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Marshall ZA, Mackintosh KA, Gregory JW, McNarry MA. Using compositional analysis to explore the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:115-125. [PMID: 34780103 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use a compositional analysis approach to account for the inherent co-dependencies between behaviors and to explore how daily movement behaviors influence cardiovascular health in children with and without T1D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Augmentation index, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and heart rate variability were measured in 20 children with (11.9 ± 1.6 years) and 17 children without T1D (11.6 ± 2.2 years). Subsequently, physical activity and sleep were assessed at 20 Hz for 28 consecutive days using a wrist-worn accelerometer. Compositional analyses were utilized to explore the relative effects of each movement behavior and the overall movement complex on cardiovascular parameters, with predictive modeling used to explore the effects of reallocating 20 min between behaviors. RESULTS Arterial stiffness markers were most influenced by the total movement composition, whereas autonomic function was most influenced by sedentary time and sleep relative to all other behaviors. Reallocation of time from moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) to any other behavior was predicted to negatively affect all cardiovascular measures, independent of disease status, whereas reallocating time to MVPA was consistently predicted to improve all outcome measures. Additionally, the same intensity of physical activity appeared to be more potent for cardiovascular health in T1D children compared to nondiabetic peers. CONCLUSIONS Intensity, rather than volume, of physical activity may be key in reducing risk of premature adverse changes in cardiovascular health, whereas increasing time in MVPA could potentially the slow progression of cardiovascular aging in children with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë A Marshall
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - John W Gregory
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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2
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Knebusch V, Williams J, Yordi Aguirre I, Weber MW, Rakovac I, Breda J. Effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the policy response on childhood obesity risk factors: Gender and sex differences and recommendations for research. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 6:e13222. [PMID: 34184392 PMCID: PMC8420308 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a public health concern globally, with generally higher prevalence rates in boys compared to girls. Although biological sex is an important determinant, gender roles and norms influence the exposure and vulnerability to risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. Norms and roles might be reinforced or change due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related measures as well as the exposure to risk factors for childhood obesity. COVID-19 related changes, such as home confinement, influence a child's risk of obesity. Using Dahlgren and Whitehead's model of the main determinants of health, this paper aims to provide a roadmap for future research on sex, gender, and childhood obesity during the time of COVID-19. It examines how COVID-19 has led to important changes in children's general socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions, social and community networks, and individual lifestyle factors and how these may affect a child's risk for obesity. It focuses on the influence of gender and sex and outlines key considerations and indicators to examine in future studies concerned with promoting health and gender equity and equality. We need to understand the differential impact of COVID-19 related measures on girls' and boys' risk for obesity to adequately react with preventive measures, policies, and programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Knebusch
- Gender and Human Rights, WHO European Office for Investment for Health and Development, Venice, Italy
| | - Julianne Williams
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Isabel Yordi Aguirre
- Gender and Human Rights, WHO European Office for Investment for Health and Development, Venice, Italy
| | - Martin W Weber
- World Health Organization (WHO) Child and Adolescent Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - João Breda
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
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3
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Carvalho AS, Bohn L, Abdalla PP, Ramos NC, Borges FG, Mota J, Machado DRL. The Associations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Fundamental Motor Skills and Time in Sedentary Behavior in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2507-2526. [PMID: 34407671 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211038731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced levels of children's physical activity (PA) and fundamental motor skills (FMS) along with increased sedentary behaviors have been observed in recent years. Yet, associations between these variables are not yet well established. This study aimed to observe the associations between FMS, PA and sedentary time in elementary school children. We evaluated 148 children (70 boys; Mage = 8.7, SD = 1.4 years old) from a private school using the Test of Gross Motor Development - Second Edition (TGMD-2) to measure FMS and examine locomotor, object control, and gross motor skills. We used accelerometry to measure PA performed on weekdays, weekends and total PA. We used descriptive statistics, partial correlations controlling for sex and age, and linear regression adjusted for sex and equivalent motor age to explain the relationships. Total moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) (β: 0.153; p = .009) and weekend MVPA (β: 0.171; p = .003) were significantly associated with FMS, regardless of gender and equivalent motor age. Sedentary time was not significantly associated with FMS (p = .065). Girls and boys who met PA recommendations (≥60 minutes/day of moderate to vigorous PA) had higher frequencies of high ratings on the TGMD-2 (p < .001 e p = .001, respectively). MVPA was associated with children's FMS development, possibly affecting the quality of movement performed in children's daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S Carvalho
- University of São Paulo, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista University, Physical Education Course, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucimere Bohn
- University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Abdalla
