cross-sectional studies: 1. energy drink consumption is related to sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation or attempts; 2. students with a lower school performance, low parental monitoring, or bad peer influence, are more likely to consume energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Marinoni
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Alessio Gasparini
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Edefonti
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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Khouja C, Kneale D, Brunton G, Raine G, Stansfield C, Sowden A, Sutcliffe K, Thomas J. Consumption and effects of caffeinated energy drinks in young people: an overview of systematic reviews and secondary analysis of UK data to inform policy. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e047746. [PMID: 35131813 PMCID: PMC8830236 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This overview and analysis of UK datasets was commissioned by the UK government to address concerns about children's consumption of caffeinated energy drinks and their effects on health and behaviour. METHODS We searched nine databases for systematic reviews, published between 2013 and July 2021, in English, assessing caffeinated energy drink consumption by people under 18 years old (children). Two reviewers rated or checked risk of bias using AMSTAR2, and extracted and synthesised findings. We searched the UK Data Service for country-representative datasets, reporting children's energy-drink consumption, and conducted bivariate or latent class analyses. RESULTS For the overview, we included 15 systematic reviews; six reported drinking prevalence and 14 reported associations between drinking and health or behaviour. AMSTAR2 ratings were low or critically low. Worldwide, across reviews, from 13% to 67% of children had consumed energy drinks in the past year. Only two of the 74 studies in the reviews were UK-based. For the dataset analysis, we identified and included five UK cross-sectional datasets, and found that 3% to 32% of children, across UK countries, consumed energy drinks weekly, with no difference by ethnicity. Frequent drinking (5 or more days per week) was associated with low psychological, physical, educational and overall well-being. Evidence from reviews and datasets suggested that boys drank more than girls, and drinking was associated with more headaches, sleep problems, alcohol use, smoking, irritability, and school exclusion. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) assessment suggests that the evidence is weak. CONCLUSIONS Weak evidence suggests that up to a third of children in the UK consume caffeinated energy drinks weekly; and drinking 5 or more days per week is associated with some health and behaviour problems. Most of the evidence is from surveys, making it impossible to distinguish cause from effect. Randomised controlled trials are unlikely to be ethical; longitudinal studies could provide stronger evidence. PROSPERO REGISTRATIONS CRD42018096292 - no deviations. CRD42018110498 - one deviation - a latent class analysis was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Khouja
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Dylan Kneale
- EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ginny Brunton
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Raine
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Claire Stansfield
- EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Sowden
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Katy Sutcliffe
- EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Thomas
- EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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Kosendiak A, Stanikowski P, Domagała D, Gustaw W, Bronkowska M. Dietary Habits, Diet Quality, Nutrition Knowledge, and Associations with Physical Activity in Polish Prisoners: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031422. [PMID: 35162445 PMCID: PMC8834933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity and healthy diets are determinants of the health of convicts who are deprived of freedom. However, little research has focused on these two aspects concurrently. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between the level of prisoners’ physical activity and their dietary habits, diet quality, and nutritional knowledge. The cross-sectional study was conducted with 226 prisoners. The inclusion criteria included male sex, age 18–65 years, and consent for the research. We excluded the subjects who met any of the following conditions: female sex, unwillingness to participate, and dangerous prisoner status. The KomPAN questionnaire was used to assess the prisoners’ eating habits, diet quality, and level of nutrition knowledge. The “Last 7d” short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess the prisoners’ level of physical activity. A significant correlation between the prisoners’ age and their levels of physical activity was found (p = 0.008). Prisoners who were aged 18–29 and over 40 declared a low level of physical activity, whereas those aged 30–40 reported a high or medium level. The level of physical activity of the surveyed prisoners was not significantly correlated with their dietary habits, the quality of their diet, or their nutrition knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aureliusz Kosendiak
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-601 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stanikowski
- Department of Plant Food Technology and Gastronomy, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-462-3309
| | - Dorota Domagała
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Waldemar Gustaw
- Department of Plant Food Technology and Gastronomy, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Bronkowska
- Institute of Health Sciences—Collegium Salutis Humanae, University of Opole, 45-060 Opole, Poland;
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Relationships between Body Composition Parameters and Phase Angle as Related to Lifestyle among Young People. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010080. [PMID: 35011820 PMCID: PMC8745174 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to indicate which body composition parameters and which lifestyle components affect the phase angle (PA) value in young adults. Two-hundred-and-eighty-one students at Wroclaw Medical University participated in the study. A survey on respondent lifestyles was followed by anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) calculation. The differences in the body composition of men and women corresponded to their sexual anatomy and physiology. Sex-dependent differences in lifestyle were also reported. The study revealed a relationship between PA and height, weight, BMR, BMI (body mass index), FFM (fat-free body mass), bone mass, water mass, muscle mass (r~0.4–0.7), ECW/ICW (extracellular water/intracellular water) and fat mass (r~−(0.4–0.6)) for the entire studied group. The relationship between PA values and lifestyle components concerned consumption of energy drinks, cola, alcohol, water, vegetables and fruits, meat, and also intervals between meals, time for physical exercises, and screen time (r~±0.2). The research shows that the PA value increases with an increase in positive body composition parameters. Following the principles of proper nutrition and physical activity increases PA values in most cases.
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Scalese M, Cerrai S, Biagioni S, Benedetti E, Bastiani L, Potente R, Cutilli A, Molinaro S. Trends in energy drink and combined alcohol and energy drinks consumption among Italian high school students, 2008-2019. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109061. [PMID: 34601280 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy Drinks (ED) are caffeinated beverages marketed as attention and endurance enhancers. The main purpose of this study is to provide national estimates of the prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) and ED use among school-aged adolescents. A secondary objective is to examine the differences in the prevalence of AmED and ED consumption by gender. METHODS For this study, we used data from twelve consecutive years, from ESPAD-Italia®2008 to ESPAD-Italia®2019. RESULTS From 2008-2019, the prevalence of lifetime consumption of energy drinks increased significantly for male (64.5-75.7%, p < 0.001) and female (46.8-61.8%, p < 0.001). We also observed an increase in both genders for last year prevalence (male: 51.6-63.4%, p < 0.001; female: 32.5-38.3%, p < 0.001), instead prevalence in last month showed an increase only in males (males: 37.5-45.4%, p = <0.001; females: 19.9-20.3%, p = 0.426). Finally, frequent use showed a fluctuating trend, particularly in females (males: 3.2-4.3%, p = 0.422; females: 0.8-0.8%, p = 0.643). From 2013-2019, the prevalence of AmED consumption did not show relevant changes among adolescents. A clear gender gap is evident for both ED and AmED usage prevalence, in all the years considered for lifetime, last year, last month and frequent use. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the prevalence of ED consumption among Italian high school students is very high and has grown substantially over the past 12 years. Differently the prevalence of AmED use, although widespread, did not increase overall since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scalese
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Cerrai
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Biagioni
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Benedetti
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Bastiani
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Potente
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Cutilli
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Molinaro
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy.
