Recent advances in the chemical composition of propolis

Chemical profiling and antioxidant potential of propolis from Pervari, Siirt: discovery of tannic acid and key bioactive compounds

Propolis, a natural product with remarkable therapeutic potential, has gained attention for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, propolis samples from Sarıyaprak, Kovanağzı, and Çemikari in Pervari, Siirt province, were analysed comprehensively. The evaluation included wax composition, DPPH and FRAP assays, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and pollen analysis. Phytochemical compounds were identified using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques. Among the regions, Çemikari samples exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid contents, with wax content averaging 60% across all locations. Key compounds identified via RSH-GC/MS included α-pinene, β-pinene, nonadecanal, and nonanal, while GC-MS revealed borneol, sedrenol, and benzyl alcohol. Significant phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, and tannic acid (reported for the first time in Turkish propolis) were also detected. The high borneol concentration, with its strong anti-inflammatory properties, underscores the unique traits of these samples and their promising antioxidant potential for further research.

New semisynthetic α-glucosidase inhibitor from a doubly-chemically engineered extract

Chemically engineered extracts represent a promising source of new bioactive semi-synthetic molecules. Prepared through direct derivatization of natural extracts, they can include constituents enriched with elements and sub-structures that are less common in natural products compared to drugs. Fourteen such extracts were prepared through sequential reactions with hydrazine and a fluorinating reagent, and their α-glucosidase inhibition properties were compared. For the most bioactive mixture, a chemically modified propolis extract, enzyme inhibition increased 22 times due to the reaction sequence. Bio-guided fractionation led to the isolation of a new fluorinated pyrazole produced within the extract by chemical transformation of the flavonoid chrysin. The inhibitor results from the action of the two reagents used on four common functional groups present in natural products (carbonyl, phenol, aromatic carbon, and a double bond). The reactions led to the opening of a 6-member oxygenated heterocycle to produce a 5-member nitrogenated one, as well as the dehydroxylation and fluorination in two different positions of one of the aromatic rings of the natural starting material, all within a complex mixture of natural products. Overall, these transformations led to an approximately 20-fold increase in the α-glucosidase inhibition by the isolated inhibitor compared to its natural precursor.

Enhancement of sausages shelf life using natural antimicrobials and propolis extract

The present work assessed the impacts of nisin (200 mg/kg) and nisin-nanoparticles (NNPs; 200 mg/kg) in combination with propolis ethanolic extract (PEE; 1% and 3%) on quality and stability of sausage during refrigerated period. The treated meat batters were mechanically stuffed into polyamide casings, packaged in vacuum conditions and analyzed at days 1, 15, 30 and 45. Sausages treated with combined NNPs and PEE displayed higher total phenolic content (2.14-5.41 mg GAE/g DM), pH values (5.27-5.80) and sensory scores (3.70-3.93) with low hardness (34.9-37.7 kg m/s2) and TBARS values (1.41-2.85 mg MDA/kg) throughout keeping period. At day 45, treated samples with 200 mg/kg NNPs + 3% PEE indicated 0.28 Log CFU/g reduction in TVC, 0.16 CFU/g in Clostridium perfringens, 0.23 in E. coli, 0.65 in Staphylococcus aureus, and 0.37 CFU/g in mold and yeast count compared with control (120 ppm nitrite). Hence, this work aims to assess the performance of nisin compounds + PEE in the quality improvement of frankfurter-type sausage kept for 45 days (4 °C) to produce novel and practical nitrite substitutes.

The Effect of Propolis on Hatched Eggs Previously Infected With Avian Pathogenic E. coli

We investigated the effect of propolis as a sanitiser on hatched eggs previously infected with avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) (APEC) serogroup O78. A green propolis watery extract at 24% and a native breed hatching eggs have been used in this study. A total number of five virulence genes had been detected in E. coli serotype O78 used in this study indicating the pathogenicity of this isolate. The use propolis as a sanitiser for hatching eggs negatively decreased the hatchability percent and increased the embryonic death percent. However, it had a high strength against E. coli serogroup O78 as it significantly reduced the mean colony-forming unit (CFU) count in livers and yolks 4 days post-challenge and in 1-day-old chicks. Our results indicated the antibacterial effect of a green propolis watery extract at 24% against APEC serogroup O78. However, the effect of low concentrations of the propolis against hatchability and embryonic death rates should be tested.

3D Printing of Biocompatible and Antibacterial Silica-Silk-Chitosan-Based Hybrid Aerogel Scaffolds Loaded with Propolis

The aim of this study is to design a therapeutic enhanced three-dimensional (3D) silk fibroin (SF)-based scaffold containing propolis (Ps)-loaded chitosan (CH) nanocarriers. To this aim, we initially synthesized a hybrid gel-based ink by a synergistic sol-gel and self-assembly approach and then processed the resulting gels by microextrusion-based 3D printing followed by supercritical drying to obtain 3D hybrid aerogel scaffolds. Ps was utilized to enhance the final scaffold's bactericidal efficacy and cell responsiveness. For the synthesis of the scaffold, two Ps loading methods (in preprint and postprinting steps) were investigated in order to optimize the Ps drug quantities in the scaffold and maximize the antibacterial properties of scaffold. In the postprinting Ps loading step, the hybrid silica-oxidized SF (SFO)-CH hydrogel ink was 3D printed into a construct with an interconnected porous structure, and then, Ps was loaded into the printed construct. In the preprint loading method, PS was incorporated into the SF and a hydrolyzed silane solution prior to gelation. The morphological studies demonstrate that the addition of Ps encapsulated CH nanoparticles (NPs) into the hydrogel solution improved the porosity of the developed scaffolds. The rheological analysis of the designed gel ink with and without Ps loading and the release kinetics were studied. The antimicrobial results show that the Ps-loaded scaffolds in the postprinting step exhibited superior antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains compared to a preprinted Ps-loaded scaffold. Direct and indirect in vitro cytotoxicity tests also confirmed the designed Ps-loaded scaffold biocompatibility toward a mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line. We demonstrated that the scaffold formulated by propolis-loaded chitosan NPs can enhance the migration and proliferation of L929 fibroblast cells. The obtained results prove the promise of the designed 3D printed silica-SFO-CH-Ps scaffolds as a potent 3D scaffold to mediate tissue regeneration but also as an antibacterial highly porous matrix to support wound healing.

Patient Experience and Wound Healing Outcomes Using Different Palatal Protection Methods After Free Gingival Grafts: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: A free gingival graft (FGG) is a common technique used to reconstruct or enhance the area of keratinized mucosa, while a connective tissue graft (CTG) is utilized to boost soft tissue thickness, thereby promoting stability in interproximal marginal bone levels. Most reported complications following FGG procedure are associated with the donor site. In addition to a painful, open wound in the palate, the most frequent complications linked to FGG harvesting include excessive bleeding, postoperative bone exposure, and recurrent herpes lesions. Numerous methods for securing the donor site after a free gingival graft surgery have been documented in research publications. The main objective of this systematic review was to assess various techniques for protecting the palate after graft harvesting and their impact on patient experience, with a focus on pain management. The secondary objective was to evaluate these techniques in relation to donor site wound healing. (2) Methods: The search was performed across four databases: Medline (PubMed Central), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and the recommendations set forth in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The initial search took place on 9 October 2023, followed by an update on 28 June 2024. The search utilized the following keywords: ("wound" OR "injury") AND ("graft" OR "free gingival graft" OR "graft harvesting") AND ("healing" OR "recovery") AND "palate". (3) Results: After conducting the follow-up search, a total of 958 papers were identified: 193 from PubMed, 314 from Scopus, 101 from Web of Science, and 350 from Embase. Ultimately, of the 49 papers that remained, 11 were excluded due to not fulfilling the inclusion criteria, leaving 38 full-text papers on free gingival grafts (FGG) for qualitative analysis. (4) Conclusions: Various methods for palatal protection after free gingival grafts (FGG) are described in the literature, stemming from biological, physical, or chemical sources. Most studies in this review examined platelet-rich fibrin and suggested that it provides no benefits for patients' subjective experiences or wound healing outcomes. While photobiomodulation appears to support wound epithelialization, it does not influence pain perception. Alternatives such as propolis, hyaluronic acid, and medicinal plant extracts show potential for palatal protection; however, further research is needed to thoroughly evaluate their effectiveness.

