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Younes S. The role of nutrition on the treatment of Covid 19. HUMAN NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2024; 36:200255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
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Grant WB. Vitamin D and viral infections: Infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:271-314. [PMID: 38777416 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Viruses can cause many human diseases. Three types of human diseases caused by viruses are discussed in this chapter: infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. The infectious diseases included in this chapter include three respiratory tract diseases: influenza, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus. In addition, the mosquito-borne dengue virus diseases are discussed. Vitamin D can reduce risk, severity, and mortality of the respiratory tract diseases and possibly for dengue virus. Many autoimmune diseases are initiated by the body's reaction to a viral infection. The protective role of vitamin D in Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases such as multiple sclerosis is discussed. There are a few cancers linked to viral infections. Such cancers include cervical cancer, head and neck cancers, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and liver cancer. Vitamin D plays an important role in reducing risk of cancer incidence and mortality, although not as strongly for viral-linked cancers as for other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, San Francisco, USA.
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Rachman A, Rahmaniyah R, Khomeini A, Iriani A. The association between vitamin D deficiency and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. F1000Res 2024; 12:394. [PMID: 38434628 PMCID: PMC10905025 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132214.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging public health problem that affects more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D has been shown to be effective in preventing and reducing the severity of viral respiratory diseases, including influenza. However, the role of vitamin D in COVID-19 infection remains controversial. This study aimed to analyze the association of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at two COVID-19 referral hospitals in Indonesia from October 2021 until February 2022. Results The median serum 25(OH)D level in 191 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 13.6 [IQR=10.98] ng/mL. The serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency who had cardiovascular disease (p-value=0.04), the use of a ventilator (p-value=0.004), more severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.047), and mortality (p-value=0.002). Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different between patients with mild and severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.019). Serum 25(OH)D levels in moderate and severe COVID-19 cases were significantly different (p-value=0.031). Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with an increased number of comorbidities (p-value=0.03), the severity of COVID-19 (p-value=0.002), and the use of mechanical ventilation (p-value=0.032). Mortality was found in 7.3% of patients with deficient vitamin D levels. However, patients with either sufficient or insufficient vitamin D levels did not develop mortality. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency were significantly associated with having cardiovascular disease, mortality, more severe COVID-19 cases, and the used of mechanical ventilation. Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with an increased number of comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, and the use of mechanical-ventilation. Thus, we suggest hospitalized COVID-19 patients to reach a sufficient vitamin D status to improve the clinical outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andhika Rachman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Centra Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Rahmaniyah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Andi Khomeini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wisma Atlet COVID-19 Emergency Hospital, North Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 14360, Indonesia
| | - Anggraini Iriani
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Yarsi University, Central Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10510, Indonesia
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Alhammadin G, Jarrar Y, Madani A, Lee SJ. Exploring the Influence of VDR Genetic Variants TaqI, ApaI, and FokI on COVID-19 Severity and Long-COVID-19 Symptoms. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1663. [PMID: 38138892 PMCID: PMC10744884 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence regarding the importance of vitamin D in the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Genetic variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene affect the response to vitamin D and have been linked to various diseases. This study investigated the associations of the major VDR genetic variants ApaI, FokI, and TaqI with the severity and long post-infection symptoms of COVID-19. In total, 100 Jordanian patients with confirmed COVID-19 were genotyped for the VDR ApaI, FokI, and TaqI variants using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. COVID-19 severity, the most commonly reported long-COVID-19 symptoms that lasted for >4 weeks from the onset of infection, and other variables were analyzed according to VDR genetic variants. In this study, ApaI and FokI polymorphisms showed no significant associations with COVID-19 severity (p > 0.05). However, a significant association was detected between the TaqI polymorphism and the severity of symptoms after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (p = 0.04). The wild-type TaqI genotype was typically present in patients with mild illness, whereas the heterozygous TaqI genotype was present in asymptomatic patients. With regard to long-COVID-19 symptoms, the VDR heterozygous ApaI and wild-type TaqI genotypes were significantly associated with persistent fatigue and muscle pain after COVID-19 (p ˂ 0.05). Most carriers of the heterozygous ApaI genotype and carriers of the wild-type TaqI genotype reported experiencing fatigue and muscle pain that lasted for more than 1 month after the onset of COVID-19. Furthermore, the TaqI genotype was associated with persistent shortness of breath after COVID-19 (p = 0.003). Shortness of breath was more common among individuals with homozygous TaqI genotype than among individuals with the wild-type or heterozygous TaqI genotype. VDR TaqI is a possible genetic variant related to both COVID-19 severity and long-COVID-19 symptoms among Jordanian individuals. The associations between VDR TaqI polymorphisms and long-COVID-19 symptoms should be investigated in larger and more diverse ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayda’ Alhammadin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan; (G.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Abdalla Madani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan; (G.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 50834, Republic of Korea
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Ahmad AS, Juber NF, Al-Naseri H, Heumann C, Ali R, Oliver T. Association between Average Vitamin D Levels and COVID-19 Mortality in 19 European Countries-A Population-Based Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4818. [PMID: 38004213 PMCID: PMC10680994 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Early epidemic reports have linked low average 25(OH) vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 mortality. However, there has been limited updated research on 25(OH) vitamin D and its impact on COVID-19 mortality. This study aimed to update the initial report studying the link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 mortality by using multi-country data in 19 European countries up to the middle of June 2023. COVID-19 data for 19 European countries included in this study were downloaded from Our World in Data from 1 March 2020, to 14 June 2023, and were included in the statistical analysis. The 25(OH) vitamin D average data were collected by conducting a literature review. A generalized estimation equation model was used to model the data. Compared to European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D levels of ≤50 nmol/L, European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D average levels greater than 50 nmol/L had lower COVID-19 mortality rates (RR = 0.794, 95% CI: 0.662-0.953). A statistically significant negative Spearman rank correlation was observed between 25(OH) vitamin D average levels and COVID-19 mortality. We also found significantly lower COVID-19 mortality rates in countries with high average 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Randomized trials on vitamin D supplementation are needed. In the meantime, the issue of vitamin D use should be debated in relation to the ongoing discussions of national post-COVID-19 resilience against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar S. Ahmad
- Cancer Intelligence, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Nirmin F. Juber
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Heba Al-Naseri
- Academic Unit of Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Christian Heumann
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 München, Germany;
| | - Raghib Ali
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK;
| | - Tim Oliver
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6AU, UK;
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Fateh HL, Kareem G, Rezaeian S, Moludi J, Kamari N. The Effect of Vit-D Supplementation on the Side Effect of BioNTech, Pfizer Vaccination and Immunoglobulin G Response Against SARS-CoV-2 in the Individuals Tested Positive for COVID-19: A Randomized Control Trial. Clin Nutr Res 2023; 12:269-282. [PMID: 37969936 PMCID: PMC10641329 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D participates in the biological function of the innate and adaptive immune system and inflammation. We aim to specify the effectiveness of the vitamin D supplementation on the side effects BioNTech, Pfizer vaccination, and immunoglobulin G response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in subjects tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In this multi-center randomized clinical trial, 498 people tested positive for COVID-19 were divided into 2 groups, receiving vitamin D capsules or a placebo (1 capsule daily, each containing 600 IU of vitamin D) over 14-16 weeks. Anthropometric indices and biochemical parameters were measured before and after the second dose of vaccination. Result Fourteen to 16 weeks after supplementation, the intervention group had an immunoglobulin G (IgG) increase of 10.89 ± 1.2 g/L, while the control group had 8.89 ± 1.3 g/L, and the difference was significant between both groups (p = 0.001). After the second dose of vaccination, the supplement group significantly increased their 25-hydroxy vitamin D from initially 28.73 ± 15.6 ng/mL and increased to 46.48 ± 27.2 ng/mL, and the difference between them was significant. Those with a higher body mass index (BMI) had the most of symptoms, and the difference of side effects according to BMI level was significantly different. In 8 weeks after supplementation obese participants had the lowest IgG levels than overweight or normal subjects. The proportion of all types of side effects on the second dose was significantly diminished compared with the first dose in the intervention group. Conclusion Supplementation of 600 IU of vitamin D3 can reduce post-vaccination side effects and increase IgG levels in participants who received BioNTech, Pfizer vaccine. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05851313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawal Lateef Fateh
- Nursing Department, Kalar Technical College, Garmian Polytechnic University, Kalar 46021, Iraq
| | - Goran Kareem
- Medical Laboratory Technology, Kalar Technical College, Garmian Polytechnic University, Kalar 46021, Iraq
| | - Shahab Rezaeian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Jalal Moludi
- School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Negin Kamari
- School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
