Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles' Application as an Emerging Technology: A Review

Impact of photoaging on the chemical and cytotoxic properties of nanoscale zeolitic imidazolate framework-8

This study investigated the influence of photoaging on a nanoscale metal-organic framework (MOF), truncated rhombic dodecahedron nano-zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (nZIF-8), focusing on its oxidative stress, inflammation, and implications for pulmonary diseases. We observed significant photodegradation-induced transformations in nZIF-8, characterized by a reduction in particle size from 200.5 to 101.4 nm and notable structural disintegration after prolonged exposure to simulated solar radiation. This alteration resulted in a marked decrease in oxidative cytotoxicity in BEAS-2B cells, which was attributed to changes in surface properties and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Gene expression analysis further revealed a decrease in cytotoxic and inflammatory responses, which potentially lowers the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aged nZIF-8 also showed diminished capacity to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and influence COPD-related gene expression, reducing its potential to exacerbate COPD pathogenesis. Our findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive safety evaluations of these materials, while considering their long-term environmental and biological impacts. The diminished cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of aged nZIF-8 highlighted its enhanced suitability for broader applications, indicating that photoaging may lead to safer and more sustainable material utilization.

Nanoparticles in drinking water: Assessing health risks and regulatory challenges

Nanoparticles (NPs) pose a significant concern in drinking water due to their potential health risks and environmental impact. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current understanding of NP sources and contamination in drinking water, focusing on health concerns, mitigation strategies, regulatory frameworks, and future perspectives. This review highlights the importance of nano-specific pathways, fate processes, health risks & toxicity, and the need for realistic toxicity assessments. Different NPs like titanium dioxide, silver, nanoplastics, nanoscale liquid crystal monomers, copper oxide, and others pose potential health risks through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure, impacting organs and potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, DNA damage, cytotoxicity, disrupt intracellular energetic mechanisms, reactive oxygen species generation, respiratory and immune toxicity, and genotoxicity in humans. Utilizing case studies and literature reviews, we investigate the health risks associated with NPs in freshwater environments, emphasizing their relevance to drinking water quality. Various mitigation and treatment strategies, including filtration systems (e.g., reverse osmosis, and ultra/nano-filtration), adsorption processes, coagulation/flocculation, electrocoagulation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane distillation, and ultraviolet treatment, all of which demonstrate high removal efficiencies for NPs from drinking water. Regulatory frameworks and challenges for the production, applications, and disposal of NPs at both national and international levels are discussed, emphasizing the need for tailored regulations to address NP contamination and standardize safety testing and risk assessment practices. Looking ahead, this review underscores the necessity of advancing detection methods and nanomaterial-based treatment technologies while stressing the pivotal role of public awareness and tailored regulatory guidelines in upholding drinking water quality standards. This review emphasizes the urgency of addressing NP contamination in drinking water and provides insights into potential solutions and future research directions. Lastly, this review worth concluded with future recommendations on advanced analytical techniques and sensitive sensors for NP detection for safeguarding public health and policy implementations.

Prevention is better than a cure: A 'zero residual nanoadsorbent toxicity' downstream from its effluent exit point

Here, we offer thoughts concerning a 'zero residual nanoadsorbent toxicity' environmental policy which we strongly advocate. Our discussions in support of this policy are based on the adage 'Prevention is better than cure'. Besides emphasizing the need for strict regulations (regional and international), research and development avenues are highlighted for the technology that can achieve 'zero tolerance' for residual nanoadsorbent levels escaping and building up in receiving ecosystems. We do not oppose nanoadsorbents. On the contrary, their water and wastewater purification potentials are well recognized. However, they should not be permitted to translocate downstream from the exit point of a final effluent.

Frog hepatic health and metal pollution: An assemblage-level approach in a hotspot in southeastern Brazil

Chemical pollutants include the harmful effects of various substances on soils, water bodies, and biodiversity. Amphibians are one of the most endangered groups of vertebrates and are impacted by chemical pollutants in various ways due to their complex life cycles. Since trace pollutant concentrations vary across environments, different frog ecomorphs (classified by their microhabitat use) may have different exposures. We aimed to determine the association between frog ecomorphs and the occurrence of histopathological hepatic lesions (HHLs) as an indicator of contaminant exposure. We focused on small forest streams near a large urban region in Brazil, heavily polluted in the 1980s. We examined 104 frog specimens from various families. All specimens exhibited HHLs, with melanomacrophages being the most common (n = 99). Arboreal frogs exhibited more vascular congestion, while terrestrial frogs showed structural hepatic damage. Higher cobalt levels were linked to increased liver necrosis in arboreal frogs and structural issues in both arboreal and terrestrial frogs. Cadmium was associated with hepatitis in terrestrial frogs. Although metal levels had no significant effects on rheophilic frogs, the prevalence of hepatitis and necrosis indicated complex exposure pathways. Iron and aluminum were linked to fewer lesions in rheophilic frogs, suggesting resilience. The high prevalence of HHLs signals an ongoing issue, with variations among ecomorphs suggesting differential exposure to pollutants and posing a complex challenge for community conservation.

An insight into impact of nanomaterials toxicity on human health

In recent years, advances in nanotechnology have significantly influenced electronics manufacturing, industrial processes, and medical research. Various industries have seen a surge in the use of nanomaterials. However, several researchers have raised the alarm about the toxicological nature of nanomaterials, which appear to be quite different from their crude forms. This altered nature can be attributed to their unique physicochemical profile. They can adversely affect human health and the environment. Nanomaterials that have been released into the environment tend to accumulate over time and can cause a significant impact on the ecosystem and organisms with adverse health effects. Increased use of nanoparticles has led to increased human exposure in their daily lives, making them more vulnerable to nanoparticle toxicity. Because of their small size, nanomaterials can readily cross biological membranes and enter cells, tissues, and organs. Therefore, the effect of nanomaterials on the human environment is of particular concern. The toxicological effects of nanomaterials and their mechanisms of action are being researched worldwide. Technological advances also support monitoring new nanomaterials marketed for industrial and household purposes. It is a challenging area because of the exceptional physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. This updated review focuses on the diverse toxicological perspective of nanomaterials. We have discussed the use of different types of nanoparticles and their physiochemical properties responsible for toxicity, routes of exposure, bio-distribution, and mechanism of toxicity. The review also includes various in vivo and in vitro methods of assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials. Finally, this review will provide a detailed insight into nano material-induced toxicological response, which can be beneficial in designing safe and effective nanoparticles.

