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Lee KY, Song KH, Lee KH, Baek JY, Kim ES, Song YG, Kim YC, Park YS, Ahn JY, Choi JY, Choi WS, Bae S, Kim SW, Kwon KT, Kang ES, Peck KR, Kim SH, Jeong HW, Ko JH. Persistent differences in the immunogenicity of the two COVID-19 primary vaccines series, modulated by booster mRNA vaccination and breakthrough infection. Vaccine 2024; 42:3953-3960. [PMID: 38729909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The long-term impact of initial immunogenicity induced by different primary COVID-19 vaccine series remains unclear. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted at 10 tertiary hospitals in Korea from March 2021 to September 2022. Immunogenicity assessments included anti-spike protein antibody (Sab), SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-gamma releasing assay (IGRA), and multiplex cytokine assays for spike protein-stimulated plasma. Spike proteins derived from wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and alpha variant (Spike1) and beta and gamma variant (Spike2) were utilized. RESULTS A total of 235 healthcare workers who had received a two-dose primary vaccine series of either ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2, followed by a third booster dose of BNT162b2 (166 in the ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 (CCB) group and 69 in the BNT162b2/BNT162b2/BNT162b2 (BBB) group, based on the vaccine series) were included. Following the primary vaccine series, the BBB group exhibited significantly higher increases in Sab levels, IGRA responses, and multiple cytokines (CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, interleukin (IL)-1ra, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10) compared to the CCB group (all P < 0.05). One month after the third BNT162b2 booster, the CCB group showed Sab levels comparable to those of the BBB group, and both groups exhibited lower levels after six months without breakthrough infections (BIs). However, among those who experienced BA.1/2 BIs after the third booster, Sab levels increased significantly more in the BBB group than in the CCB group (P < 0.001). IGRA responses to both Spike1 and Spike2 proteins were significantly stronger in the BBB group than the CCB group after the third booster, while only the Spike2 response were higher after BIs (P = 0.007). The BBB group exhibited stronger enhancement of T-cell cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17A) after BIs than in the CCB group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Differences in immunogenicity induced by the two primary vaccine series persisted, modulated by subsequent booster vaccinations and BIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Young Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Xu J, Chen J, Wen F, Liu K, Chen Y. Detection methods and dynamic characteristics of specific antibodies in patients with COVID-19: A review of the early literature. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24580. [PMID: 38317938 PMCID: PMC10839880 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic. Early and accurate diagnosis and quarantine remain the most effective mitigation strategy. Although reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, recent studies suggest that nucleic acids were undetectable in a significant number of cases with clinical features of COVID-19.Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 play a role in diagnosis of COVID-19, in understanding viral epidemiology and screening convalescent sera for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, to better understand the immune response to the virus, and to assess the degree and duration of the response of specific antibodies. In this article, we retrieved PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WEB OF SCI databases for articles and reviews published before December 1, 2022. Using "IgM, IgG,IgA, neutralizing antibody, specific antibody,COVID-19, dynamic characteristics" as keywords, and comprehensively reviewed on their basis.According to the authors' criteria, only articles deemed relevant were included, covering original articles, case series, experimental studies, reviews, and case reports. Articles on performance evaluation, opinion pieces, and technical issues were excluded. From the onset of COVID-19 symptoms, the median time of seroconversion was 11 days for immunoglobulin A (IgA), the median time of peak antibody titer was 23 (16-30 days) for IgA.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is detected prior to immunoglobulin G (IgG), peaking 2-5 weeks post symptom onset and detectable for a minimum of 8 weeks in the immunocompetent.Neutralizing antibodies were earliest detectable within 6-7 days following disease onset, with levels increasing until days 14-22 before levelling and then decreasing, but titres were lower in clinically mild disease. Different clinical types of patients showed different antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, with severe COVID-19 patients > non-severe COVID-19 patients > asymptomatic infected persons, but no difference in the early stage of the disease. Usually, IgM and IgA antibodies are detectable earlier than IgG antibodies.IgA antibodys plays an important role in local mucosal immunity.Detection of IgM antibodies tends to indicate recent exposure to SARS-CoV-2, whereas the detection of COVID-19 IgG antibodies indicates virus exposure some time ago. The detection of potent neutralizing antibodies in convalescent plasma is important in the context of development of therapeutics and vaccines.With the emergence of immune escape variants of SARS-CoV-2, humoral immunity is being challenged, and a detailed understanding of Specific antibodies is critical to guide vaccine design strategies and antibody-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fazhi Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - KangSheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
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Zhang D, Kukkar D, Kim KH, Bhatt P. A comprehensive review on immunogen and immune-response proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and their applications in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129284. [PMID: 38211928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) prompts humoral immune responses in the human body. As the auxiliary diagnosis of a current infection, the existence of viral proteins can be checked from specific antibodies (Abs) induced by immunogenic viral proteins. For people with a weakened immune system, Ab treatment can help neutralize viral antigens to resist and treat the disease. On the other hand, highly immunogenic viral proteins can serve as effective markers for detecting prior infections. Additionally, the identification of viral particles or the presence of antibodies may help establish an immune defense against the virus. These immunogenic proteins rather than SARS-CoV-2 can be given to uninfected people as a vaccination to improve their coping ability against COVID-19 through the generation of memory plasma cells. In this work, we review immunogenic and immune-response proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 with regard to their classification, origin, and diverse applications (e.g., prevention (vaccine development), diagnostic testing, and treatment (via neutralizing Abs)). Finally, advanced immunization strategies against COVID-19 are discussed along with the contemporary circumstances and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Zhang
- College of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China; Bio-Nanotechnology Research Institute, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Poornima Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
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de Almeida DV, Cezar PA, Fernandes TFB, Schwarz MGA, Mendonça-Lima L, Giacoia-Gripp CBW, Côrtes FH, Lindenmeyer Guimarães M, Pilotto JH, De Sá NBR, Cazote ADS, Gomes LR, Quintana MDSB, Ribeiro-Alves M, Coelho LE, Geraldo KM, Ribeiro MPD, Cardoso SW, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG. The impact of early anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production on the length of hospitalization stay among COVID-19 patients. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0095923. [PMID: 37811977 PMCID: PMC10715214 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00959-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The study provides valuable insights into the sociodemographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, and humoral immune response of those affected by the virus that has devastated every field of human life since 2019; the COVID-19 patients. Firstly, the association among clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and the production of neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) against SARS-CoV-2 is explored. Secondly, varying levels of Nabs among patients are revealed, and a significant correlation between the presence of Nabs and a shorter duration of hospitalization is identified, which highlights the potential role of Nabs in predicting clinical outcomes. Lastly, a follow-up conducted 7 months later demonstrates the progression and persistence of Nabs production in recovered unvaccinated individuals. The study contributes essential knowledge regarding the characteristics of the study population, the early humoral immune response, and the dynamics of Nabs production over time. These findings have significant implications for understanding the immune response to COVID-19 and informing clinical management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalziza Victalina de Almeida
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Alves Cezar
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Gustavo Araujo Schwarz
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Heloise Côrtes
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Henrique Pilotto
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Beatriz Ramos De Sá
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa da Silva Cazote
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Gomes
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS)/Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas da População (INCT-IDPN), FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lara Esteves Coelho
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kim Mattos Geraldo
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Pia Diniz Ribeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Wagner Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdiléa G Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariza Gonçalves Morgado
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lee YJ, Choi JY, Yang J, Baek JY, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Jeong H, Kim MS, Lee HW, Kang G, Chung EJ, Kim TY, Hong HJ, Lee SE, Jang YG, Kim SS, Peck KR, Ko JH, Kim B. Longitudinal kinetics of neutralizing antibodies against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants and estimated level of group immunity of booster-vaccinated individuals during omicron-dominated COVID-19 outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, 2022. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0165523. [PMID: 37750684 PMCID: PMC10581082 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01655-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic persisted for 3 years and is now transitioning to endemicity. We illustrated the change in group immunity induced by vaccination (monovalent vaccines) and breakthrough infections (BIs) in a healthcare worker (HCW) cohort. Five sampling points were analyzed: before the third dose and 1, 3, 5, and 8 months after the vaccination. The last two points corresponded roughly to 1 and 4 months after omicron BA.1/BA.2 BI. A semi-quantitative anti-spike binding antibody (Sab) assay and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) against circulating variants were conducted. A linear regression model was utilized to deduce correlation equations. Baseline characteristics and antibody titers after the third dose were not different between 106 HCWs with or without BI (54/52). One month after the third dose, BA.1 PRNT increased with wild-type (WT), but 3 months after the third dose, it decreased more rapidly than WT PRNT. After BI, BA.1 PRNT increased robustly and waned slower than WT. A linear equation of waning kinetics was deduced between log10Sab and months, and the slope became gradual after BI. The estimated BA.5 PRNT titers at the beginning of the BA.5 outbreak were significantly higher than the BA.1 PRNT titers of the initial BA.1/BA.2 wave, which might be associated with the smaller size of the BA.5 wave. BA.1/BA.2 BI after the third dose elicited robust and broad neutralizing activity, preferentially maintaining cross-neutralizing longevity against BA.1 and BA.5. The estimated kinetics provide an overview of group immunity through the third vaccination and BA.1/BA.2 BI, correlating with the actual outbreaks. IMPORTANCE This study analyzed changes in group immunity induced by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infections (BIs) in a healthcare worker cohort. We investigated the longitudinal kinetics of neutralizing antibodies against circulating variants and confirmed that BA.1/BA.2 BIs enhance the magnitude and durability of cross-neutralization against BA.1 and BA.5. Correlation equations between semi-quantitative anti-spike antibody and plaque reduction neutralization test titers were deduced from the measured values using a linear regression model. Based on the equations, group immunity was estimated to last up to 11 months following the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The estimated group immunity suggests that the augmented immunity and flattened waning slope through BI could correlate with the overall outbreak size. Our findings could provide a better understanding to establish public health strategies against future endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ju-yeon Choi
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Su-Hwan Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeonji Jeong
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Min-Seong Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - GaRim Kang
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eun Joo Chung
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyo-jeong Hong
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yeong Gyeong Jang
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
