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Di Vito A, Donato A, Bria J, Conforti F, La Torre D, Malara N, Donato G. Extracellular Matrix Structure and Interaction with Immune Cells in Adult Astrocytic Tumors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:54. [PMID: 38969910 PMCID: PMC11226480 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic set of molecules produced by the cellular component of normal and pathological tissues of the embryo and adult. ECM acts as critical regulator in various biological processes such as differentiation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune control. The most frequent primary brain tumors are gliomas and by far the majority are adult astrocytic tumors (AATs). The prognosis for patients with these neoplasms is poor and the treatments modestly improves survival. In the literature, there is a fair number of studies concerning the composition of the ECM in AATs, while the number of studies relating the composition of the ECM with the immune regulation is smaller. Circulating ECM proteins have emerged as a promising biomarker that reflect the general immune landscape of tumor microenvironment and may represent a useful tool in assessing disease activity. Given the importance it can have for therapeutic and prognostic purposes, the aim of our study is to summarize the biological properties of ECM components and their effects on the tumor microenvironment and to provide an overview of the interactions between major ECM proteins and immune cells in AATs. As the field of immunotherapy in glioma is quickly expanding, we retain that current data together with future studies on ECM organization and functions in glioma will provide important insights into the tuning of immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Vito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Annalidia Donato
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Bria
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Domenico La Torre
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Natalia Malara
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Li Y, Li YJ, Fang X, Chen DQ, Yu WQ, Zhu ZQ. Peripheral inflammation as a potential mechanism and preventive strategy for perioperative neurocognitive disorder under general anesthesia and surgery. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1365448. [PMID: 39022312 PMCID: PMC11252726 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1365448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia, as a commonly used medical intervention, has been widely applied during surgical procedures to ensure rapid loss of consciousness and pain relief for patients. However, recent research suggests that general anesthesia may be associated with the occurrence of perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). PND is characterized by a decline in cognitive function after surgery, including impairments in attention, memory, learning, and executive functions. With the increasing trend of population aging, the burden of PND on patients and society's health and economy is becoming more evident. Currently, the clinical consensus tends to believe that peripheral inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of PND, providing strong support for further investigating the mechanisms and prevention of PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, China
| | - Ying-Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, China
| | - Xu Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Dong-Qin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhao-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Early Clinical Research Ward of Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Han S, Ji W, Duan G, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y. Emerging concerns of blood-brain barrier dysfunction caused by neurotropic enteroviral infections. Virology 2024; 591:109989. [PMID: 38219371 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), comprise a genus in the Picornaviridae family, which have been shown to be neurotropic and can cause various neurological disorders or long-term neurological condition, placing a huge burden on society and families. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective barrier that prevents dangerous substances from entering the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, numerous EVs have been demonstrated to have the ability to disrupt BBB, and further lead to severe neurological damage. However, the precise mechanisms of BBB disruption associated with these EVs remain largely unknown. In this Review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction caused by EVs, emphasizing the invasiveness of enterovirus A71 (EVA71), which will provide a research direction for further treatment and prevention of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Han
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Cheng Y, Chen W, Xu J, Liu H, Chen T, Hu J. Genetic analysis of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in age-related hearing loss. Hear Res 2023; 439:108894. [PMID: 37844444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) or presbycusis is the phenomenon of hearing loss due to the aging of auditory organs with age. It seriously affects the cognitive function and quality of life of the elderly. This study is based on comprehensive bioinformatic and machine learning methods to identify the critical genes of ARHL and explore its therapy targets and pathological mechanisms. The ARHL and normal samples were from GSE49543 datasets of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to obtain significant modules. The Limma R-package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The 15 common genes of the practical module and DEGs were screened. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that these genes were mainly associated with inflammation, immune response, and infection. Cytoscape software created the protein-protein interaction (PPI) layouts and cytoHubba, support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), and random forests (RF) algorithms screened hub genes. After validating the hub gene expressions in GSE6045 and GSE154833 datasets, Clec4n, Mpeg1, and Fcgr3 are highly expressed in ARHL and have higher diagnostic efficacy for ARHL, so they were identified as hub genes. In conclusion, Clec4n, Mpeg1, and Fcgr3 play essential roles in developing ARHL, and they might become vital targets in ARHL diagnosis and anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Meade CS, Bell RP, Towe SL, Lascola CD, Al‐Khalil K, Gibson MJ. Cocaine use is associated with cerebral white matter hyperintensities in HIV disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1633-1646. [PMID: 37475160 PMCID: PMC10502656 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter hyperintensities (WMH), a marker of cerebral small vessel disease and predictor of cognitive decline, are observed at higher rates in persons with HIV (PWH). The use of cocaine, a potent central nervous system stimulant, is disproportionately common in PWH and may contribute to WMH. METHODS The sample included of 110 PWH on antiretroviral therapy. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted anatomical MRI scans were collected, along with neuropsychological testing. FLAIR images were processed using the Lesion Segmentation Toolbox. A hierarchical regression model was run to investigate predictors of WMH burden [block 1: demographics; block 2: cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk; block 3: lesion burden]. RESULTS The sample was 20% female and 79% African American with a mean age of 45.37. All participants had persistent HIV viral suppression, and the median CD4+ T-cell count was 750. Nearly a third (29%) currently used cocaine regularly, with an average of 23.75 (SD = 20.95) days in the past 90. In the hierarchical linear regression model, cocaine use was a significant predictor of WMH burden (β = .28). WMH burden was significantly correlated with poorer cognitive function (r = -0.27). Finally, higher WMH burden was significantly associated with increased serum concentrations of interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) but lower concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO); however, these markers did not differ by COC status. CONCLUSIONS WMH burden is associated with poorer cognitive performance in PWH. Cocaine use and CVD risk independently contribute to WMH, and addressing these conditions as part of HIV care may mitigate brain injury underlying neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S. Meade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