Emerging hazardous chemicals and biological pollutants in Canadian aquatic systems and remediation approaches: A comprehensive status report

Emerging contaminants can be natural or synthetic materials, as well as materials of a chemical, or biological origin; these materials are typically not controlled or monitored in the environment. Canada is home to nearly 7 % of the world's renewable water supply and a wide range of different kinds of water systems, including the Great Lake, rivers, canals, gulfs, and estuaries. Although the majority of these pollutants are present in trace amounts (μg/L - ng/L concentrations), several studies have reported their detrimental impact on both human health and the biota. In Canadian aquatic environments, concentrations of pharmaceuticals (as high as 115 μg/L), pesticides (as high as 1.95 μg/L), bioavailable heavy metals like dissolved mercury (as high as 135 ng/L), and hydrocarbon/crude oil spills (as high as 4.5 million liters) have been documented. Biological threats such as genetic materials of the contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus have been reported in the provinces of Québec, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Manitoba provinces, as well as in the Nunavut territory, with a need for more holistic research. These toxins and emerging pollutants are associated with nefarious short and long-term health effects, with the potential for bioaccumulation in the environment. Hence, this Canadian-focused report provides the footprints for water and environmental sustainability, in light of this emerging threat to the environment and society. Several remediation pathways/tools that have been explored by Canadian researchers, existing challenges and prospects are also discussed. The review concludes with preventive measures and strategies for managing the inventory of emerging contaminants in the environment.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle fabrication, functionalization, and biological considerations for drug delivery

Nanoparticles can be used for drug delivery and consist of many sizes and chemical compositions. They can accommodate a diverse population of drugs and can be made to target specific areas of the body. Fabrication methods generally follow either top-down or bottom-up manufacturing techniques, which have differing production controls, which determine nanoparticle characteristics including but not limited to size and encapsulation efficiency. Functionalizing these nanoparticles is done to add drugs, prevent aggregation, add positive charge, add targeting, etc. As the nanoparticles reach the target cells, cellular uptake occurs, drug is released, and the nanoparticle is broken down. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles have often been used for drug delivery applications as they have shown minimal toxicity, which has helped with US FDA approval. This review breaks down PLGA nanoparticle fabrication, functionalization, and biological considerations.

Final nanoparticle size distribution under unusual parameter regimes

We explore the large-scale behavior of a stochastic model for nanoparticle growth in an unusual parameter regime. This model encompasses two types of reactions: nucleation, where n monomers aggregate to form a nanoparticle, and growth, where a nanoparticle increases its size by consuming a monomer. Reverse reactions are disregarded. We delve into a previously unexplored parameter regime. Specifically, we consider a scenario where the growth rate of the first newly formed particle is of the same order of magnitude as the nucleation rate, in contrast to the classical scenario where, in the initial stage, nucleation dominates over growth. In this regime, we investigate the final size distribution as the initial number of monomers tends to infinity through extensive simulation studies utilizing state-of-the-art stochastic simulation methods with an efficient implementation and supported by high-performance computing infrastructure. We observe the emergence of a deterministic limit for the particle's final size density. To scale up the initial number of monomers to approximate the magnitudes encountered in real experiments, we introduce a novel approximation process aimed at faster simulation. Remarkably, this approximating process yields a final size distribution that becomes very close to that of the original process when the available monomers approach infinity. Simulations of the approximating process further support the conjecture of the emergence of a deterministic limit.

Microbial Nanotechnology for Precision Nanobiosynthesis: Innovations, Current Opportunities and Future Perspectives for Industrial Sustainability

A new area of biotechnology is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is an emerging field that aims to develope various substances with nano-dimensions that have utilization in the various sectors of pharmaceuticals, bio prospecting, human activities and biomedical applications. An essential stage in the development of nanotechnology is the creation of nanoparticles. To increase their biological uses, eco-friendly material synthesis processes are becoming increasingly important. Recent years have shown a lot of interest in nanostructured materials due to their beneficial and unique characteristics compared to their polycrystalline counterparts. The fascinating performance of nanomaterials in electronics, optics, and photonics has generated a lot of interest. An eco-friendly approach of creating nanoparticles has emerged in order to get around the drawbacks of conventional techniques. Today, a wide range of nanoparticles have been created by employing various microbes, and their potential in numerous cutting-edge technological fields have been investigated. These particles have well-defined chemical compositions, sizes, and morphologies. The green production of nanoparticles mostly uses plants and microbes. Hence, the use of microbial nanotechnology in agriculture and plant science is the main emphasis of this review. The present review highlights the methods of biological synthesis of nanoparticles available with a major focus on microbially synthesized nanoparticles, parameters and biochemistry involved. Further, it takes into account the genetic engineering and synthetic biology involved in microbial nanobiosynthesis to the construction of microbial nanofactories.

Comprehensive Literature Review on Metal Nanoparticle for Enhanced Shelf Life of Mango Fruit

The purpose of this review was to investigate the application of metal nanoparticles in fruit shelf life extension. Despite growing interest in nanoparticles and their potential applications, there are currently few effective methods for prolonging the shelf life of fruits. The study concentrated on the principles underlying the shelf life extension of metallic nanoparticles, including copper oxide, zinc oxide, silver, and titanium oxide. The biological properties of nanoparticles, especially those with antibacterial qualities, have drawn interest as possible fruit preservation solutions. Many conventional preservation methods have drawbacks, including expensive production costs, short shelf lives, undesirable residues, and the incapacity to properly keep perishable fruits in their natural environments. Techniques for extending shelf life based on nanotechnology have the potential to get around these problems. The review focused on the effective use of environmentally benign, green synthesis-produced nanoparticles to extend the fruit shelf life. The ability of these nanoparticles to successfully preserve fresh fruits was established. The results imply that fruit preservation by the use of nanoparticle synthesis techniques may be a viable strategy, offering a more effective and sustainable substitute for traditional procedures.

Exploring the Potential of Endophytic Microorganisms and Nanoparticles for Enhanced Water Remediation

Endophytic microorganisms contribute significantly to water bioremediation by enhancing pollutant degradation and supporting aquatic plant health and resilience by releasing bioactive compounds and enzymes. These microorganisms inhabit plant tissues without causing disease or any noticeable symptoms. Endophytes effectively aid in eliminating contaminants from water systems. Nanoparticles serve as potent enhancers in bioremediation processes, augmenting the efficiency of pollutant degradation by increasing surface area and bioavailability, thereby improving the efficacy and rate of remediation. Their controlled nutrient release and ability to stabilize endophytic colonization further contribute to the enhanced and sustainable elimination of contaminated environments. The synergistic effect of endophytes and nanoparticles in water remediation has been widely explored in recent studies, revealing compelling outcomes. Water pollution poses significant threats to human health, ecosystems, and economies; hence, the sixth global goal of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 of the United Nations aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water resources, recognizing their crucial importance for current and future generations. Conventional methods for addressing water pollution exhibit several limitations, including high costs, energy-intensive processes, the production of hazardous by-products, and insufficient effectiveness in mitigating emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and microplastics. Noticeably, there is an inability to effectively remove various types of pollutants, thus resulting in incomplete purification cycles. Nanoparticle-enhanced water bioremediation offers an innovative, eco-friendly alternative for degrading contaminants. A growing body of research has shown that integrating endophytic microorganisms with nanoparticles for water bioremediation is a potent and viable alternative. This review examines the potential of using endophytic microorganisms and nanoparticles to enhance water remediation, exploring their combined effects and applications in water purification. The paper also provides an overview of synthetic methods for producing endophyte-nanoparticle composites to optimize their remediation capabilities in aqueous environments. The final section of the review highlights the constraints related to integrating endophytes with nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles as a Tool for Alleviating Plant Stress: Mechanisms, Implications, and Challenges

Plants, being sessile, are continuously exposed to varietal environmental stressors, which consequently induce various bio-physiological changes in plants that hinder their growth and development. Oxidative stress is one of the undesirable consequences in plants triggered due to imbalance in their antioxidant defense system. Biochemical studies suggest that nanoparticles are known to affect the antioxidant system, photosynthesis, and DNA expression in plants. In addition, they are known to boost the capacity of antioxidant systems, thereby contributing to the tolerance of plants to oxidative stress. This review study attempts to present the overview of the role of nanoparticles in plant growth and development, especially emphasizing their role as antioxidants. Furthermore, the review delves into the intricate connections between nanoparticles and plant signaling pathways, highlighting their influence on gene expression and stress-responsive mechanisms. Finally, the implications of nanoparticle-assisted antioxidant strategies in sustainable agriculture, considering their potential to enhance crop yield, stress tolerance, and overall plant resilience, are discussed.

