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Ding M, Tian K, Wang J, Liu Y, Hu G, Zheng Y, Lei S, Sun J, Yang HB, Hu FX. Integrated molybdenum single atom array sensors with multichannels for nitrite detection in foods. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116345. [PMID: 38692247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Nitrite (NO2-) is present in a variety of foods, but the excessive intake of NO2- can indirectly lead to carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenicity and other risks to the human body. Therefore, the detection of NO2- is crucial for maintaining human health. In this study, an integrated array sensor for NO2- detection is developed based on molybdenum single atom material (IMSMo-SAC) using high-resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing technology. The sensor comprises three components: a printed electrode array, multichannels designed on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and an electronic signal process device with bluetooth. By utilizing Mo-SAC to facilitate electron transfer during the redox reaction, rapid and efficient detection of NO2- can be achieved. The sensor has a wide linear range of 0.1 μM-107.8 mM, a low detection limit of 33 nM and a high sensitivity of 0.637 mA-1mM-1 cm-2. Furthermore, employing this portable array sensor allows simultaneously measurements of NO2- concentrations in six different foods samples with acceptable recovery rates. This array sensor holds great potential for detecting of small molecules in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Kangling Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Guangxuan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Shaohui Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Jiayue Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China.
| | - Fang Xin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, JiangSu Province, 215009, China.
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2
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Jung YJ, Jang SH. Crack Detection of Reinforced Concrete Structure Using Smart Skin. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:632. [PMID: 38607166 PMCID: PMC11013725 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The availability of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based polymer composites allows the development of surface-attached self-sensing crack sensors for the structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. These sensors are fabricated by integrating CNTs as conductive fillers into polymer matrices such as polyurethane (PU) and can be applied by coating on RC structures before the composite hardens. The principle of crack detection is based on the electrical change characteristics of the CNT-based polymer composites when subjected to a tensile load. In this study, the electrical conductivity and electro-mechanical/environmental characterization of smart skin fabricated with various CNT concentrations were investigated. This was performed to derive the tensile strain sensitivity of the smart skin according to different CNT contents and to verify their environmental impact. The optimal CNT concentration for the crack detection sensor was determined to be 5 wt% CNT. The smart skin was applied to an RC structure to validate its effectiveness as a crack detection sensor. It successfully detected and monitored crack formation and growth in the structure. During repeated cycles of crack width variations, the smart skin also demonstrated excellent reproducibility and electrical stability in response to the progressive occurrence of cracks, thereby reinforcing the reliability of the crack detection sensor. Overall, the presented results describe the crack detection characteristics of smart skin and demonstrate its potential as a structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Hwan Jang
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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Seva S, Rorem B, Chinnathambi K, Estrada D, Guo LJ, Subbaraman H. Nozzle-Free Printing of CNT Electronics Using Laser-Generated Focused Ultrasound. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301596. [PMID: 38470204 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Printed electronics have made remarkable progress in recent years and inkjet printing (IJP) has emerged as one of the leading methods for fabricating printed electronic devices. However, challenges such as nozzle clogging, and strict ink formulation constraints have limited their widespread use. To address this issue, a novel nozzle-free printing technology is explored, which is enabled by laser-generated focused ultrasound, as a potential alternative printing modality called Shock-wave Jet Printing (SJP). Specifically, the performance of SJP-printed and IJP-printed bottom-gated carbon nanotube (CNT) thin film transistors (TFTs) is compared. While IJP required ten print passes to achieve fully functional devices with channel dimensions ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers, SJP achieved comparable performance with just a single pass. For optimized devices, SJP demonstrated six times higher maximum mobility than IJP-printed devices. Furthermore, the advantages of nozzle-free printing are evident, as SJP successfully printed stored and unsonicated inks, delivering moderate electrical performance, whereas IJP suffered from nozzle clogging due to CNT agglomeration. Moreover, SJP can print significantly longer CNTs, spanning the entire range of tube lengths of commercially available CNT ink. The findings from this study contribute to the advancement of nanomaterial printing, ink formulation, and the development of cost-effective printable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Seva
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 W University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Benjamin Rorem
- Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Karthik Chinnathambi
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 W University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - David Estrada
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 W University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - L Jay Guo
- Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Harish Subbaraman
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, 110 SW Park Terrace Pl, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Chen B, Zhang X, Gao Q, Yang D, Chen J, Chang X, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cui M, Wang S, Li H, Flavel BS, Chen J. The Development of Carbon/Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells through Interface Passivation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306993. [PMID: 38233212 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Passivating contactsin heterojunction (HJ) solar cells have shown great potential in reducing recombination losses, and thereby achieving high power conversion efficiencies in photovoltaic devices. In this direction, carbon nanomaterials have emerged as a promising option for carbon/silicon (C/Si) HJsolar cells due to their tunable band structure, wide spectral absorption, high carrier mobility, and properties such as multiple exciton generation. However, the current limitations in efficiency and active area have hindered the industrialization of these devices. In this review, they examine the progress made in overcoming these constraints and discuss the prospect of achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) C/Si HJ devices. A C/Si HJ solar cell is also designed by introducing an innovative interface passivation strategy to further boost the PCE and accelerate the large area preparationof C/Si devices. The physical principle, device design scheme, and performanceoptimization approaches of this passivated C/Si HJ cells are discussed. Additionally, they outline potential future pathways and directions for C/Si HJ devices, including a reduction in their cost to manufacture and their incorporation intotandem solar cells. As such, this review aims to facilitate a deeperunderstanding of C/Si HJ solar cells and provide guidance for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xuning Zhang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xuan Chang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuhua Bai
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Mengnan Cui
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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5