Evaluation of the antitrypanosomal activity, cytotoxicity and phytochemistry of red Brazilian propolis

Recently, the growth in the consumption of functional foods with potential nutritional and health benefits revealed rapid progress in phytochemical analysis to assure quality and profile the chemical composition. Bee propolis, a gummy exudate produced in beehives after harvesting from different plant species and showed to contain bioactive secondary metabolites with biological importance. The main goal of the current study is to profile the chemical composition of red propolis samples from the Brazilian stingless bee Tetragonula biroi for the first time using HPLC-UV-ELSD and NMR analysis for assignment of the abundant metabolites' classes as well as extraction and isolation of the major compounds. Column chromatography and size exclusion chromatography were applied for the purification of the major compounds in red Brazilian propolis. Further, testing the antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities against Trypanosoma brucei and human leukemia cell lines (U937) was performed. A total of 29 secondary metabolites were identified as two anthocyanins, 6 flavonoids, 8 isoflavonoids, 10 phenolics, two phenolic acids, and one triterpenoid. Two phenolic compounds were purified and identified using 1D and 2D NMR analysis along with MS analysis as liquiritigenin and calycosin. Red Brazilian propolis FB-3 fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity against T. brucei at 1.6 μg/ml, compared to 12.4 μg/ml of the crude extract. The isolated compounds showed moderate activity with an MIC of 8.5 μg/ml for liquiritigenin and 8.7 μg/ml for calycosin. Moreover, FB-3 fraction and calycosin were showed the potent cytotoxic effect with IC50 = 45.1 and 35.8μg/ml, respectively compared to IC50 = 29.5 μg/ml of the standard diminazen. Hence, red Brazilian propolis is rich source of polyphenols with myriad biological importance. Propolis fractions and purified compounds showed moderate antiprotozoal activity and potent cytotoxic activity against human leukemia cell lines.

Network pharmacology and bioinformatic integrative analysis reveals candidate gene targets and potential therapeutic of East Kalimantan propolis against hepatocellular carcinoma

Introduction

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is commonly treated with surgery, liver transplantation, and chemotherapy, but recurrence and metastasis remain challenges. Natural complementary therapies like propolis, known for its hepatoprotective properties, are gaining interest due to limited efficacy and toxicity of conventional chemotherapy. This study aims to identify core targets for HCC, assess the therapeutic potential of East Kalimantan propolis (EKP) from stingless bees, and analyze the molecular interactions.

Methods

EKP compounds were analyzed using target prediction tools related to HCC, alongside clinical data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, to identify overlapping genes with clinical relevance. The selected genes were then subjected to protein-protein interaction (PPI), GO and KEGG enrichment, immunohistochemical comparison and survival analysis to identify potential core targets and related pathways for HCC therapy. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamics were conducted to verify the molecular interactions and stability of EKP compounds with targets.

Results

108 genes have been selected as HCC potential targets, which mostly associated with MicroRNAs in cancer, chemical carcinogenesis, and viral carcinogenesis pathways. These targets were obtained by overlapping genes from GEO clinical databases and target predictors. PPI network analysis revealed 4 main targets of propolis in HCC. Furthermore, differential expression genes, survival analysis, and Immunohistochemical analysis from databases suggested that AKR1C3 and MAPK1 promote HCC progression and shorten survival rate of HCC patients. Molecular docking and dynamic studies confirmed strong binding affinity and stability of Baicalein, Chrysin, Quercetin, and Myricetin with receptor targets within simulation time.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into the mechanism of action of EKP on HCC and identifies AKR1C3 and MAPK1 as candidate target treatments for future drug development.

Identification of 2,4-Di-tert-Butylphenol as an Antimicrobial Agent Against Cutibacterium acnes Bacteria from Rwandan Propolis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Acne is the most prevalent dermatological condition among humans, affecting approximately 80% of adolescents during puberty. To date, numerous compounds have been used for acne treatment, including erythromycin ointments and antiseptics, with varying degrees of success. The emergence of erythromycin-resistant C. acnes strains has spurred the search for new antimicrobial agents, particularly from natural sources.

METHODS

Propolis collected in Rwanda was extracted and fractionated by flash chromatography and tested against C. acnes growth by using NCLSI recommendations.

RESULTS

In our research, we identified a molecule, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) which inhivbited the C. acnes growth at a concentration of 16 µg/mL. Based on these results, we formulated an ointment (1%) using OFAP18 and petroleum jelly for the potential treatment of acne using a mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS

In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that 2,4-DTBP has anti-inflammatory properties and could effectively manage the overgrowth of C. acnes as well as serve as a potent alternative for the formulation of an active propolis ointment for acne treatment.

A Prospective, Multicenter European Study on the Effects of Anatolian Propolis and Hypertonic Saline Combination Nasal Spray on Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms

Objectives: The current study examined the effectiveness of Rhinapi, a hypertonic saline nasal spray with Anatolian propolis added, on allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms in a European population. Methods: Four hundred and forty AR patients (251 males and 189 females) from various European centers were enrolled. Nasal examination, overall symptom scores, individual AR symptoms (nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal itching, and nasal obstruction), and quality of life (QoL) were assessed before and after 3 weeks of treatment with Rhinapi, the nasal spray made of hypertonic saline with Anatolian propolis added (Bee&You, Istanbul, Turkey). Results: Rhinapi nasal drop use was associated with a substantial decrease (P < .05) in AR symptom ratings, including nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal itching, and nasal obstruction. QoL scores showed a significant improvement (P < .05), and the spray also alleviated swelling and improved concha color (P < .05). Conclusion: Rhinapi, Anatolian propolis-added hypertonic saline nasal spray (Bee&You, Istanbul, Turkey), when used for 3 weeks, reduced AR symptom scores and improved QoL. Both the concha color and the edema were also enhanced.

Effects of propolis supplementation on prooxidant-antioxidant balance, oxidative stress biomarkers, and body composition in obese patients with NAFLD: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial

Background

Oxidative stress is one of the main hits in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Propolis (PRP), a natural substance made by bees from plant extracts, has been reported to have antioxidant properties. The present clinical trial investigated the effect of Iranian PRP on prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), oxidative stress biomarkers, and body composition in obese patients with NAFLD.

Methods

In the present double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial, 44 obese patients with NAFLD were randomly allocated to either Iranian PRP (1500 mg/d) or placebo (1500 mg/d) accompanied by a calorie-restricted diet (CRD) for eight weeks. PAB, oxidative stress biomarkers, and body composition were assessed at baseline and the end of the study.

Results

There was a significant reduction in PAB levels over the trial in both groups. However, the between-group difference was not significant at the endpoint. At the end of the study, the inter-group comparison showed a significant decrease in serum glutathione peroxidase level in the placebo group compared to the PRP group after adjusting for confounding variables based on models 1 (P=0.027) and 2 (P=0.028). No significant within- or between-group differences in other studied oxidative stress biomarkers were found. Moreover, no between-group differences were observed for body composition and dietary intakes of energy and antioxidant micronutrients.

Conclusion

Iranian PRP supplementation (1500 mg/d) for eight weeks could prevent the reduction of glutathione peroxidase levels compared to the control group. However, it could not affect other oxidative stress biomarkers, body composition, or dietary intakes of energy and antioxidant micronutrients.

Biotransformation and metabolite activity analysis of flavonoids from propolis in vivo

Propolis is a natural resinous compound produced by bees, mixed with their saliva and wax, and has a range of biological benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This article reviews the in vivo transformation of propolis flavonoids and their potential influence on drug efficacy. Despite propolis is widely used, there is little research on how the active ingredients of propolis change in the body and how they interact with drugs. Future research will focus on these interactions and the metabolic fate of propolis in vivo.

Phytochemical profiling and characterization of flavonoid derivatives from propolis sample and investigation of cytotoxic and antiprotozoal activities

Recently, the growth of consumer demand for functional foods with potential nutritional and health benefits led to rapid growth of analytical tools for profiling of bioactive metabolites and assure quality. Bee propolis is one of the most important bee products owing to its myriad health value. As a gummy exudate produced in beehives after harvesting from different plant species, bee propolis contains bioactive secondary metabolites. The current study aims to profiling the chemical composition of propolis samples from Nigeria using HPLC-UV-ELSD and with the aid of NMR-based analysis for assignment of metabolites classes abundant in Nigerian propolis. Red Nigerian propolis samples were subjected to phytochemical analysis using HPLC-UV-ELSD and NMR. Further chromatographic separation of promising fractions was performed by column chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Screening of the antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities against Trypanosoma brucei and human leukemia cell lines (U937), respectively, was performed. The performance of LC-MS permitted identification of the different components from which 13 compound were identified and allowed combination of fractions to afford 9 fractions from which two isoflavonoids were isolated and identified using 1D and 2D NMR analysis with MS as isosativan and Medicarpin. Red Nigerian propolis crude extract showed the highest inhibitory activity at 6.5 µg/ml compared to moderate activity for the isolated compounds with MIC of 7.6 µg/ml and 12.1 µg/ml for medicarpin and isosativan, respectively. Moreover, the fraction RN-6 from the total extract showed the potent cytotoxic effect with IC50 = 26.5 µg/ml compared to standard diminazen which showed IC50 = 29.5 µg/ml.