Exploring Sustainable Agriculture with Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria and Nanotechnology

The symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and plants offers a promising avenue for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental remediation. This review paper explores the molecular interactions between nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and nanoparticles, shedding light on their potential synergies in agricultural nanotechnology. Delving into the evolutionary history and specialized adaptations of cyanobacteria, this paper highlights their pivotal role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which is crucial for ecosystem productivity. The review discusses the unique characteristics of metal nanoparticles and their emerging applications in agriculture, including improved nutrient delivery, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. It delves into the complex mechanisms of nanoparticle entry into plant cells, intracellular transport, and localization, uncovering the impact on root-shoot translocation and systemic distribution. Furthermore, the paper elucidates cellular responses to nanoparticle exposure, emphasizing oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and enhanced nutrient uptake. The potential of metal nanoparticles as carriers of essential nutrients and their implications for nutrient-use efficiency and crop yield are also explored. Insights into the modulation of plant stress responses, disease resistance, and phytoremediation strategies demonstrate the multifaceted benefits of nanoparticles in agriculture. Current trends, prospects, and challenges in agricultural nanotechnology are discussed, underscoring the need for responsible and safe nanoparticle utilization. By harnessing the power of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and leveraging the unique attributes of nanoparticles, this review paves the way for innovative, sustainable, and efficient agricultural practices.

Perspectives of nanomaterials in microbial remediation of heavy metals and their environmental consequences: A review

Nanomaterials (NMs) have diverse applications in various sectors, such as decontaminating heavy metals from drinking water, wastewater, and soil. Their degradation efficiency can be enhanced through the application of microbes. As microbial strain releases enzymes, which leads to the degradation of HMs. Therefore, nanotechnology and microbial-assisted remediation-based methods help us develop a remediation process with practical utility, speed, and less environmental toxicity. This review focuses on the success achieved for the bioremediation of heavy metals by nanoparticles and microbial strains and in their integrated approach. Still, the use of NMs and heavy metals (HMs) can negatively affect the health of living organisms. This review describes various aspects of the bioremediation of heavy materials using microbial nanotechnology. Their safe and specific use supported by bio-based technology paves the way for their better remediation. We discuss the utility of nanomaterials for removing heavy metals from wastewater, toxicity studies and issues to the environment with their practical implications. Nanomaterial assisted heavy metal degradation coupled with microbial technology and disposal issues are described along with detection methods. Environmental impact of nanomaterials is also discussed based on the recent work conducted by the researchers. Therefore, this review opens new avenues for future research with an impact on the environment and toxicity issues. Also, applying new biotechnological tools will help us develop better heavy metal degradation routes.

Recent Developments of Nano Flame Retardants for Unsaturated Polyester Resin

For many years, efforts have been made to reduce the flammability of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs), which are often used in the rail, shipbuilding, and construction industries. Without modification, they often fail to meet fire safety standards. Despite a rich history of flame retardants (FRs) applied to UPRs, researchers seek new solutions that will provide lower flammability and smoke density, as well as attaining a lower environmental impact from the composites. The objective of the study is to highlight the most important recent research on promising nano FRs in order to promote their further development. Mechanisms of action of several groups of nano FRs, such as clay-based, carbon-based, transition metal compounds, layered double hydroxides, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, and others, including bio-based, have been studied. Particular emphasis has been laid on nano FRs applied to UPRs, and their influences on thermal stability, flammability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the environmental impact and toxicity of nano FRs have been discussed. Results have proved that nano FRs applied at low loadings may significantly improve thermal stability, with a simultaneous increase or only a slight decrease in mechanical properties. However, attention on related environmental issues has highlighted the necessity of carefully selecting novel nano FRs.

Engineered Nanomaterial Coatings for Food Packaging: Design, Manufacturing, Regulatory, and Sustainability Implications

The food industry is one of the most regulated businesses in the world and follows strict internal and regulated requirements to ensure product reliability and safety. In particular, the industry must ensure that biological, chemical, and physical hazards are controlled from the production and distribution of raw materials to the consumption of the finished product. In the United States, the FDA regulates the efficacy and safety of food ingredients and packaging. Traditional packaging materials such as paper, aluminum, plastic, and biodegradable compostable materials have gradually evolved. Coatings made with nanotechnology promise to radically improve the performance of food packaging materials, as their excellent properties improve the appearance, taste, texture, and shelf life of food. This review article highlights the role of nanomaterials in designing and manufacturing anti-fouling and antimicrobial coatings for the food packaging industry. The use of nanotechnology coatings as protective films and sensors to indicate food quality levels is discussed. In addition, their assessment of regulatory and environmental sustainability is developed. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on nanotechnology coatings that can ensure high-quality nutrition at all stages of the food chain, including food packaging systems for humanitarian purposes.

Predicting environmental concentrations of nanomaterials for exposure assessment - a review

There have been major advances in the science to predict the likely environmental concentrations of nanomaterials, which is a key component of exposure and subsequent risk assessment. Considerable progress has been since the first Material Flow Analyses (MFAs) in 2008, which were based on very limited information, to more refined current tools that take into account engineered nanoparticle (ENP) size distribution, form, dynamic release, and better-informed release factors. These MFAs provide input for all environmental fate models (EFMs), that generate estimates of particle flows and concentrations in various environmental compartments. While MFA models provide valuable information on the magnitude of ENP release, they do not account for fate processes, such as homo- and heteroaggregation, transformations, dissolution, or corona formation. EFMs account for these processes in differing degrees. EFMs can be divided into multimedia compartment models (e.g., atmosphere, waterbodies and their sediments, soils in various landuses), of which there are currently a handful with varying degrees of complexity and process representation, and spatially-resolved watershed models which focus on the water and sediment compartments. Multimedia models have particular applications for considering predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in particular regions, or for developing generic "fate factors" (i.e., overall persistence in a given compartment) for life-cycle assessment. Watershed models can track transport and eventual fate of emissions into a flowing river, from multiple sources along the waterway course, providing spatially and temporally resolved PECs. Both types of EFMs can be run with either continuous sources of emissions and environmental conditions, or with dynamic emissions (e.g., temporally varying for example as a new nanomaterial is introduced to the market, or with seasonal applications), to better understand the situations that may lead to peak PECs that are more likely to result in exceedance of a toxicological threshold. In addition, bioaccumulation models have been developed to predict the internal concentrations that may accumulate in exposed organisms, based on the PECs from EFMs. The main challenge for MFA and EFMs is a full validation against observed data. To date there have been no field studies that can provide the kind of dataset(s) needed for a true validation of the PECs. While EFMs have been evaluated against a few observations in a small number of locations, with results that indicate they are in the right order of magnitude, there is a great need for field data. Another major challenge is the input data for the MFAs, which depend on market data to estimate the production of ENPs. The current information has major gaps and large uncertainties. There is also a lack of robust analytical techniques for quantifying ENP properties in complex matrices; machine learning may be able to fill this gap. Nevertheless, there has been major progress in the tools for generating PECs. With the emergence of nano- and microplastics as a leading environmental concern, some EFMs have been adapted to these materials. However, caution is needed, since most nano- and microplastics are not engineered, therefore their characteristics are difficult to generalize, and there are new fate and transport processes to consider.