- University of São Paulo, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nilo C Ramos
- Coastal Carolina University, Graduate and Specialty Studies, Conway, South Carolina, United States
| | - Franciane G Borges
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mota
- University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dalmo Roberto Lopes Machado
- University of São Paulo, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, Porto, Portugal.,University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Aguilar-Farias N, Miranda-Marquez S, Toledo-Vargas M, Chandia-Poblete D. Comparison between self-reported and accelerometer-derived measurements for classifying children and adolescents as physically active in Chile. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00240620. [PMID: 33624698 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00240620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare self-reported with two accelerometer-derived methods to classify Chilean children and adolescents as physically active. In total, 247 students wore an accelerometer on their hips during 7 consecutive days to classify them as physically active based on (1) daily accumulation of ≥ 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on each of the seven days, and (2) average MVPA ≥ 60 minutes/day. Also, participants were classified as physically active if they reported being active for at least 60 minutes in all seven days. When using the accelerometer data, 0.8% were active in all seven days, while 10.5% recorded ≥ 60 minutes MVPA per day on average. Based on self-report, 7.2% were physically active. The agreement between self-reported and accelerometer estimations were poor. Important differences were observed between the self-reported and device-derived methods for classifying children and adolescents as physically active. When comparing them, some considerations should be taken. The findings suggest that these methods are not interchangeable. Therefore, if possible, they should be used as complementary measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Damian Chandia-Poblete
- Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Moore SA, Cumming SP, Balletta G, Ramage K, Eisenmann JC, Baxter-Jones ADG, Jackowski SA, Sherar LB. Exploring the relationship between adolescent biological maturation, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:365-383. [PMID: 32996818 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1805006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Across adolescence, there is a notable decline in physical activity in boys and girls. Maturational timing may be a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increased sedentary behaviours during adolescence. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to summarise literature that examined the relationship between maturational timing, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescents. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for articles that assessed biological maturation and physical activity (including sports participation and active transportation) or sedentary behaviours in adolescents. Two reviewers conducted title, abstract, and full-text screening, reference and forward citation searches. Included articles were evaluated for quality using a standardised tool. A narrative synthesis was used to analyse the findings due to the heterogeneity of the studies. RESULTS Searches yielded 78 articles (64 unique studies) that met the inclusion criteria, representing 242,316 participants (153,179 unique). Studies ranged from 30.0% (low) to 91.7% (high) in quality. An inverse relationship between maturational timing and physical activity (in 50 and 60% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) and a positive relationship between maturational timing and sedentary behaviour (in 100% and 53% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) was most commonly reported. Evidence supporting an association between maturational timing, sports participation, and active transportation was inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS While this review demonstrates some evidence for early maturational timing as a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increase in sedentary behaviours, the reviewed literature also demonstrates that this relationship is complex. Future research that tracks maturity-related variations in physical activity and sedentary behaviours over adolescence is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Therapeutic Recreation, Faculty of Child, Family, and Community Studies, Douglas College, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Sport, Health, and Exercise Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Joey C Eisenmann
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Stefan A Jackowski
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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6
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Nie MJ, Fan CQ, Sun RZ, Wang JJ, Feng Q, Zhang YF, Yao Z, Wang M. Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents at Altitudes over 3500 Meters: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tibet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050686. [PMID: 30813580 PMCID: PMC6427613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of studies on the physical activity (PA) of children and adolescents who live at high altitudes. This study aimed to objectively assess PA of children and adolescents living in the Tibet at altitudes over 3500 m and to examine its difference by ethnicity, gender, age/grade, and body weight status groups. A sample of 397 students aged 9–18 years were recruited from 7 schools in Lhasa, Tibet. PA was measured using accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X) for seven consecutive days and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was identified using the Evenson (2008) cut-points. Participant MVPA was 62.3 min/day, with 65.5 min/day during weekdays and 54.1 min/day on weekends. Indigenous Tibetans were more active than Hans, and boys had more MVPA than girls. Age had a significantly weak negative correlation with MVPA. There was no significant difference in MVPA between the non-overweight and overweight/obese groups. Overall, only 9.1% (13.8% in boys and 4.5% in girls) accumulated at least 60 min of MVPA per day. Compared to their counterparts in other regions, the daily MVPA of children and adolescents living on the Tibetan Plateau at altitudes over 3500 m was relatively high. However, the proportion of meeting the WHO’s PA recommendations was extremely low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jian Nie
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China.