The potential protective effect of propolis on diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin in adult albino rats

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder. It is associated with serious life-threatening complications if not properly managed. The current study aimed at investigating the possible protective role of propolis on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. A diabetic rat model was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 4 days, the diabetic rats received oral propolis (300 mg/kg/day) via gastric gavage for 28 days. Biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural evaluations were performed. The results showed that: streptozotocin-induced diabetes was associated with a marked decrease in the serum high-density lipoproteins and antioxidant enzymes. However, a significant elevation in the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins was detected. Furthermore, streptozotocin treatment induced histopathological alterations of the renal cortex; in the form of distorted glomerular capillaries, widened Bowman's space and signs of epithelial tubular degeneration. Ultra-structurally, thickening and irregularity of the glomerular basement membrane and podocytes foot processes effacement were observed. The tubular epithelial cells showed swollen vacuolated mitochondria, scarce basal infoldings and loss of microvilli. Conversely, propolis partially restored the normal lipid profile, antioxidant biomarkers and renal cortical morphology. Propolis exhibited a sort of renoprotection through hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects.

The Biology and Biochemistry of Kynurenic Acid, a Potential Nutraceutical with Multiple Biological Effects

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an antioxidant degradation product of tryptophan that has been shown to have a variety of cytoprotective, neuroprotective and neuronal signalling properties. However, mammalian transporters and receptors display micromolar binding constants; these are consistent with its typically micromolar tissue concentrations but far above its serum/plasma concentration (normally tens of nanomolar), suggesting large gaps in our knowledge of its transport and mechanisms of action, in that the main influx transporters characterized to date are equilibrative, not concentrative. In addition, it is a substrate of a known anion efflux pump (ABCC4), whose in vivo activity is largely unknown. Exogeneous addition of L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine leads to the production of KYNA but also to that of many other co-metabolites (including some such as 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine and quinolinic acid that may be toxic). With the exception of chestnut honey, KYNA exists at relatively low levels in natural foodstuffs. However, its bioavailability is reasonable, and as the terminal element of an irreversible reaction of most tryptophan degradation pathways, it might be added exogenously without disturbing upstream metabolism significantly. Many examples, which we review, show that it has valuable bioactivity. Given the above, we review its potential utility as a nutraceutical, finding it significantly worthy of further study and development.

Propolis supplementation can reduce serum level of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials

BACKGROUND

New evidence suggested that propolis might reduce serum levels of inflammatory mediators; therefore, in this study we aimed to prove the potential effect of propolis on serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) through conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

Databases including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science were searched until October 2023. In the present meta-analysis, we detected the overall effect sizes using extracted standard mean differences (SMD) and the standard deviations (SDs) from both study groups through DerSimonian and Laird method. Exploring the statistical heterogeneity was done through Cochran's Q test and I-squared statistic.

RESULTS

In total, seventeen and sixteen studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. The overall estimate indicated that the propolis significantly reduced serum levels of IL-6 (SMD = -3.47, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -5.1, -1.84; p < 0.001), CRP (SMD= -1.73, 95%CI: -2.82, -0.65; p = 0.002), and TNF-α (SMD= -1.42, 95%CI= -2.15, -0.68; p < 0.001). These results also revealed geographical region and propolis dose were the critical points to get the beneficial effects.

CONCLUSION

According to our result, propolis supplementation can decrease serum levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α; therefore, it might be considered as complementary therapy for the treatment of certain chronic diseases.

Propolis as a functional food and promising agent for oral health and microbiota balance: A review study

Bee Propolis has been used for its therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and immune-stimulating properties, for centuries as a functional food. This study reviewed the effectiveness of propolis as a functional food on oral-related diseases as a rich bioflavonoid produced by honey bees. A literature search was conducted to identify studies published that investigated the effects of propolis on oral health and its ability to treat related diseases. The search was performed in electronic databases using relevant keywords. Initially, 3429 studies were identified through database searching, and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles were eligible to be included. Reviewing the articles, propolis was recognized as a functional food and promising agent to balance oral microbiota and prevent oral diseases due to its effectiveness on related bacteria, its anti-inflammatory properties, and its activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinomyces Oris allowed it to be an effective substance to prevent periodontal diseases. Based on our findings, Propolis is a desirable preventive option for various oral health conditions, including dental caries and periodontal diseases. Therefore, it is recommended to be consumed as a functional food in our daily diet, which can reduce the risk of oral disease and improve oral health.

Uncovering the anti-breast cancer activity potential of east Kalimantan propolis by In vitro and bioinformatics analysis

Numerous side effects of breast cancer drugs have prompted researchers to explore more into new therapeutic approaches derived from natural substances. In this context, our study focused on uncovering the potential of East Kalimantan propolis from Trigona apicalis for breast cancer treatment including the underlying mechanisms through bioinformatics approached. We conducted integrated in vitro and bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-GBSA analysis. Initially, in vitro cytotoxic assay demonstrated the anti-breast cancer activity potential of ethanol extract of East Kalimantan propolis, particularly its ethyl acetate fraction, which exhibited similar activity to doxorubicin, as indicated by their IC50 value. This study revealed eight propolis compounds, consisting of flavonoids and phenolic acids, in East Kalimantan propolis. By integrating microarray datasets (GSE29431, GSE36295, and GSE42568) analysis with potential targets derived from propolis compounds, 39 shared target genes were identified. Subsequently, GO and KEGG pathway, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, core hub genes and gene expression analysis revealed three major targets, namely, PTGS2, CXCL2, and MMP9. Among them, only MMP9 was highly expressed in breast cancer than normal. Moreover, molecular docking revealed the six of propolis compounds which exhibited pronounced binding affinity towards MMP-9, better than marimastat as control drug. Dynamic simulation confirmed the stability of chrysin and quercetin as best compounds. Additionally, MM-GBSA analysis revealed a relative binding energy for chrysin (-25.6403 kcal/mol) that was comparable to marimastat (-27.3827 kcal/mol). In conclusion, this study reveals how East Kalimantan Propolis affect breast cancer and emphasizes MMP9 as a key target for future therapeutics.

Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Profiling of Propolis Samples from Western Australia

This study reports on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of propolis samples from various regions across Western Australia and identifies some phenolic constituents using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and antioxidant activity was investigated with the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay and also visualised and semi-quantified by HPTLC-DPPH analysis. TPC values ranged from 9.26 to 59.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of raw propolis and FRAP assay data from 4.34 to 53.8 mmol Fe2+ mmol/kg of raw propolis, although some of these variations might be related to differences in extraction yields obtained with 70% ethanol. The presence of luteolin, taxifolin, naringenin, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was confirmed based on a comprehensive, validated matching approach against an HPTLC-derived database. The findings of the study highlight the importance of future research on the chemical composition and bioactivity of Western Australian propolis.

Characterisation of New Zealand Propolis from Different Regions Based on Its Volatile Organic Compounds

Propolis is a bee product mainly consisting of plant resins and is used by bees to maintain the structural integrity of the colony. Propolis is known to contribute to bee health via its antimicrobial activity and is a valued product for human use owing to its nutritional and medicinal properties. Propolis is often characterised into seven categories depending on the resin source. New Zealand propolis is typically assumed as being poplar-type propolis, but few studies have chemically characterised New Zealand propolis to confirm or reject this assumption. Here, for the first time, we characterise propolis originating from different regions in New Zealand based on its volatile organic compounds, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To support this characterisation, we also collected and analysed resin samples from a variety of resin-producing plants (both native to New Zealand and introduced). Our findings suggest that bees mainly use poplar as a resin source, but also utilize native plant species to produce propolis. While regional variation did not allow for clear separation between samples, some patterns emerged, with samples from some regions having more chemical complexity and a higher contribution from native species (as suggested by a higher number of compounds unique to native species resin). Further studies are needed to accurately identify the botanical sources contributing to these samples. It may be also of interest to explore the biological activity of regional propolis samples and their potential nutritional or medicinal benefits.