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Benchirouf A, Kanoun O. Inkjet-Printed Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Dispersion as Wireless Passive Strain Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1585. [PMID: 38475121 DOI: 10.3390/s24051585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) dispersion is used as an ink for a single-nozzle inkjet printing system to produce a planar coil that can be used to determine strain wirelessly. The MWCNT dispersion is non-covalently functionalized by dispersing the CNTs in an anionic surfactant, namely sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The fabrication parameters, such as sonication energy and centrifugation time, are optimized to obtain an aqueous suspension suitable for an inkjet printer. Planar coils with different design parameters are printed on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer substrate. The design parameters include a different number of windings, inner diameter, outer diameter, and deposited layers. The electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis is employed to characterize the printed planar coils, and an equivalent electrical circuit model is derived based on the results. Additionally, the radio frequency identification technique is utilized to wirelessly investigate the read-out mechanism of the printed planar MWCNT coils. The complex impedance of the inductively coupled sensor undergoes a shift under strain, allowing for the monitoring of changes in resonance frequency and bandwidth (i.e., amplitude). The proposed wireless strain sensor exhibits a remarkable gauge factor of 22.5, which is nearly 15 times higher than that of the wireless strain sensors based on conventional metallic strain gauges. The high gauge factor of the proposed sensor suggests its high potential in a wide range of applications, such as structural health monitoring, wearable devices, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Measurements and Sensor Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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Antonelli R, Fokkink R, Sprakel J, Kodger TE. Dynamics of individual inkjet printed picoliter droplet elucidated by high speed laser speckle imaging. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2141-2150. [PMID: 38351843 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01701j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Inkjet printing is a ubiquitous consumer and industrial process that involves concomitant processes of droplet impact, wetting, evaporation, and imbibement into a substrate as well as consequential substrate rearrangements and remodeling. In this work, we perform a study on the interaction between ink dispersions of different composition on substrates of increasing complexity to disentangle the motion of the liquid from the dynamic response of the substrate. We print three variations of pigmented inks and follow the ensuing dynamics at millisecond and micron time and length scales until complete drying using a multiple scattering technique, laser speckle imaging (LSI). Measurements of the photon transport mean free path, l*, for the printed inks and substrates show that the spatial region of information capture is the entire droplet volume and a depth within the substrate of a few μm beneath the droplet. Within this spatial confinement, LSI is an ideal approach for studying the solid-liquid transition at these small length and time scales by obtaining valid g2 and d2 autocorrelation functions and interpreting these dynamic changes under through kymographs. Our in situ LSI results show that droplets undergo delamination and cracking processes arising during droplet drying, which are confirmed by post mortem SEM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Antonelli
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Remco Fokkink
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Kodger
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Stefanelli M, Vesce L, Di Carlo A. Upscaling of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Module. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020313. [PMID: 36678066 PMCID: PMC9863721 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. In the last 10 years, PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO2 footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization. Here, we want to present the upscaling routes of carbon-counter-electrode-based module devices in terms of materials formulation, architectures, and manufacturing processes in order to give a clear vision of the scaling route and encourage the research in this green and sustainable direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Stefanelli
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Vesce
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Amarante T, Cunha THR, Laudares C, Barboza APM, dos Santos AC, Pereira CL, Ornelas V, Neves BRA, Ferlauto AS, Lacerda RG. Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:535-543. [PMID: 37152475 PMCID: PMC10155625 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a conductive ink based on microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was used to produce transducers for rapid liquid identification. The transducers are simple resistive devices that can be easily fabricated by scalable printing techniques. We monitored the electrical response due to the interaction between a given liquid with the carbon nanotube-cellulose film over time. Using principal component analysis of the electrical response, we were able to extract robust data to differentiate between the liquids. We show that the proposed liquid sensor can classify different liquids, including organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, and different alcohols) and is also able to differentiate low concentrations of glycerin in water (10-100 ppm). We have also investigated the influence of two important properties of the liquids, namely dielectric constant and vapor pressure, on the transduction of the MFC-MWCNT sensors. These results were corroborated by independent heat flow measurements (thermogravimetric analysis). The proposed MFC-MWCNT sensor platform may help paving the way to rapid, inexpensive, and robust liquid analysis and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Amarante
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago H R Cunha
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Claudio Laudares
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Barboza
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto - CEP 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina dos Santos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cíntia L Pereira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Ornelas
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bernardo R A Neves
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - André S Ferlauto
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André - CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Lacerda
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- CTNano-UFMG - Centro de Nanotecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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9
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Zhao B, Sivasankar VS, Subudhi SK, Sinha S, Dasgupta A, Das S. Applications, fluid mechanics, and colloidal science of carbon-nanotube-based 3D printable inks. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14858-14894. [PMID: 36196967 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04912g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing (3DP), is a novel and developing technology, which has a wide range of industrial and scientific applications. This technology has continuously progressed over the past several decades, with improvement in productivity, resolution of the printed features, achievement of more and more complex shapes and topographies, scalability of the printed components and devices, and discovery of new printing materials with multi-functional capabilities. Among these newly developed printing materials, carbon-nanotubes (CNT) based inks, with their remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, have emerged as an extremely attractive option. Various formulae of CNT-based ink have been developed, including CNT-nano-particle inks, CNT-polymer inks, and CNT-based non-nanocomposite inks (i.e., CNT ink that is not in a form where CNT particles are suspended in a polymer matrix). Various types of sensors as well as soft and smart electronic devices with a multitude of applications have been fabricated with CNT-based inks by employing different 3DP methods including syringe printing (SP), aerosol-jet printing (AJP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography (SLA). Despite such progress, there is inadequate literature on the various fluid mechanics and colloidal science aspects associated with the printability and property-tunability of nanoparticulate inks, specifically CNT-based inks. This review article, therefore, will focus on the formulation, dispersion, and the associated fluid mechanics and the colloidal science of 3D printable CNT-based inks. This article will first focus on the different examples where 3DP has been employed for printing CNT-based inks for a multitude of applications. Following that, we shall highlight the various key fluid mechanics and colloidal science issues that are central and vital to printing with such inks. Finally, the article will point out the open existing challenges and scope of future work on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | | | - Swarup Kumar Subudhi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Shayandev Sinha
- Defect Metrology Group, Logic Technology Development, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA
| | - Abhijit Dasgupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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10
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Ritaine D, Adronov A. Functionalization of polyfluorene‐wrapped carbon nanotubes using thermally cleavable side‐chains. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Singh RS, Takagi K, Aoki T, Moon JH, Neo Y, Iwata F, Mimura H, Moraru D. Precise Deposition of Carbon Nanotube Bundles by Inkjet-Printing on a CMOS-Compatible Platform. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144935. [PMID: 35888413 PMCID: PMC9323799 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are ultimately small structures, attractive for future nanoelectronics. CNT-bundles on Si nanostructures can offer an alternative pathway to build hybrid CMOS-compatible devices. To develop a simple method of using such CNT-bundles as transistor channels, we fabricated semiconductor single-walled CNT field-effect transistors using inkjet printing on a CMOS-compatible platform. We investigated a method of producing stable CNT solutions without surfactants, allowing for CNT debundling and dispersion. An inkjet-printing system disperses CNT-networks with ultimately low density (down to discrete CNT-bundles) in Al source-drain gaps of transistors. Despite the small number of networks and random positions, such CNT-bundles provide paths to the flow current. For enhanced controllability, we also demonstrate the manipulation of CNT-networks using an AFM technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitkumar Shailendra Singh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Katsuyuki Takagi