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Lee B, Ko JH, Baek JY, Kim H, Huh K, Cho SY, Kang CI, Chung DR, Peck KR, Kang ES. Clinical Utility of Sero-Immunological Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein During Subsequent Prevalence of Wild-Type, Delta Variant, and Omicron Variant. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e292. [PMID: 37724496 PMCID: PMC10506902 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is immunogenic but not targeted in vaccines, it could be useful in distinguishing natural infection from vaccination. We aimed to investigate the clinical utility of sero-immunological responses against the nucleocapsid protein. Nucleocapsid antibody immunoassay study with 302 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients showed lower titers in immunocompromised patients (P < 0.001), higher titers in higher severity (P = 0.031), and different seroconversion rates and titers according to variants of concern. Longitudinal evaluation of nucleocapsid antibodies using 513 samples from 291 COVID-19 patients revealed that it could persist up to 556 days from symptom onset. Interferon gamma release assay against the nucleocapsid protein showed poor response, precluding the deduction of a cut-off for the nucleocapsid protein. In conclusion, nucleocapsid antibody provides instructive clues about the immunogenicity of nucleocapsid proteins by different seroconversion rates and titers according to the severity of infection, host immune status, and different variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Korea
| | - Haein Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Touil N, Touzani CD, Benaissa EM, Kasouati J, Rhazzar Z, El Annaz H, El Mrimar N, Neffah L, Abi R, Tagajdid R, El Kochri S, Ducatez M, Akhouad Y, Reggad A, El Kassimi Z, Zrara A, Bssaibis F, El Fahime E, Amine IL, Belmekki A, Malik YS, Elouennass M, Ennibi K. Neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 give important information on Covid-19 epidemic evolution in Rabat, Morocco, March 2020-February 2021. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:400-405. [PMID: 38357173 PMCID: PMC10862607 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV-2 is an extremely contagious and acute viral disease mainly affecting humans. Objective To estimate seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) for illegible armed force individuals living in Rabat, Morocco. Method A convenience sample (N = 2662) was conducted from May 2020 to February 2021. We used the standard neutralization assay to quantify the NAbs titers. A serum was positive when the titer was 1:4. High positive NAbs titers were defined when ≥ 1:32. Results Demographic and socioeconomic status did not affect seroprevalence data. An overall seroprevalence of 24,9% was found. Sera from blood donors, young recruits and auto-immune population had lower NAbs titers. However, titers were above 1:16 in 9% of the population with high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Seropositivity increased over time with values reaching peaks after the epidemic waves (2.4% in May 2020; 16.2% in August 2020; 22.7% in December 2020 and 37% in February 2021). Conclusion And increase of NAbs was observed over time and correlated with the post-epidemic waves of COVID-19 in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Touil
- Unité de Culture Cellulaire, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
- Virologie Moléculaire Onco-Biologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Souissi-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Charifa Drissi Touzani
- Virologie Moléculaire Onco-Biologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Souissi-Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Mostafa Benaissa
- Equipe de Reherche en Epidemiologie Bacterienne, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Souissi-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jalal Kasouati
- Laboratoire de Biostatistique, de Recherche Clinique et d'Epidémiologie Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Souissi-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zineb Rhazzar
- Unité de Culture Cellulaire, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham El Annaz
- Unité de Culture Cellulaire, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia El Mrimar
- Unité de Culture Cellulaire, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Lamiae Neffah
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Abi
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rida Tagajdid
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Safae El Kochri
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Youssouf Akhouad
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Reggad
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zouhour El Kassimi
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Fatna Bssaibis
- Equipe de Reherche en Epidemiologie Bacterienne, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Souissi-Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Idriss Lahlou Amine
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkader Belmekki
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University (GADVASU), Punjab, India
| | - Mostafa Elouennass
- Equipe de Reherche en Epidemiologie Bacterienne, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Souissi-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid Ennibi
- Unité de Culture Cellulaire, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
- Service de Virologie, Centre des Maldies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
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8
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Yu EA, Jackman RP, Glesby MJ, Narayan KV. Bidirectionality between Cardiometabolic Diseases and COVID-19: Role of Humoral Immunity. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1145-1158. [PMID: 37302794 PMCID: PMC10256583 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases and abnormalities have recently emerged as independent risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, including hospitalizations, invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Determining whether and how this observation translates to more effective long-term pandemic mitigation strategies remains a challenge due to key research gaps. Specific pathways by which cardiometabolic pathophysiology affects humoral immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and vice versa, remain unclear. This review summarizes current evidence of the bidirectional influences between cardiometabolic diseases (diabetes, adiposity, hypertension, CVDs) and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies induced from infection and vaccination based on human studies. Ninety-two studies among >408,000 participants in 37 countries on 5 continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America) were included in this review. Obesity was associated with higher neutralizing antibody titers following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most studies conducted prior to vaccinations found positive or null associations between binding antibodies (levels, seropositivity) and diabetes; after vaccinations, antibody responses did not differ by diabetes. Hypertension and CVDs were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Findings underscore the importance of elucidating the extent that tailored recommendations for COVID-19 prevention, vaccination effectiveness, screening, and diagnoses among people with obesity could reduce disease burden caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Yu
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Rachael P Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marshall J Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Km Venkat Narayan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Emory Global Diabetes Research Center of Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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9
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Montes-Herrera D, Muñoz-Medina JE, Fernandes-Matano L, Salas-Lais AG, Hernández-Cueto MDLÁ, Santacruz-Tinoco CE, Monroy-Muñoz IE, Angeles-Martínez J. Association of Obesity with SARS-CoV-2 and Its Relationship with the Humoral Response Prior to Vaccination in the State of Mexico: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2630. [PMID: 37627889 PMCID: PMC10453006 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of contracting infections. This study aimed to estimate the risk of COVID-19 infection associated with obesity and to assess its role in the specific antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in 2021. This study included 980 participants from the State of Mexico who participated in a serological survey where they were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG anti-S1/S2 and anti-RBD antibodies and asked for height, weight, and previous infection data via a questionnaire. Of the cohort of 980 participants, 451 (46.02%) were seropositive at the time of recruitment (45.2% symptomatic and 54.8% asymptomatic). The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with obesity was 2.18 (95% CI: 1.51-3.16), 2.58 (95% CI: 1.63-4.09), and 1.88 (95% CI: 1.18-2.98) for seropositive, asymptomatic, and symptomatic individuals, respectively, compared to those with normal weight. Anti-S1/S2 and anti-RBD IgG antibodies tended to be higher in overweight and obese participants in the seropositive group and stratified by different obesity classes. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between anti-S1/S2 and anti-RBD IgG antibodies and BMI in both men and women in the seropositive group. Obesity is an independent risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection when adjusted for confounding variables; however, the relationship between BMI and anti-S1/S2 and anti-RBD IgG antibody levels differed markedly in the presence or absence of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montes-Herrera
- Central Epidemiology Laboratory, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02990, Mexico; (D.M.-H.); (A.G.S.-L.)
| | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- Quality of Supplies and Specialized Laboratories Coordination, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (J.E.M.-M.)
| | - Larissa Fernandes-Matano
- Quality of Supplies and Specialized Laboratories Coordination, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (J.E.M.-M.)
| | - Angel Gustavo Salas-Lais
- Central Epidemiology Laboratory, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02990, Mexico; (D.M.-H.); (A.G.S.-L.)
| | | | | | - Irma Eloisa Monroy-Muñoz
- Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research Department, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Javier Angeles-Martínez
- Central Epidemiology Laboratory, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02990, Mexico; (D.M.-H.); (A.G.S.-L.)
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10
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Cheng L, Lan L, Ramalingam M, He J, Yang Y, Gao M, Shi Z. A review of current effective COVID-19 testing methods and quality control. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:239. [PMID: 37195393 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which primarily affects the respiratory system and can lead to severe illness. The virus is extremely contagious, early and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to contain its spread, to provide prompt treatment, and to prevent complications. Currently, the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered to be the gold standard for detecting COVID-19 in its early stages. In addition, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LMAP), clustering rule interval short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA), computed tomography (CT), and electrochemical sensors are also common tests. However, these different methods vary greatly in terms of their detection efficiency, specificity, accuracy, sensitivity, cost, and throughput. Besides, most of the current detection methods are conducted in central hospitals and laboratories, which is a great challenge for remote and underdeveloped areas. Therefore, it is essential to review the advantages and disadvantages of different COVID-19 detection methods, as well as the technology that can enhance detection efficiency and improve detection quality in greater details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Cheng
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Liang Lan
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jianrong He
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Min Gao
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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11
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Association of anosmia and neutralizing antibody production in adolescents with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 164:111403. [PMID: 36463663 PMCID: PMC9694343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To monitor olfactory/gustatory dysfunction and its relationship to SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses in an adolescent population. METHODS Adolescents with changes in olfactory/gustatory functions were enrolled in a 15-month study. The patients were evaluated with 1) SNOT-22, 2) pediatric smell wheel, and 3) SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. The relationship between these scores and length of anosmia, and the amount of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were assessed. A brain MRI was performed in cases of persistent special sensory symptoms. RESULTS Eighteen patients were identified with smell and/or taste complaints. Most of the patients were female (67%) and median age was 15 years (range 11-17). Twelve patients had prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, with only five patients with a positive result. The median SNOT-22 score was 16 (range 0-52) and the median smell wheel score was 6.5 (range 1-11). Patients with taste difficulty were more likely to have a score less than eight. 78% of the patients tested positive for antibodies and there was a strong negative correlation between smell wheel score and antibody level (Spearman, ρ = -0.798, p = 0.002). Five patients underwent MRI scan, and all resulted as normal olfactory bulb structures. 66% received nasal corticosteroids. 11 patients presented in follow up. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents presenting to a pediatric ENT clinic during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were likely to have prolonged (>6 weeks) symptoms of SARS-CoV-2. The majority do not report positive PCR testing result but do report systemic symptoms including anosmia. This suggests that anosmia may be both a late and prolonged symptom of SARS-CoV-2.