- Brain Imaging and Analysis CenterDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
| | - Ryan P. Bell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
| | - Sheri L. Towe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
| | - Christopher D. Lascola
- Brain Imaging and Analysis CenterDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
- Department of RadiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
| | - Kareem Al‐Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
| | - Matthew J. Gibson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina27710USA
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Yang W, Zhao X, Chai R, Fan J. Progress on mechanisms of age-related hearing loss. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1253574. [PMID: 37727326 PMCID: PMC10505809 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1253574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss, or presbycusis, is a common cause of hearing loss in elderly people worldwide. It typically presents as progressive, irreversible, and usually affects the high frequencies of hearing, with a tremendous impact on the quality of life. Presbycusis is a complex multidimensional disorder, in addition to aging, multiple factors including exposure to noise, or ototoxic agents, genetic susceptibility, metabolic diseases and lifestyle can influence the onset and severity of presbycusis. With the aging of the body, its ability to clean up deleterious substances produced in the metabolic process is weakened, and the self-protection and repair function of the body is reduced, which in turn leads to irreversible damage to the cochlear tissue, resulting in the occurrence of presbycusis. Presently, oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial DNA damage, low-grade inflammation, decreased immune function and stem cell depletion have been demonstrated to play a critical role in developing presbycusis. The purpose of this review is to illuminate the various mechanisms underlying this age-related hearing loss, with the goal of advancing our understanding, prevention, and treatment of presbycusis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiangang Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Silva J, Alves C, Soledade F, Martins A, Pinteus S, Gaspar H, Alfonso A, Pedrosa R. Marine-Derived Components: Can They Be a Potential Therapeutic Approach to Parkinson's Disease? Mar Drugs 2023; 21:451. [PMID: 37623732 PMCID: PMC10455662 DOI: 10.3390/md21080451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy average has led to a growing elderly population, thus leading to a prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The marine environment has proven to be a source of unique and diverse chemical structures with great therapeutic potential to be used in the treatment of several pathologies, including neurodegenerative impairments. This review is focused on compounds isolated from marine organisms with neuroprotective activities on in vitro and in vivo models based on their chemical structures, taxonomy, neuroprotective effects, and their possible mechanism of action in PD. About 60 compounds isolated from marine bacteria, fungi, mollusk, sea cucumber, seaweed, soft coral, sponge, and starfish with neuroprotective potential on PD therapy are reported. Peptides, alkaloids, quinones, terpenes, polysaccharides, polyphenols, lipids, pigments, and mycotoxins were isolated from those marine organisms. They can act in several PD hallmarks, reducing oxidative stress, preventing mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein aggregation, and blocking inflammatory pathways through the inhibition translocation of NF-kB factor, reduction of human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). This review gathers the marine natural products that have shown pharmacological activities acting on targets belonging to different intracellular signaling pathways related to PD development, which should be considered for future pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Silva
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.G.)
| | - Celso Alves
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal;
| | - Francisca Soledade
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.G.)
| | - Alice Martins
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.G.)
| | - Susete Pinteus
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.G.)
| | - Helena Gaspar
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (H.G.)
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Rui Pedrosa
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal;
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Ravenhill SM, Evans AH, Crewther SG. Escalating Bi-Directional Feedback Loops between Proinflammatory Microglia and Mitochondria in Ageing and Post-Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051117. [PMID: 37237983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 3% of the global population over 65 years of age. Currently, the underlying physiological aetiology of PD is unknown. However, the diagnosed disorder shares many common non-motor symptoms associated with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease progression, such as neuroinflammation, microglial activation, neuronal mitochondrial impairment, and chronic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Clinical PD has been linked to many interrelated biological and molecular processes, such as escalating proinflammatory immune responses, mitochondrial impairment, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, increasing release of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired blood brain barrier integrity, chronic activation of microglia, and damage to dopaminergic neurons consistently associated with motor and cognitive decline. Prodromal PD has also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and many other age-related impairments, such as sleep disruption, impaired gut microbiome, and constipation. Thus, this review aimed to present evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, ROS, and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial-mediated proinflammatory immune response as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in ageing and PD. We propose that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation, and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Howard Evans
- Department of Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
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Vázquez-Mojena Y, Rodríguez-Córdova Y, Dominguez-Barrios Y, León-Arcia K, Miranda-Becerra D, Gonzalez-Zaldivar Y, Guerra-Bustillos G, Ziemann U, Auburger G, Rodríguez-Labrada R, Robinson-Agramonte MDLÁ, Velázquez-Pérez L. Peripheral Inflammation Links with the Severity of Clinical Phenotype in Spinocerebellar Ataxia 2. Mov Disord 2023. [PMID: 36811296 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of peripheral inflammation in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify peripheral inflammation biomarkers and their relationship with the clinical and molecular features. METHODS Blood cell count-derived inflammatory indices were measured in 39 SCA2 subjects and their matched controls. Clinical scores of ataxia, nonataxia, and cognitive dysfunction were assessed. RESULTS The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the Systemic Inflammation Index (SII), and the Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation (AISI) were significantly increased in SCA2 subjects compared with controls. The increases in PLR, SII, and AISI were even observed in preclinical carriers. NLR, PLR, and SII were correlated with the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia speech item score rather than with the total score. The NLR and SII were correlated with the nonataxia and the cognitive scores. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral inflammatory indices are biomarkers in SCA2, which may help to design future immunomodulatory trials and advance our understanding of the disease. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karen León-Arcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cuban Centre for Neuroscience, Havana, Cuba