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Kaldenbach S, Strand TA, Solvik BS, Holten-Andersen M. Social determinants and changes in energy drink consumption among adolescents in Norway, 2017-2019: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049284. [PMID: 34417216 PMCID: PMC8381306 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the social determinants and development in energy drink consumption among Norwegian adolescents in 2017, 2018 and 2019. DESIGN Cross-sectional, online, annual, nationwide surveys (Ungdata). SETTING Responses collected online from January 2017 to December 2019. PARTICIPANTS Lower and upper secondary school students (n=297 102) aged 12-19 years who responded in 2017, 2018 and 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of energy drink consumption. RESULTS Over the 3-year period, 66.4% of the men and 41.8% of the women had consumed energy drink once a week or more. The proportion of female high consumers (consuming energy drink more than four times a week) increased from 3.3% to 4.9% between 2017 and 2019; for male, the increase was from 9.8% to 11.5%. In females, the proportion of high consumers increased with 24% (relative risk; CI) (1.24; 1.09 to 1.41) from 2017 to 2018 and 46% (1.46; 1.31 to 1.62) from 2017 to 2019. The corresponding increases in males were 10% (1.10; 1.01 to 1.20) from 2017 to 2018 and 12% (1.12; 1.05 to 1.19) from 2017 to 2019. Any energy drink consumption as well as high energy drink consumption were independently associated with school level, less central residency, low socioeconomic status, physical inactivity and high leisure screen time. CONCLUSION We found an increase in high consumers among both boys and girls between 2017 and 2019. The observed increase in energy drink consumption among adolescents can explain some of the increased sales of energy drink in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Kaldenbach
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
- Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Lillehammer, Norway
- Center of International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Beate Stokke Solvik
- Center of International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Women's Clinic at Lillehammer Hospital, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Mads Holten-Andersen
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
- Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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Effects of Energy Drink Consumption on Physical Performance and Potential Danger of Inordinate Usage. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082506. [PMID: 34444666 PMCID: PMC8401129 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in energy drink (ED) intake in the general population and athletes has been achieved with smart and effective marketing strategies. There is a robust base of evidence showing that adolescents are the main consumers of EDs. The prevalence of ED usage in this group ranges from 52% to 68%, whilst in adults is estimated at 32%. The compositions of EDs vary widely. Caffeine content can range from 75 to 240 mg, whereas the average taurine quantity is 342.28 mg/100 mL. Unfortunately, exact amounts of the other ED elements are often not disclosed by manufacturers. Caffeine and taurine in doses 3–6 mg/kg and 1–6 g, respectively, appear to be the main ergogenic elements. However, additive or synergic properties between them seem to be implausible. Because of non-unified protocol design, presented studies show inconsistency between ED ingestion and improved physical performance. Potential side effects caused by abusive consumption or missed contraindications are the aspects that are the most often overlooked by consumers and not fully elucidated by ED producers. In this review, the authors aimed to present the latest scientific information on ED components and their possible impact on improving physical performance as well as to bring emphasis to the danger of inordinate consumption.
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Carsi Kuhangana T, Muta Musambo T, Pyana Kitenge J, Kayembe-Kitenge T, Kazadi Ngoy A, Musa Obadia P, Banza Lubaba Nkulu C, Kamugisha A, Deconinck E, Nemery B, Van Loco J. Energy Drink Consumption among Adolescents Attending Schools in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7617. [PMID: 34300068 PMCID: PMC8304143 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of energy drinks (EDs) is increasing in the general population, but little is known about the consumption of EDs among pupils in Africa. This study was designed to assess the consumption of EDs among pupils between 10 and 17 years of age and to assess average caffeine concentrations contained in EDs sold in Lubumbashi. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey in five schools using a standardised questionnaire taken face-to-face. Samples of locally purchased EDs were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultra-Violet spectrometry (HPLC-UV). RESULTS Of 338 pupils (54% girls), 63% reported having consumed at least one ED in the last week and 34% drank at least one ED a day. The cheapest ED was the most widely consumed. Among pupils having consumed at least one ED in the last week, 79% reported consuming it for refreshment and 15% to get energy. For those who reported not consuming EDs, 40% reported that their parents or teachers forbade them to drink EDs. Some (14%) teenagers, mainly boys, mixed ED with alcohol. The concentrations of caffeine measured in twelve brands of EDs ranged from 7.6 to 29.4 mg/100 mL (median 23.3), giving caffeine contents of 37.5 to 160 mg (median 90 mg) per can or bottle. The estimated daily intake of caffeine through EDs was between 51.3 mg and 441.3 mg among those consuming EDs regularly. CONCLUSION Our study convincingly demonstrates that caffeine-containing EDs are not only consumed by youngsters living in affluent societies. We documented widespread regular consumption of EDs among (pre-)adolescent schoolchildren living in Lubumbashi, a large city of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In view of the global market expansion of caffeinated EDs, it is reasonable to suspect that similar surveys in other urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa would yield similar findings. Pricing and advertising regulations and education on EDs are necessary to limit the regular consumption of EDs among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trésor Carsi Kuhangana
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Public health, University of Kolwezi, Kolwezi 07301, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (T.M.M.); (J.P.K.); (T.K.-K.); (A.K.N.); (P.M.O.); (C.B.L.N.)
| | - Taty Muta Musambo
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (T.M.M.); (J.P.K.); (T.K.-K.); (A.K.N.); (P.M.O.); (C.B.L.N.)
- Ministry of Public Health, Haut-Katanga Provincial Inspection of Health, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Joseph Pyana Kitenge
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (T.M.M.); (J.P.K.); (T.K.-K.); (A.K.N.); (P.M.O.); (C.B.L.N.)
- Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Tony Kayembe-Kitenge
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (T.M.M.); (J.P.K.); (T.K.-K.); (A.K.N.); (P.M.O.); (C.B.L.N.)
- Ministry of Public Health, Haut-Katanga Provincial Division of Health, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arlène Kazadi Ngoy
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (T.M.M.); (J.P.K.); (T.K.-K.); (A.K.N.); (P.M.O.); (C.B.L.N.)
| | - Paul Musa Obadia
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (T.M.M.); (J.P.K.); (T.K.-K.); (A.K.N.); (P.M.O.); (C.B.L.N.)
- Ministry of Public Health, Haut-Katanga Provincial Division of Health, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (T.M.M.); (J.P.K.); (T.K.-K.); (A.K.N.); (P.M.O.); (C.B.L.N.)
- Ministry of Public Health, Haut-Katanga Provincial Division of Health, Lubumbashi 07601, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Angélique Kamugisha
- Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.V.L.)