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12
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Jasim SA, Mahdi RS, Bokov DO, Najm MAA, Sobirova GN, Bafoyeva ZO, Taifi A, Alkadir OKA, Mustafa YF, Mirzaei R, Karampoor S. The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5128-5148. [PMID: 35835586 PMCID: PMC9350195 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID-19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in-depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roaa Salih Mahdi
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of BabylonHillaIraq
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of PharmacySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation,Laboratory of Food ChemistryFederal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of PharmacyAl‐Ayen UniversityThi‐QarIraq
| | - Guzal N. Sobirova
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | - Zarnigor O. Bafoyeva
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | | | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyUniversity of MosulMosulIraq
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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13
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Cai J, Zhou J. How many asymptomatic cases were unconfirmed in the US COVID-19 pandemic? The evidence from a serological survey. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2022; 164:112630. [PMID: 36091638 PMCID: PMC9444511 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A serological survey from CDC revealed more than 10% of individuals in America probably resolving or past infection with SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2020, which illustrated there were massive unconfirmed asymptomatic infected people by contrast with the reported cases numbers. Asymptomatic patients as one of the crucial reasons for the COVID-19 pandemic being tough to contain, estimating the number of unconfirmed ones including the active infected and having cured in this population, is of great guiding significance for formulating epidemic prevention and control policies. This paper proposes a varying coefficient Susceptible-Infected-Removed-Susceptible (vSIRS) model to obtain the time series data of the unconfirmed asymptomatic infected numbers. Moreover, due to the time-varying coefficients, we can effectively track the situation changes of the COVID-19 intervened by related policy support and medical care level through this epidemiological model. A novel two-stage approach with a programming problem is correspondingly developed to accomplish the estimation of the unknown parameters in the vSIRS model. Subsequently, by leveraging seroprevalence data, daily reported cases data, and other clinical information, we apply the vSIRS model to analyze the evolution of COVID-19 in America. The modeling results show millions of active asymptomatic infected individuals were unconfirmed during the autumn and winter of 2020, which was a momentous factor for driving American COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Cai
- School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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14
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Kumar V, Kumar S, Sharma PC. Recent advances in the vaccine development for the prophylaxis of SARS Covid-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109175. [PMID: 35994853 PMCID: PMC9381430 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global pandemic that has wreaked havoc on public health, lives, and the global economy. The present COVID-19 outbreak has put pressure on the scientific community to develop medications and vaccinations to combat COVID-19. However, according to highly optimistic forecasts, we could not have a COVID-19 vaccine until September 2020. This is due to the fact that a successful COVID-19 vaccine will necessitate a careful validation of effectiveness and adverse reactivity given that the target vaccine population includes high-risk people over 60, particularly those with severe co-morbid conditions, frontline healthcare professionals, and those involved in essential industrial sectors. For passive immunization, which is being considered for Covid-19, there are several platforms for vaccine development, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The COVID-19 pandemic, which is arguably the deadliest in the last 100 years after the Spanish flu, necessitates a swift assessment of the various approaches for their ability to incite protective immunity and safety to prevent unintended immune potentiation, which is crucial to the pathogenesis of this virus. Considering the pandemic's high fatality rate and rapid spread, an efficient vaccination is critical for its management. As a result, academia, industry, and government are collaborating in unprecedented ways to create and test a wide range of vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the Covid-19 vaccine development initiatives, recent trends, difficulties, comparison between traditional vaccines development and Covid-19 vaccines development also listed the approved/authorized, phase-3 and pre-clinical trials Covid-19 vaccines in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India.
| | - Prabodh Chander Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
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15
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Nham E, Ko JH, Song KH, Choi JY, Kim ES, Kim HJ, Kim B, Lim HY, Kim KC, Jang HC, Lee KH, Song YG, Baek YJ, Ahn JY, Choi JY, Kim YC, Park YS, Choi WS, Bae S, Kim SH, Kang ES, Jeong HW, Kim SW, Kwon KT, Kim SS, Peck KR. Kinetics of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers and estimated protective immunity against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant: A prospective nationwide cohort study comparing three COVID-19 vaccination protocols in South Korea. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968105. [PMID: 36211416 PMCID: PMC9538478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDespite vaccine development, the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing due to immunity-escaping variants of concern (VOCs). Estimations of vaccine-induced protective immunity against VOCs are essential for setting proper COVID-19 vaccination policy.MethodsWe performed plaque-reduction neutralizing tests (PRNTs) using sera from healthcare workers (HCWs) collected from baseline to six months after COVID-19 vaccination and from convalescent COVID-19 patients. The 20.2% of the mean PRNT titer of convalescent sera was used as 50% protective value, and the percentage of HCWs with protective immunity for each week (percent-week) was compared among vaccination groups. A correlation equation was deduced between a PRNT 50% neutralizing dose (ND50) against wild type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and that of the Delta variant.ResultsWe conducted PRNTs on 1,287 serum samples from 297 HCWs (99 HCWs who received homologous ChAdOx1 vaccination (ChAd), 99 from HCWs who received homologous BNT162b2 (BNT), and 99 from HCWs who received heterologous ChAd followed by BNT (ChAd-BNT)). Using 365 serum samples from 116 convalescent COVID-19 patients, PRNT ND50 of 118.25 was derived as 50% protective value. The 6-month cumulative percentage of HCWs with protective immunity against WT SARS-CoV-2 was highest in the BNT group (2297.0 percent-week), followed by the ChAd-BNT (1576.8) and ChAd (1403.0) groups. In the inter-group comparison, protective percentage of the BNT group (median 96.0%, IQR 91.2–99.2%) was comparable to the ChAd-BNT group (median 85.4%, IQR 15.7–100%; P =0.117) and significantly higher than the ChAd group (median 60.1%, IQR 20.0–87.1%; P <0.001). When Delta PRNT was estimated using the correlation equation, protective immunity at the 6-month waning point was markedly decreased (28.3% for ChAd group, 52.5% for BNT, and 66.7% for ChAd-BNT).ConclusionDecreased vaccine-induced protective immunity at the 6-month waning point and lesser response against the Delta variant may explain the Delta-dominated outbreak of late 2021. Follow-up studies for newly-emerging VOCs would also be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Nham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Choi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Lim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Chang Jang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yae Jee Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hye Won Jeong, ; Shin-Woo Kim, ; Ki Tae Kwon, ; Sung Soon Kim, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hye Won Jeong, ; Shin-Woo Kim, ; Ki Tae Kwon, ; Sung Soon Kim, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hye Won Jeong, ; Shin-Woo Kim, ; Ki Tae Kwon, ; Sung Soon Kim, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hye Won Jeong, ; Shin-Woo Kim, ; Ki Tae Kwon, ; Sung Soon Kim, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hye Won Jeong, ; Shin-Woo Kim, ; Ki Tae Kwon, ; Sung Soon Kim, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
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16
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Faizo AA, Qashqari FS, El‐Kafrawy SA, Barasheed O, Almashjary MN, Alfelali M, Bawazir AA, Albarakati BM, Khayyat SA, Hassan AM, Alandijany TA, Azhar EI. A potential association between obesity and reduced effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28130. [PMID: 36068377 PMCID: PMC9539352 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the adverse effects of obesity on host immunity, this study investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, ChAdOx-nCov-2019, and mRNA-1273) in inducing anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) neutralizing antibodies among individuals with various obesity classes (class I, II, III, and super obesity). Sera from vaccinated obese individuals (n = 73) and normal BMI controls (n = 46) were subjected to S-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum-neutralization test (SNT) to determine the prevalence and titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Nucleocapsid-ELISA was also utilized to distinguish between immunity acquired via vaccination only versus vaccination plus recovery from infection. Data were linked to participant demographics including age, gender, past COVID-19 diagnosis, and COVID-19 vaccination profile. S-based ELISA demonstrated high seroprevalence rates (>97%) in the study and control groups whether samples with evidence of past infection were included or excluded. Interestingly, however, SNT demonstrated a slightly significant reduction in both the rate and titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies among vaccinated obese individuals (60/73; 82.19%) compared to controls (45/46; 97.83%). The observed reduction in COVID-19 vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity among obese individuals occurs independently of gender, recovery from past infection, and period from last vaccination. Our data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective humoral immunity. This effectiveness, however, is potentially reduced among obese individuals which highlight the importance of booster doses to improve their neutralizing immunity. Further investigations on larger sample size remain necessary to comprehensively conclude about the effect of obesity on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness on humoral immunity induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa A. Faizo
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Fadi S. Qashqari
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Microbiology, College of MedicineUmm Al‐Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A. El‐Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Barasheed
- Department of Research and InnovationKing Abdullah Medical CityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Majed N. Almashjary
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Hematology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alfelali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityRabighSaudi Arabia
| | - Asma A. Bawazir
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Boshra M. Albarakati
- Department of Microbiology, College of MedicineUmm Al‐Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Soud A. Khayyat
- Department of Microbiology, College of MedicineUmm Al‐Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
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17
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Ghotloo S, Maghsood F, Golsaz‐Shirazi F, Amiri MM, Moog C, Shokri F. Epitope mapping of neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies: Implications for immunotherapy and vaccine design. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2347. [PMID: 35394093 PMCID: PMC9111153 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This disease has currently affected more than 346 million people and resulted in more than 5.5 million deaths in many countries. Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus could serve as prophylactic/therapeutic agents in COVID-19 infection by providing passive protection against the virus in individuals. Until now, no Food and Drug Administration/European Medicines Agency-approved neutralising MAb against SARS-CoV-2 virus exists in the market, though a number of MAbs have been authorised for emergency use. Therefore, there is an urgent need for development of efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralising MAbs for use in the clinic. Moreover, neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 MAbs could be used as beneficial tools for designing epitope-based vaccines against the virus. Given that the target epitope of a MAb is a crucial feature influencing its neutralising potency, target epitopes of neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 MAbs already reported in the literature and reactivity of these MAbs with SARS-CoV-2 variants are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ghotloo
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesSchool of Allied Medical SciencesKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
| | - Faezeh Maghsood
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Forough Golsaz‐Shirazi
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie MoléculaireInstitut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de StrasbourgTransplantex NGFaculté de MédecineFédération Hospitalo‐Universitaire OMICAREFédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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18
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Campbell C, Roblin D, Padmanabhan N, Romero D, Joe J, Fathi L, Whiting T, Williamson J, Goodwin P, Mckie C, Deneal A, Greenberg L, Sigal G. Saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 serology using at-home collection kits returned via mail. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14061. [PMID: 35982133 PMCID: PMC9387411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serology provides tools for epidemiologic studies, and may have a role in vaccine prioritization and selection. Automated serologic testing of saliva, especially specimens that are self-collected at home and sent to a laboratory via the mail without refrigeration, could be a highly-scalable strategy for population-wide testing. In this prospective study, non-vaccinated patients were recruited after PCR testing to self-collect saliva and return their specimens via mail. Longitudinal specimens were analyzed in order to monitor seroconversion in the weeks after a diagnostic PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Diverse users self-collected saliva and returned specimens via mail in compliance with shipping regulations. At our pre-established threshold (0.963 AU/mL), salivary IgG reactivity to full-length spike protein achieved 95.8% sensitivity and 92.4% specificity at 2–4 weeks after diagnostic testing, which is comparable to the typical sensitivity and specificity achieved for serum testing. Reactivity to N antigen also was detected with 92.6% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity at 4–8 weeks after diagnostic testing. Moreover, serologic testing for endemic coronaviruses performed in multiplex with SARS-CoV-2 antigens has the potential to identify samples that may require retesting due to effects of pre-analytical factors. The easy-to-use saliva collection kit, coupled with thresholds for positivity and methods of flagging samples for retest, provides a framework for large-scale serosurveillance of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Campbell
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA. .,Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC, 16020 Industrial Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA.