| | - David Miranda-Becerra
- Department of Educational Neurosciences, Cuban Centre for Neuroscience, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yanetza Gonzalez-Zaldivar
- Molecular Genetics Department, Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguin, Cuba
| | | | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department Neurology and Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Hu J, Ran H, Chen G, He Y, Li Q, Liu J, Li F, Liu H, Zhang T. Altered neurovascular coupling in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:609-618. [PMID: 36480481 PMCID: PMC9873522 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alterations in neuronal activity and cerebral hemodynamics have been reported in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) patients, possibly resulting in neurovascular decoupling; however, no neuroimaging evidence confirmed this disruption. This study aimed to investigate the possible presence of neurovascular decoupling and its clinical implications in childhood IGE using resting-state fMRI and arterial spin labeling imaging. METHODS IGE patients and healthy participants underwent resting-state fMRI and arterial spin labeling imaging to calculate degree centrality (DC) and cerebral blood flow (CBF), respectively. Across-voxel CBF-DC correlations were analyzed to evaluate the neurovascular coupling within the whole gray matter, and the regional coupling of brain region was assessed with the CBF/DC ratio. RESULTS The study included 26 children with IGE and 35 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Compared with the HCs, the IGE group presented lower across-voxel CBF-DC correlations, higher CBF/DC ratio in the right posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, middle frontal gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus (MFG), and lower ratio in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The increased CBF/DC ratio in the right MFG was correlated with lower performance intelligence quotient scores in the IGE group. CONCLUSION Children with IGE present altered neurovascular coupling, associated with lower performance intelligence quotient scores. The study shed a new insight into the pathophysiology of epilepsy and provided potential imaging biomarkers of cognitive performances in children with IGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina,Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haifeng Ran
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Yulun He
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Qinghui Li
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Fangling Li
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Tijiang Zhang
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
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Faisal SM, Comba A, Varela ML, Argento AE, Brumley E, Abel C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. The complex interactions between the cellular and non-cellular components of the brain tumor microenvironmental landscape and their therapeutic implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1005069. [PMID: 36276147 PMCID: PMC9583158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1005069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive high-grade glial tumor, is resistant to therapy and has a poor prognosis due to its universal recurrence rate. GBM cells interact with the non-cellular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), facilitating their rapid growth, evolution, and invasion into the normal brain. Herein we discuss the complexity of the interactions between the cellular and non-cellular components of the TME and advances in the field as a whole. While the stroma of non-central nervous system (CNS) tissues is abundant in fibrillary collagens, laminins, and fibronectin, the normal brain extracellular matrix (ECM) predominantly includes proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans, with fibrillary components typically found only in association with the vasculature. However, recent studies have found that in GBMs, the microenvironment evolves into a more complex array of components, with upregulated collagen gene expression and aligned fibrillary ECM networks. The interactions of glioma cells with the ECM and the degradation of matrix barriers are crucial for both single-cell and collective invasion into neighboring brain tissue. ECM-regulated mechanisms also contribute to immune exclusion, resulting in a major challenge to immunotherapy delivery and efficacy. Glioma cells chemically and physically control the function of their environment, co-opting complex signaling networks for their own benefit, resulting in radio- and chemo-resistance, tumor recurrence, and cancer progression. Targeting these interactions is an attractive strategy for overcoming therapy resistance, and we will discuss recent advances in preclinical studies, current clinical trials, and potential future clinical applications. In this review, we also provide a comprehensive discussion of the complexities of the interconnected cellular and non-cellular components of the microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors to guide the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies against brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Faisal
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Comba
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria L. Varela
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anna E. Argento
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily Brumley
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Clifford Abel
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Pedro R. Lowenstein,
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12
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Prenatal and adolescent alcohol exposure programs immunity across the lifespan: CNS-mediated regulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 216:173390. [PMID: 35447157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many individuals, first exposure to alcohol occurs either prenatally due to maternal drinking, or during adolescence, when alcohol consumption is most likely to be initiated. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) and its associated Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in humans is associated with earlier initiation of alcohol use and increased rates of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). Initiation of alcohol use and misuse in early adolescence correlates highly with later AUD diagnosis as well. Thus, PAE and adolescent binge drinking set the stage for long-term health consequences due to adverse effects of alcohol on subsequent immune function, effects that may persist across the lifespan. The overarching goal of this review, therefore, is to determine the extent to which early developmental exposure to alcohol produces long-lasting, and potentially life-long, changes in immunological function. Alcohol affects the whole body, yet most studies are narrowly focused on individual features of immune function, largely ignoring the systems-level interactions required for effective host defense. We therefore emphasize the crucial role of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in orchestrating host defense processes. We argue that alcohol-mediated disruption of host immunity can occur through both (a) direct action of ethanol on neuroimmune processes, that subsequently disrupt peripheral immune function (top down); and (b) indirect action of ethanol on peripheral immune organs/cells, which in turn elicit consequent changes in CNS neuroimmune function (bottom up). Recognizing that alcohol consumption across the entire body, we argue in favor of integrative, whole-organism approaches toward understanding alcohol effects on immune function, and highlight the need for more work specifically examining long-lasting effects of early developmental exposure to alcohol (prenatal and adolescent periods) on host immunity.