Nano-Agrochemicals as Substitutes for Pesticides: Prospects and Risks

This review delves into the mesmerizing technology of nano-agrochemicals, specifically pesticides and herbicides, and their potential to aid in the achievement of UN SDG 17, which aims to reduce hunger and poverty globally. The global market for conventional pesticides and herbicides is expected to reach USD 82.9 billion by 2027, growing 2.7% annually, with North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region being the biggest markets. However, the extensive use of chemical pesticides has proven adverse effects on human health as well as the ecosystem. Therefore, the efficacy, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of conventional pesticides require sustainable alternatives for effective pest management. Undoubtedly, nano-agrochemicals have the potential to completely transform agriculture by increasing crop yields with reduced environmental contamination. The present review discusses the effectiveness and environmental impact of nanopesticides as promising strategies for sustainable agriculture. It provides a concise overview of green nano-agrochemical synthesis and agricultural applications, and the efficacy of nano-agrochemicals against pests including insects and weeds. Nano-agrochemical pesticides are investigated due to their unique size and exceptional performance advantages over conventional ones. Here, we have focused on the environmental risks and current state of nano-agrochemicals, emphasizing the need for further investigations. The review also draws the attention of agriculturists and stakeholders to the current trends of nanomaterial use in agriculture especially for reducing plant diseases and pests. A discussion of the pros and cons of nano-agrochemicals is paramount for their application in sustainable agriculture.

Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide-Cerium Oxide Nanocomposites to Zebrafish Embryos: A Preliminary Evaluation

The widespread use of metal nanoparticles in different fields has raised many doubts regarding their possible toxicity to living organisms and the accumulation and discharge of metals in fish species. Among these nanoparticles, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have mainly been employed in photocatalysis and water depuration. The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential toxic effects, after a co-exposure of TiO2-3%CeO2 nanoparticles, on zebrafish development, using an acute toxicity test. Increasing concentrations of TiO2-3%CeO2 nanoparticles were used (0.1-1-10-20 mg/L). The heartbeat rate was assessed using DanioscopeTM software (version 1.2) (Noldus, Leesburg, VA, USA), and the responses to two biomarkers of exposure (Heat shock proteins-70 and Metallothioneins) were evaluated through immunofluorescence. Our results showed that the co-exposure to TiO2-3%CeO2 nanoparticles did not affect the embryos' development compared to the control group; a significant difference (p < 0.05) at 48 hpf heartbeat for the 1, 10, and 20 mg/L groups was found compared to the unexposed group. A statistically significant response (p < 0.05) to Heat shock proteins-70 (Hsp70) was shown for the 0.1 and 1 mg/L groups, while no positivity was observed in all the exposed groups for Metallothioneins (MTs). These results suggest that TiO2-3%CeO2 nanocomposites do not induce developmental toxicity; instead, when considered separately, TiO2 and CeO2 NPs are harmful to zebrafish embryos, as previously shown.

Environmental effects and interaction of nanoparticles on beneficial soil and aquatic microorganisms

A steadily increasing production volume of nanoparticles reflects their numerous industrial and domestic applications. These economic successes come with the potential adverse effects on natural systems that are associated with their presence in the environment. Biological activities and effects of nanoparticles are affected by their entry method together with their specificities like their size, shape, charge, area, and chemical composition. Particles can be classified as safe or dangerous depending on their specific properties. As both aquatic and terrestrial systems suffer from organic and inorganic contamination, nanoparticles remain a sink for these contaminants. Researching the sources, synthesis, fate, and toxicity of nanoparticles has advanced significantly during the last ten years. We summarise nanoparticle pathways throughout the ecosystem and their interactions with beneficial microorganisms in this research. The prevalence of nanoparticles in the ecosystem causes beneficial microorganisms to become hazardous to their cells, which prevents the synthesis of bioactive molecules from undergoing molecular modifications and diminishes the microbe population. Recently, observed concentrations in the field could support predictions of ambient concentrations based on modeling methodologies. The aim is to illustrate the beneficial and negative effects that nanoparticles have on aqueous and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as the methods utilized to reduce their toxicity.

Insight interactions of engineered nanoparticles with aquatic higher plants for phytoaccumulation, phytotoxicity, and phytoremediation applications: A review

With the growing age of human civilization, industrialization has paced up equally which is followed by the innovation of newer concepts of science and technology. One such example is the invention of engineered nanoparticles and their flagrant use in widespread applications. While ENPs serve their intended purposes, they also disrupt the ecological balance by contaminating pristine aquatic ecosystems. This review encompasses a comprehensive discussion about the potent toxicity of ENPs on aquatic ecosystems, with a particular focus on their impact on aquatic higher plants. The discussion extends to elucidating the fate of ENPs upon release into aquatic environments, covering aspects ranging from morphological and physiological effects to molecular-level phytotoxicity. Furthermore, this level of toxicity has been correlated with the determination of competent plants for the phytoremediation process towards the mitigation of this ecological stress. However, this review further illustrates the path of future research which is yet to be explored. Determination of the genotoxicity level of aquatic higher plants could explain the entire process comprehensively. Moreover, to make it suitable to be used in natural ecosystems phytoremediation potential of co-existing plant species along with the presence of different ENPs need to be evaluated. This literature will undoubtedly offer readers a comprehensive understanding of the stress induced by the irresponsible release of engineered nanoparticles (ENP) into aquatic environments, along with insights into the resilience characteristics of these pristine ecosystems.

Saponin-Derived Silver Nanoparticles from Phoenix dactylifera (Ajwa Dates) Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Bioactivities Combating Bacterial Infections

The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to humankind, emphasizing the need for alternative antimicrobial agents. This study focuses on investigating the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum-sensing (anti-QS) activities of saponin-derived silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-S) obtained from Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The design and synthesis of these novel nanoparticles were explored in the context of developing alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. The Ajwa date saponin extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize AgNPs-S, which was characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The biosynthesized AgNPs-S exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to their capability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and the leakage of nucleic acid and protein contents. The AgNPs-S effectively inhibited biofilm formation and quorum-sensing (QS) activity by interfering with QS signaling molecules, which play a pivotal role in bacterial virulence and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the AgNPs-S demonstrated significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and cytotoxicity against small lung cancer cells (A549 cells). Overall, the findings of the present study provide valuable insights into the potential use of these nanoparticles as alternative therapeutic agents for the design and development of novel antibiotics. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the possible mechanism involved and safety concerns when it is used in vivo, paving the way for future therapeutic applications in combating bacterial infections and overcoming antibiotic resistance.