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.V.L.)
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.V.L.)
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Nuss T, Morley B, Scully M, Wakefield M. Energy drink consumption among Australian adolescents associated with a cluster of unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration. Nutr J 2021; 20:64. [PMID: 34225738 PMCID: PMC8259213 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic energy drinks ('energy drinks') are high in sugar, as well as caffeine, leading to concerns regarding their suitability for children and adolescents. Despite this, marketing of energy drinks is often directed at adolescents, and there are no age restrictions on the sale of these products in Australia. The current study aimed to examine patterns in consumption of energy drinks among Australian secondary school students and identify sociodemographic and behavioural correlates associated with regular consumption. METHODS Participants were 8942 students in Years 8 to 11 (aged 12 to 17 years) who participated in the 2018 National Secondary Students' Diet and Activity (NaSSDA) cross-sectional survey. A multistage stratified random sampling procedure was used. Within the school setting, students self-completed an online questionnaire assessing their dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to examine associations between energy drink consumption and sociodemographic and behavioural factors. RESULTS Overall, 8% of students reported consuming energy drinks on a weekly basis ('regular consumers'). A further 16% indicated they consume less than one cup per week of these types of drinks, while around three-quarters (76%) reported they do not consume energy drinks. Regular consumption of energy drinks was independently associated with being male, having greater weekly spending money, high intakes of snack foods, fast food, other sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice, as well as short sleep duration. There was no independent association with other sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., year level, level of disadvantage, geographic location), consumption of vegetables and fruit, physical activity level, or sedentary recreational screen time. CONCLUSIONS While most Australian adolescents do not consume energy drinks, regular consumption is more prevalent among males, and consumption appears to cluster with other unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration. Findings support the need for policies that will reach identified at-risk groups (e.g., increased regulation of the marketing and sale of energy drinks), as well as suggest opportunities for interventions targeting energy drink consumption alongside other unhealthy dietary behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Nuss
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Belinda Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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Szalewski L, Wójcik D, Bogucki M, Szkutnik J, Różyło-Kalinowska I. The Influence of Popular Beverages on Mechanical Properties of Composite Resins. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113097. [PMID: 34198751 PMCID: PMC8201062 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Currently, composite resins are used in many restorative procedures. Previous studies showed that drinking beverages may affect the mechanical properties such as microhardness or flexural strength of dental composite resins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of common beverages on the mechanical properties of composite resins. Samples of the materials were prepared according to the ISO 4049:2010 standard and producer’s recommendations. The samples were next conditioned in tested fluids: distilled water, sparkling water, Coca-Cola, Red Bull and orange juice for 7 days. Vickers microhardness and flexural strength testing was performed after 7 days. Performed statistic tests confirmed the significance of microhardness changes of the tested materials in terms of both different conditioning of the samples and different composite materials. The mean flexural strength of composites was highest in distilled water and it was reduced after one week in different beverages. We conclude that all tested beverages influenced on Vickers microhardness of tested composite resins. Flexural strength only in one material was statistically significantly influenced by tested beverages. The results of this study should be taken into consideration by a dentist preparing recommendations for the patients after dental treatment with usage of composite material or after cementing composite based fixed dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Szalewski
- Department of Integrated Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Dorota Wójcik
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Bogucki
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Lublin, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Szkutnik
- Department of Functional Masticatory Disorders, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Hanazawa T, Kamijo Y, Yoshizawa T, Usui K. Rapid measurement of serum caffeine concentrations in acuteclinical settings. TOXICOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2021.1928366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Hanazawa
- Emergency Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Fujimi Hospital, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshizawa
- Emergency Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Usui
- Emergency Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Abuirmeileh AN, Abuhamdah SM, Ashraf A, Alzoubi KH. Protective effect of caffeine and/or taurine on the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease: Behavioral and neurochemical evidence. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:149-157. [PMID: 33998560 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine and taurine, which possess neuro-modulatory activity happen to be consumed together as part of the constituents of energy drinks, could have beneficial effects and prevent neuronal deterioration in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate behavioral and neurochemical effects of these two agents in an animal model of PD at two time points to evaluate possible neuro-protective or neuro-modulatory effects. METHODS Stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rat striatum was used to model PD-like behavior in animals. Motor behavior was assessed by a characteristic rotation behavior response to the apomorphine challenge and dopamine levels in the striatum were quantified using HPLC-ED. RESULTS A reduction in apomorphine induced rotations following administration of caffeine and/or taurine as compared to the untreated lesioned group (controls) was shown. Significant decreases in dopamine levels were also seen in the ipsilateral side of 6-OHDA group, this effect was not significantly reversed in caffeine and taurine treated groups. Treatments partially restored the content of DA levels in the lesioned striatum. CONCLUSIONS Current results demonstrated beneficial effects for the combination of caffeine and taurine in PD animal model, suggesting that consumption of both agents could be a new added therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad N Abuirmeileh
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Israa University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sawsan M Abuhamdah
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Asser Ashraf
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Israa University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Kaur J, Kumar V, Kumar S, Aggarwal P, Sharma K, Bhadariya V. Process optimization for the preparation of tea and fruit‐oriented energy drink: A nutritional approach. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University Phagwara India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
| | - Kartik Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐ Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR‐IHBT) Palampur India
| | - Vishesh Bhadariya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Physical Sciences and Chemical Engineering Lovely Professional University Phagwara India
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Yasuma N, Imamura K, Watanabe K, Nishi D, Kawakami N, Takano A. Association between energy drink consumption and substance use in adolescence: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108470. [PMID: 33370623 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether energy drink (ED) consumption is associated with substance use (SU) in adolescence. The purpose of this study is to clarify the association. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using a wide range of electronic bibliographic databases to search for published prospective cohort studies on the topic from inception to 14th August 2019. The risk of bias was addressed by using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions; ROBINS-I. Studies targeting adolescents were collected. Additionally, we collected studies that examined an association between the extent of energy drink consumption as exposure variables and any substance use as outcome variables. RESULTS Five studies met the eligibility criteria. ED consumption was associated with adolescent use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, prescription stimulants, and analgesics. However, the overall risk of bias in the included studies was severe. CONCLUSION ED consumption may be associated with SU in adolescence, particularly alcohol use. The results, however, were still inconclusive due to the relatively low methodological quality in the included studies. Evidence from more well-designed trials is needed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonori Yasuma
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Imamura
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Takano