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Toru Aoki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Jong Hyun Moon
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Yoichiro Neo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Futoshi Iwata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Hidenori Mimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Daniel Moraru
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan; (R.S.S.); (K.T.); (T.A.); (J.H.M.); (Y.N.); (F.I.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Single-electrode electrochemical system based on tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium modified carbon nanotube/graphene film electrode for visual electrochemiluminescence analysis. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Ye T, Jia S, Wang Z, Cai R, Yang H, Zhao F, Tan Y, Sun X, Wu D, Wang K. Fabrication of Highly Efficient Perovskite Nanocrystal Light-Emitting Diodes via Inkjet Printing. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13070983. [PMID: 35888801 PMCID: PMC9319064 DOI: 10.3390/mi13070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As an effective manufacturing technology, inkjet printing is very suitable for the fabrication of perovskite light-emitting diodes in next-generation displays. However, the unsatisfied efficiency of perovskite light-emitting diode created with the use of inkjet printing impedes its development for future application. Here, we report highly efficient PeLEDs using inkjet printing, with an external quantum efficiency of 7.9%, a current efficiency of 32.0 cd/A, and the highest luminance of 2465 cd/m2; these values are among the highest values for the current efficiency of inkjet-printed PeLED in the literature. The outstanding performance of our device is due to the coffee-ring-free and uniform perovskite nanocrystal layer on the PVK layer, resulting from vacuum post-treatment and using a suitable ink. Moreover, the surface roughness and thickness of the perovskite layer are effectively controlled by adjusting the spacing of printing dots. This study makes an insightful exploration of the use of inkjet printing in PeLED fabrication, which is one of the most promising ways for future industrial production of PeLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taikang Ye
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Siqi Jia
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
- Department of Mathematics and Theories, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Zhaojin Wang
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Rui Cai
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Hongcheng Yang
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Yangzhi Tan
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Dan Wu
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (T.Y.); (S.J.); (Z.W.); (R.C.); (H.Y.); (F.Z.); (Y.T.); (X.S.); (K.W.)
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Burton M, Howells G, Atoyo J, Carnie M. Printed Thermoelectrics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108183. [PMID: 35080059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The looming impact of climate change and the diminishing supply of fossil fuels both highlight the need for a transition to more sustainable energy sources. While solar and wind can produce much of the energy needed, to meet all our energy demands there is a need for a diverse sustainable energy generation mix. Thermoelectrics can play a vital role in this, by harvesting otherwise wasted heat energy and converting it into useful electrical energy. While efficient thermoelectric materials have been known since the 1950s, thermoelectrics have not been utilized beyond a few niche applications. This can in part be attributed to the high cost of manufacturing and the geometrical restraints of current commercial manufacturing techniques. Printing offers a potential route to manufacture thermoelectric materials at a lower price point and allows for the fabrication of generators that are custom built to meet the waste heat source requirements. This review details the significant progress that has been made in recent years in printing of thermoelectric materials in all thermoelectric material groups and printing methods, and highlights very recent publications that show printing can now offer comparable performance to commercially manufactured thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Burton
- SPECIFIC, Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Geraint Howells
- M2A, Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Jonathan Atoyo
- M2A, Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Matthew Carnie
- SPECIFIC, Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
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15
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Baraghani S, Barani Z, Ghafouri Y, Mohammadzadeh A, Salguero TT, Kargar F, Balandin AA. Charge-Density-Wave Thin-Film Devices Printed with Chemically Exfoliated 1T-TaS 2 Ink. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6325-6333. [PMID: 35324143 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the preparation of inks containing fillers derived from quasi-two-dimensional charge-density-wave materials, their application for inkjet printing, and the evaluation of their electronic properties in printed thin-film form. The inks were prepared by liquid-phase exfoliation of CVT-grown 1T-TaS2 crystals to produce fillers with nm-scale thickness and μm-scale lateral dimensions. Exfoliated 1T-TaS2 was dispersed in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and ethylene glycol to allow fine-tuning of filler particles thermophysical properties for inkjet printing. The temperature-dependent electrical and current fluctuation measurements of printed thin films demonstrated that the charge-density-wave properties of 1T-TaS2 are preserved after processing. The functionality of the printed thin-film devices can be defined by the nearly commensurate to the commensurate charge-density-wave phase transition of individual exfoliated 1T-TaS2 filler particles rather than by electron-hopping transport between them. The obtained results are important for the development of printed electronics with diverse functionality achieved by the incorporation of quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Baraghani
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zahra Barani
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yassamin Ghafouri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Amirmahdi Mohammadzadeh
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tina T Salguero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Fariborz Kargar
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexander A Balandin
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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16
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Ali MA, Hu C, Yttri EA, Panat R. Recent Advances in 3D Printing of Biomedical Sensing Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2107671. [PMID: 36324737 PMCID: PMC9624470 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, is a rapidly evolving technique that allows for the fabrication of functional materials with complex architectures, controlled microstructures, and material combinations. This capability has influenced the field of biomedical sensing devices by enabling the trends of device miniaturization, customization, and elasticity (i.e., having mechanical properties that match with the biological tissue). In this paper, the current state-of-the-art knowledge of biomedical sensors with the unique and unusual properties enabled by 3D printing is reviewed. The review encompasses clinically important areas involving the quantification of biomarkers (neurotransmitters, metabolites, and proteins), soft and implantable sensors, microfluidic biosensors, and wearable haptic sensors. In addition, the rapid sensing of pathogens and pathogen biomarkers enabled by 3D printing, an area of significant interest considering the recent worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, is also discussed. It is also described how 3D printing enables critical sensor advantages including lower limit-of-detection, sensitivity, greater sensing range, and the ability for point-of-care diagnostics. Further, manufacturing itself benefits from 3D printing via rapid prototyping, improved resolution, and lower cost. This review provides researchers in academia and industry a comprehensive summary of the novel possibilities opened by the progress in 3D printing technology for a variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Eric A Yttri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
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17
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Le TT, Bui HHT, Dinh AKP, Van DV, Ho QD, Thi HAN, Nguyen DH, La DD. Room Temperature‐Sintering Conductive Ink Fabricated from Oleic‐Modified Graphene for the Flexible Electronic Devices. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tam The Le
- Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Vinh City 460000 Vietnam
| | | | - An Khang Phung Dinh
- Phan Boi Chau Specialized High School 119 Le Hong Phong Street Vinh City 460000 Vietnam