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13
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Addressing Blood–Brain Barrier Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040742. [PMID: 35453494 PMCID: PMC9029506 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the brain tissue. It facilitates communication while separating the peripheral circulation system from the brain parenchyma. However, normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases can alter and damage the physiological properties of the BBB. In this review, we first briefly present the essential pathways maintaining and regulating BBB integrity, and further review the mechanisms of BBB breakdown associated with normal aging and peripheral inflammation-causing neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. We also discuss how BBB disruption can cause or contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia and a devastating neurological disorder. Next, we document overlaps between AD and vascular dementia (VaD) and briefly sum up the techniques for identifying biomarkers linked to BBB deterioration. Finally, we conclude that BBB breakdown could be used as a biomarker to help diagnose cognitive impairment associated with normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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14
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Noble K, Brown L, Elvis P, Lang H. Cochlear Immune Response in Presbyacusis: a Focus on Dysregulation of Macrophage Activity. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:1-16. [PMID: 34642854 PMCID: PMC8782976 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss, or presbyacusis, is a prominent chronic degenerative disorder that affects many older people. Based on presbyacusis pathology, the degeneration occurs in both sensory and non-sensory cells, along with changes in the cochlear microenvironment. The progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is associated with an altered microenvironment that reflects chronic inflammatory signaling. Under these conditions, resident and recruited immune cells, such as microglia/macrophages, have aberrant activity that contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neural cell degeneration. Recently, researchers identified and characterized macrophages in human cochleae (including those from older donors). Along with the age-related changes in cochlear macrophages in animal models, these studies revealed that macrophages, an underappreciated group of immune cells, may play a critical role in maintaining the functional integrity of the cochlea. Although several studies deciphered the molecular mechanisms that regulate microglia/macrophage dysfunction in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, limited studies have assessed the mechanisms underlying macrophage dysfunction in aged cochleae. In this review, we highlight the age-related changes in cochlear macrophage activities in mouse and human temporal bones. We focus on how complement dysregulation and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome could affect macrophage activity in the aged peripheral auditory system. By understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie these regulatory systems, we may uncover therapeutic strategies to treat presbyacusis and other forms of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyaria Noble
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Akouos, Inc, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - LaShardai Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SD, 29733, USA
| | - Phillip Elvis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hainan Lang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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15
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Liu D, Yang L, Liu P, Ji X, Qi X, Wang Z, Chi T, Zou L. Sigma-1 receptor activation alleviates blood-brain barrier disruption post cerebral ischemia stroke by stimulating the GDNF-GFRα1-RET pathway. Exp Neurol 2022; 347:113867. [PMID: 34582837 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is one of the most important pathological manifestations of ischemic stroke. Reducing BBB collapse is effective in alleviating brain parenchymal injury and cognitive dysfunction. Our previous study reported that Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) activation in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) ameliorated BBB impairment, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated Sig-1R activation as a BBB integrity promoter via many post ischemic stroke pathways. Sig-1R activation in BBB-associated astrocytes can increase glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) secretion in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) mice. Upregulated GDNF activates its receptors in CMECs to promote BBB integrity, and activated Sig-1R in CMECs facilitates this process. In vitro experiments have found that Sig-1R activation in CMECs promotes the interaction between the GDNF α1 receptor and transduction rearrangement gene, increasing PI3K-AKT-junction protein signaling pathway expression. Sig-1R activation could be an effective therapeutic method for preventing BBB damage in ischemic stroke and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Luxi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China..
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China..
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16
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Scapoli C, Ziliotto N, Lunghi B, Menegatti E, Salvi F, Zamboni P, Baroni M, Mascoli F, Bernardi F, Marchetti G. Combination of Genomic and Transcriptomic Approaches Highlights Vascular and Circadian Clock Components in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010310. [PMID: 35008743 PMCID: PMC8745220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming at exploring vascular components in multiple sclerosis (MS) with brain outflow disturbance, we combined transcriptome analysis in MS internal jugular vein (IJV) wall with WES in MS families with vertical transmission of disease. Main results were the differential expression in IJV wall of 16 MS-GWAS genes and of seven genes (GRIN2A, GRIN2B, IL20RB, IL26, PER3, PITX2, and PPARGC1A) not previously indicated by GWAS but encoding for proteins functionally interacting with MS candidate gene products. Strikingly, 22/23 genes have been previously associated with vascular or neuronal traits/diseases, nine encoded for transcriptional factors/regulators and six (CAMK2G, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, N1RD1, PER3, PPARGC1A) for circadian entrainment/rhythm components. Among the WES low-frequency (MAF ≤ 0.04) SNPs (n = 7) filtered in the 16 genes, the NR1D1 rs17616365 showed significantly different MAF in the Network for Italian Genomes affected cohort than in the 1000 Genome Project Tuscany samples. This pattern was also detected in five nonintronic variants (GRIN2B rs1805482, PER3 rs2640909, PPARGC1A rs2970847, rs8192678, and rs3755863) in genes coding for functional partners. Overall, the study proposes specific markers and low-frequency variants that might help (i) to understand perturbed biological processes in vascular tissues contributing to MS disease, and (ii) to characterize MS susceptibility genes for functional association with disease-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Barbara Lunghi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Erica Menegatti
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Fabrizio Salvi
- Center for Immunological and Rare Neurological Diseases, IRCCS of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Marcello Baroni
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesco Mascoli
- Unit of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, S. Anna University-Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-974425
| | - Giovanna Marchetti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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17
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Volpentesta G, Donato G, Ferraro E, Mignogna C, Radaelli R, Sabatini U, La Torre D, Malara N. Pilocytic Astrocytoma-Derived Cells in Peripheral Blood: A Case Report. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737730. [PMID: 34778052 PMCID: PMC8579051 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging limitations, invasive tissue biopsies and poor information over the course of treatment to evaluate ‘real-time’ tumor dynamics justify the emerging use of liquid biopsies in the field of brain tumors. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from high-grade astrocytomas might reach the circulation by crossing the blood–brain barrier. Here, for the first time, CTCs cytology in a case of pylocitic astrocytoma is described. An obstructive hydrocephalous due to a lateral mesencephalic tectum mass occluding the Silvio Aqueduct was diagnosed in a young, 18 years old, male. Considering the location of the tumor and the rapid deterioration of the neurological status, it has been decided to urgency treat the patient with ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a nodular shaped lesion localized within the left lateral mesencephalic tectum. Stereotactic biopsy was not approachable due significant risk of neurological consequences. The diagnosis was performed by blood sampling, a non-invasive procedure for the patient, in order to provide tumor information. Cytopathological features on detected circulating atypical GFAP positive cells led to pilocytic diagnosis confirmed by the patient’s 68 months outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Volpentesta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Riccardo Radaelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Umberto Sabatini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico La Torre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Natalia Malara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
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18