Multidimensional applications and potential health implications of nanocomposites

This study reviews the concept, classifications, and techniques involved in the synthesis of nanocomposites. The environmental and health implications of nanoparticles and composite materials were detailed, as well as the applications of nanocomposites in water remediation, antibacterial application, and printed circuit boards. The study gave insights into the challenges of water pollution treatment and provided a broad list of nanocomposites that have been explored for water remediation. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug resistance to many antibiotics has made current antibiotics inadequate in the treatment of disease. This has engineered the development of alternative strategies in the drug industries for the production of effective therapeutic agents, comprising nanocomposites with antibacterial agents. The new therapeutic agents known as nanoantibiotics are more efficient and have paved the way to handle the challenges of antibiotic resistance. In printed circuit boards, nanocomposites have shown promising applications because of their distinct mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics. The uniqueness of the write-up is that it provides a broad explanation of the concept, synthesis, application, toxicity, and harmful effects of nanocomposites. Thus, it will provide all-inclusive awareness to readers to identify research gaps and motivate researchers to synthesize novel nanocomposites for use in various fields.

Particle Size and Rheology of Silica Particle Networks at the Air-Water Interface

Silica nanoparticles find utility in different roles within the commercial domain. They are either employed in bulk within pharmaceutical formulations or at interfaces in anti-coalescing agents. Thus, studying the particle attributes contributing to the characteristics of silica particle-laden interfaces is of interest. The present work highlights the impact of particle size (i.e., 250 nm vs. 1000 nm) on the rheological properties of interfacial networks formed by hydrophobically modified silica nanoparticles at the air-water interface. The particle surface properties were examined using mobility measurements, Langmuir trough studies, and interfacial rheology techniques. Optical microscopy imaging along with Langmuir trough studies revealed the microstructure associated with various surface pressures and corresponding surface coverages (ϕ). The 1000 nm silica particle networks gave rise to a higher surface pressure at the same coverage compared to 250 nm particles on account of the stronger attractive capillary interactions. Interfacial rheological characterization revealed that networks with 1000 nm particles possess higher surface modulus and yield stress in comparison to the network obtained with 250 nm particles at the same surface pressure. These findings highlight the effect of particle size on the rheological characteristics of particle-laden interfaces, which is of importance in determining the stability and flow response of formulations comprising particle-stabilized emulsions and foams.

Can the carbon emissions trading improve the enterprise environmental responsibility?

Carbon emission trading is an important environmental policy tool to promote carbon emission reduction. With the panel data of carbon emissions trading (CET) pilots, this paper used the spatial difference-in-difference model (SDID) to test whether CET can affect the enterprise environmental responsibility and the spatial spillover effect of carbon emissions trading. The study found that CET can significantly improve the environmental responsibility level of enterprises in pilot areas. The environmental responsibility level of enterprises in surrounding areas are also improved driven by CET. In the time dimension, the role of CET in improving the enterprise environmental responsibility is gradually increasing. The impact of CET on enterprise environmental responsibility has significant heterogeneity in the dimension of ownership attributes and environmental regulation. Promoting corporate environmental protection investment is the main path for CET to improve the enterprise environmental responsibility.

Methacrylate Cationic Nanoparticles Activity against Different Gram-Positive Bacteria

Nanotechnology is a developing field that has boomed in recent years due to the multiple qualities of nanoparticles (NPs), one of which is their antimicrobial capacity. We propose that NPs anchored with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) have antibacterial properties and could constitute an alternative tool in this field. To this end, the antimicrobial effects of three quaternised NPs anchored with DMAEMA were studied. These NPs were later copolymerized using different methylmethacrylate (MMA) concentrations to evaluate their role in the antibacterial activity shown by NPs. Clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis and Enterococcus faecalis were used to assess antibacterial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined at the different concentrations of NPs to appraise antibacterial activity. The cytotoxic effects of the NPs anchored with DMAEMA were determined in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cultures by MTT assays. All the employed NPs were effective against the studied bacterial strains, although increasing concentrations of the MMA added during the synthesis process diminished these effects without altering toxicity in cell cultures. To conclude, more studies with other copolymers are necessary to improve the antibacterial effects of NPs anchored with DMAEMA.

Impacts of Binary Oxide Nanoparticles on the Soybean Plant and Its Rhizosphere, Associated Phytohormones, and Enzymes

The utilization of binary oxide nanoparticles is geometrically increasing due to their numerous applications. Their intentional or accidental release after usage has led to their omnipresence in the environment. The usage of sludge or fertilizer containing binary oxide nanoparticles is likely to increase the chance of the plants being exposed to these binary oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the present review is to assess the detailed positive and negative impacts of these oxide nanoparticles on the soybean plants and its rhizosphere. In this study, methods of synthesizing binary oxide nanoparticles, as well as the merits and demerits of these methods, are discussed. Furthermore, various methods of characterizing the binary oxide nanoparticles in the tissues of soybean are highlighted. These characterization techniques help to track the nanoparticles inside the soybean plant. In addition, the assessment of rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean that have been exposed to these binary oxide nanoparticles is discussed. The impacts of binary oxide nanoparticles on the leaf, stem, root, seeds, and rhizosphere of soybean plant are comprehensively discussed. The impacts of binary oxides on the bioactive compounds such as phytohormones are also highlighted. Overall, it was observed that the impacts of the oxide nanoparticles on the soybean, rhizosphere, and bioactive compounds were dose-dependent. Lastly, the way forward on research involving the interactions of binary oxide nanoparticles and soybean plants is suggested.

Impact of green finance and environmental protection on green economic recovery in South Asian economies: mediating role of FinTech

Green finance and digital finance are cornerstones of sustainable growth. Given the significant investment and funding challenges that South Asia's new energy development faces, the potential role of digital finance in this situation is uncertain. Applying panel regression analysis and using a two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) to eliminate endogeneity, this study examines the connections between green finance, financial technology (FinTech), and high-quality economic development using data from three South Asian economies between 2000 and 2018. The study demonstrates that India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan use multiple green financing initiatives, resulting in a considerable decrease in commercial CO2 across the review period, which extends environmental protection and confirms the green economic recovery. FinTech development also helps reduce CO2 emissions, making a favorable contribution. Selected South Asian countries are on track to become world leaders in green finance strategy implementation, and authorities must speed up the development of green recovery and services and strengthen banking institutions' ability to provide green loans. FinTech and green finance, it turns out, have a significant impact on green economic development. The study also has policy implications for the associated stakeholders.

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Physiological and Proteomic Responses of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Seedlings Are Coating-Dependent

The harmful effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been confirmed in many organisms, but the mechanism of their toxicity is not yet fully understood. In biological systems, AgNPs tend to aggregate and dissolve, so they are often stabilized by coatings that influence their physico-chemical properties. In this study, the effects of AgNPs with different coatings [polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)] on oxidative stress appearance and proteome changes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings have been examined. To discriminate between the nanoparticulate Ag form from the ionic one, the treatments with AgNO3, a source of Ag+ ions, were also included. Ag uptake and accumulation were found to be similarly effective upon exposure to all treatment types, although positively charged AgNP-CTAB showed less stability and a generally stronger impact on the investigated parameters in comparison with more stable and negatively charged AgNP-PVP and ionic silver (AgNO3). Both AgNP treatments induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and increased the expression of proteins involved in antioxidant defense, confirming oxidative stress as an important mechanism of AgNP phytotoxicity. However, the mechanism of seedling responses differed depending on the type of AgNP used. The highest AgNP-CTAB concentration and CTAB coating resulted in increased H2O2 content and significant damage to lipids, proteins and DNA molecules, as well as a strong activation of antioxidant enzymes, especially CAT and APX. On the other hand, AgNP-PVP and AgNO3 treatments induced the nonenzymatic antioxidants by significantly increasing the proline and GSH content. Exposure to AgNP-CTAB also resulted in more noticeable changes in the expression of proteins belonging to the defense and stress response, carbohydrate and energy metabolism and storage protein categories in comparison to AgNP-PVP and AgNO3. Cysteine addition significantly reduced the effects of AgNP-PVP and AgNO3 for the majority of investigated parameters, indicating that AgNP-PVP toxicity mostly derives from released Ag+ ions. AgNP-CTAB effects, however, were not alleviated by cysteine addition, suggesting that their toxicity derives from the intrinsic properties of the nanoparticles and the coating itself.