| | - Douglas Roblin
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jessica Joe
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lily Fathi
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Whiting
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jared Williamson
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paul Goodwin
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charmaine Mckie
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Adrienne Deneal
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Leslie Greenberg
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George Sigal
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA
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19
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Barreira GA, Santos EHD, Pereira MFB, Rodrigues KA, Rocha MC, Kanunfre KA, Marques HHDS, Okay TS. Technical performance of a lateral flow immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases and at different times after vaccination: comparison with enzyme and chemiluminescent immunoassays. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e49. [PMID: 35858039 PMCID: PMC9281580 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the technical performance of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and compared LFIA results with chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) results and an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA). To this end, a total of 216 whole blood or serum samples from three groups were analyzed: the first group was composed of 68 true negative cases corresponding to blood bank donors, healthy young volunteers, and eight pediatric patients diagnosed with other coronavirus infections. The serum samples from these participants were obtained and stored in a pre-COVID-19 period, thus they were not expected to have COVID-19. In the second group of true positive cases, we chose to replace natural cases of COVID-19 by 96 participants who were expected to have produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies 30-60 days after the vaccine booster dose. The serum samples were collected on the same day that LFIA were tested either by EIA or CLIA. The third study group was composed of 52 participants (12 adults and 40 children) who did or did not have anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies due to specific clinical scenarios. The 12 adults had been vaccinated more than seven months before LFIA testing, and the 40 children had non-severe COVID-19 diagnosed using RT-PCR during the acute phase of infection. They were referred for outpatient follow-up and during this period the serum samples were collected and tested by CLIA and LFIA. All tests were performed by the same healthcare operator and there was no variation of LFIA results when tests were performed on finger prick whole blood or serum samples, so that results were grouped for analysis. LFIA's sensitivity in detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 90%, specificity 97.6%, efficiency 93%, PPV 98.3%, NPV 86.6%, and likelihood ratio for a positive or a negative result were 37.5 and 0.01 respectively. There was a good agreement (Kappa index of 0.677) between LFIA results and serological (EIA or CLIA) results. In conclusion, LFIA analyzed in this study showed a good technical performance and agreement with reference serological assays (EIA or CLIA), therefore it can be recommended for use in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases of COVID-19 and to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody production induced by vaccination and the antibodies decrease over time. However, LFIAs should be confirmed by using reference serological assays whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Acca Barreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilly Henrique Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Alessandra Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mussya Cisotto Rocha
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Kanunfre
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thelma Suely Okay
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Alzahrani OR, Alanazi AD, Kareinen L, Hawsawi YM, Alhadrami HA, Khogeer AA, Alatwi HE, Alharbi AA, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Hepojoki J, Zakham F. Clinical and Serological Findings of COVID-19 Participants in the Region of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1725. [PMID: 35885629 PMCID: PMC9318194 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Makkah in Saudi Arabia hosts the largest annual religious event in the world. Despite the many strict rules enacted, including Hajj cancellation, city lockdowns, and social distancing, the region has the second highest number of new COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia. Public health interventions that identify, isolate, and manage new cases could slow the infection rate. While RT-PCR is the current gold standard in SARS-CoV-2 identification, it yields false positive and negative results, which mandates the use of complementary serological tests. Here, we report the utility of serological assays during the acute phase of individuals with moderate and severe clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19). Fifty participants with positive RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled in this study. Following RT-PCR diagnosis, serum samples from the same participants were analyzed using in-house ELISA (IgM, IgA, and IgG) and microneutralization test (MNT) for the presence of antibodies. Of the 50 individuals analyzed, 43 (86%) showed a neutralizing antibody titer of ≥20. Univariate analysis with neutralizing antibodies as a dependent variable and the degree of disease severity and underlying medical conditions as fixed factors revealed that patients with no previous history of non-communicable diseases and moderate clinical manifestation had the strongest neutralizing antibody response "Mean: 561.11". Participants with severe symptoms and other underlying disorders, including deceased individuals, demonstrated the lowest neutralizing antibody response. Anti-spike protein antibody responses, as measured by ELISA, showed a statistically significant correlation with neutralizing antibodies. This reinforces the speculation that serological assays complement molecular testing for diagnostics; however, patients' previous medical history (anamnesis) should be considered in interpreting serological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman R. Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (O.R.A.); (H.E.A.)
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Lauri Kareinen
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (O.V.); (J.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yousef M. Hawsawi
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A. Alhadrami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Special Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim A. Khogeer
- Plan and Research Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, MOH, Mecca 24321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hanan E. Alatwi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (O.R.A.); (H.E.A.)
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amnah A. Alharbi
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (O.V.); (J.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (O.V.); (J.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (O.V.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fathiah Zakham
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (T.S.); (O.V.); (J.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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de La Vega MA, Xiii A, Lee MF, Kobinger GP. SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis at airports to minimize travel-related COVID-19 spread. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11753. [PMID: 35817815 PMCID: PMC9272858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the identification of SARS-CoV-2, screening for air travel helped mitigate spread, yet lessons learned from a case study of air travel within Canada display enhanced techniques to better identify infected individuals, informing future responsive screening. While international travel bans limit infectious spread beyond a country's borders, such measures are hardly sustainable economically and infrequently address domestic travel. Here, we describe a case study from Canada, where a diagnostic laboratory at point of travel conducted real-time PCR-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 in support of existing interventions, including clinical and epidemiological questionnaires, and temperature checks. All mining workers departing from a populated urban area flying to one of two sites (Site A and B) in a remote northern Canadian region, which we deemed "at-risk", because healthcare services are limited and vulnerable to epidemics. Data collected between June and November 2020 on 15,873 clinical samples, indicate that molecular diagnosis allowed for identification of 13 infected individuals, who would have otherwise been missed by using solely nonpharmaceutical interventions. Overall, no outbreaks, COVID-19-related or other, were detected at the point of travel up to December 2021 since the implementation of the laboratory, suggesting this screening process is an effective means to protect at-risk communities. The success of this study suggests a process more practical than travel bans or an unfocused screening of air travelers everywhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ara Xiii
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Marc F Lee
- CIUSSS de La Capitale-Nationale, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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22
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García-Mendoza M, Merino-Sarmiento N, De Lucio-Burga G, Fernández-Navarro MG, Pampa-Espinoza L, Solis-Sánchez G, Huaringa-Núñez M, Palomino-Rodríguez M, Ríos-Monteza P, Solari L. IgG antibody response by ELISA using Wuhan and Lambda variant antigens in BBIBP-CORV vaccinated health care workers. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2022; 39:267-273. [PMID: 36478159 PMCID: PMC11397685 DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2022.393.10875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES . To evaluate the IgG antibody response by ELISA using Wuhan and Lambda antigens in health care workers with and without history of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to immunization with the first and second doses of Sinopharm vaccine (BBIBP-CorV). MATERIALS AND METHODS . An analytical study was carried out in health care workers over 18 years of age. Fifty-one participants with history and 100 participants without history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, who received two doses of Sinopharm vaccine, were included. IgG antibodies were assessed 21 days after the first dose, 21 days after the second dose and 3 months after the second dose by in-house ELISA using the complete antigen of the Wuhan variant (B.1.1) and lambda variant (C-37) of SARS-CoV-2 virus. RESULTS . Both groups showed a large increase in the percentage of people with antibodies after the second dose, however, this percentage decreased 3 months after the second dose. The difference between the antibody index measured by ELISA with Wuhan variant antigen versus the ELISA with lambda variant was significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS . There is a significant increase in the presence of IgG type antibodies after 15 days of the second dose of BBIBP-CorV vaccination in participants without previous infection and a decrease after 3 months of the second dose in the ratio of IgG antibody reactivity indexes in ELISAs with the variant antigen as with ELISAs with the lambda variant.
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23
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Chivese T, Matizanadzo JT, Musa OAH, Hindy G, Furuya-Kanamori L, Islam N, Al-Shebly R, Shalaby R, Habibullah M, Al-Marwani TA, Hourani RF, Nawaz AD, Haider MZ, Emara MM, Cyprian F, Doi SAR. The prevalence of adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and reinfection after recovery - a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:269-281. [PMID: 35099367 PMCID: PMC9248963 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2029301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to estimate the prevalence and longevity of detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and T and B memory cells after recovery. In addition, the prevalence of COVID-19 reinfection and the preventive efficacy of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 were investigated. A synthesis of existing research was conducted. The Cochrane Library, the China Academic Journals Full Text Database, PubMed, and Scopus, and preprint servers were searched for studies conducted between 1 January 2020 to 1 April 2021. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality and pooled estimates of relevant outcomes were obtained in a meta-analysis using a bias adjusted synthesis method. Proportions were synthesized with the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation and binary outcomes using the odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 and Cochran's Q statistics and publication bias was assessed using Doi plots. Fifty-four studies from 18 countries, with around 12,000,000 individuals, followed up to 8 months after recovery, were included. At 6-8 months after recovery, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific immunological memory remained high; IgG - 90.4% (95%CI 72.2-99.9, I2 = 89.0%), CD4+ - 91.7% (95%CI 78.2-97.1y), and memory B cells 80.6% (95%CI 65.0-90.2) and the pooled prevalence of reinfection was 0.2% (95%CI 0.0-0.7, I2 = 98.8). Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 had an 81% reduction in odds of a reinfection (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.1-0.3, I2 = 90.5%). Around 90% of recovered individuals had evidence of immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2, at 6-8 months after recovery and had a low risk of reinfection.RegistrationPROSPERO: CRD42020201234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda Chivese
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar,CONTACT Tawanda Chivese ; Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joshua T. Matizanadzo
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK
| | - Omran A. H. Musa
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - George Hindy
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Nazmul Islam
- Department of Public Health, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rafal Al-Shebly
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rana Shalaby
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Habibullah
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Talal A. Al-Marwani
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rizeq F. Hourani
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed D. Nawaz
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Z. Haider
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M. Emara
- Immunology Section, Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar,Microbiology Section, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Farhan Cyprian
- Immunology Section, Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suhail A. R. Doi
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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24
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Ravera F, Borea R, Cirmena G, Dameri M, Ferrando L, Gallo M, Casini C, Fallani N, Stabile M, Barbero V, Murialdo R, Tixi L, Cappuccio M, Cuboni A, Sivieri I, Fornarini G, De Maria A, Ballestrero A, Zoppoli G. Incidence and immunomic features of apyretic COVID-19 in patients affected by solid tumors: a prospective cohort study. J Transl Med 2022; 20:230. [PMID: 35568887 PMCID: PMC9107211 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in asymptomatic patients affected by solid cancer, and whether it is associated with specific transcriptomics changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS Patients affected by solid cancer treated in a top comprehensive cancer center in Italy during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave, and negative for COVID-19-symptoms since the first detection of COVID-19 in Italy, were prospectively evaluated by SARS-CoV-2 serology in the period between April 14th and June 23rd 2020. Follow-up serologies were performed, every 21-28 days, until August 23rd 2020. All SARS-CoV-2 IgM + patients underwent confirmatory nasopharyngeal swab (NPS). PBMCs from a subset of SARS-CoV-2 IgM + patients were collected at baseline, at 2 months, and at 7 months for transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 serology was performed on 446 of the 466 recruited patients. A total of 14 patients (3.14%) tested positive for at least one SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin in the period between April 14th and August 23rd 2020. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM decreased from 1.48% in the first month of the accrual to 0% in the last month. Viral RNA could not be detected in any of the NPS. PBMC serial transcriptomic analysis showed progressive downregulation of interleukin 6 upregulated signatures, chemokine-mediated signaling and chemokine-chemokine receptor KEGG pathways. B- and T-cell receptor pathways (p-values = 0.0002 and 0.017 respectively) were progressively upregulated. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion rate in asymptomatic patients affected by solid cancer is consistent with that of asymptomatic COVID-19 assessed in the general population through NPS at the peak of the first wave. Transcriptomic features over time in IgM + asymptomatic cases are suggestive of previous viral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ravera