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Musavi H, Abazari O, Barartabar Z, Kalaki-Jouybari F, Hemmati-Dinarvand M, Esmaeili P, Mahjoub S. The benefits of Vitamin D in the COVID-19 pandemic: biochemical and immunological mechanisms. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:354-362. [PMID: 33030073 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1826530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a new infectious complication called CoronaVirus Infectious Disease-19, briefly COVID-19, caused by SARS-COV-2, is identified in Wuhan, China. It spread all over the world and became a pandemic. In many individuals who had suffered SARS-COV-2 infection, cytokine storm starts through cytokine overproduction and leads to Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARS), organ failure, and death. According to the obtained evidence, Vitamin D (VitD) enhances the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR pathway activity, and it also reduces cytokine storms and the ARS risk. Therefore, VitD intake may be beneficial for patients with SARS-COV-2 infection exposed to cytokine storm but do not suffer hypotension. In the present review, we have explained the effects of VitD on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) function and angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) expression. Furthermore, we have reviewed the biochemical and immunological effects of VitD on immune function in the underlying diseases and its role in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Musavi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Omid Abazari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeinab Barartabar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kalaki-Jouybari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hemmati-Dinarvand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Esmaeili
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Soleiman Mahjoub
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Pathology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Ashique S, Gupta K, Gupta G, Mishra N, Singh S, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Dureja H, Zacconi F, Oliver BG, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Vitamin D-A prominent immunomodulator to prevent COVID-19 infection. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:13-30. [PMID: 36308699 PMCID: PMC9874620 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 remains a life-threatening infectious disease worldwide. Several bio-active agents have been tested and evaluated in an effort to contain this disease. Unfortunately, none of the therapies have been successful, owing to their safety concerns and the presence of various adverse effects. Various countries have developed vaccines as a preventive measure; however, they have not been widely accepted as effective strategies. The virus has proven to be exceedingly contagious and lethal, so finding an effective treatment strategy has been a top priority in medical research. The significance of vitamin D in influencing many components of the innate and adaptive immune systems is examined in this study. This review aims to summarize the research on the use of vitamin D for COVID-19 treatment and prevention. Vitamin D supplementation has now become an efficient option to boost the immune response for all ages in preventing the spread of infection. Vitamin D is an immunomodulator that treats infected lung tissue by improving innate and adaptive immune responses and downregulating the inflammatory cascades. The preventive action exerted by vitamin D supplementation (at a specific dose) has been accepted by several observational research investigations and clinical trials on the avoidance of viral and acute respiratory dysfunctions. To assess the existing consensus about vitamin D supplementation as a strategy to treat and prevent the development and progression of COVID-19 disease, this review intends to synthesize the evidence around vitamin D in relation to COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of PharmaceuticsBharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of PharmacyMeerutIndia
| | - Kirti Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, MM College of PharmacyMaharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) UniversityAmbalaIndia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of PharmacySuresh Gyan Vihar UniversityJaipurIndia,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesSaveetha UniversityChennaiIndia,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUttaranchal UniversityDehradunIndia
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of PharmacyAmity University Madhya Pradesh (AUMP)GwaliorIndia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityJalandharIndia,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative MedicineUniversity of Technology SydneyNew South WalesUltimoAustralia
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityJalandharIndia
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityJalandharIndia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesMaharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtakIndia
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Facultad de Química y de FarmaciaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile,Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneyNew South WalesSydneyAustralia,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology Sydney2007New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for InflammationCentenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life SciencesNew South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for InflammationCentenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life SciencesNew South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology Sydney2007New South WalesSydneyAustralia,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of HealthUniversity of Technology SydneyNew South WalesSydneyAustralia
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Żmijewski MA. Nongenomic Activities of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235104. [PMID: 36501134 PMCID: PMC9737885 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D shows a variety of pleiotropic activities which cannot be fully explained by the stimulation of classic pathway- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent transcriptional modulation. Thus, existence of rapid and nongenomic responses to vitamin D was suggested. An active form of vitamin D (calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3) is an essential regulator of calcium-phosphate homeostasis, and this process is tightly regulated by VDR genomic activity. However, it seems that early in evolution, the production of secosteroids (vitamin-D-like steroids) and their subsequent photodegradation served as a protective mechanism against ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress. Consequently, direct cell-protective activities of vitamin D were proven. Furthermore, calcitriol triggers rapid calcium influx through epithelia and its uptake by a variety of cells. Subsequently, protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3) was described as a membrane vitamin D receptor responsible for rapid nongenomic responses. Vitamin D was also found to stimulate a release of secondary massagers and modulate several intracellular processes-including cell cycle, proliferation, or immune responses-through wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SSH), STAT1-3, or NF-kappaB pathways. Megalin and its coreceptor, cubilin, facilitate the import of vitamin D complex with vitamin-D-binding protein (DBP), and its involvement in rapid membrane responses was suggested. Vitamin D also directly and indirectly influences mitochondrial function, including fusion-fission, energy production, mitochondrial membrane potential, activity of ion channels, and apoptosis. Although mechanisms of the nongenomic responses to vitamin D are still not fully understood, in this review, their impact on physiology, pathology, and potential clinical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, PL-80211 Gdańsk, Poland
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Joseph TM, Suresh AM, Kar Mahapatra D, Haponiuk J, Thomas S. The Efficacious Benefit of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D to Prevent COVID-19: An In-Silico Study Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234964. [PMID: 36500994 PMCID: PMC9738379 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment has rapidly looked at proven specialist task forces in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to build public health policies and measures to mitigate the effects of emerging coronaviruses. According to the researchers, taking 10 μg of 25-hydroxy vitamin D daily is recommended to keep us safe. There have been several studies recently indicating that there is a reduced risk of contracting Coronavirus by 25-hydroxy vitamin D consumption, even though there is no scientific data to prove that one would not affect the COVID-19 viral infection by 25-hydroxy vitamin D consumption. In this regard, the present study investigates the important literature and the role of 25-hydroxy vitamin D to prevent COVID-19 infection by conducting an in-silico study with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a target. Lopinavir, a previously reported drug candidate, served as a reference standard for the study. MD simulations were carried out to improve predictions of receptor-ligand complexes which offer novelty and strength to the current study. MD simulation protocols were explored and subjected to 25-hydroxy vitamin D and a known drug, Lopinavir. Comparison of ligands at refined models to the crystal structure led to promising results. Appropriate timescale simulations have been used to understand the activation mechanism, the role of water networks for receptor function, and the ligand binding process. Furthermore, MD simulations in combination with free energy calculations have also been carried out for lead optimization, evaluation of ligand binding modes, and assessment of ligand selectivity. From the results, 25-hydroxy vitamin D was discovered to have the vital interaction and highest potency in LBE, lower RMSD, and lower inhibition intensity similar to the standard. The findings from the current study suggested that 25-hydroxy vitamin D would be more effective in treating COVID-19. Compared with Lopinavir, 25-hydroxy vitamin D had the most potent interaction with the putative binding sites of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Akshay Maniyeri Suresh
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur 440037, Maharashtra, India
| | - Józef Haponiuk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
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AlGhamdi SA, Enaibsi NN, Alsufiani HM, Alshaibi HF, Khoja SO, Carlberg C. A Single Oral Vitamin D 3 Bolus Reduces Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Saudi Males. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911992. [PMID: 36233290 PMCID: PMC9569869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has increased in the general population and is a public health issue. Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating the immune system, e.g., by modulating the production of inflammatory cytokines. In most countries, the recommended maximal daily dose of vitamin D3 is 4000 IU (100 µg) per day. In this study, we investigated whether a single vitamin D3 bolus can reduce the levels of the inflammatory markers interleukin (IL) 6, IL8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) within one month. Fifty healthy Saudi males were recruited from the local community in Jeddah city and were orally supplemented with a single dose of 80,000 IU vitamin D3. Serum samples were collected at time points 0, 1 and 30 days, and serum levels of IL6, IL8 and TNF, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO4-) were determined. On average, the vitamin D3 bolus resulted in a significant increase in vitamin D status as well as in a significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory cytokines even one month after supplementation without changing serum Ca2+, PO4- or lipid levels. In conclusion, single high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation is safe for reducing inflammation markers and may lead to an update of current recommendations for vitamin D intake, in order to prevent critical health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareefa A. AlGhamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Nusaibah N. Enaibsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeil M. Alsufiani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda F. Alshaibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan O. Khoja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.); (C.C.)