Efficient Catalytic Degradation of Selected Toxic Dyes by Green Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Cestrum nocturnum L

In the present study, the catalytic degradation of selected toxic dyes (methylene blue, 4-nitrophenol, 4-nitroaniline, and congo red) using biosynthesized green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of Cestrum nocturnum L. was successfully performed. These AgNPs are efficiently synthesized when a reaction mixture containing 5 mL of aqueous extract (3%) and 100 mL of silver nitrate (1 mM) is exposed under sunlight for 5 min. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed based on the change in the color of the reaction mixture from pale yellow to dark brown, with maximum absorbance at 455 nm. Obtained NPs were characterized by different techniques, i.e., FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM, HR-SEM, SAED, XRD, EDX, AFM, and DLS. Green synthesized AgNPs were nearly mono-dispersed, smooth, spherical, and crystalline in nature. The average size of the maximum number of AgNPs was 77.28 ± 2.801 nm. The reduction of dyes using a good reducing agent (NaBH4) was tested. A fast catalytic degradation of dyes took place within a short period of time when AgNPs were added in the reaction mixture in the presence of NaBH4. As a final recommendation, Cestrum nocturnum aqueous leaf extract-mediated AgNPs could be effectively implemented for environmental rehabilitation because of their exceptional performance. This can be utilized in the treatment of industrial wastewater through the breakdown of hazardous dyes.

Invading the dynamics of economic growth and CO2 emission: panel data error correction model (ECM) approach

This paper examined the impact of green finance and financial technology on economic growth by utilizing statistics between 1990 to 2000 gathered from 50 US states and regions. A two-step generalized GMM was used to analyze the link between green finance, financial technology, and continued economic growth using panel regression analysis. We found that the US green finance sector had grown significantly and such growth was accompanied by an increase in the usage of non-combustible energy and an advancement in the green finance economic forum. This research concludes that green financing has a beneficial impact on all three components of continued financial development. There is a favorable influence of financial technology on green finance in environmental and economic dimensions, although the link between green banking and investment performance is only somewhat affected by technology. When total emissions increased, non-oil energy usage did not grow and initiatives for renewable energy initiatives were lacking. As a result, there was a decline in the growth of green finance. Green funding and total emissions had a significant impact on the US non-combustible energy usage as did explicit policy changes. The recommendation is also canvassed to strengthen the adoption of green financing policies, increase the use of non-combustible energy, and build an alternative energy economy. It also offers three policy recommendations for policymakers, namely, to improve the integration of banking technology with green finance, develop a corporate environmental approach to manage and control state authorities in increasing green finance productivity, and generate medium- and long-term favorable steps to support green finance in the financial market.

Molecule-to-Material-to-Bio Nanoarchitectonics with Biomedical Fullerene Nanoparticles

Nanoarchitectonics integrates nanotechnology with various other fields, with the goal of creating functional material systems from nanoscale units such as atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials. The concept bears strong similarities to the processes and functions seen in biological systems. Therefore, it is natural for materials designed through nanoarchitectonics to truly shine in bio-related applications. In this review, we present an overview of recent work exemplifying how nanoarchitectonics relates to biology and how it is being applied in biomedical research. First, we present nanoscale interactions being studied in basic biology and how they parallel nanoarchitectonics concepts. Then, we overview the state-of-the-art in biomedical applications pursuant to the nanoarchitectonics framework. On this basis, we take a deep dive into a particular building-block material frequently seen in nanoarchitectonics approaches: fullerene. We take a closer look at recent research on fullerene nanoparticles, paying special attention to biomedical applications in biosensing, gene delivery, and radical scavenging. With these subjects, we aim to illustrate the power of nanomaterials and biomimetic nanoarchitectonics when applied to bio-related applications, and we offer some considerations for future perspectives.

Evaluation of the Effects of Ag, Cu, ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Expression Level of Oxidative Stress-Related Genes and the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Although the molecular response of bacteria exposed to metal nanoparticles (NPs) is intensively studied, many phenomena related to their survival, metal uptake, gene expression and protein production are not fully understood. Therefore, this work aimed to study Ag-NPs, Cu-NPs, ZnO-NPs and TiO2-NPs-induced alterations in the expression level of selected oxidative stress-related genes in connection with the activity of antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The methodology used included: the extraction of total RNA and cDNA synthesis, the preparation of primers for selected housekeeping and oxidative stress genes, RT-qPCR reaction and the measurements of CAT, PER and SOD activities. It was established that the treatment of E. coli and S. epidermidis with NPs resulted mainly in the down-regulation of targeted genes, whilst the up-regulation of genes was confirmed in B. cereus. The greatest differences in the relative expression levels of tested genes occurred in B. cereus and S. epidermidis treated with TiO2-NPs, while in E. coli, they were observed under ZnO-NPs exposure. The changes found were mostly related to the expression of genes encoding proteins with PER and CAT-like activity. Among NPs, ZnO-NPs and Cu-NPs increased the activity of antioxidants in E. coli and B. cereus. In turn, TiO2-NPs had a major effect on enzymes activity in S. epidermidis. Considering all of the collected results for tested bacteria, it can be emphasised that the impact of NPs on the antioxidant system functioning was dependent on their type and concentration.

Quercetin-Ameliorated, Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Induced Immunotoxic, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Effects in Mice

The expanding uses of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in industry and medicine have raised concerns about their toxicity on human and animal health. CNTs, including multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs), have been reported to induce immunotoxic, inflammatory, and oxidative effects. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid present in many vegetables and fruits and has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Herein, we investigated the protective effects of quercetin on pristine MWCNTs-induced immunotoxicity in mice. In comparison with two doses of MWCNTs, high doses [0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW), once intraperitoneally (IP)] caused higher immunotoxic, inflammatory, and oxidative effects than low doses (0.25 mg/kg BW, once IP). Administration of quercetin (30 mg/kg BW, IP for 2 weeks) relieved these deleterious effects as evidenced by (1) reduced spleen weight, (2) increased number of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, (3) elevated serum levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA, (4) decreased lipid peroxide malondialdehyde levels and increased levels of antioxidant markers reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the spleen, (5) decreased concentrations and mRNA levels of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1ß), and IL6 in the spleen, (6) downregulated expression of immunomodulatory genes transforming growth factor-beta (TGFß), cyclooxygenase2 (COX2), and IL10, and (7) regenerative histological changes as indicated by decreased mononuclear cell infiltration, minimized degenerative changes and restored lymphocytes depletion in the spleen. These results infer that quercetin can ameliorate MWCNTs-induced immunotoxic, inflammatory, and oxidative effects.