Current View on Major Natural Compounds Endowed with Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects

Nowadays, infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins represent a serious medical problem worldwide. In fact, the development of antibiotic resistance is responsible for the emergence of bacterial strains that are refractory even to new classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, the recent COVID-19 pandemic suggests that new viruses can emerge and spread all over the world. The increase in infectious diseases depends on multiple factors, including malnutrition, massive migration of population from developing to industrialized areas, and alteration of the human microbiota. Alternative treatments to conventional antibiotics and antiviral drugs have intensively been explored. In this regard, plants and marine organisms represent an immense source of products, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, lanthipeptides, and terpenoids, which possess antibacterial and antiviral activities. Their main mechanisms of action involve modifications of bacterial cell membranes, with the formation of pores, the release of cellular content, and the inhibition of bacterial adherence to host cells, as well as of the efflux pump. Natural antivirals can interfere with viral replication and spreading, protecting the host with the enhanced production of interferon. Of note, these antivirals are not free of side effects, and their administration to humans needs more research in terms of safety. Preclinical research with natural antibacterial and antiviral compounds confirms their effects against bacteria and viruses, but there are still only a few clinical trials. Therefore, their full exploitation and more intensive clinical studies represent the next steps to be pursued in this area of medicine.

Investigation of antifungal and antibacterial potential of green extracts of propolis

Propolis extracts have been used in traditional medicines since ages due to its advantageous complex chemical composition. However, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of poplar propolis extracts prepared in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) are seldom studied. This study investigates suitable alternate for ethanol as a solvent for extraction for Polish poplar propolis. It also attempts to identify suitable extraction condition for the efficient transfer of compounds from propolis to the solvents. The extraction efficiency of NADES extracts was assessed in terms of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. The chemical composition of the extracts was analysed using UHPLC-DAD-QqTOF-MS. Four extracts, prepared in Propylene Glycol, Choline Chloride:Propylene Glycol (1:3), Choline Chloride:Propylene Glycol (1:4) and Choline Chloride:Glycerol (1:2), demonstrated activity and properties similar to ethanolic extract and extraction at 50 °C was found the most suitable for propolis. HPLC analysis confirmed that the chemical cocktail extracted by these solvents from propolis were identical with minor variations in their concentration as compared to its ethanolic extract. Thus, extracts of propolis at 50 °C in Propylene Glycol, Choline Chloride:Propylene Glycol (1:3) and Choline Chloride:Propylene Glycol (1:4) can be alternates for ethanolic extracts.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibition, Acute Toxicity, In Silico Molecular Docking and Dynamic Analysis of Apis Mellifera Propolis as Antidiabetic Supplement

This study aims to identify the phytochemical profile of Apis mellifera propolis and explore the potential of its anti-diabetic activity through inhibition of α-amylase (α-AE), α-glucosidase(α-GE), as well as novel antidiabetic compounds of propolis. Apis mellifera propolis extract (AMPE) exhibited elevated polyphenol 33.26±0.17 (mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (15.45±0.13 mg RE/g). It also indicated moderate strong antioxidant activity (IC50 793.09±1.94 μg/ml). This study found that AMPE displayed promising α-AE and α-GE inhibition through in vitro study. Based on LC-MS/MS screening, 18 unique AMPE compounds were identified, with majorly belonging to anthraquinone and flavonoid compounds. Furthermore, in silico study determined that 8 compounds of AMPE exhibited strong binding to α-AE that specifically interacted with its catalytic residue of ASP197. Moreover, 2 compounds exhibit potential inhibition of α-GE, by interacting with crucial amino acids of ARG315, ASP352, and ASP69. Finally, we suggested that 2,7-Dihydroxy-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and 3(3-(3,4-Dihydroxybenzyl)-7-hydroxychroman-4-one as novel inhibitors of α-AE and α-GE. Notably, these compounds were initially discovered from Apis mellifera propolis in this study. The molecular dynamic analysis confirmed their stable binding with both enzymes over 100 ns simulations. The in vivo acute toxicity assay reveals AMPE as a practically non-toxic product with an LD50 value of 16,050 mg/kg. Therefore, this propolis may serve as a promising natural product for diabetes mellitus treatment.

Propolis Use in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of Its Preventive and Therapeutic Applications

Propolis is a resinous substance produced naturally by bees, and it consists of the exudates of plants mixed with enzymes, wax, and pollen. Propolis continues to gain considerable scientific interest due to its potential health benefits. The modern-day use of propolis in pharmaceutical preparations, such as toothpastes, mouthwashes, chewable tablets, mucoadhesive gels, and sprays, is increasing. However, the effectiveness of using propolis-containing pharmaceuticals in dentistry is not clear. The present paper aims to review the literature on the dental applications of propolis in preventive dentistry, periodontics, oral medicine, and restorative dentistry and discuss its clinical effectiveness. A literature search was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. In total, 104 studies were included, of which 46 were laboratory studies, 5 animal studies, and 53 human clinical studies. Overall, the laboratory studies revealed a range of antimicrobial effects of propolis on oral pathogens. Clinical investigations of propolis in biofilm and dental caries control as well as adjuvant periodontal therapies reported positive outcomes in terms of plaque control, pathogenic microbial count reduction, and periodontal tissue inflammation control. Additional investigations included the use of propolis for the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral mucositis, and cavity disinfection after caries removal as well as the development of a range of restorative dental materials. Based on the reported outcomes of the studies, the clinical usage of propolis has potential. However, the majority of the evidence is derived from studies with flaws in their methodological design, making their results and conclusions questionable. As a consequence, properly designed and well-reported clinical studies are required to affirm the effectiveness of propolis for dental applications. Additionally, the safety of propolis and the optimal concentrations and extraction methods for its clinical use warrant further investigation. Utilisation of standardised propolis extracts will help in quality control of propolis-based products and lead to the achievement of reproducible outcomes in research studies.

The Effects of a Dietary Supplement (PediaFlù) Plus Standard of Care in Children With Acute Tonsillopharyngitis/Rhinopharyngitis: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

A dietary supplement containing Pelargonium sidoides extract, propolis, zinc, and honey has been recently developed and proven to be an effective adjuvant in clinical practice for seasonal diseases and the treatment of respiratory tract disorders.

OBJECTIVE

This trial aims to verify the efficacy of the tested dietary supplement in a pediatric population with acute tonsillopharyngitis/rhinopharyngitis (ATR).

METHODS

The trial includes children aged between 3 and 10 years with ATR ≤48 h, a negative rapid test for beta-hemolytic streptococcus or culture identification of nasal and/or pharyngeal exudates, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The dietary supplement tested is an oral solution already on the market based on Pelagon P-70 (equivalent to Pelargonium sidoides d.e. 133.3 mg/100 ml), propolis, zinc, and honey. The product is administered at 5 ml 3 times a day for 6 days for children younger than 6 years and 10 ml 3 times a day for 6 days for children older than 6 years. The study design is open label, randomized, and controlled, with the tested dietary supplement plus standard of care (SoC) versus SoC alone. Patients are enrolled from 3 sites in Romania. The change in Tonsillitis Severity Score and number of treatment failures (using ibuprofen or high-dose paracetamol as rescue medication) are the primary end points. Based on the Tonsillitis Severity Score and the 2-sample comparison of the means formula with a 5% significance level, 80% power, and a minimally clinically important difference of 2 (SD 3.85) points, 120 patients are required. To account for potential screening failures and dropouts, we need to screen a population of approximately 150 children.

RESULTS

Patient enrollment began on June 3, 2021 (first patient's first visit), and ended on August 12, 2021 (last patient's last visit). The data collection period was from June 3, 2021, to September 16, 2021. The study was funded in February 2023. Data analysis is currently ongoing (April 2024). We expect the results to be published in a peer-reviewed clinical journal in the third quarter of 2024 and presented at scientific meetings in the last quarter of 2024.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from this trial may help identify new adjuvant treatments for children with ATR when streptococcal infection is excluded by a negative rapid test, thereby avoiding unnecessary antibiotic administration.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04899401 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04899401.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/53703.