| | - Duc Vu Van
- Applied Nano Technology Jsc, Xuan La, Tay Ho Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Quang Dinh Ho
- Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Vinh City 460000 Vietnam
| | | | - Du Hoa Nguyen
- Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Vinh City 460000 Vietnam
| | - Duong Duc La
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials, Hoang Sam road, Nghia Do Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
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18
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Thiruvengadam M, Rajakumar G, Swetha V, Ansari MA, Alghamdi S, Almehmadi M, Halawi M, Kungumadevi L, Raja V, Sabura Sarbudeen S, Madhavan S, Rebezov M, Ali Shariati M, Sviderskiy A, Bogonosov K. Recent Insights and Multifactorial Applications of Carbon Nanotubes. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1502. [PMID: 34945354 PMCID: PMC8708822 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has undergone significant development in recent years, particularly in the fabrication of sensors with a wide range of applications. The backbone of nanotechnology is nanostructures, which are determined on a nanoscale. Nanoparticles are abundant throughout the universe and are thought to be essential building components in the process of planet creation. Nanotechnology is generally concerned with structures that are between 1 and 100 nm in at least one dimension and involves the production of materials or electronics that are that small. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are carbon-based nanomaterials that have the structure of tubes. Carbon nanotubes are often referred to as the kings of nanomaterials. The diameter of carbon is determined in nanometers. They are formed from graphite sheets and are available in a variety of colors. Carbon nanotubes have a number of characteristics, including high flexibility, good thermal conductivity, low density, and chemical stability. Carbon nanotubes have played an important part in nanotechnology, semiconductors, optical and other branches of materials engineering owing to their remarkable features. Several of the applications addressed in this review have already been developed and used to benefit people worldwide. CNTs have been discussed in several domains, including industry, construction, adsorption, sensors, silicon chips, water purifiers, and biomedical uses, to show many treatments such as injecting CNTs into kidney cancers in rats, drug delivery, and directing a near-infrared laser at the cancers. With the orderly development of research in this field, additional therapeutic modalities will be identified, mainly for dispersion and densification techniques and targeted drug delivery systems for managing and curing posterior cortical atrophy. This review discusses the characteristics of carbon nanotubes as well as therapeutic applications such as medical diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Venkata Swetha
- Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Tirupati 517520, India;
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mustafa Halawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology, Applied Medical Sciences College, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Lakshmanan Kungumadevi
- Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal 624101, India; (L.K.); (V.R.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Vaishnavi Raja
- Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal 624101, India; (L.K.); (V.R.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Sulthana Sabura Sarbudeen
- Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal 624101, India; (L.K.); (V.R.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Saranya Madhavan
- Department of Chemistry, D.K.M. College for Women, Vellore 632001, India;
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Research Department, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73, Zemlyanoy Val St., 109004 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.B.)
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, 38 Vavilova Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Research Department, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73, Zemlyanoy Val St., 109004 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.B.)
| | - Alexandr Sviderskiy
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Innovative University of Eurasia, 45 Lomov St., Pavlodar 140000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Konstantin Bogonosov
- Research Department, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73, Zemlyanoy Val St., 109004 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.B.)
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Carbon Electrodes in Perovskite Photovoltaics. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14205989. [PMID: 34683582 PMCID: PMC8538603 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-performance lab-scale perovskite solar cells often have a precious metal as the top electrode. However, there are drawbacks to using metal top electrodes on a large scale, such as inducing degradation processes, requiring a high-temperature deposition process under vacuum, and having low scalability. Recently many studies have shown the potentials of using a carbon electrode because of its conductivity, flexibility, low cost, and ease of fabrication. This review article presents an overview of using carbon materials to replace the top electrode in perovskite photovoltaics. We discuss various fabrication techniques, various carbon-based device structures, and the advantages of using carbon materials. A collection of research works on device performance, large-scale fabrication, and device stability is presented. As a result, this review offers insight into the future of large-scale flexible solar cells.
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Baraghani S, Abourahma J, Barani Z, Mohammadzadeh A, Sudhindra S, Lipatov A, Sinitskii A, Kargar F, Balandin AA. Printed Electronic Devices with Inks of TiS 3 Quasi-One-Dimensional van der Waals Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47033-47042. [PMID: 34553916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication and characterization of electronic devices printed with inks of quasi-one-dimensional (1D) van der Waals materials. The quasi-1D van der Waals materials are characterized by 1D motifs in their crystal structure, which allow for their exfoliation into bundles of atomic chains. The ink was prepared by the liquid-phase exfoliation of crystals of TiS3 into quasi-1D nanoribbons dispersed in a mixture of ethanol and ethylene glycol. The temperature-dependent electrical measurements indicate that the electron transport in the printed devices is dominated by the electron hopping mechanisms. The low-frequency electronic noise in the printed devices is of 1/fγ-type with γ ∼ 1 near-room temperature (f is the frequency). The abrupt changes in the temperature dependence of the noise spectral density and γ parameter can be indicative of the phase transition in individual TiS3 nanoribbons as well as modifications in the hopping transport regime. The obtained results attest to the potential of quasi-1D van der Waals materials for applications in printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Baraghani
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jehad Abourahma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Zahra Barani
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Amirmahdi Mohammadzadeh
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sriharsha Sudhindra
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexey Lipatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Fariborz Kargar
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexander A Balandin
- Nano-Device Laboratory and Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Cheng H, Lim T, Yoo H, Hu J, Kang S, Kim S, Jung W. Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Multilayer Structures of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based on the Plasmonic Carbonization. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092213. [PMID: 34578529 PMCID: PMC8468131 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a complex three-dimensional (3D) multilayer deposition method for the fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using vacuum filtration and plasmonic carbonization without lithography and etching processes. Using this fabrication method, SWCNTs can be stacked to form complex 3D structures that have a large surface area relative to the unit volume compared to the single-plane structure of conventional SWCNTs. We characterized 3D multilayer SWCNT patterns using a surface optical profiler, Raman spectroscopy, sheet resistance, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Additionally, these carbon nanotube (CNT) patterns showed excellent mechanical stability even after elastic bending tests more than 1000 times at a radius of 2 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.C.); (T.L.); (H.Y.); (J.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Taeuk Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.C.); (T.L.); (H.Y.); (J.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.C.); (T.L.); (H.Y.); (J.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.C.); (T.L.); (H.Y.); (J.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Seonwoo Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.C.); (T.L.); (H.Y.); (J.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (W.J.); Tel.: +82-42-821-6647 (W.J.)
| | - Wonsuk Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.C.); (T.L.); (H.Y.); (J.H.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (W.J.); Tel.: +82-42-821-6647 (W.J.)