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Borea
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Martina Dameri
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Gallo
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Casini
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Neri Fallani
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Stabile
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Lucia Tixi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cuboni
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Sivieri
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea De Maria
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballestrero
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Zoppoli
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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Hong JY, Ko JH, Yang J, Ha S, Nham E, Huh K, Cho SY, Kang CI, Chung DR, Baek JY, Sohn YM, Park HJ, Lee B, Huh HJ, Kang ES, Suh GY, Chung CR, Peck KR. Severity-Adjusted Dexamethasone Dosing and Tocilizumab Combination for Severe COVID-19. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:430-439. [PMID: 35512745 PMCID: PMC9086692 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.5.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Real-world experience with tocilizumab in combination with dexamethasone in patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) needs to be investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the effect of severity-adjusted dosing of dexamethasone in combination with tocilizumab for severe COVID-19 from August 2020 to August 2021. The primary endpoint was 30-day clinical recovery, which was defined as no oxygen requirement or referral after recovery. RESULTS A total of 66 patients were evaluated, including 33 patients in the dexamethasone (Dexa) group and 33 patients in the dexamethasone plus tocilizumab (DexaToci) group. The DexaToci group showed a statistically significant benefit in 30-day clinical recovery, compared to the Dexa group (p=0.024). In multivariable analyses, peak FiO2 within 3 days and tocilizumab combination were consistently significant for 30-day recovery (all p<0.05). The DexaToci group showed a significantly steeper decrease in FiO2 (-4.2±2.6) than the Dexa group (-2.7±2.6; p=0.021) by hospital day 15. The duration of oxygen requirement was significantly shorter in the DexaToci group than the Dexa group (median, 10.0 days vs. 17.0 days; p=0.006). Infectious complications and cellular and humoral immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the convalescence stage were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION A combination of severity-adjusted dexamethasone and tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 improved clinical recovery without increasing infectious complications or hindering the immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yeong Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Ha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eliel Nham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Korea
| | - You Min Sohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Pharmacy, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Pharmacy, Suwon, Korea
| | - Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gee Young Suh
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi Ryang Chung
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Lee B, Ko JH, Park J, Moon HW, Baek JY, Jung S, Lim HY, Kim KC, Huh K, Cho SY, Kang CI, Chung DR, Huh HJ, Chung CR, Kim YJ, Joo EJ, Kang ES, Peck KR. Estimating the Neutralizing Effect and Titer Correlation of Semi-Quantitative Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Immunoassays. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:822599. [PMID: 35493733 PMCID: PMC9046723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.822599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the clinical application of semi-quantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, the analytical performance and titer correlation of the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) need to be investigated. We evaluated the analytical performance and PRNT titer-correlation of one surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) kit and three chemiluminescent assays. We measured the total antibodies for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, total antibodies for the nucleocapsid protein (NP), and IgG antibodies for the RBD. All three chemiluminescent assays showed high analytical performance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a sensitivity ≥ 98% and specificity ≥ 99%; those of the sVNT were slightly lower. The representativeness of the neutralizing activity of PRNT ND50 ≥ 20 was comparable among the four immunoassays (Cohen’s kappa ≈ 0.80). Quantitative titer correlation for high PRNT titers of ND50 ≥ 50, 200, and 1,000 was investigated with new cut-off values; the anti-RBD IgG antibody kit showed the best performance. It also showed the best linear correlation with PRNT titer in both the acute and convalescent phases (Pearson’s R 0.81 and 0.72, respectively). Due to the slowly waning titer of anti-NP antibodies, the correlation with PRNT titer at the convalescent phase was poor. In conclusion, semi-quantitative immunoassay kits targeting the RBD showed neutralizing activity that was correlated by titer; measurement of anti-NP antibodies would be useful for determining past infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiho Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Won Moon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Lim
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chi Ryang Chung
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Jeong Joo, ; Eun-Suk Kang, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Jeong Joo, ; Eun-Suk Kang, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Jeong Joo, ; Eun-Suk Kang, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
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Qaseem A, Yost J, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Forciea MA, Abraham GM, Miller MC, Obley AJ, Humphrey LL, Akl EA, Andrews R, Dunn A, Haeme R, Kansagara DL, Tschanz MP. What Is the Antibody Response and Role in Conferring Natural Immunity After SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Rapid, Living Practice Points From the American College of Physicians (Version 2). Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:556-565. [PMID: 35073153 PMCID: PMC8803138 DOI: 10.7326/m21-3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DESCRIPTION The Scientific Medical Policy Committee (SMPC) of the American College of Physicians (ACP) developed these living, rapid practice points to summarize the current best available evidence on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. This is version 2 of the ACP practice points, which serves to update version 1, published on 16 March 2021. These practice points do not evaluate vaccine-acquired immunity or cellular immunity. METHODS The SMPC developed this version of the living, rapid practice points based on an updated living, rapid, systematic review conducted by the Portland VA Research Foundation and funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PRACTICE POINT 1 Do not use SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PRACTICE POINT 2 Do not use SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests to predict the degree or duration of natural immunity conferred by antibodies against reinfection, including natural immunity against different variants. RETIREMENT FROM LIVING STATUS Although natural immunity remains a topic of scientific interest, this topic is being retired from living status given the availability of effective vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and widespread recommendations for and prevalence of their use. Currently, vaccination is the best clinical recommendation for preventing infection, reinfection, and serious illness from SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Qaseem
- American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.Q., I.E.)
| | - Jennifer Yost
- American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, and Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania (J.Y.)
| | | | | | - George M Abraham
- University of Massachusetts Medical School/Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts (G.M.A.)
| | | | - Adam J Obley
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.O., L.L.H.)
| | - Linda L Humphrey
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.O., L.L.H.)
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Kaygusuz S, Korukluoğlu G, Coşgun Y, Şahin Ö, Arslan F. INVESTIGATION AND LONG-TERM MONITORING OF THE PRESENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 DISEASE OF DIFFERENT CLINICAL SEVERITY. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3596-3604. [PMID: 35365870 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical to public health policy and vaccine development and prevention of reinfections for COVID-19. It is important to know the neutralizing capacity of antibodies and to monitor their persistence. METHODS Patients with Covid-19 were divided into four groups (severe-critical, moderate, mild and asymptomatic) according to their clinical severity. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike viral surface protein were investigated by ELISA method 3 months and 9 months after the onset of the disease. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) response was evaluated by microneutralization test. Patients who received at least two doses of COVID-19 vaccine after illness were enrolled. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 IgG and NAb titers were shown to be strongly correlated with disease severity. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibody levels were found to be compatible with each other. After 9 months of follow-up, both IgG and NA levels continued unabated in individuals who had the disease. In individuals who received at least two doses of the vaccine, these levels increased, except for severe-critical patients. CONCLUSIONS High levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG are indicative, as it is difficult to investigate NAb in routine laboratories. At the same time, it can be predicted that this period may be much longer if it continues for at least 9 months and is reinforced with vaccination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Kaygusuz
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infection Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Gülay Korukluoğlu
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health, National Virology Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Coşgun
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health, National Virology Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infection Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Arslan
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infection Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Adams O, Andrée M, Rabl D, Ostermann PN, Schaal H, Lehnert E, Ackerstaff S, Müller L, Fischer JC. Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses in COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 2022; 94:1096-1103. [PMID: 34716706 PMCID: PMC8662174 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used enzyme-linked immunoassay methods to measure the prevalence and the levels of antibody responses to the nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and four seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV 229E, and HCoV-NL63) in a cohort of 115 convalescent plasma donors infected with SARS-CoV-2 (1-61 days after symptom onset) compared to antibody levels in 114 individuals with no evidence of a recent infection with SARS-CoV-2. In the humoral response to the four seasonal coronaviruses, only HCoV-HKU1- and HCoV-229E-assays showed slightly elevated antibody levels in the COVID group compared to the control group. While in the COVID-group the levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies correlated significantly with disease severity, no association was found in the levels of antibodies against the seasonal coronaviruses. The most striking result in both groups was that the levels of antibodies against all tested coronaviruses, including the new SARS-CoV-2 showed a highly significant correlation with each other. There seems to be an individual predisposition to a weaker or stronger humoral immune response against all known seasonal human coronaviruses including the new SARS-CoV-2, which could lead to a definition of low and high responders against human coronaviruses with potential impact on the assessment of postinfection antibody levels and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortwin Adams
- Institute for Virology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Marcel Andrée
- Institute for Virology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Denise Rabl
- Institute for Virology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Philipp N. Ostermann
- Institute for Virology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute for Virology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Erik Lehnert
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Stefanie Ackerstaff
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Lisa Müller
- Institute for Virology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Johannes C. Fischer
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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Mistry P, Barmania F, Mellet J, Peta K, Strydom A, Viljoen IM, James W, Gordon S, Pepper MS. SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809244. [PMID: 35046961 PMCID: PMC8761766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Herd or community immunity has been proposed as a strategy to protect the vulnerable, and can be established through immunity from past infection or vaccination. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the development of a reservoir of resilient memory cells is under investigation. Vaccines have been developed at an unprecedented rate and 7 408 870 760 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants are more transmissible with a reduced sensitivity to immune mechanisms. This is due to the presence of amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, which confer a selective advantage. The emergence of variants therefore poses a risk for vaccine effectiveness and long-term immunity, and it is crucial therefore to determine the effectiveness of vaccines against currently circulating variants. Here we review both SARS-CoV-2-induced host immune activation and vaccine-induced immune responses, highlighting the responses of immune memory cells that are key indicators of host immunity. We further discuss how variants emerge and the currently circulating variants of concern (VOC), with particular focus on implications for vaccine effectiveness. Finally, we describe new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches that will be important as we navigate through the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Mistry
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fatima Barmania
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juanita Mellet
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kimberly Peta
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adéle Strydom
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ignatius M. Viljoen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - William James
- James and Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Pepper
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Jiang Y, Rubin L, Peng T, Liu L, Xing X, Lazarovici P, Zheng W. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:459-472. [PMID: 35002503 PMCID: PMC8741849 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak is emerging as a significant public health challenge. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, also known as cytokine storm, is a severe clinical syndrome known to develop as a complication of infectious or inflammatory diseases. Clinical evidence suggests that the occurrence of cytokine storm in severe acute respiratory syndrome secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is closely associated with the rapid deterioration and high mortality of severe cases. In this review, we aim to summarize the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the subsequent immunological events related to excessive cytokine production and inflammatory responses associated with ACE2-AngII signaling. An overview of the diagnosis and an update on current therapeutic regimens and vaccinations is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Limor Rubin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xingan Xing