Polysaccharides and Metal Nanoparticles for Functional Textiles: A Review

Nanotechnology is a powerful tool for engineering functional materials that has the potential to transform textiles into high-performance, value-added products. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of functional textiles using metal nanoparticles (MNPs). The incorporation of MNPs in textiles allows for the obtention of multifunctional properties, such as ultraviolet (UV) protection, self-cleaning, and electrical conductivity, as well as antimicrobial, antistatic, antiwrinkle, and flame retardant properties, without compromising the inherent characteristics of the textile. Environmental sustainability is also one of the main motivations in development and innovation in the textile industry. Thus, the synthesis of MNPs using ecofriendly sources, such as polysaccharides, is of high importance. The main functions of polysaccharides in these processes are the reduction and stabilization of MNPs, as well as the adhesion of MNPs onto fabrics. This review covers the major research attempts to obtain textiles with different functional properties using polysaccharides and MNPs. The main polysaccharides reported include chitosan, alginate, starch, cyclodextrins, and cellulose, with silver, zinc, copper, and titanium being the most explored MNPs. The potential applications of these functionalized textiles are also reported, and they include healthcare (wound dressing, drug release), protection (antimicrobial activity, UV protection, flame retardant), and environmental remediation (catalysts).

Recent developments in the removal of metal-based engineered nanoparticles from the aquatic environments by adsorption

Nowadays, metal-based engineered nanoparticles (m-ENPs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments for their wide applications in all walks of life. m-ENPs have been demonstrated to exert ecotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity towards organisms and even humans. Therefore, the removal of m-ENPs from water has recently become a hot global concerned issue. Adsorption is widely investigated for this purpose, owing to its advantages of low cost, easy operation, high removal efficiency and potential recycling use of both the adsorbents and adsorbates. As the adsorption and related technologies were hardly comprehensively overviewed for the removal of m-ENPs, herein, the present review particularly focuses on this topic. The fundamentals to the technology, including adsorption isotherm, adsorption dynamics, the adsorption process with the special emphasis on the relationship between surface area and porosity of the adsorbent and the adsorption capacity, etc., are fully discussed. As the kernel of the adsorption method, adsorbents with diversified chemical and physical properties in different types are comprehensively elaborated. The primary factors affecting the adsorption, and adsorption mechanisms are well summarized. Particularly, the regeneration of the adsorbents and the reuse of adsorbed m-ENPs are highlighted for the sustainability. Finally, challenges and prospects in this field are outlined. Overall, this review aims to provide valuable references for the development of new adsorbents with more efficient and practical applications to remove m-ENPs and direct the future study.

Characterization, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity properties of novel biomediated nanosized-silver by Egyptian Streptomyces roseolus for safe antimicrobial applications

Multi-drug resistant bacteria are not effectively managed with current treatments, making it a serious global problem. Therefore, there is an essential need for finding new antimicrobial agents. In this regard, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been projected as a new generation of antimicrobial agents. Ag-NPs were biomediated by Egyptian Streptomyces roseolus for the first time, which was molecularly identified using 16S rRNA sequencing under accession no. MT071505. Biosynthesized Ag-NPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, FTIR, and DLS. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of different bioactive functional groups, such as N-H, C-H, C-O-C, C-NH2, and C=O acting as bioreducing/stabilizing agents for Ag-NPs. Ag-NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against some multi-drug resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. MBC of Ag-NPs against Listeria monocytogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia were 0.195 and 0.048 mg/mL, respectively, with a tolerance level of 2 confirming its biocidal effect. SEM imaging of Ag-NPs-treated L. monocytogenes and K. pneumonia showed shrunk destroyed cells after 6 h of treatment. Biosynthesized Ag-NPs exhibited IC50 of < 0.3 and 8.21 mg/mL, on normal Human Skin Fibroblast, and Blood Lymphocytes, respectively. IC50 values were significantly higher than its MBC values, with no harmful cytotoxic effect, thus can be safely applied at its biocidal concentration. For biosafety purposes, the genotoxicity of biosynthesized Ag-NPs was assessed using Comet assay for the first time on Blood Lymphocytes, with zero-tail and 100% head intensity indicating non-genotoxic effect. An ecofriendly biomediated synthesis of Ag-NPs was described with easy scale-up, non-toxic by-products, so, it can be recommended as a powerful-safe antimicrobial agent.

Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles in Presence of the Thermoresponsive Cationic Diblock Copolymer PNIPAAM48-b-PAMPTMA6

The adsorption of the thermoresponsive positively charged copolymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, PNIPAAM48-b-PAMPTMA6(+), onto negatively charged gold nanoparticles can provide stability to the nanoparticles and make the emerging structure tunable by temperature. In this work, we characterize the nanocomposite formed by gold nanoparticles and copolymer chains and study the influence of the copolymer on the expected aggregation process that undergoes those nanoparticles at high ionic strength. We also determine the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymer (around 42 °C) and evaluate the influence of the temperature on the nanocomposite. For those purposes, we use dynamic light scattering, UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. At the working PNIPAAM48-b-PAMPTMA6(+) concentration, we observe the existence of copolymer structures that trap the gold nanoparticles and avoid the formation of nanoparticles aggregates. Finally, we discuss how these structures can be useful in catalysis and nanoparticles recovery.

Aquatic Environment Exposure and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials Released from Nano-Enabled Products: Current Status and Data Needs

Rapid commercialisation of nano-enabled products (NEPs) elevates the potential environmental release of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) along the product life cycle. The current review examined the state of the art literature on aquatic environment exposure and ecotoxicity of product released (PR) engineered nanomaterials (PR-ENMs). Additionally, the data obtained were applied to estimate the risk posed by PR-ENMs to various trophic levels of aquatic biota as a means of identifying priority NEPs cases that may require attention with regards to examining environmental implications. Overall, the PR-ENMs are predominantly associated with the matrix of the respective NEPs, a factor that often hinders proper isolation of nano-driven toxicity effects. Nevertheless, some studies have attributed the toxicity basis of observed adverse effects to a combination of the released ions, ENMs and other components of NEPs. Notwithstanding the limitation of current ecotoxicology data limitations, the risk estimated herein points to an elevated risk towards fish arising from fabrics' PR-nAg, and the considerable potential effects from sunscreens' PR-nZnO and PR-nTiO2 to algae, echinoderms, and crustaceans (PR-nZnO), whereas PR-nTiO2 poses no significant risk to echinoderms. Considering that the current data limitations will not be overcome immediately, we recommend the careful application of similar risk estimation to isolate/prioritise cases of NEPs for detailed characterisation of ENMs' release and effects in aquatic environments.