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Zavanelli N, Kim J, Yeo WH. Recent Advances in High-Throughput Nanomaterial Manufacturing for Hybrid Flexible Bioelectronics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2973. [PMID: 34072779 PMCID: PMC8197924 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid flexible bioelectronic systems refer to integrated soft biosensing platforms with tremendous clinical impact. In this new paradigm, electrical systems can stretch and deform with the skin while previously hidden physiological signals can be continuously recorded. However, hybrid flexible bioelectronics will not receive wide clinical adoption until these systems can be manufactured at industrial scales cost-effectively. Therefore, new manufacturing approaches must be discovered and studied under the same innovative spirit that led to the adoption of novel materials and soft structures. Recent works have taken mature manufacturing approaches from the graphics industry, such as gravure, flexography, screen, and inkjet printing, and applied them to fully printed bioelectronics. These applications require the cohesive study of many disparate parts. For instance, nanomaterials with optimal properties for each specific application must be dispersed in printable inks with rheology suited to each printing method. This review summarizes recent advances in printing technologies, key nanomaterials, and applications of the manufactured hybrid bioelectronics. We also discuss the existing challenges of the available nanomanufacturing methods and the areas that need immediate technological improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Zavanelli
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Jihoon Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.); (J.K.)
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Al-Halhouli A, Albagdady A, Alawadi J, Abeeleh MA. Monitoring Symptoms of Infectious Diseases: Perspectives for Printed Wearable Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:620. [PMID: 34072174 PMCID: PMC8229808 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases possess a serious threat to the world's population, economies, and healthcare systems. In this review, we cover the infectious diseases that are most likely to cause a pandemic according to the WHO (World Health Organization). The list includes COVID-19, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), Ebola Virus Disease (EBOV), Marburg Virus Disease (MARV), Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever (LHF), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Nipah Virus diseases (NiV), and Rift Valley fever (RVF). This review also investigates research trends in infectious diseases by analyzing published research history on each disease from 2000-2020 in PubMed. A comprehensive review of sensor printing methods including flexographic printing, gravure printing, inkjet printing, and screen printing is conducted to provide guidelines for the best method depending on the printing scale, resolution, design modification ability, and other requirements. Printed sensors for respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and blood pressure are reviewed for the possibility of being used for disease symptom monitoring. Printed wearable sensors are of great potential for continuous monitoring of vital signs in patients and the quarantined as tools for epidemiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala’aldeen Al-Halhouli
- NanoLab/Mechatronics Engineering Department, School of Applied Technical Sciences, German Jordanian University (GJU), Amman 11180, Jordan; (A.A.); (J.A.)
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Albagdady
- NanoLab/Mechatronics Engineering Department, School of Applied Technical Sciences, German Jordanian University (GJU), Amman 11180, Jordan; (A.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Ja’far Alawadi
- NanoLab/Mechatronics Engineering Department, School of Applied Technical Sciences, German Jordanian University (GJU), Amman 11180, Jordan; (A.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Mahmoud Abu Abeeleh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
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Chemical-free and scalable process for the fabrication of a uniform array of liquid-gated CNTFET, evaluated by KCl electrolyte. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3979. [PMID: 33597616 PMCID: PMC7889891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosensors based on liquid-gated carbon nanotubes field-effect transistors (LG-CNTFETs) have attracted considerable attention, as they offer high sensitivity and selectivity; quick response and label-free detection. However, their practical applications are limited due to the numerous fabrication challenges including resist-based lithography, in which after the lithography process, the resist leaves trace level contaminations over the CNTs that affect the performance of the fabricated biosensors. Here, we report the realization of LG-CNTFET devices using silicon shadow mask-based chemical-free lithography process on a 3-in. silicon wafer, yielding 21 sensor chips. Each sensor chip consists of 3 × 3 array of LG-CNTFET devices. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Raman mapping confirm the isolation of devices within the array chip having 9 individual devices. A reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) is used to demonstrate the uniformity of sensing performances among the fabricated LG-CNTFET devices in an array using different KCl molar solutions. The average threshold voltage (Vth) for all 9 devices varies from 0.46 to 0.19 V for 0.1 mM to 1 M KCl concentration range. This developed chemical-free process of LG-CNTFET array fabrication is simple, inexpensive, rapid having a commercial scope and thus opens a new realm of scalable realization of various biosensors.