Hive Products: Composition, Pharmacological Properties, and Therapeutic Applications

Beekeeping provides products with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics. These products are characterized by abundance of bioactive compounds. For different reasons, honey, royal jelly, propolis, venom, and pollen are beneficial to humans and animals and could be used as therapeutics. The pharmacological action of these products is related to many of their constituents. The main bioactive components of honey include oligosaccharides, methylglyoxal, royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), and phenolics compounds. Royal jelly contains jelleins, royalisin peptides, MRJPs, and derivatives of hydroxy-decenoic acid, particularly 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), which possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuromodulatory, metabolic syndrome-preventing, and anti-aging properties. Propolis has a plethora of activities that are referable to compounds such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Peptides found in bee venom include phospholipase A2, apamin, and melittin. In addition to being vitamin-rich, bee pollen also includes unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and phenolics compounds that express antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the constituents of hive products are particular and different. All of these constituents have been investigated for their properties in numerous research studies. This review aims to provide a thorough screening of the bioactive chemicals found in honeybee products and their beneficial biological effects. The manuscript may provide impetus to the branch of unconventional medicine that goes by the name of apitherapy.

Propolis in the management of cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND

Propolis is a resinous compound that is obtained from honey bees. It consists of numerous chemical constituents that impart different therapeutic action. The heart is the core of the body and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a burden for the human being. This article emphasizes how propolis is fruitful in the management of various CVDs.

SCOPE AND APPROACH

This review focuses on how various constituents of the propolis (such as terpenes, flavonoids, phenolics, etc.) impart cardio protective actions.

KEY FINDING AND CONCLUSION

With the support of various clinical trials and research outcomes, it was concluded that propolis owns niche cardio protective properties that can be a boon for various cardiac problems (both in preventive and therapeutic action) such as atherosclerosis, excessive angiogenesis, hypertension, and many more.

Encapsulation of propolis extracted with methylal in the chitosan nanoparticles and its antibacterial and cell cytotoxicity studies

In this study we develop novel type of antibacterial chitosan-propolis NPs to improve theantimicrobial activity against various pathogens. To this aim, we primarily extracted propolis with methylal and ethanol as green solvents and its encapsulation with chitosan NPs. The developed propolis loaded chitosan NPs indicated antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against various gram positive and negative. FTIR revealed the successful encapsulation of the propolis extract with Ethanol (PE) and Methylal (PM) into the chitosan nano career matrix. HPLC and GC-MASS also confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenols compounds of propolis extracted with both solvents. In addition, we confirmed the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in propolis by calorimetric method of Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride complex formation assays, respectively. PE-CH and PM-CH were optimized regarding physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, and poly dispersity index (PDI) index. DLS and SEM micrographs confirmed a spherical morphology in a range of 360-420 nm with Z potential values of 30-48 mV and PDI of 0.105-0.166 for PE-CH and PM-CH, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency was evaluated using colorimetric analysis, with median values ranging from 90 to 92%. The MIC values within the range of 2 to 230 µg/ml and MBC values between 3 to 346 μg/ml against both gram-positive and negative bacteria. While both PE and PM showed a significant reduction in the number of E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, the use of PE-CH and PM-CH led to a statistically significant and greater reduction in number of E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis strains on the biofilm, pre-formed biofilm and planktonic phases. Besides, the DPPH assay showed significant antioxidant activity for these NPs within the range of 36 to 92%. MTT assay for MHFB-1, HFF, L929, MDF, and MCF-7 cells exhibited statistically significant differences in each other that show the IC50 between 60-160 µg/ml for normal cells and 20 for cancer cells. Finally the present study indicated that both PM and PM-CH greater than PE and PE-CH in which contain high flavonoid and phenolic contents with a high antioxidation potential antioxidant properties, which could be beneficial for cell proliferation and antibiotic and anticancer applications.

Further Insights on Honey and Propolis from Gerês (Portugal) and Their Bioactivities: Unraveling the Impact of Beehive Relocation

Propolis, a bee product, is known for its variability of chemical and bioactive profiles. However, Portuguese propolis from Gerês, normally obtained by mixing propolis from three places-Bugalho, Felgueiras and Toutelo-has shown similar chemical and biological profiles over the years. Recently, a new propolis place-Roca-was added to the apiary to replace Bugalho, lost to the 2017 wildfires, hence questioning the previously claimed constancy of Gerês propolis. To unravel to what extent the beehive relocation affected this constancy, we studied different Gerês propolis samples collected in three consecutive years (2017-2019) composed of different combinations of source places. Two honey samples, collected before (2017) and after (2018) the occurrence of the wildfire, were also investigated. Total phenolics, flavonoids and ortho-diphenols contents were determined and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated, using the DPPH assay and the agar dilution method, respectively. Although both antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were generally in the ranges usually obtained from Gerês propolis, some variations were detected for the samples, with different compositions when compared to previous years. This work reinforces the importance of the consistency of a combination of several factors for the protection and preservation of the flora near the hives, providing bee products with more constant chemical and biological profiles over the years.

Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Proliferative Activity of Colombian Propolis Extracts: A Comparative Study

Propolis extracts have been widely studied due to their popularity in traditional medicine, presenting incredible biodiversity. This study aimed to analyze propolis extracts' phytochemical, physicochemical, and biological activities from four different biogeographic zones of the Huila region (Colombia). The raw material samples were collected by the scraping method and the ethanolic extracts (EEPs) were obtained by cold maceration with ethanol (96%). The physicochemical and sensory characterization was carried out according to the protocols recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and the main components of the EEPs were identified by LC-HRMS analysis. The determination of total phenols and flavonoids was carried out using colorimetric techniques. The antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and cell cycle regulation analyses in L929 and HGnF cells were evaluated using DPPH, Alamar Blue, and 7-amino actinomycin D (7-AAD) assays. The propolis samples presented an average yield of 33.1%, humidity between 1.6 and 2.8%, melting point between 54 and 62 °C, ashes between 1.40 and 2.19%, and waxes of 6.6-17.9%, respectively. The sensory characteristics of all samples were heterogeneous, complying with the quality specifications established by international standards. The polyphenolic and total flavonoid content was representative in the samples from Quebradon (255.9 ± 9.2 mg GAE/g, 543.1 ± 8.4 mg QE/g) and Arcadia (543.1 ± 8.4 mg GAE/g, 32.5 ± 1.18 g QE/g) (p < 0.05) that correlated with high antioxidant activity (Quebradon: 37.2 ± 1.2 µmol/g, Arcadia: 38.19 ± 0.7 µmol/g). In the chemical composition analysis, 19 compounds were characterized as phenolic acids and flavonoids, the most representative being chrysoeriol-O-methyl-ether, ellagic acid, and 3,4-O-dimethylcaffeic acid. Regarding biological activity, Quebradon and Arcadia propolis presented low toxicity with IC50 of 2.83 ± 2.3 mg/mL and 4.28 ± 1.4 mg/mL in HGnF cells, respectively, and an arrest of the cell cycle in the G2/M phase of 71.6% and 50.8% compared to the control (11.9%) (p < 0.05). In general, the results of this study contribute to the identification of valid quality criteria to evaluate Colombian propolis, contributing to its study and chemical and biological characterization as a source of raw material for industrial and pharmaceutical use. In addition, Quebradon and Arcadia propolis can be important sources of bioactive molecules for the development of new drugs.

Effects of Anatolian Propolis and Hypertonic Saline Combination Nasal Spray on Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms: A Prospective, Multicenter Study

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate how Rhinapi nasal spray affects symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Methods: In this prospective, multicenter, observational study, 10,000 patients (comprising 5028 males and 4972 females) exhibiting symptoms of allergic rhinitis (namely, nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal itching, and nasal obstruction) from different centers in different regions of Turkey were enrolled in the study between March 2022 and March 2023. All the patients wanted to participate in the study and were administered Rhinapi one puff to each nostril three times a day, for a period of 3 weeks. Total symptom scores, quality of life (QoL) scores, and otolaryngological examination scores were evaluated before and 3 weeks after treatment. Results: The scores for discharge from the nose, sneezing, nasal pruritus, and blockage of the nose all indicated improvement when compared to pre-medication and post-medication. This difference achieved statistical significance (P < .001). The mean total symptom score fell following treatment (P < .001): whilst the score was 11.09 ± 3.41 before administering Rhinapi; after administration, the average score was 6.23 ± 2.41. The mean QoL scores also altered after medication (P < .001), improving from a mean value of 6.44 ± 1.55 to a mean of 7.31 ± 1.24. Significant improvement was also noted in the scores for conchal color and degree of edema after the treatment had been administered (P < .001). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that Rhinapi nasal spray decreases total symptom scores, and results in improved QoL and otolaryngological examination scores. Propolis spray may be recommended for patients with allergic rhinitis alongside other treatments.