| | - Chao-Qun Fan
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China.
| | - Rui-Zhe Sun
- Tibet Institute of Sport Science, Lhasa 850007, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China.
| | - Qiang Feng
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China.
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China.
| | - Zhi Yao
- Tibet Institute of Sport Science, Lhasa 850007, China.
| | - Mei Wang
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China.
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7
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Schmidt SC, Schneider J, Reimers AK, Niessner C, Woll A. Exploratory Determined Correlates of Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: The MoMo Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E415. [PMID: 30709045 PMCID: PMC6388266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Physical activity is an important contributor to reducing the risk for a variety of diseases. Understanding why people are physically active contributes to evidence-based planning of public health interventions because successful actions will target factors known to be related to physical activity (PA). Therefore the aim of this study is to identify the most meaningful correlates of PA in children and adolescents using a large, representative data set. Methods: Among n = 3539 (1801 boys) 6 to 17-year-old participants of the German representative Motorik-Modul baseline study (2003⁻2006) a total of 1154 different demographic, psychological, behavioral, biological, social and environmental factors were ranked according to their power of predicting PA using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regressions. Results: A total of 18 (in girls) and 19 (in boys) important PA predictors from different, personal, social and environmental factors have been identified and ranked by LASSO. Peer modeling and physical self-concept were identified as the strongest correlates of PA in both boys and girls. Conclusions: The results confirm that PA interventions must target changes in different categories of PA correlates, but we suggest to focus particularly on the social environment and physical self-concept for interventions targeting children and adolescents in Germany nowadays. We also strongly recommend to repeatedly track correlates of PA, at least every 10 years, from representative samples in order to tailor contemporary PA interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ce Schmidt
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Schneider
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Anne Kerstin Reimers
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Technical University of Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Claudia Niessner
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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8
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Roscoe CMP, James RS, Duncan MJ. Accelerometer-based physical activity levels, fundamental movement skills and weight status in British preschool children from a deprived area. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:1043-1052. [PMID: 31065843 PMCID: PMC6565650 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Preschool children are recommended to participate in a minimum of 180-min physical activity (PA) per day to enhance their development and overall health. Low PA and increased obesity are thought to be linked to low mastery of fundamental movement skills (FMS) in preschool children. This study sought to investigate whether FMS influences PA levels and weight status in preschool children, in an area of low socioeconomic status. Secondary aims of this study were to determine whether gender or day of the week affected the primary outcomes. One hundred eighty-five preschool children aged 3-4 years old, participated in the study. FMS proficiency was determined using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. PA was determined using triaxial accelerometry over a 4-day period. None of the samples met the recommended 180 min of PA. There were no significant differences in PA or weight status between preschool children with high, medium or low FMS mastery (P < 0.05). There were also no significant correlations between overall FMS and moderate to vigorous PA during the week or weekend days.Conclusion: Girls scored significantly greater at the hop, leap, and skip (locomotor skills) and the boys significantly higher at the kick (object control) (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in PA or weight status between preschool children with high, medium, or low FMS mastery, possibly because FMS mastery had not developed to a high enough level to affect PA and FMS are considered independent of physical fitness and physical features, such as weight and height. What is Known: •FMS are commonly developed in early childhood, providing the building blocks for future motor skills, good health and lifelong PA. •No study to date has measured FMS, PA levels and weight status in preschool children, to determine whether FMS competency influences PA levels and weight status in preschool children, in an area of low SES. What is New: •FMS competency did not appear to influence the level of PA or weight status in this sample of UK preschool children from a low SES area. •PA and FMS may not be fully established and consequently not strongly linked at the ages of 3-4 years, therefore, the preschool years could be influential in providing a window to maximise input of good/optimal development of motor competence before the proficiency barrier sets in and we need remedial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M. P. Roscoe
- 0000 0001 2232 4004grid.57686.3aHuman Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB UK