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
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Liu WD, Hung CC, Wang JT, Tsai MJ, Kuo PH, Chao TL, Hsieh SM, Sheng WH, Chen YC, Chang SY, Chang SC. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in an HIV-positive patient with COVID-19. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 120:2186-2190. [PMID: 33933336 PMCID: PMC8059939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We presented the clinical course and immune responses of a well-controlled HIV-positive patient with COVID-19. The clinical presentation and antibody production to SARS-CoV-2 were similar to other COVID-19 patients without HIV infection. Neutralizing antibody reached a plateau from 26th to 47th day onset but decreased on 157th day after symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Da Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Tay Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jui Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Min Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Huei Sheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chwen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Magicova M, Fialova M, Zahradka I, Rajnochova-Bloudickova S, Hackajlo D, Raska P, Striz I, Viklicky O. Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 is well preserved and symptom dependent in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:3926-3935. [PMID: 34212497 PMCID: PMC9906442 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Data on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in kidney transplant recipients are scarce. Thus, we conducted a single-center observational study to assess the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence in outpatient kidney transplant recipients (KTR; n = 1037) and healthcare workers (HCW; n = 512) during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in fall 2020 and evaluated the clinical variables affecting antibody levels. Antibodies against S1 and S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated using immunochemiluminescent assay (cut off 9.5 AU/ml, sensitivity of 91.2% and specificity of 90.2%). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence was lower in KTR than in HCW (7% vs. 11.9%, p = .001). Kidney transplant recipients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were younger (p = .001) and received CNI-based immunosuppression more frequently (p = .029) than seronegative KTR. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive symptomatic KTR had a higher BMI (p = .04) than asymptomatic KTR. Interestingly, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were higher in KTR than in HCW (median 31 AU/ml, IQR 17-84 vs. median 15 AU/ml, IQR 11-39, p < .001). The presence of moderate to severe symptoms in KTR was found to be the only independent factor affecting IgG levels (Beta coefficient = 41.99, 95% CI 9.92-74.06, p = .011) in the multivariable model. In conclusion, KTR exhibit a well-preserved symptom-dependent humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magicova
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Fialova
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Zahradka
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Rajnochova-Bloudickova
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Hackajlo
- Department of Informatics, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Raska
- Department of Informatics, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Viklicky
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic,Correspondence Ondrej Viklicky, Department of Nephrology, Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Skorek A, Jaźwińska-Curyłło A, Romanowicz A, Kwaśniewski K, Narożny W, Tretiakow D. Assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies level in convalescents plasma. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1130-1137. [PMID: 34738646 PMCID: PMC8661642 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive vaccination, the quantity of patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants continues to grow worldwide. Treating patients with a severe course of COVID-19 is a difficult challenge. One of the generally accepted and specific therapy methods is the use of plasma rich in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. On the other hand, assessing the antibodies level depending on the time after infection allows for vaccine-decision. The study marked the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in 351 COVID-19 convalescent residents of one geographical region in Poland. The study group included blood donors. The studies were cross-sectional and extended to a questionnaire to determine infection severity. These data were compiled statistically. The study considered epidemiological factors, the time from the end of the infection, and infection severity. The fastest increase of the antibodies level was observed up to 59 days after COVID-19, and it was statistically significantly higher among men. Higher levels of antibodies were found among people above the average age in both men and women. There was an increase in the level of antibodies since the onset of the disease in men, while in women, it decreased. The antibodies level was also found to depend on the severity of the course of COVID-19 infection. The optimal group of plasma donors in the studied geographical region is men and women above 39 years old. after a more severe infection. The titer of antibodies increases with time from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Skorek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Romanowicz
- Student Scientific Club at the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwaśniewski
- Vascular Surgery and Angiology Department, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Narożny
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dmitry Tretiakow
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Nakagama Y, Komase Y, Candray K, Nakagama S, Sano F, Tsuchida T, Kunishima H, Imai T, Shintani A, Nitahara Y, Kaku N, Kido Y. Serological Testing Reveals the Hidden COVID-19 Burden among Health Care Workers Experiencing a SARS-CoV-2 Nosocomial Outbreak. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0108221. [PMID: 34550021 PMCID: PMC8557877 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01082-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the results of testing health care workers, from a tertiary care hospital in Japan that had experienced a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak during the first peak of the pandemic, for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody seroconversion. Using two chemiluminescent immunoassays and a confirmatory surrogate virus neutralization test, serological testing revealed that a surprising 42% of overlooked COVID-19 diagnoses (27/64 cases) occurred when case detection relied solely on SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). Our results suggest that the NAAT-positive population is only the tip of the iceberg and the portion left undetected might potentially have led to silent transmissions and triggered the spread. A questionnaire-based risk assessment was further indicative of exposures to specific aerosol-generating procedures (i.e., noninvasive ventilation and airway suctioning) having mediated transmission and served as the origins of the outbreak. Our observations are supportive of a multitiered testing approach, including the use of serological diagnostics, in order to accomplish exhaustive case detection along the whole COVID-19 spectrum. IMPORTANCE We describe the results of testing frontline health care workers, from a hospital in Japan that had experienced a COVID-19 outbreak, for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Antibody testing revealed that a surprising 42% of overlooked COVID-19 diagnoses occurred when case detection relied solely on PCR-based viral detection. COVID-19 clusters have been continuously striking the health care system around the globe. Our findings illustrate that such clusters are lined with hidden infections eluding detection with diagnostic PCR and that the cluster burden in total is more immense than actually recognized. The mainstays of diagnosing infectious diseases, including COVID-19, generally consist of two approaches, one aiming to detect molecular fragments of the invading pathogen and the other to measure immune responses of the host. Considering antibody testing as one trustworthy option to test our way through the pandemic can aid in the exhaustive case detection of COVID-19 patients with variable presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakagama
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Komase
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katherine Candray
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachie Nakagama
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sano
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsuchida
- Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kunishima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takumi Imai
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Shintani
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kaku
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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36
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Lam JH, Khan AK, Cornell TA, Chia TW, Dress RJ, Yeow WWW, Mohd-Ismail NK, Venkataraman S, Ng KT, Tan YJ, Anderson DE, Ginhoux F, Nallani M. Polymersomes as Stable Nanocarriers for a Highly Immunogenic and Durable SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Subunit Vaccine. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15754-15770. [PMID: 34618423 PMCID: PMC8525042 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple successful vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are urgently needed to address the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. In the present work, we describe a subunit vaccine based on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein coadministered with CpG adjuvant. To enhance the immunogenicity of our formulation, both antigen and adjuvant were encapsulated with our proprietary artificial cell membrane (ACM) polymersome technology. Structurally, ACM polymersomes are self-assembling nanoscale vesicles made up of an amphiphilic block copolymer comprising poly(butadiene)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) and a cationic lipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane. Functionally, ACM polymersomes serve as delivery vehicles that are efficiently taken up by dendritic cells (DC1 and DC2), which are key initiators of the adaptive immune response. Two doses of our formulation elicit robust neutralizing antibody titers in C57BL/6 mice that persist at least 40 days. Furthermore, we confirm the presence of functional memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that produce T helper type 1 cytokines. This study is an important step toward the development of an efficacious vaccine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit K. Khan
- ACM
Biolabs Pte Ltd, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | | | | | - Regine J. Dress
- Singapore Immunology
Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Nur Khairiah Mohd-Ismail
- Infectious
Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology
and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University
Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | | | - Kim Tien Ng
- Infectious
Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology
and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University
Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Infectious
Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology
and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University
Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Institute
of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology
and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Danielle E. Anderson
- Program
in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS
Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology
Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- SingHealth
Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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37
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Ye X, Angelo LS, Nicholson EG, Iwuchukwu OP, Cabral de Rezende W, Rajan A, Aideyan LO, McBride TJ, Bond N, Santarcangelo P, Rayford YJ, Ferlic-Stark L, Fragoso S, Momin Z, Liu H, Truong K, Lopez B, Conner ME, Rice AP, Kimata JT, Avadhanula V, Piedra PA. Serum IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 Binding Antibody Level Is Strongly Associated With IgA and Functional Antibody Levels in Adults Infected With SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693462. [PMID: 34691016 PMCID: PMC8531527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and then rapidly spread causing an unprecedented pandemic. A robust serological assay is needed to evaluate vaccine candidates and better understand the epidemiology of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods We used the full-length spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 for the development of qualitative and quantitative IgG and IgA anti-S enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A total of 320 sera used for assay development were comprised of pandemic sera from SARS-CoV-2 infected adults (n=51) and pre-pandemic sera (n=269) including sera from endemic human coronavirus infected adults. Reverse cumulative curves and diagnostic test statistics were evaluated to define the optimal serum dilution and OD cutoff value for IgG anti-S and IgA anti-S ELISAs. The IgG and IgA anti-S, and three functional antibodies (ACE-2 receptor blocking antibody, lentipseudovirus-S neutralizing antibody, and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody) were measured using additional SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive sera (n=76) and surveillance sera (n=25). Lastly, the IgG and IgA anti-S levels were compared in different demographic groups. Results The optimal serum dilution for the qualitative IgG anti-S ELISA was at 1:1024 yielding a 99.6% specificity, 92.2% sensitivity, 92.9% positive predictive value (PPV), and 99.6% negative predictive value (NPV) at a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 5%. The optimal serum dilution for the qualitative IgA anti-S ELISA was at 1:128 yielding a 98.9% specificity, 76.5% sensitivity, 78.3% PPV, and 98.8% NPV at the same seroprevalence. Significant correlations were demonstrated between the IgG and IgA (r=0.833 for concentrations, r=0.840 for titers) as well as between IgG and three functional antibodies (r=0.811-0.924 for concentrations, r=0.795-0.917 for titers). The IgG and IgA anti-S levels were significantly higher in males than females (p<0.05), and in adults with moderate/severe symptoms than in adults with mild/moderate symptoms (p<0.001). Conclusion We developed a highly specific and sensitive IgG anti-S ELISA assay to SARS-CoV-2 using full length S protein. The IgG anti-S antibody level was strongly associated with IgA and functional antibody levels in adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gender and disease severity, rather than age, play an important role in antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunyan Ye
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erin G Nicholson
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Obinna P Iwuchukwu
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wanderson Cabral de Rezende
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Letisha O Aideyan
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Trevor J McBride
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nanette Bond
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Patricia Santarcangelo
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yolanda J Rayford
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura Ferlic-Stark
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sonia Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zoha Momin
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Khanghy Truong
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brianna Lopez
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Margaret E Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew P Rice