Algerian Propolis from Distinct Geographical Locations: Chemical Profiles, Antioxidant Capacity, Cytotoxicity and Inhibition of 5-Lipoxygenase Product Biosynthesis

Propolis was collected from honeybee hives in three geographically distinct Algerian climates and extracts were characterized for composition and bioactivity. Bees were identified as native subspecies using an in-silico DraI mtDNA COI-COII test. Over 20 compounds were identified in extracts by LC-MS. Extracts from the Medea region were more enriched in phenolic content (302±28 mg GAE/g of dry extract) than those from Annaba and Ghardaia regions. Annaba extracts had the highest flavonoid content (1870±385 mg QCE/g of dry extract). Medea extracts presented the highest free-radical scavenging activity (IC50=13.5 μg/mL) using the DPPH radical assay while Ghardaia extracts from the desert region were weak (IC50>100 μg/mL). Antioxidant activities measured using AAPH oxidation of linoleic acid were similar in all extracts with IC50 values ranging from 2.9 to 4.9 μg/mL. All extracts were cytotoxic (MTT assay) and proapoptotic (Annexin-V) against human leukemia cell lines in the low μg/mL range, although the Annaba extract was less active against the Reh cell line. Extracts inhibited cellular 5-lipoxygenase product biosynthesis with IC50 values ranging from 0.6 to 3.2 μg/mL. Overall, examined propolis extracts exhibited significant biological activity that warrant further characterization in cellular and in vivo models.

Propolis-Loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Nanofibers: An In Vitro Study

Nanofibers have high potential through their high porosity, small pore sizes, lightweight materials, and their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix structure for use in the manufacture of wound dressings for wound treatment. In this study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers were produced by electrospinning. Propolis was loaded into the PLGA nanofibers by the dropping method. The average diameters and effects of propolis loading on the morphology of 37.5, 50, and 100% propolis-loaded PLGA nanofibers (PLGA-P37.5, PLGA-P50, and PLGA-P100) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The successful loading of propolis into PLGA nanofibers was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. In vitro propolis release was examined at physiological pH. The antioxidant activity of propolis-loaded nanofibers was studied with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antimicrobial activities of the nanofibers against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains were determined by the disk diffusion method. Consequently, PLGA-P50 and PLGA-P100 showed high antimicrobial activity on S. aureus and C. albicans. Cell viability was tested by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and propolis-loaded PLGA nanofibers were found to be biocompatible with human fibroblast cells. In the wound scratch assay, propolis-loaded nanofibers supported wound closure with cell migration and proliferation. Thus, in vitro wound closure properties of propolis-loaded PLGA nanofibers were evaluated for the first time in the literature.

Bee chitosan nanoparticles loaded with apitoxin as a novel approach to eradication of common human bacterial, fungal pathogens and treating cancer

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest medical challenges because of the rising frequency of opportunistic human microbial infections across the globe. This study aimed to extract chitosan from the exoskeletons of dead bees and load it with bee venom (commercially available as Apitoxin [Api]). Then, the ionotropic gelation method would be used to form nanoparticles that could be a novel drug-delivery system that might eradicate eight common human pathogens (i.e., two fungal and six bacteria strains). It might also be used to treat the human colon cancer cell line (Caco2 ATCC ATP-37) and human liver cancer cell line (HepG2ATCC HB-8065) cancer cell lines. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) properties, ζ-potentials, and surface appearances of the nanoparticles were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR and XRD validated that the Api was successfully encapsulated in the chitosan nanoparticles (ChB NPs). According to the TEM, the ChB NPs and the ChB NPs loaded with Apitoxin (Api@ChB NPs) had a spherical shape and uniform size distribution, with non-aggregation, for an average size of approximately 182 and 274 ± 3.8 nm, respectively, and their Zeta potential values were 37.8 ± 1.2 mV and - 10.9 mV, respectively. The Api@ChB NPs had the greatest inhibitory effect against all tested strains compared with the ChB NPs and Api alone. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the Api, ChB NPs, and Api@ChB NPs were evaluated against the offer mentioned colony forming units (CFU/mL), and their lowest MIC values were 30, 25, and 12.5 μg mL-1, respectively, against Enterococcus faecalis. Identifiable morphological features of apoptosis were observed by 3 T3 Phototox software after Api@ChB NPs had been used to treat the normal Vero ATCC CCL-81, Caco2 ATCC ATP-37, and HepG2 ATCC HB-8065 cancer cell lines for 24 h. The morphological changes were clear in a concentration-dependent manner, and the ability of the cells was 250 to 500 μg mL-1. These results revealed that Api@ChB NPs may be a promising natural nanotreatment for common human pathogens.

3,3'-O-dimethylquercetin: A bi-functional vasodilator isolated from green propolis of the Caatinga Mimosa tenuiflora

In the search for novel, bi-functional compounds acting as CaV1.2 channel blockers and K+ channel stimulators, which represent an effective therapy for hypertension, 3,3'-O-dimethylquercetin was isolated for the first time from Brazilian Caatinga green propolis. Its effects were investigated through electrophysiological, functional, and computational approaches. In rat tail artery myocytes, 3,3'-O-dimethylquercetin blocked Ba2+ currents through CaV1.2 channels (IBa1.2) in a concentration-dependent manner, with the inhibition being reversed upon washout. The compound also shifted the voltage dependence of the steady-state inactivation curve to more negative potentials without affecting the slope of the inactivation and activation curves. Furthermore, the flavonoid stimulated KCa1.1 channel currents (IKCa1.1). In silico simulations provided additional evidence for the binding of 3,3'-O-dimethylquercetin to KCa1.1 and CaV1.2 channels and elucidated its mechanism of action. In depolarized rat tail artery rings, the flavonoid induced a concentration-dependent relaxation. Moreover, in rat aorta rings its antispasmodic effect was inversely related to the transmembrane K+ gradient. In conclusion, 3,3'-O-dimethylquercetin demonstrates effective in vitro vasodilatory properties, encouraging the exploration of its scaffold to develop novel derivatives for potential use in the treatment of hypertension.

Stability, Content of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Emulsions with Propolis Extracts during Simulated In Vitro Digestion

The objective in this work was the evaluation of the stability and content of bioactive compounds (total phenols and total flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of emulsions of ethanolic extracts of propolis obtained by ultrasound, during simulated in vitro digestion. The emulsions prepared with propolis extracts were evaluated on certain properties: their emulsion efficiency, stability (zeta potential, particle size, electrical conductivity), content of bioactive compound (total phenolics and total flavonoids), antioxidant activity and their behavior during simulated in vitro digestion. Based on the total phenol content, an emulsification efficiency of 87.8 ± 1.9% to 97.8 ± 3.8% was obtained. The particle size of the emulsions was 322.5 ± 15.33 nm to 463.9 ± 33.65 nm, with a zeta potential of -31.5 ± 0.66 mV to -28.2 ± 1.0 mV and electrical conductivity of 22.7 ± 1.96 µS/cm to 30.6 ± 0.91 µS/cm. These results indicate good emulsion stability. During simulated in vitro digestion, the content of bioactive compounds (total phenolics, total flavonoids) and antioxidant activity were affected during 77 days of storage at 4 °C. It was concluded that the emulsion process fulfills the function of protecting the bioactive compounds and therefore their biological activity.

Effect of wax separation on macro- and micro-elements, phenolic compounds, pesticide residues, and toxic elements in propolis

Propolis, a natural product with many biological activities, is a resinous material produced by honeybees. It contains not only valuable components but also some possible contaminants in varying amounts. Hence, this study aimed to examine how the process step of wax separation affects certain elements, pesticide residues, and phenolic compounds in propolis. Total phenolics, elements, and some pesticide residues were analyzed in the crude propolis (CP samples), wax portion (W samples), and remaining propolis fraction (PF samples) after wax separation. Total phenolics of the CP samples were determined in the range of 31.90-45.00 mg GAE g-1 sample, while those of the PF samples were in the range of 54.97-162.09 mg GAE g-1 sample. Loss/reduction values by means of wax separation for phenolics were calculated as 10.88% and 17.89%, respectively. Pb contents of all PF samples were low (0.232-1.520 mg kg-1), but it was also noteworthy that nearly 40% or even more of Cr, As, Cd, and Pb were removed by wax separation. Removal of significant amounts of carbendazim (38.09%-67.35%), metalaxyl (81.57%-72.67%), tebuconazole (65.99%-78.36%), and propargite (88.46%-83.05%) was also achieved. Wax separation enables the removal of toxic substances from crude propolis without causing huge losses in phenolic compounds.