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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Ameya G, Biresaw G, Mohammed H, Chebud A, Meskele M, Hussein M, Endris M. Epistaxis and Its Associated Factors Among Precollege Students in Southern Ethiopia. J Blood Med 2021; 12:1-8. [PMID: 33442314 PMCID: PMC7797310 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s285403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epistaxis is one of the most common otorhinolaryngological emergencies affecting the majority of the population in their lifetime, with some of them requiring serious medical attention. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of epistaxis among pre-college students in Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. The study participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique. A logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the presence and strength of association factors with epistaxis. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to determine the presence and strength of the association at 0.05 level of significance. Results Of 387 participants, 57.1% of them were male, and the mean age of all participant was 18.05±1.401 SD years. The overall epistaxis prevalence was 108 (27.9%). Blood group O, which accounted for about 43.4% was more prevalent. Blood group O (AOR=3.96, 95% CI=1.5-10.4), participants who drink coffee daily (AOR=2.75, 95% CI=1.0-7.4), and participants who took a bath frequently with both hot and cold-water (AOR=4.55, 95% CI=1.1-18.6) were significantly associated with epistaxis. Conclusion The type of blood group, interval of coffee drinking, and type of bathing were significantly associated with epistaxis. Working on the identified associated factor and increased awareness about epistaxis for the students with effective first aid training is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Ameya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gelila Biresaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hayat Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Melese Meskele
- Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Worabe, Ethiopia
| | | | - Muktar Endris
- Galikoma Health Center, Afar Region, Galikoma, Ethiopia
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Pedrosa I, Fernandes Paris V, Reis HHT, Bouzas Marins JC. Padrões de consumo de bebidas energéticas e suplementos alimentares à base de cafeína por frequentadores de academias. REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE 2020. [DOI: 10.21876/rcshci.v10i4.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento, hábitos, e prevalência de consumo de energéticos e suplementos à base de cafeína por praticantes de exercícios físicos em academias. Métodos: Foi empregado um questionário autoaplicável de 27 perguntas no Google® Forms, divulgado em mídias sociais entre setembro e outubro de 2018. Resultados: Participaram 200 frequentadores de academias, 71% adultos jovens, 52% tendo mais de 2 anos de prática e frequência regular de 5 - 6 vezes por semana. A maioria da amostra era mulher (58,5%), praticante de musculação (61,6%) de MG (62,5%). O consumo sem orientação profissional foi de 81,6% nos energéticos e 53,9% para suplementos à base de cafeína. 73,3% dos consumidores de energéticos tinham objetivos relacionados com atividades sociais, preferindo a marca RedBul® (40,4%). Entre os consumidores de suplementos de cafeína houve preferência por termogênicos (32,7%) e cafeína pura (29,9%), com objetivo principal a melhora de performance (28,7%), apresentando respostas ergolíticas de taquicardia e palpitações como registrado nos energéticos. Não houve registro de efeitos adversos em 19,2% dos consumidores de cafeína e 40,8% de energéticos. As dosagens de consumo dos produtos estavam dentro da faixa de segurança (< 6 mg/kg). Conclusão: O consumo de ambos produtos foi feito sem orientação profissional, porém, com dosagens dentro da faixa de segurança. O consumo de bebidas energéticas esteve voltado para atividades sociais e melhora da performance esportiva. Foram registrados efeitos ergolíticos.
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Melbye EL, Naess L, Berge AKB, Bull VH. Consumption of acidic drinks, knowledge and concern about dental erosive wear in Norwegian high school students. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:590-598. [PMID: 32406299 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2020.1761030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the present study were to assess the consumption of acidic beverages, knowledge and concern about preventing dental erosive wear, and to examine potential associations between these variables, in a sample of high school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey measuring acidic beverage consumption, knowledge and concern about erosive tooth wear was conducted at 13 high schools in Rogaland county, Norway. RESULTS Of the 850 students who completed the questionnaire, 26% reported that they drink acidic beverages every day. There were significant gender differences for the consumption of acidic drinks. The survey also demonstrated that a high proportion of students lacks basic knowledge of what erosive tooth wear is, and that this lack of knowledge is associated with a more frequent intake of acidic beverages. However, students who responded that they are concerned about preventing dental erosive wear reported that they drink soft drinks and energy drinks less frequently than students who are not concerned about this. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study support assumptions about a lack of knowledge about dental erosive wear in youth, and that this lack of knowledge is associated with a more frequent intake of acidic drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lind Melbye
- Oral Health Center of Expertise in Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Hotel Management, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Linda Naess
- Oral Health Center of Expertise in Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway
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Saku EY, Nuro-Ameyaw P, Amenya PC, Kpodo FM, Esua-Amoafo P, Kortei NK. Energy drink: the consumption prevalence, and awareness of its potential health implications among commercial drivers in the Ho municipality of Ghana. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1304. [PMID: 32854661 PMCID: PMC7457268 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of energy drinks has become an escalating global public health problem. The work schedule and irregular sleeping habits of commercial bus drivers make them highly susceptible to getting fatigued, hence most of them consume energy drinks as a fatigue management strategy. However, consumption of energy drinks produces numerous psychomotor side effects that if consumed among drivers puts the traveling public in danger of road accidents. This study sought to assess the prevalence of energy drink consumption and awareness of associated potential health problems among commercial long-distance bus drivers operating from the Ho municipality. Methods The study population comprised about 266 commercial bus drivers. This was a cross-sectional study involving 132 participants who completed a structured questionnaire on the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of consumption and reasons for consumption. It also included questions to assess the knowledge of the ingredients and side effects of energy drinks. Respondents were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test of association were used to analyse the data. Results A majority (62.1%) of the drivers had more than 10 years of commercial driving experience. A 75% energy drink consumption prevalence was recorded with driving performance enhancement (78.8%) as the predominant reason for consumption. 7–10 bottles per week were consumed by most (32.2%) of the drivers. Also, 72.0% had poor knowledge of the side effects linked with energy drink consumption as well as the ingredients for preparation. Conclusion Energy drinks were consumed by the majority of the drivers at the Ho main bus terminal of which most of the drivers had poor knowledge of the potential health problems linked with the consumption of these drinks. The consumption of energy drinks was observed to be higher among the drivers with lower education levels, higher monthly income and those who worked long hours in a day. The Ghana National Road Safety Commission (GNRC) in collaboration with other private road transport unions in Ghana should organize regular seminars for commercial bus drivers on the potential dangers and effects associated with energy drink consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Yayra Saku
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Peter Nuro-Ameyaw
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Priscilla Cecilia Amenya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Fidelis Mawunyo Kpodo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Paul Esua-Amoafo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
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Abstract
PurposeThis research aimed to study patterns of energy drinks (ED) consumption among university students and to identify the determinants for their preferences.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 students from various departments of Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh, by convenience sampling. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect data.FindingsAbout 52.3 per cent of the students were between 21 and 23 years of age, and half of them were male. More than half (53 per cent) of the students had consumed ED at least once in their lifetime. Only 22.1 per cent of these consumers had any knowledge of the ingredients in ED, and 4.3 per cent did not know the possible negative impacts. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify the variables significantly associated with ED consumption among students. The risks of ED consumption were found to be: male gender (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.04; 95 per cent Confidence Interval (CI) = 2.36–6.92), father educated up to SSC (OR = 18.47; 95 per cent CI = 2.30–148.90) or college and above (OR = 17.01; 95 per cent CI = 2.31–135.60), smoker (OR = 3.87; 95 per cent CI = 1.61–9.35) and doing irregular physical activity (OR = 2.43; 95 per cent CI = 1.23–4.78).Originality/valueED consumption among university students is high, but their perception regarding the ingredients and potential health hazards is opaque. Therefore, it is imperative that at both community and individual levels, interventions should focus on educating and empowering individuals to make firm and positive decisions concerning their dietary habits and health.