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Al-Naamani K, Al-Jahdhami I, Al-Tamtami W, Al-Amri K, Al-Khabori M, Sinani SA, Said EA, Omer H, Al-Bahluli H, Al-Ryiami S, Al-Hakmani S, Al-Naamani N, Al-Jahwari R, Al-Hinai M, AlWahaibi J. Prevalence and persistence of SARS-CoV2 antibodies among healthcare workers in Oman. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1578-1584. [PMID: 34688980 PMCID: PMC8442291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The primary objective is to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persistence among HCWs and specifically among asymptomatic HCWs. A secondary objective is to determine the duration of persistent SARS-CoV-2 antibodies post infection and factors affecting this duration. The findings are expected to open the door for further research into the role of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology HCWs were divided into high, intermediate, and low risk based on their type and location of work. All participants filled a questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies. A documented SARS-CoV-2 PCR or Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total antibodies defined the primary outcome. The probability of persistence of antibody was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Logistic and Cox regression were used where appropriate. Results A total of 1111 HCWs were included. The median age 37 years (IQR: 31–43). More than half (67.2%) were females. The primary outcome was seen in 373 (33.6%) participants with a median age of 36 years (IQR: 29–41). Only 37.2% of those with documented positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR had reactive serology, while only 16.2% of those with reactive serology had documented positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR. Male gender (OR 0.44, P < 0.001) and older age (OR 0.98, P < 0.019) were associated with a lower risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. The probability of persistent SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at six months was 60.2% (95% CI: 49.5%–73.1%). Omanis had a higher probability of losing the antibody than others (HR 2.63, P = 0.021). Conclusion We report a high prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs in Oman, specifically among asymptomatic HCWs. Community was the most likely source of infection. Therefore, the society must adhere to the roles and regulations set to reduce the risk of transmission. We demonstrate a high percentage of seroconversion post initial infection, and the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at six months in more than half of those previously infected. We demonstrated a new interesting finding of fast decline of SARS-CoV2 antibody levels over time among different nationalities and this requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Naamani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Issa Al-Jahdhami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Wafa Al-Tamtami
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Division of Medical Microbiology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Kawther Al-Amri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | | | - Elias A Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Heba Omer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman; Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hamad Al-Bahluli
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Division of Medical Microbiology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saada Al-Ryiami
- Department of Infection Control, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saleh Al-Hakmani
- Department of Infection Control, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Ruqaiya Al-Jahwari
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Division of Medical Microbiology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Musheera Al-Hinai
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Division of Medical Microbiology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Juhaina AlWahaibi
- Department of Infection Control, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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39
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Liu Y, Xiao Y, Wu S, Marley G, Ming F, Wang X, Wu M, Feng L, Tang W, Liang K. People living with HIV easily lose their immune response to SARS-CoV-2: result from a cohort of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1029. [PMID: 34598701 PMCID: PMC8485113 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, whether the immune response for SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV(PLWH) is different from HIV-naïve individuals is still not clear. METHODS In this cohort study, COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals in Wuhan between January 15 and April 1, 2020, were enrolled. Patients were categorized into PLWH and HIV-naïve group. All patients were followed up regularly (every 15 days) until November 30, 2020, and the immune response towards SARS-CoV-2 was observed. RESULTS Totally, 18 PLWH and 185 HIV-naïve individuals with COVID-19 were enrolled. The positive conversion rates of IgG were 56% in PLWH and 88% in HIV-naïve patients respectively, and the peak was on the 45th day after COVID-19 onset. However, the positive rate of IgG dropped to 12% in PLWH and 33% among HIV-naïve individuals by the end of the study. The positive conversion rate of IgG among asymptomatic carriers is significantly lower than that among patients with moderate disease (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.85). PLWH had a lower IgG seroconversion rate (AOR = 0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.39) and shorter IgG duration (AHR = 3.99, 95% CI 1.43-11.13) compared to HIV-naïve individuals. Patients with higher lymphocyte counts at onset had a lower positive conversion rate (AOR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.87) and shorter duration for IgG (AHR = 4.01, 95% CI 1.78-9.02). CONCLUSIONS The positive conversion rate of IgG for SARS-CoV-2 was relatively lower and quickly lost in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Songjie Wu
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Gifty Marley
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangzhao Ming
- Wuchang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Wuhan No.7 People's Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weiming Tang
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Project-China, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
| | - Ke Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
- Center of Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission for Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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40
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Mercan Y, Digin F, Bulut S. Common Symptoms in COVID-19 Confirmed Cases Followed-Up at Home by Primary Healthcare Services. EURASIAN JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.33880/ejfm.2021100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to determine common symptoms in COVID-19 confirmed patients who were followed up at home by primary health care services.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Kırklareli, Turkey between July 2020 and December 2020. The study was conducted with 315 patients aged 18 years and over who were confirmed positive by the Polymerase Chain Reaction test and followed up at home by a Family Health Center.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 43.13±16.33 years. 53.7% were male, 87% lived in rural areas, 98.1% had health insurance and 54.9% were employed. Of the adults, 5.1% had the adult vaccine and 25.4% had a chronic disease. While at least one symptom was observed in 84.8% of the patients, 15.2% had no symptoms. The symptoms detected among the participants were cough (26.3%), headache (26.3%), and high fever (24.1%). The frequency of symptoms was higher in women than in men, and myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, and vomiting were also more frequent. The symptom of chills was more common in adults at 40 years and over compared to those under 40.
Conclusion: In case of cough, headache, or high fever among adults, a healthcare provider should be consulted and screening for other symptoms. In terms of follow-up, symptom management, and treatment of the disease, women, and individuals 40 years and over should be prioritized, carefully followed up, and provided with the necessary isolation. There are also asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 disease. Isolation of asymptomatic patients is also important because of the high contagiousness of the disease.
Keywords: COVID-19, symptoms, primary care, home care
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Mercan
- Department of Health Management, Kırklareli University Faculty of Health Sciences,
| | - Figen Digin
- Department of Midwifery, Kırklareli University Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Seda Bulut
- Kırklareli Provincial Health Directorate Pınarhisar Community Health Center
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Maghsood F, Hassani D, Salimi V, Kardar GA, Khoshnoodi J, Ghaderi A, Raeeskarami SR, Rostamian A, Seyyedsalehi MS, Ahmadi Fesharaki R, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Zarnani AH, Amiri MM, Shokri F. Differential Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Recovered and Deceased Iranian COVID-19 Patients. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:708-713. [PMID: 34534012 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is initiated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has imposed critical challenges to global health. Understanding the kinetic of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG responses in different subsets of COVID-19 patients is crucial to get insight into the humoral immune response elicited against the virus. We investigated IgM and IgG responses against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein in two groups of recovered and deceased COVID-19 patients. The levels of IgM and IgG specific to N and RBD proteins were detected by ELISA. N- and RBD-specific IgM was higher in deceased patients in comparison with recovered patients, while there was no significant difference in N- and RBD-specific IgG between the two groups. A significant correlation was observed between IgG and IgM titers against RBD and N, in both groups of patients. These results argue against impaired antibody response in deceased COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Maghsood
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danesh Hassani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- Immunology Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Khoshnoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Cancer Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Reza Raeeskarami
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorrahman Rostamian
- Department of Rheumatology, Valiasr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Raoufeh Ahmadi Fesharaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mohit E, Rostami Z, Vahidi H. A comparative review of immunoassays for COVID-19 detection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:573-599. [PMID: 33787412 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1908886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The gold standard for diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which is expensive, time-consuming and may result in false-negative results. Serological tests can be employed for RT-PCR negative patients, contact tracing, determining the probability of protection against re-infection, and seroepidemiological studies.Areas covered: The main methodologies of serology-based tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) were reviewed and their diagnostic performances were compared. Herein, a literature review on the databases of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar between January 1, 2020 and June 30, 2020 based on the main serological methods for COVID-19 detection with the focus on comparative experiments was performed. The review was updated on December 31, 2020.Expert opinion: Serology testing could be considered as a part of diagnostic panel two-week post symptom onset. Higher sensitivity for serology-based tests could be achieved by determining combined IgG/IgM titers. Furthermore, higher sensitive serological test detecting neutralization antibody could be developed by targeting spike (S) antigen. It was also demonstrated that the sensitivity of ELISA/CLIA-based methods are higher than LFIA devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rostami
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Vahidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Garrido C, Hurst JH, Lorang CG, Aquino JN, Rodriguez J, Pfeiffer TS, Singh T, Semmes EC, Lugo DJ, Rotta AT, Turner NA, Burke TW, McClain MT, Petzold EA, Permar SR, Moody MA, Woods CW, Kelly MS, Fouda GG. Asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits durable neutralizing antibody responses in children and adolescents. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150909. [PMID: 34228642 PMCID: PMC8492306 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread globally, questions have emerged regarding the strength and durability of immune responses in specific populations. In this study, we evaluated humoral immune responses in 69 children and adolescents with asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We detected robust IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody responses to a broad array of SARS-CoV-2 antigens at the time of acute infection and 2 and 4 months after acute infection in all participants. Notably, these antibody responses were associated with virus-neutralizing activity that was still detectable 4 months after acute infection in 94% of children. Moreover, antibody responses and neutralizing activity in sera from children and adolescents were comparable or superior to those observed in sera from 24 adults with mild symptomatic infection. Taken together, these findings indicate that children and adolescents with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection generate robust and durable humoral immune responses that can likely contribute to protection from reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian H. Hurst
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
- Children’s Health & Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | | | - Javier Rodriguez
- Children’s Clinical Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Eleanor C. Semmes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Children’s Health & Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra J. Lugo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Alexandre T. Rotta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Nicholas A. Turner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas W. Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Micah T. McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Petzold
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
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Murillo-Zamora E, Trujillo X, Huerta M, Ríos-Silva M, Aguilar-Sollano F, Mendoza-Cano O. Symptomatic SARS-COV-2 reinfection: healthcare workers and immunosuppressed individuals at high risk. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:923. [PMID: 34488661 PMCID: PMC8420845 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge regarding factors predicting the SARS-COV-2 reinfection risk is scarce and it has major implications in public health policies. We aimed to identify factors associated with the risk of symptomatic SARS-COV-2 reinfection. Methods We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study and 99,993 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were analyzed. Results The overall risk of reinfection (28 or more elapsed days between both episodes onset) was 0.21% (incidence density, 2.5 reinfections per 100,000 person-days) and older subjects and those with the mild primary disease were at reduced risk of the event. Healthcare workers and immunosuppressed or renal patients had at greater risk of SARS-COV-2 reinfection. Conclusions If replicated in other populations, these results may be useful to prioritize efforts focusing on the reduction of SARS-COV-2 spread and the related burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrén Murillo-Zamora
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 19, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Javier Mina 301, Col. Centro, C.P. 28000, Colima, México.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Av. Universidad 333, Col. Las Víboras, C.P. 28040, Colima, México
| | - Xóchitl Trujillo
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, C.P. 28045, Colima, México
| | - Miguel Huerta
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, C.P. 28045, Colima, México
| | - Mónica Ríos-Silva
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, C.P. 28045, Colima, México.,Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima - Cátedras CONACyT, Av. 25 de julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, C.P. 28045, Colima, México
| | - Felipe Aguilar-Sollano
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. Universidad 333, Col. Las Víboras, C.P. 28040, Colima, México
| | - Oliver Mendoza-Cano
- Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Colima, km. 9 carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán, C.P. 28400, Colima, México.