In vitro evaluation of the osteogenic and antimicrobial potential of porous wollastonite scaffolds impregnated with ethanolic extracts of propolis

Context: The development of porous devices using materials modified with various natural agents has become a priority for bone healing processes in the oral and maxillofacial field. There must be a balance between the proliferation of eukaryotic and the inhibition of prokaryotic cells to achieve proper bone health. Infections might inhibit the formation of new alveolar bone during bone graft augmentation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro osteogenic behavior of human bone marrow stem cells and assess the antimicrobial response to 3D-printed porous scaffolds using propolis-modified wollastonite. Methodology: A fractional factorial design of experiments was used to obtain a 3D printing paste for developing scaffolds with a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid geometry based on wollastonite and modified with an ethanolic propolis extract. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was characterized using free radical scavenging methods (DPPH and ABTS). Cell proliferation and osteogenic potential using Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells (bmMSCs) were assessed at different culture time points up to 28 days. MIC and inhibition zones were studied from single strain cultures, and biofilm formation was evaluated on the scaffolds under co-culture conditions. The mechanical strength of the scaffolds was evaluated. Results: Through statistical design of experiments, a paste suitable for printing scaffolds with the desired geometry was obtained. Propolis extracts modifying the TPMS gyroid scaffolds showed favorable cell proliferation and metabolic activity with osteogenic potential after 21 days. Additionally, propolis exhibited antioxidant activity, which may be related to the antimicrobial effectiveness of the scaffolds against S. aureus and S. epidermidis cultures. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were not affected by propolis impregnation. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that propolis-impregnated porous wollastonite scaffolds might have the potential to stimulate bone repair in maxillofacial tissue engineering applications.

Inhibition of pathogenic microbes in oral infectious diseases by natural products: Sources, mechanisms, and challenges

The maintenance of oral health is of utmost importance for an individual's holistic well-being and standard of living. Within the oral cavity, symbiotic microorganisms actively safeguard themselves against potential foreign diseases by upholding a multifaceted equilibrium. Nevertheless, the occurrence of an imbalance can give rise to a range of oral infectious ailments, such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral candidiasis. Presently, clinical interventions encompass the physical elimination of pathogens and the administration of antibiotics to regulate bacterial and fungal infections. Given the limitations of various antimicrobial drugs frequently employed in dental practice, the rising incidence of oral inflammation, and the escalating bacterial resistance to antibiotics, it is imperative to explore alternative remedies that are dependable, efficacious, and affordable for the prevention and management of oral infectious ailments. There is an increasing interest in the creation of novel antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources, which possess attributes such as safety, cost-effectiveness, and minimal adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of natural products on the development and progression of oral infectious diseases. Specifically, these products exert their influences by mitigating dental biofilm formation, impeding the proliferation of oral pathogens, and hindering bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces. The review also encompasses an examination of the various classes of natural products, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their potential therapeutic applications and limitations in the context of oral infections. The insights garnered from this review can support the promising application of natural products as viable therapeutic options for managing oral infectious diseases.

Ameliorative impacts of propolis against testicular toxicity promoted by doxorubicin

Background and Aim

Doxorubicin (DOX) is often used as a chemotherapeutic agent, although it may damage testicular functions. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of propolis on testicular histological changes, semen parameters, and testosterone concentrations as a means of protecting against testicular damage caused by DOX chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods

Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups with 12 animals per group. The first group served as the control. Rats in the second group were administered 4 mg/kg DOX. The third group was administered 4 mg/kg of DOX and 30 mg/kg b.w. propolis. The fourth group was orally dosed daily with 30 mg/kg b.w. propolis.

Results

DOX treatment resulted in a significantly decreased weight gain (WG) rate compared with the control, whereas DOX + propolis resulted in improved WG and returned to the normal range. Testosterone levels were comparable among the experimental groups, with a significant increase in the propolis-treated group. In addition, DOX-treated groups exhibited a remarkable depletion in sperm counts, motility, and viability compared to the other groups.

Conclusion

Most of the histological and hormonal changes resulting from the toxicity of DOX returned to almost normal after treatment of rats with the aqueous extract of propolis, indicating that propolis ameliorated the effects of DOX poisoning on testicular function in male rats.

Therapeutic potential of propolis in alleviating inflammatory response and promoting wound healing in skin burn

Burns can cause inflammation and delayed healing, necessitating alternative therapies due to the limitations of conventional treatments. Propolis, a natural bee-produced substance, has shown promise in facilitating burn healing. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of propolis' mechanisms of action, wound-healing properties, and its application in treating skin burns. Propolis contains bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising candidate for managing skin burn injuries. It helps prevent infections, neutralize harmful free radicals, and promote a well-balanced inflammatory response. Moreover, propolis aids in wound closure, tissue regeneration, collagen synthesis, cellular proliferation, and angiogenesis, contributing to tissue regeneration and remodeling. The article discusses various propolis extracts, extraction methods, chemical composition, and optimized formulations like ointments and creams for burn wound treatment. Considerations regarding dosage and safety are addressed. Further research is needed to fully understand propolis' mechanisms, determine optimal formulations, and establish suitable clinical dosages. Nevertheless, propolis' natural origin and demonstrated benefits make it a compelling avenue for burn care exploration, potentially complementing existing therapies and improving burn management outcomes.

New insights of propolis nanoformulation and its therapeutic potential in human diseases

Background and purpose

Scientific research is crucial to develop therapies for various disease severity levels, as modern drugs cause side effects and are difficult to predict. Researchers are exploring herbal alternatives with fewer side effects, particularly propolis, which has been validated through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. This will focus on scientific evidence and its supporting technology for developing new bioactive compounds for chronic diseases. Nanotechnology can improve the delivery and absorption of herbal medicines, which often have poor bioavailability due to their high molecular weight and solubility in water, particularly in oral medicines. This technology can enhance propolis's effects through multi-target therapy and reduce side effects.

Experimental approach

All publications related to each section of this review were discovered using the search engines Google Scholar, Scopus, and Pubmed. This was only available for publication between 2013 and 2023. The selected publications were used as references in this review after being thoroughly studied.

Key results

Evaluation of propolis active compounds, the classification of propolis nano formulations, design concepts, and mechanisms of action of propolis nano formulation. Additionally, the challenges and prospects for how these insights can be translated into clinical benefits are discussed.

Conclusion

In the last ten years, a list of nanoformulation propolis has been reported. This review concludes the difficulties encountered in developing large-scale nanoformulations. To commercialize them, improvements in nano carrier synthesis, standardized evaluation methodology within the framework of strategy process improvement, and Good Manufacturing Practices would be required.

Propolis alleviates ulcerative colitis injury by inhibiting the protein kinase C - transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 - calcitonin gene-related peptide/substance P (PKC-TRPV1-CGRP/SP) signaling axis

This study investigated the protective effect of water-soluble propolis (WSP) on colonic tissues in ulcerative colitis (UC) and the role of the protein kinase C - transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 - calcitonin gene-related peptide/substance P (PKC-TRPV1-CGRP/SP) signaling pathway. Male SD rats were divided into a control group, a UC model group, various WSP groups (Low-WSP, Medium-WSP, and High-WSP) with UC, and a salazosulfapyridine (SASP) positive control group with UC. After UC was established, the WSP and SASP groups were treated with WSP or SASP, respectively, for 7 d. Each day, body weight measurements were obtained, and the disease activity index (DAI) was recorded by observing fecal characteristics and blood in the stool. After the experiment, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) colonic tissue staining was performed to observe pathological changes, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect PKC, TRPV1, CGRP, and SP expression in colonic tissues, and laser confocal microscopy was performed to observe the fluorescence colocalization of PKC/TRPV1, TRPV1/CGRP, and TRPV1/SP. HE staining showed significant colonic tissue structure disruption and inflammatory infiltration in the UC group. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of PKC, TRPV1, CGRP, and SP in the colonic tissues of the UC group increased significantly compared with that of the control group. Compared with the UC group, the expression of PKC, TRPV1, CGRP, and SP in colonic tissues was significantly reduced in the High-WSP, Medium-WSP, and SASP groups. Immunofluorescence showed the colocalized expression of PKC/TRPV1, TRPV1/CGRP, and TRPV1/SP proteins in the colon tissue of the UC group was significantly reduced after WSP and SASP interventions compared with that of the control group. The results suggest that the mechanism of UC alleviation by propolis may inhibit the PKC-TRPV1-CGRP/SP signaling pathway and the release of inflammatory mediators, thus alleviating inflammation.