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Huang YN, Chi H, Chiu NC, Huang CY, Li ST, Wang JY, Huang DTN. A randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza and enterovirus infection in children. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:803-811. [PMID: 35283046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce the incidence of influenza and enterovirus infection in Taiwanese children. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, controlled trial included children aged two to five years between April 2018 and October 2019 from daycare centers. All the participants were randomly assigned to a vitamin D supplementation group (2000 IU/day) or placebo group for one month. The primary outcome was the incidence of influenza and enterovirus infection in the following six months, and the secondary outcome was the incidence of influenza and enterovirus infection in the children's household members. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-eight children participated. The vitamin D group showed a relative risk reduction of 84% against influenza compared to the placebo group but did not reach statistical significance. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that the placebo group had a higher probability of influenza infection than the vitamin D group (log-rank test, p = 0.055), but the incidence of enterovirus infection was similar between the two groups (p = 0.946) among children. Among children's household members, the incidence of influenza (p = 0.586) and enterovirus infection (p = 0.528) were both similar between the two groups. All children who were tested for serum 25(OH)D levels after vitamin D intervention had 25(OH)D levels above 30 ng/ml CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation may have a small preventative effect against influenza infection but does not affect enterovirus infection among preschool children. A high-dose short-term vitamin D intervention might be a way to elevate children's serum vitamin D levels in the first month of starting kindergarten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ning Huang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, New Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Nan-Chang Chiu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, New Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ying Huang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, New Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Tse Li
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Daniel Tsung-Ning Huang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, New Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yilmaz Aİ, Ünal G, Keleş S, Pekcan S, Kiliç AO, Akcan ÖM, Erdoğan KN, Özdemir HS, Kilinç I, Özdemir M. Serum Vitamins A, D, and Zinc Levels in Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Vitamin D, due to its immunomodulating effect, zinc, and vitamin A, which affect cellular and humoral immunity, are thought to affect the clinical severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The present study evaluates the association between vitamin A, D, and zinc deficiencies and disease severity in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infections.
Methods The levels of vitamin A, D, and zinc at the time of diagnosis of 123 pediatric patients who presented to our hospital and were diagnosed as having hospitalized, nonhospitalized COVID-19 infection group, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) were evaluated. The correlations of the measured levels with the disease severity and the need for intensive care or hospitalization were analyzed.
Results Among the 123 patients, 21.1% (n = 26), 42.2% (n = 52), and 36.7% (n = 45) had a diagnosis of MIS-C, belonged to the hospitalized COVID-19 infection group, or belonged to the nonhospitalized COVID-19 infection group, respectively. Zinc levels were significantly lower in the MIS-C group than in the nonhospitalized group (p < 0.05). Vitamin A levels were found to be significantly lower in the MIS-C group than in the nonhospitalized group (p < 0.01) and significantly lower in the hospitalized group when compared with the nonhospitalized group (p < 0.001). Deficiencies in vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc levels were found to be most common in the MIS-C group (42.3%) and in hospitalized COVID-19 group (15.3%). In the nonhospitalized COVID-19 group, it was found to be the lowest at 6.6%.
Conclusion Based on the results of the present study and a literature review, it can be said that vitamin A, D, and zinc deficiencies may associate with the severity of COVID-19, although more studies are required to clarify this subject further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı İmran Yilmaz
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Ünal
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keleş
- Department of Pediatric Allergy Immunology, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Pekcan
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Osman Kiliç
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Özge Metin Akcan
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kubra Nur Erdoğan
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Safa Özdemir
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kilinç
- Meram Faculty of Medicine Department of Biochemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özdemir
- Meram Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
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14
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Wille K, Richard A, Nieters A, Rohrmann S, Quack Lötscher K. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in the umbilical cord blood - Correlation with light and dark maternal skin color. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:4201-4208. [PMID: 36514767 PMCID: PMC9731526 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, vitamin D deficiency is associated with negative health consequences for mother and child. Furthermore, dark skin color is associated with lower vitamin D levels. We investigated 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in mothers and in cord blood of their newborns depending on maternal skin color. We recruited 202 mother and child pairs at the University Hospital Zurich and measured 25(OH)D and PTH concentrations in maternal and postpartum umbilical cord blood. Skin type was self-reported based on the Fitzpatrick Scale (type I to V). Uni- and multivariate methods were used to compare the maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D and PTH levels by skin type (light: I-III vs. dark: IV-V). As many as 54.5% of all mothers and 41.1% of the neonates were 25(OH)D deficient. This was higher in the neonates of dark-skinned (55.9%) than in the neonates of light-skinned mothers (38.1%; p = .06). The correlation of 25(OH)D in the maternal with umbilical cord blood was high (light: r = 0.85, dark: r = 0.87), with higher concentrations of 25(OH) vitamin D in the umbilical cord than in maternal blood. Regression analysis revealed that country of origin and maternal 25(OH)D concentration were the only statistically significant determinants for umbilical cord blood 25(OH)D. We observed no correlation of maternal with umbilical cord PTH concentrations; median PTH concentrations in the umbilical cord (5.6 pg/ml) were significantly lower than in maternal blood (25.7 pg/ml). The recommendation of vitamin D supplementation in newborns in their first 3 years of life should be particularly emphasized to dark-skinned mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Wille
- Department of ObstetricsUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Aline Richard
- EpidemiologyBiostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- FREEZE‐Biobank, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sabine Rohrmann
- EpidemiologyBiostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Arora J, Patel DR, Nicol MJ, Field CJ, Restori KH, Wang J, Froelich NE, Katkere B, Terwilliger JA, Weaver V, Luley E, Kelly K, Kirimanjeswara GS, Sutton TC, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the Ability to Produce 1,25(OH) 2D Are Critical for Protection from Viral Infection of the Lungs. Nutrients 2022; 14:3061. [PMID: 35893921 PMCID: PMC9332570 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D supplementation is linked to improved outcomes from respiratory virus infection, and the COVID-19 pandemic renewed interest in understanding the potential role of vitamin D in protecting the lung from viral infections. Therefore, we evaluated the role of vitamin D using animal models of pandemic H1N1 influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In mice, dietary-induced vitamin D deficiency resulted in lung inflammation that was present prior to infection. Vitamin D sufficient (D+) and deficient (D-) wildtype (WT) and D+ and D- Cyp27B1 (Cyp) knockout (KO, cannot produce 1,25(OH)2D) mice were infected with pandemic H1N1. D- WT, D+ Cyp KO, and D- Cyp KO mice all exhibited significantly reduced survival compared to D+ WT mice. Importantly, survival was not the result of reduced viral replication, as influenza M gene expression in the lungs was similar for all animals. Based on these findings, additional experiments were performed using the mouse and hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In these studies, high dose vitamin D supplementation reduced lung inflammation in mice but not hamsters. A trend to faster weight recovery was observed in 1,25(OH)2D treated mice that survived SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was no effect of vitamin D on SARS-CoV-2 N gene expression in the lung of either mice or hamsters. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency enhanced disease severity, while vitamin D sufficiency/supplementation reduced inflammation following infections with H1N1 influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Arora
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Devanshi R. Patel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - McKayla J. Nicol
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Cassandra J. Field
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Katherine H. Restori
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Nicole E. Froelich
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Bhuvana Katkere
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Josey A. Terwilliger
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Veronika Weaver
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Erin Luley
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (E.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (E.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Girish S. Kirimanjeswara
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Troy C. Sutton
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Margherita T. Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.A.); (D.R.P.); (M.J.N.); (C.J.F.); (K.H.R.); (J.W.); (N.E.F.); (B.K.); (J.A.T.); (V.W.); (G.S.K.)
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16
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Positive Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153048. [PMID: 35893907 PMCID: PMC9330587 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrospective studies showed a relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, with an inverse relation between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and circulating calcifediol levels. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the length of hospital stay and clinical improvement in patients with vitamin D deficiency hospitalized with COVID-19. The study was randomized, double blind and placebo controlled. A total of 50 subjects were enrolled and received, in addition to the best available COVID therapy, either vitamin D (25,000 IU per day over 4 consecutive days, followed by 25,000 IU per week up to 6 weeks) or placebo. The length of hospital stay decreased significantly in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (4 days vs. 8 days; p = 0.003). At Day 7, a significantly lower percentage of patients were still hospitalized in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (19% vs. 54%; p = 0.0161), and none of the patients treated with vitamin D were hospitalized after 21 days compared to 14% of the patients treated with placebo. Vitamin D significantly reduced the duration of supplemental oxygen among the patients who needed it (4 days vs. 7 days in the placebo group; p = 0.012) and significantly improved the clinical recovery of the patients, as assessed by the WHO scale (p = 0.0048). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization was improved by administration of vitamin D.