Nano-biofortification of different crops to immune against COVID-19: A review

Human health and its improvement are the main target of several studies related to medical, agricultural and industrial sciences. The human health is the primary conclusion of many studies. The improving of human health may include supplying the people with enough and safe nutrients against malnutrition to fight against multiple diseases like COVID-19. Biofortification is a process by which the edible plants can be enriched with essential nutrients for human health against malnutrition. After the great success of biofortification approach in the human struggle against malnutrition, a new biotechnological tool in enriching the crops with essential nutrients in the form of nanoparticles to supplement human diet with balanced diet is called nano-biofortification. Nano biofortification can be achieved by applying the nano particles of essential nutrients (e.g., Cu, Fe, Se and Zn) foliar or their nano-fertilizers in soils or waters. Not all essential nutrients for human nutrition can be biofortified in the nano-form using all edible plants but there are several obstacles prevent this approach. These stumbling blocks are increased due to COVID-19 and its problems including the global trade, global breakdown between countries, and global crisis of food production. The main target of this review was to evaluate the nano-biofortification process and its using against malnutrition as a new approach in the era of COVID-19. This review also opens many questions, which are needed to be answered like is nano-biofortification a promising solution against malnutrition? Is COVID-19 will increase the global crisis of malnutrition? What is the best method of applied nano-nutrients to achieve nano-biofortification? What are the challenges of nano-biofortification during and post of the COVID-19?

Influence of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Human Health and the Environment

Nanotechnology has enabled tremendous breakthroughs in the development of materials and, nowadays, is well established in various economic fields. Among the various nanomaterials, TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) occupy a special position, as they are distinguished by their high availability, high photocatalytic activity, and favorable price, which make them useful in the production of paints, plastics, paper, cosmetics, food, furniture, etc. In textiles, TiO₂ NPs are widely used in chemical finishing processes to impart various protective functional properties to the fibers for the production of high-tech textile products with high added value. Such applications contribute to the overall consumption of TiO₂ NPs, which gives rise to reasonable considerations about the impact of TiO₂ NPs on human health and the environment, and debates regarding whether the extent of the benefits gained from the use of TiO₂ NPs justifies the potential risks. In this study, different TiO₂ NPs exposure modes are discussed, and their toxicity mechanisms—evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo studies—are briefly described, considering the molecular interactions with human health and the environment. In addition, in the conclusion of this study, the toxicity and biocompatibility of TiO₂ NPs are discussed, along with relevant risk management strategies.

Effects of humic substances on the aqueous stability of cerium dioxide nanoparticles and their toxicity to aquatic organisms

The impacts of humic substances (HS) on the aquatic stability and toxicity of nano‑cerium dioxide (nCeO₂) to three organisms with different exposure characteristics were investigated. Addition of HS to suspensions of nCeO₂ lowered the surface zeta potential of the particles, reduced their hydrodynamic size, and increased the energy barrier as indicated by the total potential energy profile. This resulted in a more stable suspension compared to suspensions without HS added. Moreover, a higher concentration of HS further stabilized nCeO₂ in the suspension. Acute toxicity of the suspensions to the unicellular green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata and to the crustacean Chydorus sphaericus was lower as compared to exposure without HS added. The acute toxicity of nCeO₂ suspensions to the zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryo was on the other hand significantly enhanced (additive and synergistic) upon increasing HS concentration. Our findings emphasize that HS is important to stabilize the nano-suspensions and that its impact on nCeO₂ toxicity differs across different aquatic organisms. Emphasizing the exposure characteristics of each of the organisms selected from the trophic levels can explain how particle stability impacts particle toxicity.

An updated overview on metal nanoparticles toxicity

Although thousands of different nanoparticles (NPs) have been identified and synthesized to date, well-defined, consistent guidelines to control their exposure and evaluate their potential toxicity have yet to be fully established. As potential applications of nanotechnology in numerous fields multiply, there is an increased awareness of the issue of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and producers managing them. An updated inventory of customer products containing NPs estimates that they currently number over 5.000; ten years ago, they were one fifth of this. More often than not, products bear no information regarding the presence of NPs in the indicated list of ingredients or components. Consumers are therefore largely unaware of the extent to which nanomaterials have entered our lives, let alone their potential risks. Moreover, the lack of certainties with regard to the safe use of NPs is curbing their applications in the biomedical field, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, where they are performing outstandingly but are not yet being exploited as much as they could. The production of radical oxygen species is a predominant mechanism leading to metal NPs-driven carcinogenesis. The release of particularly reactive metal ions capable of crossing cell membranes has also been implicated in NPs toxicity. In this review we discuss the origin, behavior and biological toxicity of different metal NPs with the aim of rationalizing related health hazards and calling attention to toxicological concerns involved in their increasingly widespread use.

Polymer Nanocomposites of Selenium Biofabricated Using Fungi

Nanoparticle-reinforced polymer-based materials effectively combine the functional properties of polymers and unique characteristic features of NPs. Biopolymers have attained great attention, with perspective multifunctional and high-performance nanocomposites exhibiting a low environmental impact with unique properties, being abundantly available, renewable, and eco-friendly. Nanocomposites of biopolymers are termed green biocomposites. Different biocomposites are reported with numerous inorganic nanofillers, which include selenium. Selenium is a micronutrient that can potentially be used in the prevention and treatment of diseases and has been extensively studied for its biological activity. SeNPs have attracted increasing attention due to their high bioavailability, low toxicity, and novel therapeutic properties. One of the best routes to take advantage of SeNPs' properties is by mixing these NPs with polymers to obtain nanocomposites with functionalities associated with the NPs together with the main characteristics of the polymer matrix. These nanocomposite materials have markedly improved properties achieved at low SeNP concentrations. Composites based on polysaccharides, including fungal beta-glucans, are bioactive, biocompatible, biodegradable, and have exhibited an innovative potential. Mushrooms meet certain obvious requirements for the green entity applied to the SeNP manufacturing. Fungal-matrixed selenium nanoparticles are a new promising biocomposite material. This review aims to give a summary of what is known by now about the mycosynthesized selenium polymeric nanocomposites with the impact on fungal-assisted manufactured ones, the mechanisms of the involved processes at the chemical reaction level, and problems and challenges posed in this area.

Environmental risk of nanomaterials and nanoparticles and EPR technique as an effective tool to study them-a review

Nanotechnologies and different types of nanomaterials belong in present day to intensively studied materials due to their unique properties and diverse potential applications in, e.g., electronics, medicine, or display technologies. Together with the investigation of their desired beneficial properties, a need to investigate and evaluate their influence on the environment and possible harmful effects towards living organisms is growing. This review summarizes possible toxic effects of nanomaterials on environment and living organisms, focusing on the possible bioaccumulation in organisms, toxicity, and its mechanisms. The main goal of this review is to refer to potential environmental risks rising from the use of nanomaterials and the necessity to deal with the possible toxic effects considering the growing interest in the wide-scale utilization of these materials. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as the only analytical technique capable of detecting radical species enables detection, quantification, and monitoring of the generation of short-lived radicals often coupled with toxic effects of nanomaterials, which makes it an important method in the process of nanotoxicity mechanism determination.

Erratum: Guillermo M., et al. Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles' Application as an Emerging Technology: A Review. Materials 2021, 14, 166

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].

Advances in Drug Delivery Nanosystems Using Graphene-Based Materials and Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth. In addition to the well-known crystallographic modifications such as graphite and diamond, other allotropic carbon modifications such as graphene-based nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes have recently come to the fore. These carbon nanomaterials can be designed to help deliver or target drugs more efficiently and to innovate therapeutic approaches, especially for cancer treatment, but also for the development of new diagnostic agents for malignancies and are expected to help combine molecular imaging for diagnosis with therapies. This paper summarizes the latest designed drug delivery nanosystems based on graphene, graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, mainly for anticancer therapy.