| | - Rob S. James
- 0000000106754565grid.8096.7Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Michael J. Duncan
- 0000000106754565grid.8096.7Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
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9
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Michaliszyn SF, Higgins M, Faulkner MS. Patterns of Physical Activity Adherence by Adolescents With Diabetes or Obesity Enrolled in a Personalized Community-Based Intervention. THE DIABETES EDUCATOR 2018; 44:519-530. [PMID: 30306834 PMCID: PMC10826413 DOI: 10.1177/0145721718805693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of a personalized, 16-week community-based physical activity intervention for adolescents with diabetes or obesity and examine the weekly patterns of adherence to the intervention. METHODS Physical activity adherence was evaluated throughout the intervention using accelerometers in 46 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (N = 22), type 2 diabetes (N = 12), or obesity (N = 12) (age, 14.4 ± 1.5 years; 56.5% female; 61% Hispanic). Of these, 39 completed the intervention, and 7 did not. RESULTS There were no differences in baseline anthropometric characteristics or fitness between the completers versus noncompleters. Completers began above 1060 metabolic equivalent (MET) min/wk-1and stayed above 900 MET min/wk-1 for ~4 weeks and declined 39 MET min/wk-1 until end of study. Noncompleters began at 924 MET min/wk-1 yet dropped below 800 MET min/wk-1 by end of week 1 and declined an average of 151 MET min/wk-1. Interestingly, self-report of barriers to activity were higher in completers versus noncompleters. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight that adolescents completing the intervention could sustain a prescribed level of personalized activity for at least 1 month but had steadfast declines in weekly activity. Even with individualized programs, factors other than barriers to activity need to be considered when designing approaches to physical activity adherence for adolescents with diabetes or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F Michaliszyn
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Science, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
| | - Melinda Higgins
- Office of Nursing Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa Spezia Faulkner
- Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing & Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Brazendale K, Beets MW, Weaver RG, Pate RR, Turner-McGrievy GM, Kaczynski AT, Chandler JL, Bohnert A, von Hippel PT. Understanding differences between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: the structured days hypothesis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:100. [PMID: 28747186 PMCID: PMC5530518 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the scientific community has acknowledged modest improvements can be made to weight status and obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary/screen time, diet, and sleep) during the school year, studies suggests improvements are erased as elementary-age children are released to summer vacation. Emerging evidence shows children return to school after summer vacation displaying accelerated weight gain compared to the weight gained occurring during the school year. Understanding how summer days differ from when children are in school is, therefore, essential. DISCUSSION There is limited evidence on the etiology of accelerated weight gain during summer, with few studies comparing obesogenic behaviors on the same children during school and summer. For many children, summer days may be analogous to weekend days throughout the school year. Weekend days are often limited in consistent and formal structure, and thus differ from school days where segmented, pre-planned, restrictive, and compulsory components exist that shape obesogenic behaviors. The authors hypothesize that obesogenic behaviors are beneficially regulated when children are exposed to a structured day (i.e., school weekday) compared to what commonly occurs during summer. This is referred to as the 'Structured Days Hypothesis' (SDH). To illustrate how the SDH operates, this study examines empirical data that compares weekend day (less-structured) versus weekday (structured) obesogenic behaviors in U.S. elementary school-aged children. From 190 studies, 155 (~80%) demonstrate elementary-aged children's obesogenic behaviors are more unfavorable during weekend days compared to weekdays. CONCLUSION In light of the SDH, consistent evidence demonstrates the structured environment of weekdays may help to protect children by regulating obesogenic behaviors, most likely through compulsory physical activity opportunities, restricting caloric intake, reducing screen time occasions, and regulating sleep schedules. Summer is emerging as the critical period where childhood obesity prevention efforts need to be focused. The SDH can help researchers understand the drivers of obesogenic behaviors during summer and lead to innovative intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Russell R. Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Gabrielle M. Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29201 USA
| | - Andrew T. Kaczynski
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29201 USA
| | - Jessica L. Chandler
- Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, 99 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Amy Bohnert
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60626 USA
| | - Paul T. von Hippel
- The University of Texas at Austin, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 2300 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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11