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17
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Tang J. COVID-19 Pandemic and Osteoporosis in Elderly Patients. Aging Dis 2022; 13:960-969. [PMID: 35855327 PMCID: PMC9286914 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by an infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is rapidly becoming a worldwide epidemic and poses a significant threat to human life and health. SARS-CoV-2 can cause damage to organs throughout the body through ACE2 receptors. It may have direct and indirect effects on osteoclasts, and osteoblasts and lead to osteoporosis. Vitamin D (VitD) is a key hormone for bone health and has immunomodulatory actions of relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Vitamin D deficiency has a significant positive association with both infection and the mortality rate of COVID-19. Elderly patients infected by COVID-19 were more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which was primarily caused by an inflammation storm. The production of proinflammatory cytokines increases with COVID-19 infection and immobilization may result in bone loss and bone resorption in seriously ill patients, especially aging patients. It is well known that glucocorticoids are beneficial in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because they reduce inflammation and improve the functioning of the lung and extrapulmonary organs. Glucocorticoid therapy is widely used to treat patients with COVID-19 in most parts of the world. During COVID-19 clinical treatment, glucocorticoids may accelerate bone loss in elderly people, making them more susceptible to the development of osteoporosis. Therefore, it is worthwhile to draw the attention of clinicians and researchers to the linkages and interactions between COVID-19, glucocorticoids, and osteoporosis (especially in elderly patients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Shoemaker ME, Huynh LM, Smith CM, Mustad VA, Duarte MO, Cramer JT. Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections and COVID-19. TOP CLIN NUTR 2022; 37:203-217. [PMID: 35761885 PMCID: PMC9222791 DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about potential protective factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), referred to as COVID-19. Suboptimal vitamin D status is a risk factor for immune dysfunction, respiratory tract infections (RTIs), and viral infections. Supplementation of vitamin D (2000-4000 IU) has decreased incidence and complications from RTIs, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia and may be beneficial in high-risk populations. Given the possible link between low vitamin D status and RTIs, such as COVID-19, this review examined whether vitamin D supplementation can be supported as a nutritional strategy for reducing risk of infection, complications, and mortality from COVID-19 and found that the relationship between vitamin D and RTIs warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E. Shoemaker
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso (Drs Shoemaker and Cramer); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Ms Huynh); Departments of Kinesiology (Dr Smith) and Public Health Sciences (Dr Duarte), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso; and Nutrition Science Consulting, LLC, Galena, Ohio (Dr Mustad)
| | - Linda M. Huynh
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso (Drs Shoemaker and Cramer); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Ms Huynh); Departments of Kinesiology (Dr Smith) and Public Health Sciences (Dr Duarte), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso; and Nutrition Science Consulting, LLC, Galena, Ohio (Dr Mustad)
| | - Cory M. Smith
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso (Drs Shoemaker and Cramer); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Ms Huynh); Departments of Kinesiology (Dr Smith) and Public Health Sciences (Dr Duarte), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso; and Nutrition Science Consulting, LLC, Galena, Ohio (Dr Mustad)
| | - Vikkie A. Mustad
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso (Drs Shoemaker and Cramer); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Ms Huynh); Departments of Kinesiology (Dr Smith) and Public Health Sciences (Dr Duarte), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso; and Nutrition Science Consulting, LLC, Galena, Ohio (Dr Mustad)
| | - Maria O. Duarte
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso (Drs Shoemaker and Cramer); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Ms Huynh); Departments of Kinesiology (Dr Smith) and Public Health Sciences (Dr Duarte), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso; and Nutrition Science Consulting, LLC, Galena, Ohio (Dr Mustad)
| | - Joel T. Cramer
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso (Drs Shoemaker and Cramer); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Ms Huynh); Departments of Kinesiology (Dr Smith) and Public Health Sciences (Dr Duarte), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso; and Nutrition Science Consulting, LLC, Galena, Ohio (Dr Mustad)
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Hafez W, Saleh H, Arya A, Alzouhbi M, Fdl Alla O, Lal K, Kishk S, Ali S, Raghu S, Elgaili W, Abdul Hadi W. Vitamin D Status in Relation to the Clinical Outcome of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:843737. [PMID: 35425774 PMCID: PMC9004341 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.843737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease that first appeared in China. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with an anti-inflammatory protective role during viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, via regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. This was a retrospective study of 126 COVID-19 patients treated in NMC Royal Hospital, UAE. The mean age of patients was 43 ± 12 years. Eighty three percentage of patients were males, 51% patients were with sufficient (> 20 ng/mL), 41% with insufficient (12-20 ng/mL), and 8% with deficient (<12 ng/mL) serum 25(OH)D levels. There was a statistically significant correlation between vitamin D deficiency and mortality (p = 0.04). There was a statistically significant correlation between 25(OH)D levels and ICU admission (p = 0.03), but not with the need for mechanical ventilation (p = 0.07). The results showed increased severity and mortality by 9 and 13%, respectively, for each one-year increase in age. This effect was maintained after adjustment for age and gender (Model-1) and age, gender, race, and co-morbidities (Models-2,3). 25(OH)D levels (<12 ng/mL) showed a significant increase in mortality by eight folds before adjustments (p = 0.01), by 12 folds in Model-1 (p = 0.04), and by 62 folds in the Model-2. 25(OH)D levels (< 20 ng/mL) showed no association with mortality before adjustment and in Model-1. However, it showed a significant increase in mortality by 29 folds in Model-3. Neither 25(OH)D levels (<12 ng/mL) nor (< 20 ng/mL) were risk factors for severity. Radiological findings were not significantly different among patients with different 25(OH)D levels. Despite observed shorter time till viral clearance and time from cytokine release storm to recovery among patients with sufficient 25(OH)D levels, the findings were statistically insignificant. In conclusion, we demonstrated a significant correlation between vitamin D deficiency and poor COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Hafez
- NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,The Medical Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Husam Saleh
- NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arun Arya
- NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Kumar Lal
- NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samy Kishk
- NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sara Ali
- NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Iordache F, Stanca L, Geicu OI, Bilteanu L, Serban AI. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of vitamins in COVID-19 therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114175. [PMID: 35151223 PMCID: PMC8813210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
oxidative stress is caused by an abundant generation of reactive oxygen species, associated to a diminished capacity of the endogenous systems of the organism to counteract them. Activation of pro-oxidative pathways and boosting of inflammatory cytokines are always encountered in viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. So, the importance of counteracting cytokine storm in COVID-19 pathology is highly important, to hamper the immunogenic damage of the endothelium and alveolar membranes. Antioxidants prevent oxidative processes, by impeding radical species generation. It has been proved that vitamin intake lowers oxidative stress markers, alleviates cytokine storm and has a potential role in reducing disease severity, by lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines, hampering hyperinflammation and organ failure. For the approached compounds, direct antiviral roles are also discussed in this review, as these activities encompass secretion of antiviral peptides, modulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor expression and interaction with spike protein, inactivation of furin protease, or inhibition of pathogen replication by nucleic acid impairment induction. Vitamin administration results in beneficial effects. Nevertheless, timing, dosage and mutual influences of these micronutrients should be carefullly regarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Aneta Pop
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ionut Geicu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Bilteanu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania; Molecular Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania; University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 91-95 Blvd, Splaiul Independentei, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
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21
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The Role of Nutrients in Prevention, Treatment and Post-Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051000. [PMID: 35267974 PMCID: PMC8912782 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, infecting human cells via its spike protein, causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is characterized by shortness of breath, fever, and pneumonia and is sometimes fatal. Unfortunately, to date, there is still no definite therapy to treat COVID-19. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) approved only supportive care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to maintain a correct intake of nutrients to support very weakened patients in overcoming disease arose. The literature available on nutrient intake for COVID-19 is mainly focused on prevention. However, the safe intake of micro- and/or macro-nutrients can be useful either for preventing infection and supporting the immune response during COVID-19, as well as in the post-acute phase, i.e., “long COVID”, that is sometimes characterized by the onset of various long lasting and disabling symptoms. The aim of this review is to focus on the role of nutrient intake during all the different phases of the disease, including prevention, the acute phase, and finally long COVID.