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Novellino F, Donato A, Malara N, Madrigal JL, Donato G. Complete blood cell count-derived ratios can be useful biomarkers for neurological diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211048264. [PMID: 34569352 PMCID: PMC8477675 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211048264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete blood cell count-derived parameters such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) have recently shown to be highly sensitive biomarkers. Their usefulness has been proven as prognostic factors in several cancers, in the stratification of mortality in major cardiac events, as predictors and markers of infectious or inflammatory pathologies, and in many other conditions. Surprisingly, the study of these biomarkers in neurological diseases is somewhat limited. This paper aims to take stock of the data present in the literature regarding the complete blood cell count-derived ratios in this group of pathologies and to formulate a hypothesis, based on the most recent data concerning innate and acquired immunity, on which diseases of the nervous system could benefit in diagnostic and prognostic terms from the in-depth study of these new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Novellino
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12)Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalidia Donato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia," Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Natalia Malara
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia," Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jose Lm Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12)Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia," Catanzaro, Italy
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19
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Mollace A, Coluccio ML, Donato G, Mollace V, Malara N. Cross-talks in colon cancer between RAGE/AGEs axis and inflammation/immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1281-1295. [PMID: 34194625 PMCID: PMC8238251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is the result of the activity of many types of cells in various metabolic states, whose metabolites are shared between cells. This cellular complexity results in an availability profile of nutrients and reactive metabolites such as advanced glycation end products (AGE). The tumour microenvironment is not favourable to immune cells due to hypoxia and for the existence of significant competition between various types of cells for a limited nutrient pool. However, it is now known that cancer cells can influence the host's immune reaction through the expression and secretion of numerous molecules. The microenvironment can therefore present itself in different patterns that contribute to shaping immune surveillance. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most important causes of death in cancer patients. Recently, immunotherapy has begun to give encouraging results in some groups of patients suffering from this neoplasm. The analysis of literature data shows that the RAGE (Receptor for advanced glycation end products) and its numerous ligands contribute to connect the energy metabolic pathway, which appears prevalently disconnected by mitochondrial running, with the immune reaction, conditioned by local microbiota and influencing tumour growth. Understanding how metabolism in cancer and immune cells shapes response and resistance to therapy, will provide novel potential strategies to increase both the number of tumour types treated by immunotherapy and the rate of immunotherapy response. The analysis of literature data shows that an immunotherapy approach based on the knowledge of RAGE and its ligands is not only possible, but also desirable in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Centre IRC-FSH, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Coluccio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Bionem Laboratory, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Campus S. Venuta, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Centre IRC-FSH, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Natalia Malara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Bionem Laboratory, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
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20
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Natarajan S, Govender K, Shobo A, Baijnath S, Arvidsson PI, Govender T, Lin J, Maguire GE, Naicker T, Kruger HG. Potential of brain mast cells for therapeutic application in the immune response to bacterial and viral infections. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147524. [PMID: 34015358 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of microorganisms can infect the central nervous system (CNS). The immune response of the CNS provides limited protection against microbes penetrating the blood-brain barrier. This results in a neurological deficit and sometimes leads to high morbidity and mortality rates despite advanced therapies. For the last two decades, different studies have expanded our understanding of the molecular basis of human neuroinfectious diseases, especially concerning the contributions of mast cell interactions with other central nervous system compartments. Brain mast cells are multifunctional cells derived from the bone marrow and reside in the brain. Their proximity to blood vessels, their role as "first responders" their unique receptors systems and their ability to rapidly release pathogen responsive mediators enable them to exert a crucial defensive role in the host-defense system. This review describes key biological and physiological functions of mast cells, concerning their ability to recognize pathogens via various receptor systems, followed by a coordinated and selective mediator release upon specific interactions with pathogenic stimulating factors. The goal of this review is to direct attention to the possibilities for therapeutic applications of mast cells against bacterial and viral related infections. We also focus on opportunities for future research activating mast cells via adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Natarajan
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kamini Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adeola Shobo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Per I Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa; Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development, Platform and Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn Em Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa.
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21
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Omidi Y, Kianinejad N, Kwon Y, Omidian H. Drug delivery and targeting to brain tumors: considerations for crossing the blood-brain barrier. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:357-381. [PMID: 33554678 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1887729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) selectively impedes the transportation of drug molecules into the brain, which makes the drug delivery and targeting of brain tumors very challenging.Areas covered: Having surveyed the recent literature, comprehensive insights are given into the impacts of the BBB on the advanced drug delivery and targeting modalities for brain tumors.Expert opinion: Brain capillary endothelial cells form the BBB in association with astrocytes, pericytes, neurons, and extracellular matrix. Coop of these forms the complex setting of neurovascular unite. The BBB maintains the brain homeostasis by restrictive controlling of the blood circulating nutrients/substances trafficking. Despite substantial progress on therapy of brain tumors, there is no impeccable strategy to safely deliver chemotherapeutics into the brain. Various strategies have been applied to deliver chemotherapeutics into the brain (e.g. BBB opening, direct delivery by infusion, injection, microdialysis, and implants, and smart nanosystems), which hold different pros and cons. Of note, smart nanoscale multifunctional nanomedicines can serve as targeting, imaging, and treatment modality for brain tumors. Given that aggressive brain tumors (e.g. gliomas) are often unresponsive to any treatments, an in-depth understanding of the molecular/cellular complexity of brain tumors might help the development of smart and effective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Nazanin Kianinejad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Young Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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22
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Vila Verde D, de Curtis M, Librizzi L. Seizure-Induced Acute Glial Activation in the in vitro Isolated Guinea Pig Brain. Front Neurol 2021; 12:607603. [PMID: 33574794 PMCID: PMC7870799 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.607603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It has been proposed that seizures induce IL-1β biosynthesis in astrocytes and increase blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, even without the presence of blood borne inflammatory molecules and leukocytes. In the present study we investigate if seizures induce morphological changes typically observed in activated glial cells. Moreover, we will test if serum albumin extravasation into the brain parenchyma exacerbates neuronal hyperexcitability by inducing astrocytic and microglial activation. Methods: Epileptiform seizure-like events (SLEs) were induced in limbic regions by arterial perfusion of bicuculline methiodide (BMI; 50 μM) in the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain preparation. Field potentials were recorded in both the hippocampal CA1 region and the medial entorhinal cortex. BBB permeability changes were assessed by analyzing extravasation of arterially perfused fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–albumin. Morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia were evaluated with tridimensional reconstruction and Sholl analysis in the ventral CA1 area of the hippocampus following application of BMI with or without co-perfusion of human serum albumin. Results: BMI-induced SLE promoted morphological changes of both astrocytes and microglia cells into an activated phenotype, confirmed by the quantification of the number and length of their processes. Human-recombinant albumin extravasation, due to SLE-induced BBB impairment, worsened both SLE duration and the activated glia phenotype. Discussion: Our study provides the first direct evidence that SLE activity per se is able to promote the activation of astro- and microglial cells, as observed by their changes in phenotype, in brain regions involved in seizure generation; we also hypothesize that gliosis, significantly intensified by h-recombinant albumin extravasation from the bloodstream to the brain parenchyma due to SLE-induced BBB disruption, is responsible for seizure activity reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Vila Verde