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Ridgers ND, Barnett LM, Lubans DR, Timperio A, Cerin E, Salmon J. Potential moderators of day-to-day variability in children's physical activity patterns. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:637-644. [PMID: 28532318 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1328126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about whether physical activity compensation occurs and, if so, what are potential moderators of such responses. This study examined whether children's physical activity, sedentary time and energy expenditure on one day was associated with these behaviours the following day, and what factors may moderate observed associations. One hundred and twenty-seven children (8-11 years) wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for eight days. Time spent in sedentary time and physical activity was obtained. Daily energy expenditure was also assessed using a SenseWear Armband (n=98). Moderators examined were sex, age, BMI, fitness, and fundamental movement skills (FMS). Multilevel analyses were conducted using generalized mixed models. On any given day, every additional 10 minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with 9.3 minutes less MVPA the following day. Every additional 10kcal expended on one day was associated with 2.9 fewer kcal expended the following day. Additional time spent sedentary on any given day was associated with less light physical activity the following day in children with lower FMS. The results are largely consistent with the compensation hypothesis, with children appearing to compensate their activity between days. Strategies to minimise potential compensatory changes may be needed for children overall rather than for specific population sub-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D Ridgers
- a Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- b School of Health and Social Development , Deakin University , Burwood , Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- c Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- a Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- a Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,d Institute for Health and Ageing , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia.,e School of Public Health , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Jo Salmon
- a Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
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Riso EM, Kull M, Mooses K, Hannus A, Jürimäe J. Objectively measured physical activity levels and sedentary time in 7-9-year-old Estonian schoolchildren: independent associations with body composition parameters. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:346. [PMID: 27089952 PMCID: PMC4835886 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sufficient daily physical activity (PA) is necessary for physical, social and mental health benefits during growth. Most of the available data on children is based on subjective reports, while only limited data on objective PA and sedentary levels is available for primary school children. Increased PA is also an important health indicator of body composition parameters, especially body adiposity indices. The aim of the present study was to determine objectively the amount of daily PA levels at different intensities and sedentary time in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) 7-9-year-old boys and girls, and to find associations between objectively measured PA levels and sedentary time with different body composition values. METHODS Two hundred and seventy eight (142 boys and 136 girls) primary school children aged 7.9 ± 0.7 years participated in this study. Objective PA intensity and sedentary levels were measured over 7 days by accelerometry. Indices of total fat mass (body fat %, sum of skinfolds), fat distribution (waist-to-height ratio) and muscular component (fat free mass [FFM]) were calculated from measured anthropometric parameters. RESULTS There were no differences (p > 0.05) in PA intensity levels and sedentary time between boys and girls as well as between NW and OW children. About 11 % of children met the current guidelines of at least 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Sedentary time was positively and negatively associated (p < 0.05) with all body fat and FFM values, respectively. Moderate and vigorous PA along with MVPA were negatively and positively associated (p < 0.05) with all body fat and FFM indices, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of present study showed that about 11 % of primary school children were engaged in PA of at least 60 min of MVPA daily. While MVPA is negatively associated with fat mass indices and positively associated with FFM regardless of different confounders, sedentary time is negatively related to FFM and positively with fat mass values after adjusting for several confounders. These results suggest that higher MVPA level and lower sedentary time level are important in maintaining and developing healthy body composition in primary school children during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Riso
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 5 Jakobi St, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
| | - Merike Kull
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 5 Jakobi St, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
| | - Kerli Mooses
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 5 Jakobi St, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
| | - Aave Hannus
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 5 Jakobi St, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 5 Jakobi St, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