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22
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Smith EN, Gee S, O'Brien G, Vicente PA, Griffith R, Patel R, Stapleton J, Finch E, Shah N, Gaughran F, Taylor D, Strang J, Kalk NJ. Golden opportunity for intervention? Identifying vitamin D deficiency in patients with substance use disorders in hospital. BMJ Open Qual 2022; 11:bmjoq-2021-001484. [PMID: 35165098 PMCID: PMC8845314 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting Based at a busy city hospital, the alcohol care team is a drug and alcohol specialist service, taking referrals for a wide range of patients with substance use disorders (SUD). Objectives Patients with SUD are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency; this relates to frequent fractures and proximal myopathy. The coronavirus pandemic brought vitamin D into focus. Local guidelines advise that patients at high risk of vitamin D deficiency are offered replacement. There were no local data on vitamin D deficiency prevalence or any mention of patients with SUD in local vitamin D guidelines. The main aim of this project was to offer vitamin D checks and replacement to all appropriate patients. Results We collected data on 207 patients, [pilot study (n=50) and two subsequent samples (n=95 and n=62)]. Our pilot study showed that no patients were offered vitamin D testing or replacement. We then offered vitamin D checks to 95 patients. Most had low vitamin D (30 patients were vitamin D deficient and 26 were vitamin D insufficient). We provided vitamin D replacement and follow-up advice. Quality improvement was demonstrated 6 months later. We collected data on a further 62 patients who were all on our current or recent caseload. Following exclusions, nearly half (48%) of patients had had a vitamin D check. Almost all of these (95%) had low vitamin D (60% being classified as deficient). Conclusions Patients had not been offered vitamin D replacement despite often having multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D checks (and subsequent replacement) rose in frequency since the outset of this project. Local guidelines should add SUD as a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. Hospital admission provides a rich opportunity to offer this simple intervention to patients who are often poorly engaged with community services.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Naomi Smith
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
| | - Siobhan Gee
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
| | - Gerri O'Brien
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Pitchy-Ann Vicente
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Griffith
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Rina Patel
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Joshua Stapleton
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
| | - Emily Finch
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
| | - Naina Shah
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
| | - David Taylor
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
| | - John Strang
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- Alcohol Care Team, Department of Psychological Medicine, Cheyne Wing (First Floor), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), London, UK
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23
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Gregor RA, Sebach AM. Nurse Practitioner–Led Vitamin D Screening and Supplementation Program in Rural Primary Care. J Nurse Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Rabby MII, Hossain F, Islam MA, Islam AS, Akhi IJ, Akter F. Impact of supplemental vitamins and natural honey for treatment of COVID-19: A review. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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25
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Sun J. Imbalance of the intestinal virome and altered viral-bacterial interactions caused by a conditional deletion of the vitamin D receptor. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1957408. [PMID: 34375154 PMCID: PMC8366551 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1957408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency is associated with cancer, infection, and chronic inflammation. Prior research has demonstrated VDR regulation of bacteria; however, little is known regarding VDR and viruses. We hypothesize that VDR deficiency impacts on the intestinal virome and viral-bacterial interactions. We specifically deleted VDR from intestinal epithelial cells (VDRΔIEC), Paneth cells (VDRΔPC), and myeloid cells (VDRΔLyz) in mice. Feces were collected for shotgun metagenomic sequencing and metabolite profiling. To test the functional changes, we evaluated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and analyzed microbial metabolites. Vibrio phages, Lactobacillus phages, and Escherichia coli typing phages were significantly enriched in all three conditional VDR-knockout mice. In the VDRΔLyz mice, the levels of eight more virus species (2 enriched, 6 depleted) were significantly changed. Altered virus species were primarily observed in female VDRΔLyz (2 enriched, 3 depleted) versus male VDRΔLyz (1 enriched, 1 depleted). Altered alpha and beta diversity (family to species) were found in VDRΔLyz. In VDRΔIEC mice, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 was significantly enriched. A significant correlation between viral and bacterial alterations was found in conditional VDR knockout mice. There was a positive correlation between Vibrio phage JSF5 and Cutibacterium acnes in VDRΔPC and VDRΔLyz mice. Also, there were more altered viral species in female conditional VDR knockout mice. Notably, there were significant changes in PRRs: upregulated TLR3, TLR7, and NOD2 in VDRΔLyz mice and increased CLEC4L expression in VDRΔIEC and VDRΔPC mice. Furthermore, we identified metabolites related to virus infection: decreased glucose in VDRΔIEC mice, increased ribulose/xylulose and xylose in VDRΔLyz mice, and increased long-chain fatty acids in VDRΔIEC and VDRΔLyz female mice. Tissue-specific deletion of VDR changes the virome and functionally changes viral receptors, which leads to dysbiosis, metabolic dysfunction, and infection risk. This study helps to elucidate VDR regulating the virome in a tissue-specific and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,CONTACT Yinglin Xia Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 734 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA,Jun Sun Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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26
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Toledano JM, Moreno-Fernandez J, Puche-Juarez M, Ochoa JJ, Diaz-Castro J. Implications of Vitamins in COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment through Immunomodulatory and Anti-Oxidative Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010005. [PMID: 35052509 PMCID: PMC8773198 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the appearance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its announcement as a global pandemic, the search for prophylactic and therapeutic options have become a priority for governments and the scientific community. The approval of several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is being crucial to overcome this situation, although the victory will not be achieved while the whole population worldwide is not protected against the virus. This is why alternatives should be studied in order to successfully support the immune system before and during a possible infection. An optimal inflammatory and oxidative stress status depends on an adequate diet. Poor levels of several nutrients could be related to an impaired immune response and, therefore, an increased susceptibility to infection and serious outcomes. Vitamins exert a number of anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which can be of use to fight against this and several other diseases (especially vitamin D and C). Even though they cannot be considered as a definitive therapeutic option, in part owing to the lack of solid conclusions from well-designed clinical trials, currently available evidence from similar respiratory diseases may indicate that it would be rational to deeply explore the use of vitamins during this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Toledano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.T.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.T.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-F.); (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
| | - María Puche-Juarez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.T.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-F.); (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Julio J. Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.T.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-F.); (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.T.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain
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27
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Azzam AY, Ghozy S, Azab MA. Vitamin D and its' role in Parkinson's disease patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A review article. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY : ADVANCED TECHNIQUES AND CASE MANAGEMENT 2021; 27:101441. [PMID: 34868885 PMCID: PMC8627384 DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2021.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus reportedly called 2019-nCoV started to spread around the world at the end of 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was later renamed after links with SARS were observed. Multiple studies have reported possible connections between the COVID-19 virus and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Theories support that vitamin D deficiency plays a part in the pathogenicity of Parkinson's disease or the credibility of the associated dopamine system. Administration of vitamin D3 was shown to significantly enhance the motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease and enhance the quality of life. Also, multiple recent reviews have shown specific ways in which vitamin D reduces the risk of pathogenic infections. Recent studies supported the potential role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infections and mortality. On the immunological level, immune response regulation remains one of the well-recognized actions of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease. Whereas more studies are required, Vitamin D supplementation with a moderate and well-calculated dosage of vitamin D3 in patients with Parkinson's disease can help minimize the risk and burden of COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y Azzam
- October 6 University Faculty of Medicine, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherief Ghozy
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mohammed A Azab
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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28
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Viani-Walsh D, Kennedy-Williams S, Taylor D, Gaughran F, Lally J. Vitamin D deficiency in schizophrenia implications for COVID-19 infection. Ir J Psychol Med 2021; 38:278-287. [PMID: 32912355 PMCID: PMC7545242 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of acute respiratory infection. There is an excess of respiratory infections and deaths in schizophrenia, a condition where vitamin D deficiency is especially prevalent. This potentially offers a modifiable risk factor to reduce the risk for and the severity of respiratory infection in people with schizophrenia, although there is as yet no evidence regarding the risk of COVID-19. In this narrative review, we describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in schizophrenia, report the research examining the relationship between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 and discuss the associations between vitamin D deficiency and respiratory infection, including its immunomodulatory mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Viani-Walsh
- Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S. Kennedy-Williams
- Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Taylor
- Director of Pharmacy and Pathology, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - F. Gaughran
- National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - J. Lally
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- St Vincent’s Hospital Fairview, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Comparing Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Zinc in Novel Coronavirus-Infected Patients and Healthy Individuals in Northeastern Iran, 2020. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021; 29:e390-e394. [PMID: 34803346 PMCID: PMC8594403 DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 infection has recently become a pandemic disease around the world, and its risk factors have not fully evaluated. This study aimed to compare the serum vitamin D (Vit D) and zinc levels in patients infected with novel coronavirus and healthy volunteers (HVs). Methods This was a single-center, cross-sectional study conducted on 56 patients (32 severe cases and 24 nonsevere) admitted to the COVID-19 ward and 46 HVs living in Esfarayen City, North Khorasan Province of Iran. Serum levels of Vit D and zinc in admitted patients to the COVID-19 ward and HVs were measured. Results The average levels of serum Vit D in severe cases, nonsevere cases, and HVs were 31.03 ± 15.49, 37.25 ± 18.49, and 39.33 ± 14.83, respectively (P = 0.05). Moreover, the average concentrations of serum zinc in severe cases, nonsevere cases, and HVs were 31.03 ± 15.49, 37.25 ± 18.49, and 39.33 ± 14.83, respectively (P = 0.01). Mortality rate, reinfection (for 5 months), and length of hospital stay in severe cases were higher than in nonsevere cases (P > 0.05). Conclusions Results showed that severe cases had lower levels of Vit D than did other groups and were marginally significant. Also, severe cases had a significantly low level of zinc when compared with nonsevere cases and HVs. Levels of Vit D and zinc can affect the incidence of COVID-19 infection.