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Oliver Anglès A, Camprubí Condom L, Valero Coppin O, Oliván Abejar J. [Prevalence and associated factors to energy drinks consumption among teenagers in the province of Barcelona (Spain)]. GACETA SANITARIA 2020; 35:153-160. [PMID: 31959366 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among 4th year high school students in the province of Barcelona (Spain), and its association to sociodemographic characteristics and health related habits. METHOD Cross-sectional study including 8078 students from randomly selected high schools in 41 municipalities. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were collected from the Questionnaire on health related habits. Studied variables: energy drinks consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, health related habits and risk behaviours. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. To analyse the factors associated with energy drinks consumption, logistic regression models were used, adjusting by sex and age and considering significance at p-value <0.05. RESULTS 30.9% of the sample consumed energy drinks during the last week. According to the model, consumption was higher among men (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.82-3.83), first generation migrants (OR: 2.46; 95%CI: 2.01-3.03), and children of parents without studies (OR: 3.15; 95%CI: 2.08-4.77). Not having breakfast (OR: 1.53; 95%CI: 1.17-2.00), practising sport (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.11-1.75), regular alcohol (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.19-1.91) and tobacco (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.33-2.41) consumption, and a worse school performance (OR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.47-3.32), were also risk factors for energy drinks use. CONCLUSIONS Energy drinks consumption is a prevalent habit among adolescents. Its pattern varies depending on sociodemographic characteristics, with gender playing a relevant role. Health related habits and risk behaviours have been associated too to energy drinks use. Further evidence regarding consumption and its risk factors will allow the development of effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Valero Coppin
- Servicio de Estadística Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), España
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review latest reports of the food products which might increase blood pressure and therefore might participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Results of clinical study suggest that consumption of high-sodium food leads to transient increase in plasma sodium concentration. This is accompanied by blood pressure increase. Results of both clinical and experimental studies suggest direct vasculotoxic effects of sodium. Increased plasma sodium concentration could mediate its effects on blood pressure by changes in endothelial cell stiffness and glycocalyx integrity. Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages with increasing popularity. Clinical, interventional, randomized, placebo controlled, and cross-sectional studies showed that energy drinks may increase arterial blood pressure. Blood pressure increase after exposure for the energy drinks is mainly related to the caffeine content in these drinks. Many case reports were published concerning the clinically significant increase in blood pressure caused by the consumption of liquorice root or food products containing liquorice, such as candies, tea, Pontefract cookies, and chewing gum. Liquorice contains a precursor of glycyrrhetic acid. Glycyrrhetic acid reduces the activity of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11ß-HSD2) isoenzyme, which leads to activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by cortisol in the distal convoluted tubule resulting in hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. The relationship between chronic alcohol intake and blood pressure is well established on the basis of a diverse body of evidence including animal experiments, epidemiological studies, mendelian randomization studies, and interventional studies. Results of recent studies suggested that binge drinking (i.e., episodic consumption of a very high amount of alcohol beverages) has pronounced hypertensinogenic effects. Recently, it was documented that also low doses of alcohol may increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Therefore, the amount of alcohol consumption that is safe is zero. High-salt food products, energy drinks, food products containing liquorice, and alcoholic beverages have hypertensinogenic properties. Patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases should avoid even accidental consumption of these food products.
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Nowak D, Gośliński M. Assessment of Antioxidant Properties of Classic Energy Drinks in Comparison with Fruit Energy Drinks. Foods 2020; 9:foods9010056. [PMID: 31935989 PMCID: PMC7023211 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) contain sugar, caffeine, and other bioactive compounds. Recently, new types of EDs, enriched with fruit juices, natural pigments, and plant extracts, have been launched in the market. The objective of this study was to investigate the composition and antioxidant properties of the most popular classic and fruit EDs. The study was carried out including 24 of the most popular energy drinks (classic and fruit EDs). The composition of EDs, especially caffeine and sugar, and antioxidant properties (antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, vitamin C) were analyzed. Energy drinks with added fruit juice or natural pigments had a significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) antioxidant capacity compared to classic energy drinks. Fruit EDs had a higher concentration of polyphenols and vitamin C. In some fruit EDs, slight amounts of anthocyanins were found. Generally, EDs are not a rich source of polyphenols and are not distinguished by high antioxidant capacity. However, fruit energy drinks and/or ones with added natural pigments have much better antioxidant properties than classic EDs. Both classic and fruit EDs contain a large amount of caffeine and sugar, therefore, it would be advisable not to drink large amounts of EDs for possible related health issues.
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An experimental study on perceptions of energy drink ads among youth and young adults in Canada. Appetite 2019; 146:104505. [PMID: 31682876 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current regulations in Canada prohibit the marketing of caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) for use during sports, with alcohol, and by children. The study examined perceptions of CED ads in association with sports and alcohol use, as well as target age groups. An online survey was conducted in 2015 with youth and young adults aged 12-24 years (n = 2010). Participants completed three experiments in which they were randomized to view CED advertisements: 1) sports/party-themed ads, 2) sports-themed ad, and 3) party-themed ad, vs. control 'product information' ads. For each ad, participants were asked about perceived target age group, and if the ad promoted using CEDs during sports and with alcohol. Logistic regression models were fitted to test differences in outcomes between conditions. The majority of respondents reported that the ads, across all themes, targeted people their age. In experiment 1, both sports/party-themed ads were more likely to be perceived as promoting use of CEDs during sports (AOR = 13.32; 95% CI 9.90, 17.91, and AOR = 9.73; 95% CI 7.38, 12.81, respectively), and with alcohol (AOR = 8.55; 95% CI 6.37, 11.48, and AOR = 2.81; 95% CI 2.08, 3.78, respectively), compared to the control ad. In experiment 2, the sports-themed ad was more likely to be perceived as promoting use of CEDs during sports (AOR = 15.02; 95% CI 11.83, 19.08), but not with alcohol, compared to the control ad. In experiment 3, the party-themed ad was more likely to be perceived as promoting use of CEDs with alcohol (AOR = 13.79; 95% CI 10.69, 17.78), but not during sports, compared to the control ad. Ads from leading energy drink brands are perceived as targeting young people and encouraging energy drink use during sports and with alcohol, despite Canadian regulations prohibiting these marketing practices.