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Kim H, Kang TH, Ahn J, Han H, Park S, Kim SJ, Park MC, Paik SH, Hwang DK, Yi H, Lim JA. Spirally Wrapped Carbon Nanotube Microelectrodes for Fiber Optoelectronic Devices beyond Geometrical Limitations toward Smart Wearable E-Textile Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17213-17223. [PMID: 33295757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fiber optoelectronics technology has recently attracted attention as enabling various form factors of wearable electronics, and the issue of how to control and optimize the configuration and physical properties of the electrode micropatterns in the microfiber devices has become important. Here, spirally wrapped carbon nanotube (CNT) microelectrodes with a controlled dimension are demonstrated for high-performance fiber optoelectronic devices. Inkjet-printed CNT microelectrodes with the desired dimension on an agarose hydrogel template are rolling-transferred onto a microfiber surface with an efficient electrical interface. A fiber organic field-effect transistor with spirally wrapped CNT microelectrodes verifies the feasibility of this strategy, where the transferred microelectrodes intimately contact the organic semiconductor active layer and the output current characteristics are simply controlled, resulting in characteristics that exceed the previous structural limitations. Furthermore, a fiber organic photodiode with spirally wrapped CNT microelectrodes, when used as a transparent electrode, exhibits a high Ilight/Idark ratio and good durability of bending. This fiber photodiode can be successfully incorporated into a textile photoplethysmography bandage for the real-time monitoring of human vital signals. This work offers a promising and efficient strategy to overcome the geometric factors limiting the performance of fiber-optic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungjun Kim
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kang
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Ahn
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Han
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Park
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Paik
- KLIEN Inc, Seoul Biohub, 117-3, Hoegi-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Hwang
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Yi
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Smith LW, Batey JO, Alexander-Webber JA, Fan Y, Hsieh YC, Fung SJ, Jevtics D, Robertson J, Guilhabert BJE, Strain MJ, Dawson MD, Hurtado A, Griffiths JP, Beere HE, Jagadish C, Burton OJ, Hofmann S, Chen TM, Ritchie DA, Kelly M, Joyce HJ, Smith CG. High-Throughput Electrical Characterization of Nanomaterials from Room to Cryogenic Temperatures. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15293-15305. [PMID: 33104341 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present multiplexer methodology and hardware for nanoelectronic device characterization. This high-throughput and scalable approach to testing large arrays of nanodevices operates from room temperature to milli-Kelvin temperatures and is universally compatible with different materials and integration techniques. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach on two archetypal nanomaterials-graphene and semiconductor nanowires-integrated with a GaAs-based multiplexer using wet or dry transfer methods. A graphene film grown by chemical vapor deposition is transferred and patterned into an array of individual devices, achieving 94% yield. Device performance is evaluated using data fitting methods to obtain electrical transport metrics, showing mobilities comparable to nonmultiplexed devices fabricated on oxide substrates using wet transfer techniques. Separate arrays of indium-arsenide nanowires and micromechanically exfoliated monolayer graphene flakes are transferred using pick-and-place techniques. For the nanowire array mean values for mobility μFE = 880/3180 cm2 V-1 s-1 (lower/upper bound), subthreshold swing 430 mV dec-1, and on/off ratio 3.1 decades are extracted, similar to nonmultiplexed devices. In another array, eight mechanically exfoliated graphene flakes are transferred using techniques compatible with fabrication of two-dimensional superlattices, with 75% yield. Our results are a proof-of-concept demonstration of a versatile platform for scalable fabrication and cryogenic characterization of nanomaterial device arrays, which is compatible with a broad range of nanomaterials, transfer techniques, and device integration strategies from the forefront of quantum technology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Smith
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Jack O Batey
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Jack A Alexander-Webber
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Ye Fan
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Yu-Chiang Hsieh
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jr Fung
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Dimitars Jevtics
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Joshua Robertson
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Benoit J E Guilhabert
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Michael J Strain
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Martin D Dawson
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Antonio Hurtado
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Jonathan P Griffiths
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Harvey E Beere
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence on Tranformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oliver J Burton
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Tse-Ming Chen
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - David A Ritchie
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Michael Kelly
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Hannah J Joyce
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Charles G Smith
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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Processing Methods Used in the Fabrication of Macrostructures Containing 1D Carbon Nanomaterials for Catalysis. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of methodologies for fabrication of 1D carbon nanomaterials have been developed in the past few years and are extensively described in the literature. However, for many applications, and in particular in catalysis, a translation of the materials to a macro-structured form is often required towards their use in practical operation conditions. This review intends to describe the available methods currently used for fabrication of such macro-structures, either already applied or with potential for application in the fabrication of macro-structured catalysts containing 1D carbon nanomaterials. A review of the processing methods used in the fabrication of macrostructures containing 1D sp2 hybridized carbon nanomaterials is presented. The carbon nanomaterials here discussed include single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and several types of carbon nanofibers (fishbone, platelet, stacked cup, etc.). As the processing methods used in the fabrication of the macrostructures are generally very similar for any of the carbon nanotubes or nanofibers due to their similar chemical nature (constituted by stacked ordered graphene planes), the review aggregates all under the carbon nanofiber (CNF) moniker. The review is divided into methods where the CNFs are synthesized already in the form of a macrostructure (in situ methods) or where the CNFs are previously synthesized and then further processed into the desired macrostructures (ex situ methods). We highlight in particular the advantages of each approach, including a (non-exhaustive) description of methods commonly described for in situ and ex situ preparation of the catalytic macro-structures. The review proposes methods useful in the preparation of catalytic structures, and thus a number of techniques are left out which are used in the fabrication of CNF-containing structures with no exposure of the carbon materials to reactants due to, for example, complete coverage of the CNF. During the description of the methodologies, several different macrostructures are described. A brief overview of the potential applications of such structures in catalysis is also offered herein, together with a short description of the catalytic potential of CNFs in general.
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A Review of Inkjet Printed Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes Based Gas Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195642. [PMID: 33023160 PMCID: PMC7583986 DOI: 10.3390/s20195642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based gas/vapor sensors have gained much traction for numerous applications over the last decade due to their excellent sensing performance at ambient conditions. Inkjet printing various forms of graphene (reduced graphene oxide or modified graphene) and CNT (single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) or multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs)) nanomaterials allows fabrication onto flexible substrates which enable gas sensing applications in flexible electronics. This review focuses on their recent developments and provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in inkjet printing of graphene and CNT based sensors targeting gases, such as NO2, Cl2, CO2, NH3, and organic vapors. Moreover, this review presents the current enhancements and challenges of printing CNT and graphene-based gas/vapor sensors, the role of defects, and advanced printing techniques using these nanomaterials, while highlighting challenges in reliability and reproducibility. The future potential and outlook of this rapidly growing research are analyzed as well.