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30
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Behl T, Kumar S, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Chirgurupati S, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Bhatia S, Bungau S. Linking COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease: Targeting the role of Vitamin-D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 583:14-21. [PMID: 34715496 PMCID: PMC8524705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has a major effect on world health, particularly on individuals suffering from severe diseases or old aged persons. Various case studies revealed that COVID-19 might increase the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Coxsackievirus, dengue virus Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis virus, West Nile virus, and human immunodeficiency virus have all been linked to the development of transient or permanent parkinsonism, owing to the induction of neuroinflammation/hypoxic brain injury with structural/functional damage within the basal ganglia. Coronavirus mainly infects the alveolar cells and may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 invades cells via the ACE2 receptor, which is widely expressed in the central nervous system, where the virus may precipitate or accelerate dementia. SARS-CoV-2 could enter the central nervous system directly by the olfactory/vagus nerves or through the bloodstream. Here, we talked about the importance of this viral infection in terms of the CNS as well as its implications for people with Parkinson's disease; anosmia & olfaction-related impairments in COVID-19 & PD patients. And, also discussed the role of vitamin D to sustain the progression of Parkinson's disease and the COVID-19; regular vitamin D3 consumption of 2000-5000 IU/day may reduce the risk and severity of COVID-19 in parkinsonian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chirgurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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31
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Borsche L, Glauner B, von Mendel J. COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:3596. [PMID: 34684596 PMCID: PMC8541492 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much research shows that blood calcidiol (25(OH)D3) levels correlate strongly with SARS-CoV-2 infection severity. There is open discussion regarding whether low D3 is caused by the infection or if deficiency negatively affects immune defense. The aim of this study was to collect further evidence on this topic. METHODS Systematic literature search was performed to identify retrospective cohort as well as clinical studies on COVID-19 mortality rates versus D3 blood levels. Mortality rates from clinical studies were corrected for age, sex, and diabetes. Data were analyzed using correlation and linear regression. RESULTS One population study and seven clinical studies were identified, which reported D3 blood levels preinfection or on the day of hospital admission. The two independent datasets showed a negative Pearson correlation of D3 levels and mortality risk (r(17) = -0.4154, p = 0.0770/r(13) = -0.4886, p = 0.0646). For the combined data, median (IQR) D3 levels were 23.2 ng/mL (17.4-26.8), and a significant Pearson correlation was observed (r(32) = -0.3989, p = 0.0194). Regression suggested a theoretical point of zero mortality at approximately 50 ng/mL D3. CONCLUSIONS The datasets provide strong evidence that low D3 is a predictor rather than just a side effect of the infection. Despite ongoing vaccinations, we recommend raising serum 25(OH)D levels to above 50 ng/mL to prevent or mitigate new outbreaks due to escape mutations or decreasing antibody activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian von Mendel
- Artificial Intelligence, IU International University of Applied Sciences, D-99084 Erfurt, Germany;
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32
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Kazemi A, Mohammadi V, Aghababaee SK, Golzarand M, Clark CCT, Babajafari S. Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1636-1658. [PMID: 33751020 PMCID: PMC7989595 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review was conducted to summarize and clarify the evidence on the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] concentrations and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk and outcomes. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar were searched up to 26 November 2020. All retrospective and prospective cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, and randomized controlled trial studies that investigated the relation between 25(OH)D and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 severity were included. Thirty-nine studies were included in the current systematic review. In studies that were adjusted (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.53; I2: 44.2%) and nonadjusted for confounders (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.13; I2: 33.0%) there was a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the vitamin D deficiency (VDD) group. Fifteen studies evaluated associations between VDD and composite severity. In the studies that were adjusted (OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.65, 4.01; I2 = 0.0%) and nonadjusted for confounders (OR: 10.61; 95% CI: 2.07, 54.23; I2 = 90.8%) there was a higher severity in the VDD group. Analysis of studies with crude OR (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.13, 6.05; I2: 47.9%), and adjusted studies that used the Cox survival method (HR: 7.67; 95% CI: 3.92, 15.03; I2: 0.0%) indicated a significant association of VDD with mortality, while in adjusted studies that used logistic regression, no relation was observed (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.75; I2: 76.6%). The results of studies that examined relations between VDD and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, pulmonary complications, hospitalization, and inflammation were inconsistent. In conclusion, although studies were heterogeneous in methodological and statistical approach, most of them indicated a significant relation between 25(OH)D and SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 composite severity, and mortality. With regard to infection, caution should be taken in interpreting the results, due to inherent study limitations. For ICU admission, inflammation, hospitalization, and pulmonary involvement, the evidence is currently inconsistent and insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vida Mohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Sepidan Bagherololoom Health Higher Education College, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Keshtkar Aghababaee
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Golzarand
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Siavash Babajafari
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Nutrition and Micronutrients in Cancer Patients Positive for COVID-19. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.979515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Skrajnowska D, Brumer M, Kankowska S, Matysek M, Miazio N, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Covid 19: Diet Composition and Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:2980. [PMID: 34578858 PMCID: PMC8472186 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The cumulative number of cases reported globally is now nearly 197 million and the number of cumulative deaths is 4.2 million (26 July to 1 August 2021). Currently we are focusing primarily on keeping a safe distance from others, washing our hands, and wearing masks, and the question of the effects of diet and diet-dependent risk factors remains outside the center of attention. Nevertheless, numerous studies indicate that diet can play an important role in the course of COVID-19. In this paper, based on select scientific reports, we discuss the structure and replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors, dietary standards for sick patients, and the roles of the microbiome and dietary components supporting the immune system in preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (N.M.)
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35
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Menshawey E, Menshawey R, Nabeh OA. Shedding light on vitamin D: the shared mechanistic and pathophysiological role between hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19 risk factors and complications. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1017-1031. [PMID: 34185200 PMCID: PMC8239482 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is the culprit of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), which has infected approximately 173 million people and killed more than 3.73 million. At risk groups including diabetic and obese patients are more vulnerable to COVID-19-related complications and poor outcomes. Substantial evidence points to hypovitaminosis D as a risk factor for severe disease, the need for ICU, and mortality. 1,25(OH)D, a key regulator of calcium homeostasis, is believed to have various immune-regulatory roles including; promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines, down regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, dampening entry and replication of SARS-COV-2, and the production of antimicrobial peptides. In addition, there are strong connections which suggest that dysregulated 1,25(OH)D levels play a mechanistic and pathophysiologic role in several disease processes that are shared with COVID-19 including: diabetes, obesity, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, and even hypercoagulable states. With evidence continuing to grow for the case that low vitamin D status is a risk factor for COVID-19 disease and poor outcomes, there is a need now to address the public health efforts set in place to minimize infection, such as lock down orders, which may have inadvertently increased hypovitaminosis D in the general population and those already at risk (elderly, obese, and disabled). Moreover, there is a need to address the implications of this evidence and how we may apply the use of cheaply available supplementation, which has yet to overcome the near global concern of hypovitaminosis D. In our review, we exhaustively scope these shared pathophysiologic connections between COVID-19 and hypovitaminosis D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Menshawey
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr al Ainy, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Rahma Menshawey
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr al Ainy, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Omnia Azmy Nabeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Kasr al Ainy, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
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36
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Mortaz E, Bezemer G, Alipoor SD, Varahram M, Mumby S, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Adcock IM. Nutritional Impact and Its Potential Consequences on COVID-19 Severity. Front Nutr 2021; 8:698617. [PMID: 34291074 PMCID: PMC8287001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.698617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During late 2019 a viral disease due to a novel coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, China, which rapidly developed into an exploding pandemic and poses a severe threat to human health all over the world. Until now (May 2021), there are insufficient treatment options for the management of this global disease and shortage of vaccines. Important aspects that help to defeat coronavirus infection seems to be having a healthy, strong, and resilient immune system. Nutrition and metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes play a crucial role on the community health situation in general and especially during this new pandemic. There seems to be an enormous impact of lifestyle, metabolic disorders, and immune status on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and recovery. For this reason, it is important to consider the impact of lifestyle and the consumption of well-defined healthy diets during the pandemic. Aims: In this review, we summarise recent findings on the effect of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and disease severity and treatment. Understanding how specific dietary features might help to improve the public health strategies to reduce the rate and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gillina Bezemer