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Librizzi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
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23
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Huang X, Hussain B, Chang J. Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:36-47. [PMID: 33381913 PMCID: PMC7804893 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiological barrier that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation, which contains inflammatory mediators and immune cells. The BBB regulates cellular and molecular exchange between the blood vessels and brain parenchyma. Normal functioning of the BBB is crucial for the homeostasis and proper function of the brain. It has been demonstrated that peripheral inflammation can disrupt the BBB by various pathways, resulting in different CNS diseases. Recently, clinical research also showed CNS complications following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy, which both lead to a cytokine storm in the circulation. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the BBB disruption induced by peripheral inflammation will provide an important basis for protecting the CNS in the context of exacerbated peripheral inflammatory diseases. In the present review, we first summarize the physiological properties of the BBB that makes the CNS an immune‐privileged organ. We then discuss the relevance of peripheral inflammation‐induced BBB disruption to various CNS diseases. Finally, we elaborate various factors and mechanisms of peripheral inflammation that disrupt the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Basharat Hussain
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Ebrahimi Meimand S, Rostam-Abadi Y, Rezaei N. Autism spectrum disorders and natural killer cells: a review on pathogenesis and treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 17:27-35. [PMID: 33191807 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1850273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, is characterized by early-onset impairments in social-communication, repetitive behaviors, and restrictive interests.Areas covered: Although still unknown, there are some pieces of evidence suggesting altered immune function in the etiology of ASD. This review aims to summarize studies linking Natural Killer (NK) cells to ASD by searching through databases like MEDLINE and Scopus up to October 2020. NK cells play important roles in the innate immune system and immune regulation. As parts of the immune system, they interact with the neural system as well. Immune dysregulations such as autoimmunity and improper immune responses to both internal and external stimulations, especially in early developmental stages of the brain, may induce neurodevelopmental disorders. NK cells' dysfunction in children with ASD as well as their parents have been highlighted in many studies.Expert opinion: Changes in the frequency, gene expressions, cytotoxicity features, and receptors of NK cells are reported in children with ASD. Immune therapy for children with ASD with immune abnormality has shown promising results. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of ASD providing future treatment options for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ebrahimi Meimand
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasna Rostam-Abadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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25
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Franco-Lira M, Kulesza R, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Brito-Aguilar R, García-Arreola B, Revueltas-Ficachi P, Barrera-Velázquez JA, García-Alonso G, García-Rojas E, Mukherjee PS, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:479-503. [PMID: 32955466 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Colegio de Bachilleres Militarizado, "General Mariano Escobedo", Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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26
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Iannucci J, Rao HV, Grammas P. High Glucose and Hypoxia-Mediated Damage to Human Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells Induces an Altered, Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype in BV-2 Microglia In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:985-996. [PMID: 33136275 PMCID: PMC8942976 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is strongly linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), though the mechanisms for this enhanced risk are unclear. Because vascular inflammation is a consistent feature of both diabetes and AD, the cerebral microcirculation could be a key target for the effects of diabetes in the brain. The goal of this study is to explore whether brain endothelial cells, injured by diabetes-related insults, glucose and hypoxia, can affect inflammatory and activation processes in microglia in vitro. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) were either treated with 5 mM glucose (control), 30 mM glucose (high glucose), exposed to hypoxia, or exposed to hypoxia plus high glucose. HBMVEC-conditioned medium was then used to treat BV-2 microglia. Alterations in microglia phenotype were assessed through measurement of nitric oxide (NO), cytokine production, microglial activation state markers, and microglial phagocytosis. HBMVECs were injured by exposure to glucose and/or hypoxia, as assessed by release of LDH, interleukin (IL)-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). HBMVECs injured by glucose and hypoxia induced increases in microglial production of NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Injured HBMVECs significantly increased microglial expression of CD11c and CLEC7A, and decreased expression of the homeostatic marker P2RY12. Finally, bead uptake by BV-2 cells, an index of phagocytic ability, was elevated by conditioned media from injured HBMVECs. The demonstration that injury to brain endothelial cells by diabetic-associated insults, glucose and hypoxia, promotes microglial inflammation supports the idea that the cerebral microcirculation is a critical locus for the deleterious effects of diabetes in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Iannucci
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States. .,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Haripriya Vittal Rao
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.,Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, Wake Forest, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Paula Grammas
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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27
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Giorgi FS, Galgani A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Limanaqi F, Busceti CL, Fornai F. Locus Coeruleus and neurovascular unit: From its role in physiology to its potential role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2406-2434. [PMID: 32875628 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic (NA) nucleus of the central nervous system. LC degenerates early during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NA loss might concur to AD pathogenesis. Aside from neurons, LC terminals provide dense innervation of brain intraparenchymal arterioles/capillaries, and NA modulates astrocyte functions. The term neurovascular unit (NVU) defines the strict anatomical/functional interaction occurring between neurons, glial cells, and brain vessels. NVU plays a fundamental role in coupling the energy demand of activated brain regions with regional cerebral blood flow, it includes the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays an active role in neuroinflammation, and participates also to the glymphatic system. NVU alteration is involved in AD pathophysiology through several mechanisms, mainly related to a relative oligoemia in activated brain regions and impairment of structural and functional BBB integrity, which contributes also to the intracerebral accumulation of insoluble amyloid. We review the existing data on the morphological features of LC-NA innervation of the NVU, as well as its contribution to neurovascular coupling and BBB proper functioning. After introducing the main experimental data linking LC with AD, which have repeatedly shown a key role of neuroinflammation and increased amyloid plaque formation, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which the loss of NVU modulation by LC might contribute to AD pathogenesis. Surprisingly, thus far not so many studies have tested directly these mechanisms in models of AD in which LC has been lesioned experimentally. Clarifying the interaction of LC with NVU in AD pathogenesis may disclose potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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28
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Fraunberger EA, DeJesus P, Zanier ER, Shutt TE, Esser MJ. Acute and Persistent Alterations of Cerebellar Inflammatory Networks and Glial Activation in a Rat Model of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1315-1330. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Fraunberger