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Avila Alvarez AA, Tijo Lopez AB, Teherán Valderrama AA, Mayo Patiño MS, Tuiran Alvarez LM. Pattern and predictors of energy drink consumption in medical students and physicians. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1620885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Alejandro Avila Alvarez
- Emergency Medicine Physician, Emergency Department, Fundación Santa fe de Bogota, ANTHUS Research Group, Bogotá, Colombia
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Occurrence of Bisphenol A and its analogues in some foodstuff marketed in Europe. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Butler AE, Qian W, Leatherdale ST. Caffeinated energy drink consumption and predictors of use among secondary school students over time in the COMPASS cohort study. Prev Med Rep 2019; 15:100911. [PMID: 31194103 PMCID: PMC6551549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of caffeinated energy drinks (CED) by youth is a public health priority, given the lack of regulation and evidence for both short and long-term health effects of CED use. Considering the potential risks associated with excessive caffeine consumption, this paper examined CED consumption and predictors of CED use over time in a large sample of Canadian secondary school students participating in the COMPASS study. Using linked longitudinal data (n = 4949) from the first three years of the COMPASS study (2012/13 to 2014/15), three logistic Generalized Estimated Equation models were performed to examine predictors of weekday CED use, weekend CED use, and weekly CED use. The prevalence of weekly CED use remained fairly consistent across the three years of follow-up; 12.5% in year-1, 11.3% in year-2, and 11.4% in year-3. Smokers and marijuana users at follow-up were all at greater odds of weekday or weekly CED use, regardless of baseline use. Binge drinkers at baseline were at greater odds for weekday or weekly CED use, but not if they started binge drinking after their baseline year. Marijuana users at follow-up were all at greater odds of weekend CED use, regardless of baseline marijuana use. >1 in 10 youth reported consuming CEDs one or more times per week, where specific subpopulations of youth, such as marijuana users, appear to be more frequent CED users. Although CED use remained relatively constant over the three-year period examined, prevalence of CED use remains problematic among secondary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Butler
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Ehlers A, Marakis G, Lampen A, Hirsch-Ernst KI. Risk assessment of energy drinks with focus on cardiovascular parameters and energy drink consumption in Europe. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:109-121. [PMID: 31112702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To assess the possible cardiovascular risks associated with energy drink (ED) consumption in Europe, a comprehensive literature research was performed in regard to (i) possible ED-induced dose-dependent cardiovascular outcomes, (ii) ED consumption patterns in Europe and (iii) the risks of EDs in combination with alcohol. The identified intervention studies primarily investigated acute ED effects in young healthy adults. Moderate consumption of EDs corresponding to an acute caffeine intake of up to 200 mg did not result in clinically relevant cardiovascular changes in young healthy adults. However, high intake of EDs (about 1 L) was associated with moderate to severe adverse effects in some participants (i.a. prolonged QTc interval, palpitations). Studies have indicated that on some occasions, a substantial proportion of ED consuming children and adolescents (12% in 16 EU Member States) drink EDs in high quantities (≥1 L). This could pose a possible health risk to this group since adverse effects by such high ED consumption have been observed already in young healthy adults. Among further measures that might be considered to minimize this identified risk, policy makers could develop information and educational programs with the aim of raising public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ehlers
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Georgios Marakis
- Hellenic Food Authority, Directorate of Risk Assessment and Nutrition, Kifisias Av. 124 & Iatridou Str. 2, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Ildico Hirsch-Ernst
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Relationships Between the Purposes of Taurine-Contained Nutritional Drink Intake and Lifestyle Habits: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Workers in Japan. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1155:313-321. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kamijo Y, Takai M, Fujita Y, Usui K. A Retrospective Study on the Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Emergency Patients with Large or Massive Consumption of Caffeinated Supplements or Energy Drinks in Japan. Intern Med 2018; 57. [PMID: 29526946 PMCID: PMC6120846 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0333-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We conducted a retrospective study on the epidemiological and clinical features of patients with acute caffeine poisoning in Japan. Methods Letters requesting participation were sent to 264 emergency departments of hospitals, and questionnaires were mailed to those that agreed to participate. Patients Participants were patients transported to emergency departments of hospitals between April 2011 and March 2016 after consuming large or massive amounts of caffeinated supplements and/or energy drinks (caffeine dose ≥1.0 g). Results We surveyed 101 patients from 38 emergency departments. Since April 2013, the number of patients has markedly increased. Of these young patients (median age, 25 years), 53 were men, and 97 had consumed caffeine in tablet form. Estimated caffeine doses (n=93) ranged from 1.2 to 82.6 g (median, 7.2 g). Serum caffeine levels on admission (n=17) ranged from 2.0 to 530.0 μg/mL (median level, 106.0 μg/mL). Common abnormal vital signs and laboratory data on admission included tachypnea, tachycardia, depressed consciousness, hypercreatinekinasemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperlactatemia. Common signs and symptoms in the clinical course included nausea, vomiting, excitement/agitation, and sinus tachycardia. Seven patients (6.9%) who had consumed ≥6.0 g of caffeine, or whose serum caffeine levels on admission were ≥200 μg/mL, developed cardiac arrest. Ninety-seven patients (96.0%) recovered completely, but 3 patients (3.0%) died. Conclusion The present analysis of data from more than 100 emergency patients revealed clinical features of moderate to fatal caffeine poisoning. We recommend highlighting the toxicity risks associated with ingesting highly caffeinated tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Michiko Takai