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Impact Station, Hilversum, Netherlands
| | - Shamila D. Alipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Saleh G, Ahmed A, Hassanain O, Emad A, Essameldin S, Ragai M, Saad Y. Nutrition in Cancer Patients Positive for COVID-19; Case Series and a Systematic Review of Literature. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:450-462. [PMID: 34080508 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1931363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is making patients vulnerable to diseases by impairing immunity directly or by anticancer therapy. In COVID-19 era, it is mandatory to face cancer with more organized & prompter response. Nutrition plays an important role in prevention & management of cancer patients. The objective of this study is to understand the role of nutrition in cancer patients during Corvid 19 era. We conducted literature searches till May 2020, electronic databases, evidence-based collections, relevant websites and trial registries about SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 and nutrition in cancer patients. Search generated 836 sources; 83/836 sources were relevant. This review summarized role of nutrition in predisposition, prevention and management of COVID-19 in cancer patient and role of vitamins, mineral supplements and microbiota in era of COVID-19. In this review, implementing appropriate nutritional care with vitamins or mineral supplementation & their effect on outcome remain largely unknown. COVID co-infection with cancer whether under chemotherapy or not have worse outcome especially in male adults. Findings may help in creating recommendations on nutritional protocol of management & prevention of complications during ongoing COVID-19 pandemic for all cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsen Saleh
- Clinical Nutrition Department, 57357 Cancer Children Hospital of Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt.,Public Health Department, National Nutrition Institute (NNI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aliaa Ahmed
- Clinical Nutrition Department, 57357 Cancer Children Hospital of Egypt (CCHE), Tanta, Egypt
| | - Omneya Hassanain
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Research Department, 57357 Cancer Children Hospital of Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Emad
- Clinical Nutrition Department, 57357 Cancer Children Hospital of Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samer Essameldin
- Clinical Nutrition Department, 57357 Cancer Children Hospital of Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marianne Ragai
- Clinical Nutrition Department, 57357 Cancer Children Hospital of Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Saad
- Clinical Nutrition Department, 57357 Cancer Children Hospital of Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt.,Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Osman W, Al Fahdi F, Al Salmi I, Al Khalili H, Gokhale A, Khamis F. Serum Calcium and Vitamin D levels: Correlation with severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in Royal Hospital, Oman. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:153-163. [PMID: 33892191 PMCID: PMC8057687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have revealed hypocalcemia and low vitamin D levels in severe covid-19 that warrant further research. OBJECTIVE Our study investigates the correlation between calcium levels at presentation as a primary endpoint and pre-existing calcium levels as a secondary endpoint to the severity of disease presentation and progression. METHOD Observational cohort study in adults admitted with COVID-19 from March utill September 2020. Multiple clinical scales and laboratory parameters were used to correlate corrected calcium and vitamin D associations with risk factors and outcomes. RESULTS Four hundred and forty five patients were included in the study. Hypocalcemic patients had more abnormal laboratory parameters and longer hospitalization duration. Hypocalcemia was in 60-75% of all age groups (p-value 0.053), for which 77.97% were ICU admissions (p-value 0.001) and 67.02% were diabetic (p-value 0.347). There were non-significant correlations between Vitamin D and almost all the parameters except for chronic respiratory diseases, which had a P-value of 0.024. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that hypocalcemia is a significant and reliable marker of disease severity and progression regardless of underlying comorbidities. Vitamin D levels fail to reflect correlation with severity of COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Osman
- Internal Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Fatma Al Fahdi
- Internal Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Issa Al Salmi
- Renal Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Huda Al Khalili
- Anesthesia & ICU Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Antara Gokhale
- Anesthesia & ICU Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Faryal Khamis
- Infectious Diseases Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Vahid F, Rahmani D. Can an anti-inflammatory diet be effective in preventing or treating viral respiratory diseases? A systematic narrative review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:9-15. [PMID: 34024569 PMCID: PMC9587761 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Viruses infections (RVI) such as rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, and adenovirus affect the respiratory and the immune systems. The role of nutrition in the respiratory and immune systems has been studied in some studies, and its importance is undeniable. In addition, one of the key findings in this disease is high inflammation that affects almost all patients. This systematic narrative review aims to answer the question, "Can an anti-inflammatory diet be effective in preventing or treating viral respiratory diseases?" A systematic review search was used for the articles extraction. All studies published in English from 1999 to 2020 investigating dietary inflammatory conditions and RVI were included. Food items with anti-inflammatory properties were selected based on the definition of the dietary inflammatory index (DII). We used Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, ProQuest, EBSCO, MEDLINE, and SciELO databases for extracting articles. Keywords were restricted by DII. Based on DII, food items/nutrients are involved in inflammation, some of which have anti-inflammatory and some inflammatory properties. Some foods/nutrients, in addition to their anti-inflammatory properties, have antioxidant, antiviral, and immune-enhancing properties. Considering the immune system's involvement, increased inflammation, and involvement of the pulmonary system in RVI and the remarkable role of the anti-inflammatory foods for counteracting them, it is recommended to use a predominantly anti-inflammatory diet along with prevention/control and treatment protocols. An anti-inflammatory diet (based on DII) includes turmeric, ginger, garlic, onions, saffron, dietary vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, and omega-3 are recommended to reduce infection symptoms and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Vahid
- Population Health Department, Public Health Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg,Corresponding author
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40
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Grove A, Osokogu O, Al-Khudairy L, Mehrabian A, Zanganeh M, Brown A, Court R, Taylor-Phillips S, Uthman OA, McCarthy N, Kumar S, Clarke A. Association between vitamin D supplementation or serum vitamin D level and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 including clinical course, morbidity and mortality outcomes? A systematic review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043737. [PMID: 34049903 PMCID: PMC8166456 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systemically review and critically appraise published studies of the association between vitamin D supplementation or serum vitamin D level and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19, including clinical course, morbidity and mortality outcomes. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (OVID), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MedRxiv and BioRxiv preprint databases. COVID-19 databases of the WHO, Cochrane, CEBM Oxford and Bern University up to 10 June 2020. STUDY SELECTION Studies that assessed vitamin D supplementation and/or low serum vitamin D in patients acutely ill with, or at risk of, severe betacoronavirus infection (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2). DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data using a predefined data extraction form and assessed risk of bias using the Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist. RESULTS Searches elicited 449 papers, 59 studies were eligible full-text assessment and 4 met the eligibility criteria of this review. The four studies were narratively synthesised and included (1) a cross-sectional study (n=107) suggesting an inverse association between serum vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2; (2) a retrospective cohort study (348 598 participants, 449 cases) in which univariable analysis showed that vitamin D protects against COVID-19; (3) an ecological country level study demonstrating a negative correlation between vitamin D and COVID-19 case numbers and mortality; and (4) a case-control survey (n=1486) showing cases with confirmed/probable COVID-19 reported lower vitamin D supplementation. All studies were at high/unclear risk of bias. CONCLUSION There is no robust evidence of a negative association between vitamin D and COVID-19. No relevant randomised controlled trials were identified and there is no robust peer-reviewed published evidence of association between vitamin D levels and severity of symptoms or mortality due to COVID-19. Guideline producers should acknowledge that benefits of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 are as yet unproven despite increasing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Grove
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Osemeke Osokogu
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lena Al-Khudairy
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Amin Mehrabian
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mandana Zanganeh
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Anna Brown
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rachel Court
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sian Taylor-Phillips
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Olalekan A Uthman
- Warwick-Centre for Applied Health Research (WCAHRD), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Noel McCarthy
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Aileen Clarke
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Brito DTM, Ribeiro LHC, Daltro CHDC, Silva RDB. The possible benefits of vitamin D in COVID-19. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111356. [PMID: 34352586 PMCID: PMC8149468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular studies have demonstrated the importance of the exacerbated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, called the cytokine storm, in more severe COVID-19. The pathophysiology is complex and involves several homeostatic factors; among them, a deficit of vitamin D draws attention because of its high frequency in the population. Some evidence suggests that people with low serum vitamin D levels have worse outcomes, often requiring intensive care. This review analyzed the studies available in the global literature addressing the benefits of vitamin D in COVID-19, relating serum levels to the severity of the disease, and indicating vitamin D as a possible prophylactic and therapy in infection.