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Abstract
A fully inkjet-printed strain sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was fabricated in this study for microstrain and microcrack detection. Carbon nanotubes and silver films were used as the sensing layer and conductive layer, respectively. Inkjet-printed CNTs easily undergo agglomeration due to van der Waals forces between CNTs, resulting in uneven films. The uniformity of CNT film affects the electrical and mechanical properties. Multi-pass printing and pattern rotation provided precise quantities of sensing materials, enabling the realization of uniform CNT films and stable resistance. Three strain sensors printed eight-layer CNT film by unidirectional printing, rotated by 180° and 90° were compared. The low density on one side of eight-layer CNT film by unidirectional printing results in more disconnection and poor connectivity with the silver film, thereby, significantly increasing the resistance. For 180° rotation eight-layer strain sensors, lower sensitivity and smaller measured range were found because strain was applied to the uneven CNT film resulting in non-uniform strain distribution. Lower resistance and better strain sensitivity was obtained for eight-layer strain sensor with 90° rotation because of uniform film. Given the uniform surface morphology and saturated sheet resistance of the 20-layer CNT film, the strain performance of the 20-layer CNT strain sensor was also examined. Excluding the permanent destruction of the first strain, 0.76% and 1.05% responses were obtained for the 8- and 20-layer strain sensors under strain between 0% and 3128 µε, respectively, which demonstrates the high reproducibility and recoverability of the sensor. The gauge factor (GF) of 20-layer strain sensor was found to be 2.77 under strain from 71 to 3128 µε, which is higher than eight-layer strain sensor (GF = 1.93) due to the uniform surface morphology and stable resistance. The strain sensors exhibited a highly linear and reversible behavior under strain of 71 to 3128 µε, so that the microstrain level could be clearly distinguished. The technology of the fully inkjet-printed CNT-based microstrain sensor provides high reproducibility, stability, and rapid hardness detection.
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Interaction of Reactive-Dye Chromophores and DEG on Ink-Jet Printing Performance. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25112507. [PMID: 32481525 PMCID: PMC7321201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Digital inkjet printing has been widely used in textile industry. The quality of dye solutions and ink-jet droplets limits the ink-jet printing performance, which is very important for obtaining high-quality ink-jet printing images on fabrics. In this paper, we introduced diethylene glycol (DEG) into the dye solutions of Reactive Blue 49 and Reactive Orange 13, respectively, and investigated the interaction between dye chromophores and DEG molecules. Results indicated that the dye chromophores were featured in the aggregation. Adding DEG into the dye solution could effectively disaggregate clusters of reactive dyes, and eliminate satellite ink droplets, thus improving the resolution of the ink-jet printing image on fabrics. Under the same DEG concentration, the disaggregation effect was more obvious in Orange 13 than in Reactive Blue 49. Higher DEG concentration was required in Reactive Orange 13 solution for creating complete and stable ink drops. The surface tension and viscosity of the dye solutions were measured, and printing performance on cotton fabrics was evaluated. The interaction mechanism between dye chromophores and DEG molecules was also investigated. Results from this work are useful for high-quality ink-jet printing images on fabrics.
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Kwon SW, Choi WY, Jo HG, Park KK. Frequency modulation of laser ultrasound transducer using carbon nanotube-coated polyethylene microsphere. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:EL351. [PMID: 32359249 DOI: 10.1121/10.0000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasound transducer was fabricated by dropping a multi-walled carbon nanotube solution containing a mixture of carbon nanotubes and ethoxyethanol directly on the surface of polyethylene microspheres. The frequency modulation depended on the diameter of the polyethylene microspheres. To investigate this relationship, three types of polyethylene microspheres with different diameters were used in simulations and experiments. These specimens were attached to polydimethylsiloxane and glass plates. A comparison revealed that the 50 μm diameter polyethylene spheres coated with carbon nanotubes had the highest ultrasound frequency. This work showed that smaller polyethylene microspheres generate higher ultrasound frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Won Kwon
- Department of Convergence Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South , , ,
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Convergence Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South , , ,
| | - Hyeong Geun Jo
- Department of Convergence Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South , , ,
| | - Kwan Kyu Park
- Department of Convergence Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South , , ,
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32
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Ultraviolet Photodetecting and Plasmon-to-Electric Conversion of Controlled Inkjet-Printing Thin-Film Transistors. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030458. [PMID: 32143384 PMCID: PMC7153598 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct ink-jet printing of a zinc-oxide-based thin-film transistor (ZnO-based TFT) with a three-dimensional (3-D) channel structure was demonstrated for ultraviolet light (UV) and visible light photodetection. Here, we demonstrated the channel structures by which temperature-induced Marangoni flow can be used to narrow the channel width from 318.9 ± 44.1 μm to 180.1 ± 13.9 μm via a temperature gradient. Furthermore, a simple and efficient oxygen plasma treatment was used to enhance the electrical characteristics of switching ION/IOFF ratio of approximately 105. Therefore, the stable and excellent gate bias-controlled photo-transistors were fabricated and characterized in detail for ultraviolet (UV) and visible light sensing. The photodetector exhibited a superior photoresponse with a significant increase of more than 2 orders of magnitude larger drain current generated upon UV illumination. The results could be useful for the development of UV photodetectors by the direct-patterning ink-jet printing technique. Additionally, we also have successfully demonstrated that a metal-semiconductor junction structure that enables plasmon energy detection by using the plasmonic effects is an efficient conversion of plasmon energy to an electrical signal. The device showed a significant variations negative shift of threshold voltage under different light power density with exposure of visible light. With the ZnO-based TFTs, only ultraviolet light detection extends to the visible light wavelength.