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Noh JY, Kwak JE, Yang JS, Hwang SY, Yoon JG, Seong H, Hyun H, Lim CS, Yoon SY, Ryou J, Lee JY, Kim SS, Park SH, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, Shin EC, Song JY. Longitudinal Assessment of Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Immune Responses for Six Months Based on the Clinical Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:754-763. [PMID: 34467985 PMCID: PMC7989218 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is insufficient data on the longevity of immunity acquired after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. METHODS We aimed to evaluate the duration of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity according to the clinical severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study population comprised asymptomatic (n = 14), symptomatic/nonpneumonic (n = 42), and pneumonic (n = 41) patients. RESULTS The anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin class G and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers lasted until 6 months after diagnosis, with positivity rates of 66.7% and 86.9%, respectively. Older age, prolonged viral shedding, and accompanying pneumonia were more frequently found in patients with sustained humoral immunity. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific T-cell response was strongly observed in pneumonic patients and prominent in individuals with sustained humoral immunity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, most (>85%) patients carry NAb until 6 months after diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing insights for establishing vaccination strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kwak
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Young Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakjun Hyun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsang Ryou
- Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soon Kim
- Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Herrington DM, Sanders JW, Wierzba TF, Alexander-Miller M, Espeland M, Bertoni AG, Mathews A, Seals AL, Munawar I, Runyon MS, McCurdy LH, Gibbs MA, Kotloff K, Friedman-Klabanoff D, Weintraub W, Correa A, Uschner D, Edelstein S, Santacatterina M. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 sero-positivity in a large longitudinal sero-surveillance cohort: the COVID-19 Community Research Partnership. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:889. [PMID: 34461847 PMCID: PMC8404407 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating population prevalence and incidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential to formulate public health recommendations concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. However, interpreting estimates based on sero-surveillance requires an understanding of the duration of elevated antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in the large number of people with pauci-symptomatic or asymptomatic disease. METHODS We examined > 30,000 serology assays for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM assays acquired longitudinally in 11,468 adults between April and November 2020 in the COVID-19 Community Research Partnership. RESULTS Among participants with serologic evidence for infection but few or no symptoms or clinical disease, roughly 50% sero-reverted in 30 days of their initial positive test. Sero-reversion occurred more quickly for IgM than IgG and for antibodies targeting nucleocapsid protein compared with spike proteins, but was not associated with age, sex, race/ethnicity, or healthcare worker status. CONCLUSIONS The short duration of antibody response suggests that the true population prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection may be significantly higher than presumed based on earlier sero-surveillance studies. The impact of the large number of minimally symptomatic COVID-19 cases with only a brief antibody response on population immunity remains to be determined.
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Kirenga B, Byakika-Kibwika P, Muttamba W, Kayongo A, Loryndah NO, Mugenyi L, Kiwanuka N, Lusiba J, Atukunda A, Mugume R, Ssali F, Ddungu H, Katagira W, Sekibira R, Kityo C, Kyeyune D, Acana S, Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa H, Kabweru W, Nakwagala F, Bagaya BS, Kimuli I, Nantanda R, Buregyeya E, Byarugaba B, Olaro C, Mwebesa H, Joloba ML, Siddharthan T, Bazeyo W. Efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 in Uganda. BMJ Open Respir Res 2021; 8:e001017. [PMID: 34376401 PMCID: PMC8354811 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Convalescent plasma (CCP) has been studied as a potential therapy for COVID-19, but data on its efficacy in Africa are limited. OBJECTIVE In this trial we set out to determine the efficacy of CCP for treatment of COVID-19 in Uganda. MEASUREMENTS Patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR test irrespective of disease severity were hospitalised and randomised to receive either COVID-19 CCP plus standard of care (SOC) or SOC alone. The primary outcome was time to viral clearance, defined as having two consecutive RT-PCR-negative tests by day 28. Secondary outcomes included time to symptom resolution, clinical status on the modified WHO Ordinal Clinical Scale (≥1-point increase), progression to severe/critical condition (defined as oxygen saturation <93% or needing oxygen), mortality and safety. MAIN RESULTS A total of 136 patients were randomised, 69 to CCP+SOC and 67 to SOC only. The median age was 50 years (IQR: 38.5-62.0), 71.3% were male and the median duration of symptom was 7 days (IQR=4-8). Time to viral clearance was not different between the CCP+SOC and SOC arms (median of 6 days (IQR=4-11) vs 4 (IQR=4-6), p=0.196). There were no statistically significant differences in secondary outcomes in CCP+SOC versus SOC: time to symptom resolution (median=7 (IQR=5-7) vs 7 (IQR=5-10) days, p=0.450), disease progression (9 (22.0%) vs 7 (24.0%) patients, p=0.830) and mortality (10 (14.5%) vs 8 (11.9%) deaths, p=0.476). CONCLUSION In this African trial, CCP therapy did not result in beneficial virological or clinical improvements. Further trials are needed to determine subgroups of patients who may benefit from CCP in Africa.Trial registration number NCT04542941.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Kirenga
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pauline Byakika-Kibwika
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Winters Muttamba
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Kayongo
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Namakula Olive Loryndah
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Levicatus Mugenyi
- Biostatistics Department, The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- Department of research, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - John Lusiba
- Clinical services, Uganda Peoples Defense Forces Medical Services, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
- Clinical services, Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Angella Atukunda
- Clinical services, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Raymond Mugume
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Henry Ddungu
- Research Department, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Winceslaus Katagira
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rogers Sekibira
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cissy Kityo
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dorothy Kyeyune
- Clinical services, Uganda Blood Transfusion Services, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Susan Acana
- Clinical services, Uganda Blood Transfusion Services, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | | | | | - Fred Nakwagala
- Clinical services, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Bernard Sentalo Bagaya
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Ivan Kimuli
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Rebecca Nantanda
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Esther Buregyeya
- Department of research, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Baterana Byarugaba
- Clinical services, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Charles Olaro
- Clinical services, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Henry Mwebesa
- Clinical services, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Moses Lutaakome Joloba
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
| | - Trishul Siddharthan
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - William Bazeyo
- Department of research, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda
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Janaka SK, Clark NM, Evans DT, Mou H, Farzan M, Connor JP. Predicting the efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor units with the Lumit Dx anti-receptor binding domain assay. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253551. [PMID: 34310603 PMCID: PMC8312954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 that causes COVID-19 has resulted in the death of more than 2.5 million people, but no cure exists. Although passive immunization with COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) provides a safe and viable therapeutic option, the selection of optimal units for therapy in a timely fashion remains a barrier. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Since virus neutralization is a necessary characteristic of plasma that can benefit recipients, the neutralizing titers of plasma samples were measured using a retroviral-pseudotype assay. Binding antibody titers to the spike (S) protein were also determined by a clinically available serological assay (Ortho-Vitros total IG), and an in-house ELISA. The results of these assays were compared to a measurement of antibodies directed to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein (Promega Lumit Dx). RESULTS All measures of antibodies were highly variable, but correlated, to different degrees, with each other. However, the anti-RBD antibodies correlated with viral neutralizing titers to a greater extent than the other antibody assays. DISCUSSION Our observations support the use of an anti-RBD assay such as the Lumit Dx assay, as an optimal predictor of the neutralization capability of CCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huihui Mou
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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49
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Savage HR, Santos VS, Edwards T, Giorgi E, Krishna S, Planche TD, Staines HM, Fitchett JRA, Kirwan DE, Cubas Atienzar AI, Clark DJ, Adams ER, Cuevas LE. Prevalence of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in acute infection and convalescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009551. [PMID: 34237072 PMCID: PMC8291969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop neutralising antibodies. We investigated the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how this proportion varies with selected covariates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how these proportions vary with selected covariates. Three models using the maximum likelihood method assessed these proportions by study group, covariates and individually extracted data (protocol CRD42020208913). A total of 983 reports were identified and 27 were included. The pooled (95%CI) proportion of individuals with neutralising antibodies was 85.3% (83.5-86.9) using the titre cut off >1:20 and 83.9% (82.2-85.6), 70.2% (68.1-72.5) and 54.2% (52.0-56.5) with titres >1:40, >1:80 and >1:160, respectively. These proportions were higher among patients with severe COVID-19 (e.g., titres >1:80, 84.8% [80.0-89.2], >1:160, 74.4% [67.5-79.7]) than those with mild presentation (56.7% [49.9-62.9] and 44.1% [37.3-50.6], respectively) and lowest among asymptomatic infections (28.6% [17.9-39.2] and 10.0% [3.7-20.1], respectively). IgG and neutralising antibody levels correlated poorly. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE 85% of individuals with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection had detectable neutralising antibodies. This proportion varied with disease severity, study setting, time since infection and the method used to measure antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Savage
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Victor S. Santos
- Núcleo de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sanjeev Krishna
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Timothy D. Planche
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London
| | | | - Joseph R. A. Fitchett
- Mologic, Thurleigh, United Kingdom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ana I. Cubas Atienzar
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Clark
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luis E. Cuevas
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Bingham University, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
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50
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Liu Y, Xiao Y, Wu S, Marly G, Ming F, Wang X, Wu M, Feng L, Tang W, Liang K. People Living with HIV Easily lose their Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2: Result From A Cohort of COVID-19 Cases in Wuhan, China. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-543375. [PMID: 34127964 PMCID: PMC8202430 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-543375/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background To date, whether the immune response for SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV(PLWH) is different from HIV-naïve individuals is still not clear. Methods In this cohort study, COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital in Wuhan between January 15 and April 1, 2020, were enrolled. Patients were categorized into PLWH and HIV-naïve group. All patients were followed up regularly (every fifteen days) until November 30, 2020, and the immune response towards SARS-CoV-2 was observed. Results Totally, 18 PLWH and 185 HIV-naïve individuals with COVID-19 were enrolled. The positive conversion rates of IgG were 56% in PLWH and 88% in HIV-naïve patients respectively, and the peak was on the 45th day after COVID-19 onset. However, the positive rate of IgG dropped to 12% in PLWH and 33% among HIV-naïve individuals by the end of the study. The positive conversion rate of IgG among asymptomatic carriers is significantly lower than that among moderate patients (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05-0.65) and PLWH had a lower IgG seroconversion rate compared to the HIV-naive group (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.90). Patients with lower lymphocyte counts at onset had a higher positive conversion rate (AOR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09-0.90) and longer duration for IgG (AHR = 4.01, 95% CI: 1.78-9.02). Conclusions The positive conversion rate of IgG for SARS-CoV-2 was relatively lower and quickly lost in PLWH, which meant PLWH was in a disadvantaged situation when affected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fangzhao Ming
- Wuchang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | | | - Ling Feng
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Weiming Tang
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University
| | - Ke Liang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
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