Propolis and its therapeutic effects on renal diseases: A review

Propolis is produced by bees using a mixture of bees wax and saliva. It contains several bioactive compounds that mainly induce anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we aimed to investigate the effects of propolis on kidney diseases. We used "Kidney", "Disease", "Propolis", "Renal", "Constituent", "Mechanism", "Infection", and other related keywords as the main keywords to search for works published before July 2023 in Google scholar, Scopus, and Pubmed databases. The search terms were selected according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). This review showed that propolis affects renal disorders with inflammatory and oxidative etiology due to its bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and polyphenols. There have been few studies on the effects of propolis on kidney diseases; nevertheless, the available studies are integrated in this review. Overall, propolis appears to be effective against several renal diseases through influencing mechanisms such as apoptosis, oxidative balance, and inflammation.

Modelling the In Vitro Growth of Phytopathogenic Filamentous Fungi and Oomycetes: The Gompertz Parameters as Robust Indicators of Propolis Antifungal Action

Propolis is a resinous mixture produced by honeybees, mainly from plant exudates. With a rich chemical composition including many phenolic compounds, mostly responsible for its biological properties, namely antimicrobial ones, propolis may be a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides. The study of propolis from the south of Portugal and of its potential against phytopathogenic agents are still very recent and different methodological approaches hinder a comparison of efficacies. In this context, we aimed to test the value of a mathematical model for the multiparametric characterization of propolis' antifungal action on solid medium assays. An ethanol extract (EE) of a propolis sample harvested in 2016 from Alves (A16) was characterized in terms of phenolic composition and antimicrobial potential against five phytopathogenic species. A16.EE (500-2000 µg/mL) inhibited the mycelial growth of all the species, with Phytophthora cinnamomi and Biscogniauxia mediterranea being the most susceptible and Colletotrichum acutatum being the least affected. The Gompertz mathematical model proved to be a suitable tool for quantitatively describing the growth profiles of fungi and oomycetes, and its parameters exhibit a high level of discrimination. Our results reveal that propolis extracts may have potential applications beyond traditional uses, particularly within the agri-food sector, allowing beekeepers to make their businesses more profitable and diversified.

Effect of in vitro simulated digestion on the anti-Helicobacter Pylori activity of different Propolis extracts

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is among the most common pathogens causing infection in humans worldwide. Oxidative stress and gastric inflammation are involved in the progression of HP-related gastric diseases, and they can be targeted by integrating conventional antibiotic treatment with polyphenol-enriched natural products. In this work, we characterised three different propolis extracts and evaluated their stability under in vitro simulated gastric digestion, compared to their main constituents alone. The extract with the highest stability to digestion (namely, the dark propolis extract, DPE) showed a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) lower than 1 mg/mL on HP strains with different virulence factors. Finally, since urease is one of the virulence factors contributing to the establishment of a microenvironment that promotes HP infection, we evaluated the possible inhibition of this enzyme by using molecular docking simulations and in vitro colorimetric assay, showing that galangin and pinocembrin may be involved in this activity.

Anti-Leishmanial Effects of a Novel Biocompatible Non-Invasive Nanofibers Containing Royal Jelly and Propolis against Iranian Strain of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER): an In-Vitro Study

Background

Current medications especially the pentavalent antimonial compounds have been used as the first line treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), but they have limitations due to serious side effects such as drug resistance, cardio and nephrotoxicity, and high costs. Hence, the demand to find more usable drugs is evident. Synthesis and development of natural, effective, biocompatible, and harmless compounds against Leishmania major is the principal priority of this study.

Methods

By electrospinning method, a new type of nanofiber were synthesized from royal jelly and propolis with different ratios. Nanofibers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Contact angle, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), Half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for different concentrations of nanofibers were determined using quantitative calorimetric methods. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and flow cytometry were performed as complementary tests.

Results

The results showed that the proposed formulas provide a new achievement that, despite the significant killing activity on L. major, has negligible cytotoxicity on the host cells. Royal jelly nanofibers have significantly shown the best 72 hours results (IC50= 35 μg/ml and EC50=16.4 μg/ml) and the least cytotoxicity.

Conclusion

This study presents a great challenge to introduce a new low-cost treatment method for CL, accelerate wound healing, and reduce scarring with minimal side effects and biocompatible materials. Royal jelly and propolis nanofibers significantly inhibit the growth of L. major in-vitro.

The impact of propolis on clinical manifestations and specific IgE levels against salsola in perennial-allergic rhinitis patients

Objectives: Propolis has an anti-inflammatory effect induced by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, subsequent inhibition of prostaglandin and nitric oxide synthesis, reduction of inflammatory cytokines, and eventually immunosuppressive activity [1-3]. This study aims to evaluate the impact of propolis on clinical features and specific IgE levels against salsola in perennial allergic rhinitis patients. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with perennial allergic rhinitis with salsola-positive skin prick test were enrolled in this randomized controlled clinical trial and divided into two groups. The intervention group received the propolis (200 mg per day), and the control group received a placebo for four months, besides intranasal corticosteroids. At baseline and the end of the intervention, the level of Salsola-specific IgE was measured by the RAST method. To assess the propolis effect on the quality of life and disease severity, miniRQLQ and SNOT22 questionnaires were completed by patients before and after the intervention. Results: According to Table 1, Serum IgE level showed decreasing changes (-0.057) despite increasing changes in the control group (1.039). However, these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.967). Based on the miniRQLQ questionnaire, quality of life improved in both groups without any significant difference (P = 0.930). According to the SNOT-22 questionnaire, both groups' nasal and sinus problems decreased significantly. However, the intervention type did not affect this decrease and was observed over time in both groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Propolis supplementation did not significantly affect various laboratory parameters, clinical symptoms, and quality of life of patients with allergic rhinitis.

Plant-Derived Nanocellulose with Antibacterial Activity for Wound Healing Dressing

The medical sector is one of the biggest consumers of single-use materials, and while the insurance of sterile media is non-negotiable, the environmental aspect is a chronic problem. Nanocellulose (NC) is one of the safest and most promising materials that can be used in medical applications due to its valuable properties like biocompatibility and biodegradability, along with its good mechanical properties and high water uptake capacity. However, NC has no bactericidal activity, which is a critical need for the effective prevention of infections in chronic diabetic wound dressing applications. Therefore, in this work, a natural product, propolis extract (PE), was used as an antibacterial agent, in different amounts, together with NC to obtain sponge-like structures (NC/PE). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed well-impregnated cellulose fibers and a more compact structure with the addition of PE. According to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the samples containing PE underwent thermal degradation before the unmodified NC due to the presence of volatile compounds in the extract. However, the peak degradation temperature in the first derivative thermogravimetric curves was higher for all the sponges containing PE when compared to the unmodified NC. The antibacterial efficacy of the samples was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, as well as on two clinically resistant isolates. The samples completely inhibited the development of Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was partially inhibited, while Escherichia coli was resistant to the PE action. Considering the physical and biological properties along with the environmental and economic benefits, the development of an NC/PE wound dressing seems promising.

pH-Dependence Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Artepillin C against Tumor Cells

Brazilian green propolis is a well-known product that is consumed globally. Its major component, Artepillin C, showed potential as an antitumor product. This study explored the impact of Artepillin C on fibroblast and glioblastoma cell lines, used as healthy and very aggressive tumor cell lines, respectively. The focus of the study was to evaluate the pH-dependence of Artepillin C cytotoxicity, since tumor cells are known to have a more acidic extracellular microenvironment compared to healthy cells, and Artepillin C was shown to become more lipophilic at lower pH values. Investigations into the pH-dependency of Artepillin C (6.0-7.4), through viability assays and live cell imaging, revealed compelling insights. At pH 6.0, MTT assays showed the pronounced cytotoxic effects of Artepillin C, yielding a notable reduction in cell viability to less than 12% among glioblastoma cells following a 24 h exposure to 100 µM of Artepillin C. Concurrently, LDH assays indicated significant membrane damage, affecting approximately 50% of the total cells under the same conditions. Our Laurdan GP analysis suggests that Artepillin C induces autophagy, and notably, provokes a lipid membrane packing effect, contributing to cell death. These combined results affirm the selective cytotoxicity of Artepillin C within the acidic tumor microenvironment, emphasizing its potential as an effective antitumor agent. Furthermore, our findings suggest that Artepillin C holds promise for potential applications in the realm of anticancer therapies given its pH-dependence cytotoxicity.