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Poisoning and Drug Laboratory Division, Critical Care and Emergency Center, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Usui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Alsubaie ASR. Consumption and correlates of sweet foods, carbonated beverages, and energy drinks among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2018; 38:1045-1050. [PMID: 28917070 PMCID: PMC5694639 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.10.19849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the consumption of sweets, carbonated beverages, and energy drinks along with their correlates among primary school children. Methods: A total of 725 children (7-12 years old) were randomly recruited from 10 elementary schools from Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia in 2013, using a multi-stage stratified sampling technique and pre-tested validated questionnaire. Results: Approximately 26.1% of children reported consuming sweets on daily basis, and 63.4% consumed sweets occasionally during the week. Approximately 56.3% children were reportedly drinking carbonated beverages weekly and 17.1% in daily basis. Weekly consumption of energy drinks was reported in 21.9% and daily consumption in 4.3% of the children. Daily sweets consumption was positively associated with children age (odds ratio [OR]=1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5-9.5, p=0.035), consuming carbonated beverages (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 2.2-5.2, p<0.001), energy drinks (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1-5.4, p=0.029), eating high fat food (OR= 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4, p=0.023), and inversely with children body mass index (BMI) (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.8-0.9, p<0.001). Consuming carbonated beverages on regular basis was positively associated with consuming energy drinks (OR=9.0, 95% CI: 4.0-21.0, p<0.001). Conclusion: Unhealthy dietary choices were found to be prevalent at early age. Comprehensive intervention programs should be established to prevent unhealthy dietary choices and promote healthier dietary behaviors. Qualitative studies are needed for better understanding of children’s dietary behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saad R Alsubaie
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Nowak D, Gośliński M, Nowatkowska K. The Effect of Acute Consumption of Energy Drinks on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Blood Glucose in the Group of Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030544. [PMID: 29562659 PMCID: PMC5877089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are very popular among young people, who consume them for various reasons. A standard ED typically contains 80 mg of caffeine, as well as glucose, taurine, vitamins and other ingredients. Excessive consumption of EDs and accumulation of the above ingredients, as well as their mutual interactions, can be hazardous to the health of young adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of acute consumption of energy drinks on blood pressure, heart rate and blood glucose. Methods: The study involved 68 volunteers, healthy young adults (mean age 25 years), who were divided into two groups: the first consumed three EDs at one-hour intervals, and the second drank the same amount of water. All participants had their blood pressure (BP)—systolic and diastolic (SBP and DBP)—as well as heart rate (HR) and blood glucose (BG) measured. In addition, participants could report any health problems before and after consuming each portion of ED. Results: In the above experiment, having consumed three portions of ED (240 mg of caffeine), the participants presented a significant increase in DBP (p = 0.003), by over 8%, which coincided with a lack of any significant impact on SBP (p = 0.809). No significant changes were noted in HR (p = 0.750). Consumption of EDs caused a significant increase (p < 0.001) in BG, by ca. 21%, on average. Some participants reported various discomforts, which escalated after 2 and 3 EDs. Conclusions: Acute consumption of EDs contributed to increased diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and level of discomfort in healthy young people. Our results reinforce the need for further studies on a larger population to provide sufficient evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Michał Gośliński
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Kamila Nowatkowska
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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MAJORI S, PILATI S, GAZZANI D, PAIANO J, FERRARI S, SANNINO A, CHECCHIN E. Energy drink and ginseng consumption by Italian university students: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E63-E74. [PMID: 29938240 PMCID: PMC6009075 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.1.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consumption of energy drinks (ED) and ginseng by young people to enhance their mental and physical performance has become widespread. Reported side-effects of ED have raised doubts regarding their safety. This cross-sectional study investigates the phenomenon. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of Verona university students. The resulting data were analyzed with Excel 2013, STATA 13 software. RESULTS ED and ginseng consumption was reported by 38.6% and 37.4% of the students, respectively. More than 70% of ED and ginseng users were 18 to 22 years old. Excluding non-responders, ED consumers were mostly males (51.8% vs 33.0%), contrary to ginseng consumers (females 40.4% vs 30.9%). Being a working student was significantly positively associated both to EDs (OR 1.5) and ginseng use (OR 1.4). The most frequently reported academic and other reasons for ED use were: "to study longer" (47.5%), and "to socialize" (29.1%). The most often used combinations were ED containing alcohol (65.6%) and ginseng-coffee beverages (71.8%). CONCLUSIONS The diffusion of ED and ginseng consumption warrants prevention and monitoring measures, and deserves further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. MAJORI
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Hygiene and Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Verona University, Postgraduate Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Verona University, Italy
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MATUMOTO MSS, TERADA RSS, HIGASHI DT, FUJIMAKI M, SUGA SS, GUEDES-PINTO AC. In vitro effect of energy drinks on human enamel surface. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Energy drinks (ED) possess low pH and citric acid in their composition, making them potentially erosive beverages that can contribute to the high dental erosion rates found currently in the general population and also in young people. Objective To evaluate the mean pH and titratable acidity of commercial ED and the influence of a brand of ED on the superficial microhardness of human enamel. Material and method Ten commercial ED were selected and the pH of two lots of each ED with and without gas was obtained. Acid titration was conducted with the addition of NaOH aliquots until the pH 7 was reached. Eighteen human enamel specimens were allocated in three groups (N=6), Red Bull (RB), Red Bull Light (RBL) and distilled water (C), submitted to an acid challenge with the ED, six consecutive times, with 12 hours intervals, during three days. Knoop microhardness was measured before and after the acid challenge. Result All ED brands tested presented low pH levels ranging from 2.1 to 3.2. Regarding titratable acidity, it was found that the amount of base required promoting the neutralization of the solutions ranged from 1200μL to 3750μL. Samples of human enamel in the RB and RBL groups submitted to the acid challenge presented significantly decreased Knoop microhardness when compared with the group C. Conclusion All ED examined have potential to promote mineral loss due to the low pH and high titratable acidity. The ED analyzed promoted significant mineral losses on the dental enamel surface.