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Noonan RJ, Boddy LM, Fairclough SJ, Knowles ZR. Write, draw, show, and tell: a child-centred dual methodology to explore perceptions of out-of-school physical activity. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:326. [PMID: 27080384 PMCID: PMC4832535 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research to increase children's physical activity and inform intervention design has, to date, largely underrepresented children's voices. Further, research has been limited to singular qualitative methods that overlook children's varied linguistic ability and interaction preference. The aim of this study was to use a novel combination of qualitative techniques to explore children's current views, experiences and perceptions of out-of-school physical activity as well as offering formative opinion about future intervention design. METHODS Write, draw, show and tell (WDST) groups were conducted with 35 children aged 10-11 years from 7 primary schools. Data were analysed through a deductive and inductive process, firstly using the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model as a thematic framework, and then inductively to enable emergent themes to be further explored. Pen profiles were constructed representing key emergent themes. RESULTS The WDST combination of qualitative techniques generated complimentary interconnected data which both confirmed and uncovered new insights into factors relevant to children's out-of-school physical activity. Physical activity was most frequently associated with organised sports. Fun, enjoyment, competence, and physical activity provision were all important predictors of children's out-of-school physical activity. Paradoxically, parents served as both significant enablers (i.e. encouragement) and barriers (i.e. restricting participation) to physical activity participation. Some of these key findings would have otherwise remained hidden when compared to more traditional singular methods based approaches. CONCLUSIONS Parents are in a unique position to promote health promoting behaviours serving as role models, physical activity gatekeepers and choice architects. Given the strong socialising effect parents have on children's physical activity, family-based physical activity intervention may offer a promising alternative compared to traditional school-based approaches. Parents' qualitative input is important to supplement children's voices and inform future family-based intervention design. The WDST method developed here is an inclusive, interactive and child-centred methodology which facilitates the exploration of a wide range of topics and enhances data credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Noonan
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62 Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62 Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62 Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK
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McVeigh JA, Winkler EAH, Howie EK, Tremblay MS, Smith A, Abbott RA, Eastwood PR, Healy GN, Straker LM. Objectively measured patterns of sedentary time and physical activity in young adults of the Raine study cohort. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:41. [PMID: 27009327 PMCID: PMC4806520 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To provide a detailed description of young adults’ sedentary time and physical activity. Methods 384 young women and 389 young men aged 22.1 ± 0.6 years, all participants in the 22 year old follow-up of the Raine Study pregnancy cohort, wore Actigraph GT3X+ monitors on the hip for 24 h/day over a one-week period for at least one ‘valid’ day (≥10 h of waking wear time). Each minute epoch was classified as sedentary, light, moderate or vigorous intensity using 100 count and Freedson cut-points. Mixed models assessed hourly and daily variation; t-tests assessed gender differences. Results The average (mean ± SD) waking wear time was 15.0 ± 1.6 h/day, of which 61.4 ± 10.1 % was spent sedentary, 34.6 ± 9.1 % in light-, 3.7 ± 5.3 % in moderate- and, 0.3 ± 0.6 % in vigorous-intensity activity. Average time spent in moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA) was 36.2 ± 27.5 min/day. Relative to men, women had higher sedentary time, but also higher vigorous activity time. The ‘usual’ bout duration of sedentary time was 11.8 ± 4.5 min in women and 11.7 ± 5.2 min in men. By contrast, other activities were accumulated in shorter bout durations. There was large variation by hour of the day and by day of the week in both sedentary time and MVPA. Evenings and Sundays through Wednesdays tended to be particularly sedentary and/or inactive. Conclusion For these young adults, much of the waking day was spent sedentary and many participants were physically inactive (low levels of MVPA). We provide novel evidence on the time for which activities were performed and on the time periods when young adults were more sedentary and/or less active. With high sedentary time and low MVPA, young adults may be at risk for the life-course sequelae of these behaviours. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0363-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A McVeigh
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | | | - Erin K Howie
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anne Smith
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Abbott
- ESMI, University of Exeter Medical School, St.Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter R Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Genevieve N Healy
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia.,Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leon M Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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