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Shah K, Saxena D, Mavalankar D. Vitamin D supplementation, COVID-19 and disease severity: a meta-analysis. QJM 2021; 114:175-181. [PMID: 33486522 PMCID: PMC7928587 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current meta-analysis aims to understand the effect of oral supplementation of vitamin D on intensive care unit (ICU) requirement and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS Databases PubMed, preprint servers, and google scholar were searched from December 2019 to December 2020. Authors searched for the articles assessing role of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19. Cochrane RevMan tool was used for quantitative assessment of the data, where heterogeneity was assessed using I2 and Q statistics and data was expressed using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Final meta-analysis involved pooled data of 532 hospitalized patients (189 on vitamin D supplementation and 343 on usual care/placebo) of COVID-19 from three studies (Two randomized controlled trials, one retrospective case-control study). Statistically (p<0.0001) lower ICU requirement was observed in patients with vitamin D supplementation as compared to patients without supplementations (odds ratio: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.210-0.626). However, it suffered from significant heterogeneity, which reduced after sensitivity analysis. In case of mortality, vitamin D supplements has comparable findings with placebo treatment/usual care (odds ratio: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.413-2.113; p=0.87). The studies did not show any publication bias and had fair quality score. Subgroup analysis could not be performed due to limited number of studies and hence dose and duration dependent effect of vitamin D could not be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Although the current meta-analysis findings indicate potential role of vitamin D in improving COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients, more robust data from randomized controlled trials are needed to substantiate its effects on mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shah
- From the Indian Institute of Public Health—Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382042, Gujarat, India
| | - D Saxena
- From the Indian Institute of Public Health—Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382042, Gujarat, India
| | - D Mavalankar
- From the Indian Institute of Public Health—Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382042, Gujarat, India
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Ebrahimzadeh-Attari V, Panahi G, Hebert JR, Ostadrahimi A, Saghafi-Asl M, Lotfi-Yaghin N, Baradaran B. Nutritional approach for increasing public health during pandemic of COVID-19: A comprehensive review of antiviral nutrients and nutraceuticals. Health Promot Perspect 2021; 11:119-136. [PMID: 34195036 PMCID: PMC8233676 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2021.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is considered as the most life-threatening pandemic disease during the last decade. The individual nutritional status, though usually ignored in the management of COVID-19, plays a critical role in the immune function and pathogenesis of infection. Accordingly, the present review article aimed to report the effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals on respiratory viral infections including COVID-19, with a focus on their mechanisms of action. Methods: Studies were identified via systematic searches of the databases including PubMed/ MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2000 until April 2020, using keywords. All relevant clinical and experimental studies published in English were included. Results: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is common in severe respiratory infections and should be considered in the management of COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, obesity can be accompanied by decreasing the host immunity. Therefore, increasing physical activity at home and a slight caloric restriction with adequate intake of micronutrients and nutraceuticals are simple aids to boost host immunity and decrease the clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Conclusion: The most important nutrients which can be considered for COVID-19 management are vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, folate, zinc, and probiotics. Their adequacy should be provided through dietary intake or appropriate supplementation. Moreover, adequate intake of some other dietary agents including vitamin E, magnesium, selenium, alpha linolenic acid and phytochemicals are required to maintain the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - James R Hebert
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Lotfi-Yaghin
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Moallemian Isfahani M, Emam-Djomeh Z, Rao IM, Rezaei N. Nutrition and Immunity in COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:485-497. [PMID: 33973196 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition can strongly influence infection trajectories by either boosting or suppressing the immune system. During the recently emerged pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), individuals who possess diets high in fat, refined carbohydrates, and sugars have shown to be highly prone to the disease and associated adverse outcomes. Both micronutrients and macronutrients provide benefits at different stages of the infection. Thus, using appropriate nutritional recommendations and interventions is necessary to combat the infection in patients with COVID-19 in both outpatient and inpatient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Moallemian Isfahani
- Dietetics and Nutrition Experts Team (DiNET), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Emam-Djomeh
- Dietetics and Nutrition Experts Team (DiNET), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Idupulapati M Rao
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Lordan R, Rando HM, Greene CS. Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment. mSystems 2021; 6:e00122-21. [PMID: 33947804 PMCID: PMC8269209 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global disruption and a significant loss of life. Existing treatments that can be repurposed as prophylactic and therapeutic agents may reduce the pandemic's devastation. Emerging evidence of potential applications in other therapeutic contexts has led to the investigation of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for COVID-19. Such products include vitamin C, vitamin D, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and zinc, all of which are currently under clinical investigation. In this review, we critically appraise the evidence surrounding dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Overall, further study is required before evidence-based recommendations can be formulated, but nutritional status plays a significant role in patient outcomes, and these products may help alleviate deficiencies. For example, evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with a greater incidence of infection and severity of COVID-19, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may hold prophylactic or therapeutic value. A growing number of scientific organizations are now considering recommending vitamin D supplementation to those at high risk of COVID-19. Because research in vitamin D and other nutraceuticals and supplements is preliminary, here we evaluate the extent to which these nutraceutical and dietary supplements hold potential in the COVID-19 crisis.IMPORTANCE Sales of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals have increased during the pandemic due to their perceived "immune-boosting" effects. However, little is known about the efficacy of these dietary supplements and nutraceuticals against the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) or the disease that it causes, CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review provides a critical overview of the potential prophylactic and therapeutic value of various dietary supplements and nutraceuticals from the evidence available to date. These include vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc, which are often perceived by the public as treating respiratory infections or supporting immune health. Consumers need to be aware of misinformation and false promises surrounding some supplements, which may be subject to limited regulation by authorities. However, considerably more research is required to determine whether dietary supplements and nutraceuticals exhibit prophylactic and therapeutic value against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. This review provides perspective on which nutraceuticals and supplements are involved in biological processes that are relevant to recovery from or prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Shokri-Mashhadi N, Kazemi M, Saadat S, Moradi S. Effects of select dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:805-821. [PMID: 33858268 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1918546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) have been recognized as a global public health burden. Despite current theories about their effectiveness, the true benefits of dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral RTIs remain elusive, due to contradictory reports. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral RTIs.Areas covered: We systematically searched databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar through 4 March 2020, to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of consuming selected dietary supplements on the prevention or treatment of viral RTIs.Expert opinion: Thirty-nine randomized controlled trials (n = 16,797 participants) were eligible and included. Namely, vitamin D supplementation appeared to improve viral RTIs across cohorts particulate in those with vitamin D deficiency. Among the evaluated dietary supplements, specific lactobacillus strains were used most commonly with selected prebiotics that showed potentially positive effects on the prevention and treatment of viral RTIs. Further, ginseng extract supplementation may effectively prevent viral RTIs as adjuvant therapy. However, longitudinal research is required to confirm these observations and address the optimal dose, duration, and safety of dietary supplements being publicly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Shokri-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Kazemi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork, USA
| | - Saeed Saadat
- Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Shah Alam M, Czajkowsky DM, Aminul Islam M, Ataur Rahman M. The role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: An update. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107686. [PMID: 33930705 PMCID: PMC8052476 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is having a disastrous impact on global health. Recently, several studies examined the potential of vitamin D to reduce the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating the immune system. Indeed, vitamin D has been found to boost the innate immune system and stimulate the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the immunological mechanisms underlying the positive effects of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as a thorough survey of the recent epidemiological studies and clinical trials that tested vitamin D as a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection. We believe that a better understanding of the histopathology and immunopathology of the disease as well as the mechanism of vitamin D effects on COVID-19 severity will ultimately pave the way for a more effective prevention and control of this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah Alam
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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Keflie TS, Biesalski HK. Micronutrients and bioactive substances: Their potential roles in combating COVID-19. Nutrition 2021; 84:111103. [PMID: 33450678 PMCID: PMC7717879 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is seriously threatening public health and setting off huge economic crises across the world. In the absence of specific drugs for COVID-19, there is an urgent need to look for alternative approaches. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances as potential alternative approaches in combating COVID-19. METHODS This review was based on the literature identified using electronic searches in different databases. RESULTS Vitamins (A, B, C, D, and E), minerals (selenium and zinc), and bioactive substances from curcumin, echinacea, propolis, garlic, soybean, green tea, and other polyphenols were identified as having potential roles in interfering with spike glycoproteins, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, and transmembrane protease serine 2 at the entry site, and inhibiting activities of papain-like protease, 3 chymotrypsin-like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the replication cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Having immunomodulating, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, such micronutrients and bioactive substances are consequently promising alterative nutritional approaches to combat COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances in the fight against COVID-19 are exciting areas of research. This review may suggest directions for further study.
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Vitamin D Levels Are Reduced at the Time of Hospital Admission in Sicilian SARS-CoV-2-Positive Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073491. [PMID: 33801759 PMCID: PMC8036292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a worldwide healthcare challenge that needs an efficient response. Unfortunately, to date there is no highly effective treatment, so a deep understanding of COVID-19 risk factors could be an important step in treating the disease. Vitamin D affects the immune system in many different ways, and other authors already found that COVID-19 patients have low levels of vitamin D. In our retrospective study, we evaluated the vitamin D status at the time of hospital admission in 50 COVID-19 patients in Sicily, which is the southernmost region of Italy, and compared them with 100 control subjects matched for age and sex. Our data showed markedly low levels of vitamin D in patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but no association was found with inflammation markers or clinical severity. Vitamin D levels were reduced at the time of hospital admission in Sicilian SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, but it is not clear whether this condition has an impact on the clinical course of COVID-19.
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de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani C, Corgosinho FC, Sanches FLFZ, Prado CMM, Laviano A, Mota JF. Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:382-393. [PMID: 32653930 PMCID: PMC7454801 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal nutrition can improve well-being and might mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes nutritional guidelines to support dietary counseling provided by dietitians and health-related professionals. The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system. Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected. There was no convincing evidence that food or food packaging is associated with the transmission of COVID-19, but good hygiene practices for handling and preparing foods were recommended. No changes to breastfeeding recommendations have been made, even in women diagnosed with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiane La Flor Ziegler Sanches
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Marques Maia Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - João Felipe Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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