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Dawodu A, Cleaver K. Behavioural correlates of energy drink consumption among adolescents: A review of the literature. J Child Health Care 2017; 21:446-462. [PMID: 29110525 DOI: 10.1177/1367493517731948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite regulatory measures on the labelling of energy drinks (EDs), their consumption among adolescents continues to grow in popularity, but teachers increasingly report significant behavioural concerns among students who disclose habitual ED consumption. A review of papers published between January 2010 and October 2016 was undertaken to determine whether an association between adverse behaviour and consumption of ED exists. Findings indicate that ED consumption among adolescents is associated with alcohol and substance use, risky behaviours and psychological states including sensation seeking, depression and anxiety symptoms. ED consumption impacts negatively on executive functions and increases hyperactivity/inattention symptoms among adolescents. An inverse association between ED consumption and sleep duration exists. The findings highlight the need for greater awareness of the potential risk of ED consumption among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ade Dawodu
- 1 Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust (CLCH), Soho Centre for Health and Care, Soho, London, UK
| | - Karen Cleaver
- 2 Faculty of Education & Health, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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Ha D, Song I, Jang G, Lee EK, Shin JY. Use pattern and predictors of use of highly caffeinated energy drinks among South Korean adolescents: a study using the Health Belief Model. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017224. [PMID: 28947455 PMCID: PMC5623546 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concerns about the use of highly caffeinated energy drinks among Korean adolescents remains. We compared adolescents' perceptions regarding the use of drinks to their behaviours and factors. DESIGN A structured questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model was administered to 850 freshmen and sophomores at three high schools in Bucheon, South Korea. Benefits were defined as beneficial effects from the use of highly caffeinated energy drinks (eg, awakening from sleepiness) and harms as adverse effects of the drinks (eg, cardiac palpitation). Likelihood of action represents the likelihood of taking actions that are perceived to be more beneficial after comparison of the benefits and harms of caffeine use. Descriptive analysis was used to quantify the relationship between their beliefs about highly caffeinated energy drinks and their use. We conducted hierarchical logistic regression to compute ORs and 95% CIs for: (1) demographic factors, (2) health threat, (3) likelihood of action and (4) cues to act. RESULTS Altogether, 833 students responded to the questionnaire (effective response rate=98.0%). About 63.0% reported use of highly caffeinated energy drinks and 35.2% had used them as needed and habitually. The more susceptible the respondents perceived themselves to be to the risk of using these drinks, the less likely they were to use them (OR: 0.73, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.06). The more severe the perception of a health threat, the less that perception was associated with use (OR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.67). Likelihood of action was the strongest predictor of use, explaining 12.5% in use. Benefits and harms (OR: 4.43, 95% CI 2.77 to 7.09; OR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.99) also were significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing adolescents' perceptions of benefits and harms regarding using highly caffeinated energy drinks could be an effective way to influence the use of these drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmun Ha
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Inmyung Song
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gyeongil Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eui-Kyung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review offers an update on entities presenting as chest pain in the adolescent population. It discusses recently proposed tools and shared mental models used in primary and urgent care settings to evaluate chest pain, and their focus on identifying life-threatening processes. We consider whether the current practice may be improved by accounting for the increasingly recognized non-life-threatening causes of adolescent chest pain. RECENT FINDINGS The present experiences and behaviors of adolescents have added new causes of chest pain to the work-up of this disquieting chief complaint. The initial approach to adolescent chest pain has classically focused on ruling out life-threatening entities, and current diagnostic algorithms offer systematic approaches with similar emphases. A growing body of literature on the nonlife-threatening causes of adolescent chest pain, often categorized as idiopathic, suggests a need to reevaluate our practice. SUMMARY Adolescent chest pain is most often noncardiac and non-life threatening in nature, yet current diagnostic algorithms and evaluations emphasize identifying the exceptional case of cardiac chest pain. Familiarizing ourselves with the more common causes of chest pain and with our present approach to the evaluation of this particular chief complaint, may help us to better counsel our patients and avoid unnecessary use of valuable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Acra
- aPediatric Acute Care Center (PACCE), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic bDepartment of Pediatrics, Yale-New Haven Hospital, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Akomolafe SF. The effects of caffeine, caffeic acid, and their combination on acetylcholinesterase, adenosine deaminase and arginase activities linked with brain function. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cencek P, Wawryk-Gawda E, Samborski P, Jodlowska-Jedrych B. Energy drinks – consumption and awareness among students of Medical University of Lublin. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Energy drinks (ED), containing caffeine, taurine and another substances, are one of the more frequently used legal stimulants. Still, because these can endanger consumers’ health, it is thought that their marketing should be legally controlled.
In our study, we analyzed the frequency of energy drink consumption, as well as the knowledge held about these drinks among medicine and dentistry students of the Medical University of Lublin. In the study, 131 students participated, and the study was done in the form of a survey. The results of this indicate that 81 students (61.83%) declared a daily consumption, and most respondents (78.48%) stated at least a one time consumption of 250 to 749 ml of energy drink. What is more, 26.25% of respondents combined ED with other substances, most frequently with coffee and alcohol. Regarding knowledge of ED effects, contents and side effects, more males than females actively sought and held this information. Furthermore, more than half of all respondents believed that the availability of EDs in Poland should be limited.
Our study showed that the awareness of the effects and mechanisms of action of EDs, among the questioned students is relatively high. Nevertheless, they frequently consume EDs and combine these with other stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cencek
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Samborski
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodlowska-Jedrych
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
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Visram S, Cheetham M, Riby DM, Crossley SJ, Lake AA. Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a rapid review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010380. [PMID: 27855083 PMCID: PMC5073652 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine patterns of energy drink consumption by children and young people, attitudes towards these drinks, and any associations with health or other outcomes. DESIGN Rapid evidence assessment and narrative synthesis. DATA SOURCES 9 electronic bibliographic databases, reference lists of relevant studies and searches of the internet. RESULTS A total of 410 studies were located, with 46 meeting the inclusion criteria. The majority employed a cross-sectional design, involved participants aged 11-18 years, and were conducted in North America or Europe. Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people was found to be patterned by gender, with boys consuming more than girls, and also by activity levels, with the highest consumption observed in the most and least sedentary individuals. Several studies identified a strong, positive association between the use of energy drinks and higher odds of health-damaging behaviours, as well as physical health symptoms such as headaches, stomach aches, hyperactivity and insomnia. There was some evidence of a dose-response effect. 2 experimental studies involving small numbers of junior athletes demonstrated a positive impact on limited aspects of sports performance. 3 themes emerged from the qualitative studies: reasons for use; influences on use; and perceived efficacy and impact. Taste and energy-seeking were identified as key drivers, and branding and marketing were highlighted as major influences on young people's consumption choices. Awareness of possible negative effects was low. CONCLUSIONS There is growing evidence that consumption of energy drinks is associated with a range of adverse outcomes and risk behaviours in terms of children's health and well-being. However, taste, brand loyalty and perceived positive effects combine to ensure their popularity with young consumers. More research is needed to explore the short-term and long-term impacts in all spheres, including health, behaviour and education. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42014010192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelina Visram
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Mandy Cheetham
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Crossley
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - Amelia A Lake
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Nowak D, Jasionowski A. Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E768. [PMID: 27483299 PMCID: PMC4997454 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among young adults and, even more so, among adolescents. Increasingly, they are consumed by athletes, particularly those who have just begun their sporting career. Uncontrolled and high consumption of EDs, in addition to other sources of caffeine, may pose a threat to the health of young people. Hence, our objective was to analyze the consumption of EDs among teenagers engaged in sports, including quantity consumed, identification of factors influencing consumption, and risks associated with EDs and EDs mixed with alcohol (AmEDs). METHODS The study involved a specially designed questionnaire, which was completed by 707 students, 14.3 years of age on average, attending secondary sports schools. RESULTS EDs were consumed by 69% of the young athletes, 17% of whom drank EDs quite often: every day or 1-3 times a week. Most respondents felt no effects after drinking EDs, but some reported symptoms, including insomnia, anxiety, tachycardia, nervousness and irritability. The major determinant of the choice of EDs was taste (47%), followed by price (21%). One in ten respondents admitted to consumption of AmEDs. Among the consequences reported were: abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting, amnesia, headache, and hangover. CONCLUSIONS EDs consumption among adolescent athletes was relatively high. Considering the habit of AmEDs and literature data, it is worth emphasizing that it may lead to health problems in the near future, alcohol- or drug-dependence, as well as other types of risk behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
| | - Artur Jasionowski
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland.
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