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pauline DeJesus
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Famakin BM, Vemuganti R. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Focal Cerebral Ischemia: a Focus on the Neurovascular Unit. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2690-2701. [PMID: 32306272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A robust innate immune activation leads to downstream expression of inflammatory mediators that amplify tissue damage and consequently increase the morbidity after stroke. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is a major innate immune pathway activated acutely and chronically after stroke. Hence, understanding the intricacies of the temporal profile, specific control points, and cellular specificity of TLR4 activation is crucial for the development of any novel therapeutics targeting the endogenous innate immune response after focal cerebral ischemia. The goal of this review is to summarize the current findings related to TLR4 signaling after stroke with a specific focus on the components of the neurovascular unit such as astrocytes, neurons, endothelial cells, and pericytes. In addition, this review will examine the effects of focal cerebral ischemia on interaction of these neurovascular unit components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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30
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Troili F, Cipollini V, Moci M, Morena E, Palotai M, Rinaldi V, Romano C, Ristori G, Giubilei F, Salvetti M, Orzi F, Guttmann CRG, Cavallari M. Perivascular Unit: This Must Be the Place. The Anatomical Crossroad Between the Immune, Vascular and Nervous System. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:17. [PMID: 32372921 PMCID: PMC7177187 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurological disorders seemingly have heterogenous pathogenesis, with overlapping contribution of neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain injury. The perivascular space in the brain represents a crossroad where those mechanisms interact, as well as a key anatomical component of the recently discovered glymphatic pathway, which is considered to play a crucial role in the clearance of brain waste linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The pathological interplay between neuronal, immune and vascular factors can create an environment that promotes self-perpetration of mechanisms of brain injury across different neurological diseases, including those that are primarily thought of as neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory or cerebrovascular. Changes of the perivascular space can be monitored in humans in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the context of glymphatic clearance, MRI-visible enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are considered to reflect glymphatic stasis secondary to the perivascular accumulation of brain debris, although they may also represent an adaptive mechanism of the glymphatic system to clear them. EPVS are also established correlates of dementia and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and are considered to reflect brain inflammatory activity. In this review, we describe the “perivascular unit” as a key anatomical and functional substrate for the interaction between neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain injury, which are shared across different neurological diseases. We will describe the main anatomical, physiological and pathological features of the perivascular unit, highlight potential substrates for the interplay between different noxae and summarize MRI studies of EPVS in cerebrovascular, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Troili
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Cipollini
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Moci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Miklos Palotai
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles R G Guttmann
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michele Cavallari
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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31
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Takahashi S. Metabolic compartmentalization between astroglia and neurons in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the neurovascular unit. Neuropathology 2020; 40:121-137. [PMID: 32037635 PMCID: PMC7187297 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia or astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, are interposed between neuronal synapses and microvasculature in the brain gray matter. They play a pivotal role in brain metabolism as well as in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, taking advantage of their unique anatomical location. In particular, the astroglial cellular metabolic compartment exerts supportive roles in dedicating neurons to the generation of action potentials and protects them against oxidative stress associated with their high energy consumption. An impairment of normal astroglial function, therefore, can lead to numerous neurological disorders including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroimmunological diseases, in which metabolic derangements accelerate neuronal damage. The neurovascular unit (NVU), the major components of which include neurons, microvessels, and astroglia, is a conceptual framework that was originally used to better understand the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. At present, the NVU is a tool for understanding normal brain physiology as well as the pathophysiology of numerous neurological disorders. The metabolic responses of astroglia in the NVU can be either protective or deleterious. This review focuses on three major metabolic compartments: (i) glucose and lactate; (ii) fatty acid and ketone bodies; and (iii) D- and L-serine. Both the beneficial and the detrimental roles of compartmentalization between neurons and astroglia will be discussed. A better understanding of the astroglial metabolic response in the NVU is expected to lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and StrokeSaitama Medical University International Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
- Department of PhysiologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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32
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Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031115. [PMID: 32046139 PMCID: PMC7036760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationships between innate immunity and brain diseases raise increased interest across the wide spectrum of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier, and innate immunity cells such as microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, and mast cells are involved in triggering disease events in these groups, through the action of many different cytokines. Chronic inflammation can lead to dysfunctions in large-scale brain networks. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia, are associated with a substrate of dysregulated immune responses that impair the central nervous system balance. Recent evidence suggests that similar phenomena are involved in psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The present review summarizes and discusses the main evidence linking the innate immunological response in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, thus providing insights into how the responses of innate immunity represent a common denominator between diseases belonging to the neurological and psychiatric sphere. Improved knowledge of such immunological aspects could provide the framework for the future development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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33
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Pinke KH, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, de Campos Fraga-Silva TF, Mimura LAN, de Oliveira LRC, Ishikawa LLW, Fernandes AAH, Lara VS, Sartori A. Calming Down Mast Cells with Ketotifen: A Potential Strategy for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy? Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:218-234. [PMID: 31463682 PMCID: PMC7007452 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by extensive inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis. Evidence indicates that mast cells contribute to immunopathogenesis of both MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is the most employed animal model to study this disease. Considering the inflammatory potential of mast cells, their presence at the CNS and their stabilization by certain drugs, we investigated the effect of ketotifen fumarate (Ket) on EAE development. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG35-55 and the animals were injected daily with Ket from the seventh to the 17th day after disease induction. This early intervention with Ket significantly reduced disease prevalence and severity. The protective effect was concomitant with less NLRP3 inflammasome activation, rebalanced oxidative stress and also reduced T cell infiltration at the CNS. Even though Ket administration did not alter mast cell percentage at the CNS, it decreased the local CPA3 and CMA1 mRNA expression that are enzymes typically produced by these cells. Evaluation of the CNS-barrier permeability indicated that Ket clearly restored the permeability levels of this barrier. Ket also triggered an evident lymphadenomegaly due to accumulation of T cells that produced higher levels of encephalitogenic cytokines in response to in vitro stimulation with MOG. Altogether these findings reinforce the concept that mast cells are particularly relevant in MS immunopathogenesis and that Ket, a known stabilizer of their activity, has the potential to be used in MS control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Henriette Pinke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil.
| | - Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves Zorzella-Pezavento
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ayumi Nishiyama Mimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Larissa Ragozo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Dr. Plinio Pinto e Silva, S/N, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-691, Brazil
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Reynoso-Robles R, González-Maciel A. Combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles and industrial-sourced nanoparticles: The culprit of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108574. [PMID: 31299618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active, strongly magnetic, combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles (CFDNPs) are abundant in particulate matter air pollution. Urban children and young adults with Alzheimer disease Continuum have higher numbers of brain CFDNPs versus clean air controls. CFDNPs surface charge, dynamic magnetic susceptibility, iron content and redox activity contribute to ROS generation, neurovascular unit (NVU), mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) damage, and are catalysts for protein misfolding, aggregation and fibrillation. CFDNPs respond to external magnetic fields and are involved in cell damage by agglomeration/clustering, magnetic rotation and/or hyperthermia. This review focus in the interaction of CFDNPs, nanomedicine and industrial NPs with biological systems and the impact of portals of entry, particle sizes, surface charge, biomolecular corona, biodistribution, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular toxicity, anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, brain dysfunction and pathology. NPs toxicity information come from researchers synthetizing particles and improving their performance for drug delivery, drug targeting, magnetic resonance imaging and heat mediators for cancer therapy. Critical information includes how these NPs overcome all barriers, the NPs protein corona changes as they cross the NVU and the complexity of NPs interaction with soluble proteins and key organelles. Oxidative, ER and mitochondrial stress, and a faulty complex protein quality control are at the core of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases and NPs mechanisms of action and toxicity are strong candidates for early development and progression of both fatal diseases. Nanoparticle exposure regardless of sources carries a high risk for the developing brain homeostasis and ought to be included in the AD and PD research framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Universidad Del Valle de México, 04850, Mexico City, Mexico.
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MacLean M, Derk J, Ruiz HH, Juranek JK, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) and DIAPH1: Implications for vascular and neuroinflammatory dysfunction in disorders of the central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:154-164. [PMID: 30902646 PMCID: PMC10976457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is expressed by multiple cell types in the brain and spinal cord that are linked to the pathogenesis of neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, including neurons, glia (microglia and astrocytes) and vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes). Mounting structural and functional evidence implicates the interaction of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain with the formin, Diaphanous1 (DIAPH1), as the key cytoplasmic hub for RAGE ligand-mediated activation of cellular signaling. In aging and diabetes, the ligands of the receptor abound, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery. Such accumulation of RAGE ligands triggers multiple downstream events, including upregulation of RAGE itself. Once set in motion, cell intrinsic and cell-cell communication mechanisms, at least in part via RAGE, trigger dysfunction in the CNS. A key outcome of endothelial dysfunction is reduction in cerebral blood flow and increased permeability of the blood brain barrier, conditions that facilitate entry of activated leukocytes into the CNS, thereby amplifying primary nodes of CNS cellular stress. This contribution details a review of the ligands of RAGE, the mechanisms and consequences of RAGE signal transduction, and cites multiple examples of published work in which RAGE contributes to the pathogenesis of neurovascular perturbation. Insights into potential therapeutic modalities targeting the RAGE signal transduction axis for disorders of CNS vascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael MacLean
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julia Derk
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Judyta K Juranek
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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36
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MicroRNAs in Neuroinflammation: Implications in Disease Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Applications. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:ncrna5020035. [PMID: 31022830 PMCID: PMC6632112 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system can respond to threat via the induction of an inflammatory response. Under normal circumstances this response is tightly controlled, however uncontrolled neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurological disorders. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that are important for regulating many cellular processes. The ability of microRNAs to modulate inflammatory signaling is an area of ongoing research, which has gained much attention in recent years. MicroRNAs may either promote or restrict inflammatory signaling, and either exacerbate or ameliorate the pathological consequences of excessive neuroinflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the mode of regulation for several important and well-studied microRNAs in the context of neuroinflammation, including miR-155, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-21 and let-7. Furthermore, the pathological consequences of miRNA deregulation during disorders that feature neuroinflammation are discussed, including Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Prion diseases, Japanese encephalitis, Herpes encephalitis, ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. There has also been considerable interest in the use of altered microRNA signatures as biomarkers for these disorders. The ability to modulate microRNA expression may even serve as the basis for future therapeutic strategies to help treat pathological neuroinflammation.
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Kempuraj D, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Raikwar SP, Dubova I, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cells in Stress, Pain, Blood-Brain Barrier, Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 30837843 PMCID: PMC6389675 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activation plays an important role in stress-mediated disease pathogenesis. Chronic stress cause or exacerbate aging and age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. The severity of inflammatory diseases is worsened by the stress. Mast cell activation-dependent inflammatory mediators augment stress associated pain and neuroinflammation. Stress is the second most common trigger of headache due to mast cell activation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disease that affects more women than men and woman's increased susceptibility to chronic stress could increase the risk for AD. Modern life-related stress, social stress, isolation stress, restraint stress, early life stress are associated with an increased level of neurotoxic beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Stress increases cognitive dysfunction, generates amyloid precursor protein (APP), hyperphosphorylated tau, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and amyloid plaques (APs) in the brain. Stress-induced Aβ persists for years and generates APs even several years after the stress exposure. Stress activates hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus and in peripheral system, which increases the formation of Aβ, tau hyperphosphorylation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the brain. Mast cells are implicated in nociception and pain. Mast cells are the source and target of CRH and other neuropeptides that mediate neuroinflammation. Microglia express receptor for CRH that mediate neurodegeneration in AD. However, the exact mechanisms of how stress-mediated mast cell activation contribute to the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive. This mini-review highlights the possible role of stress and mast cell activation in neuroinflammation, BBB, and tight junction disruption and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E. Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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