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33
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Yi L, Zhao L, Xue Q, Cheng H, Shi H, Fan J, Cai S, Li G, Hu B, Huang L, Tian J. Non-powered capillary force-driven stamped approach for directly printing nanomaterials aqueous solution on paper substrate. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:931-941. [PMID: 32022068 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent boom of nanomaterials printing in the fields of biomedical engineering, bioanalysis and flexible electronics has greatly stimulated researchers' interest in printing technologies. However, specifically formulated nanomaterial inks have limited the types of printable nanomaterials. Here, a unique non-powered capillary force-driven stamped (CFDS) approach, combining a 3D-printed stamper with a paper substrate, is developed for directly printing patterned nanomaterials aqueous solution. The CFDS approach has two processes, including the loading process in which the capillary force of the stamper channel is stronger than gravity, and the deposition process, in which the synergistic action of the capillary force of the paper fibre tubes and gravity is approximately 20 times the capillary force of the stamper channel. Four additive-free nanomaterial aqueous solutions, including nanowires, nanosheets, nanostars and nanogels, are used to print patterns, and show slight diffusion and desired uniformity with a diffusion rate and roundness of 1.12 and 0.78, respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach. Four kinds of nanogel with different fluorescence labels are simultaneously printed to challenge the approach and demonstrate its flexibility and scalability. The resolution of the approach is 0.3 mm. Without any post-processing, the stamped paper substrates directly serve as paper-based surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates with an enhancement factor of 4 × 106 and as electrodes with a resistance of 0.74 Ω, demonstrating their multi-functionality. Due to its general, flexible and scalable applicability, this simple, low-cost and non-powered approach could be widely applied to the personalized printing of nanomaterials on paper substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langlang Yi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Qilu Xue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - He Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China. and Kunpad Communication Pty Ltd, Kunshan 710126, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinkun Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Shixuan Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Guoqian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Liyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China. and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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Chen S, Brahma S, Mackay J, Cao C, Aliakbarian B. The role of smart packaging system in food supply chain. J Food Sci 2020; 85:517-525. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoue Chen
- School of Packaging Michigan State Univ. East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
- Laboratory for Soft Machines & Electronics, School of Packaging, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan State Univ. East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
| | - Sandrayee Brahma
- Dept. of Food Science & Technology Univ. of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 U.S.A
| | - Jonathon Mackay
- School of Management, Operations and Marketing Univ. of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Changyong Cao
- Laboratory for Soft Machines & Electronics, School of Packaging, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan State Univ. East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
| | - Bahar Aliakbarian
- School of Packaging Michigan State Univ. East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
- Axia Inst., Dept. of Supply Chain Management Michigan State Univ. Midland MI 48640 U.S.A
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Nagar B, Jović M, Bassetto VC, Zhu Y, Pick H, Gómez‐Romero P, Merkoçi A, Girault HH, Lesch A. Highly Loaded Mildly Edge‐Oxidized Graphene Nanosheet Dispersions for Large‐Scale Inkjet Printing of Electrochemical Sensors. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Nagar
- Novel Energy Oriented Materials Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys, 23 Barcelona 08010 Spain
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Victor Costa Bassetto
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Yingdi Zhu
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) EPFL Station 15 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pedro Gómez‐Romero
- Novel Energy Oriented Materials Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys, 23 Barcelona 08010 Spain
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 17 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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da Costa TH, Choi JW. Low-cost and customizable inkjet printing for microelectrodes fabrication. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-020-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicroelectrodes for detection of chemicals present several advantages over conventional sized electrodes. However, rapid and low-cost fabrication of microelectrodes is challenging due to high complexity of patterning equipment. We present the development of a low-cost, customizable inkjet printer for printing nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes for the fabrication of microelectrodes. The achieved spatial resolution of the inkjet printer is less than 20 µm, which is comparable to advanced commercially available inkjet printers, with the advantage of being low-cost and easily replicated.
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Corletto A, Shapter JG. Nanoscale Patterning of Carbon Nanotubes: Techniques, Applications, and Future. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2001778. [PMID: 33437571 PMCID: PMC7788638 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) devices and electronics are achieving maturity and directly competing or surpassing devices that use conventional materials. CNTs have demonstrated ballistic conduction, minimal scaling effects, high current capacity, low power requirements, and excellent optical/photonic properties; making them the ideal candidate for a new material to replace conventional materials in next-generation electronic and photonic systems. CNTs also demonstrate high stability and flexibility, allowing them to be used in flexible, printable, and/or biocompatible electronics. However, a major challenge to fully commercialize these devices is the scalable placement of CNTs into desired micro/nanopatterns and architectures to translate the superior properties of CNTs into macroscale devices. Precise and high throughput patterning becomes increasingly difficult at nanoscale resolution, but it is essential to fully realize the benefits of CNTs. The relatively long, high aspect ratio structures of CNTs must be preserved to maintain their functionalities, consequently making them more difficult to pattern than conventional materials like metals and polymers. This review comprehensively explores the recent development of innovative CNT patterning techniques with nanoscale lateral resolution. Each technique is critically analyzed and applications for the nanoscale-resolution approaches are demonstrated. Promising techniques and the challenges ahead for future devices and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Corletto
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Joseph G. Shapter
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
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Perales-Martinez IA, Velásquez-García LF. Fully 3D-printed carbon nanotube field emission electron sources with in-plane gate electrode. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:495303. [PMID: 31550235 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3d17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of the first fully additively manufactured carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission electron sources. The devices are created via direct ink writing (DIW)-one of the least expensive and most versatile additive manufacturing methods, capable of creating monolithic multi-material objects. The devices are 2.5 cm by 2.5 cm glass substrates coated with two imprints, i.e. a trace made of a CNT ink (the emitting electrode), symmetrically surrounded on both sides by a trace made of Ag microparticle ink (the in-plane extractor gate). The CNT ink is a mixture of (-COOH)-functionalized multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), N,N-Dimethylformamide, and ethyl cellulose. Optimization of the formulation of the CNT ink resulted in a MWCNT concentration equal to 0.82 wt% and in imprints with an electrical resistivity equal to 0.78 Ω cm. 3D-printed devices having CNT imprints with active length equal to 25 mm (a single, straight trace with 174.5 μm gap between adjacent Ag microparticle imprints) and 135 mm (a square-loop spiral with 499 μm gap between Ag microparticle adjacent imprints) were characterized in a triode configuration (i.e. using an external anode electrode) at ∼2.5 × 10-7 Torr, yielding emission currents as large as 120 μA (60 μA cm-2), start-up voltages as low as 62 V and gate transmission as high as 99%. The low-cost cold cathode technology is compatible with compact applications such as miniaturized mass spectrometry, handheld x-ray generation, and nanosatellite electric propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imperio Anel Perales-Martinez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., México. Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
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Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) material is a class of materials that can convert heat to electrical energy directly in a solid-state-device without any moving parts and that is environmentally friendly. The study and development of TE materials have grown quickly in the past decade. However, their development goes slowly by the lack of cheap TE materials with high Seebeck coefficient and good electrical conductivity. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are particularly attractive as TE materials because of at least three reasons: (1) CNTs possess various band gaps depending on their structure, (2) CNTs represent unique one-dimensional carbon materials which naturally satisfies the conditions of quantum confinement effect to enhance the TE efficiency and (3) CNTs provide us with a platform for developing lightweight and flexible TE devices due to their mechanical properties. The TE power factor is reported to reach 700–1000 W / m K 2 for both p-type and n-type CNTs when purified to contain only doped semiconducting CNT species. Therefore, CNTs are promising for a variety of TE applications in which the heat source is unlimited, such as waste heat or solar heat although their figure of merit Z T is still modest (0.05 at 300 K). In this paper, we review in detail from the basic concept of TE field to the fundamental TE properties of CNTs, as well as their applications. Furthermore, the strategies are discussed to improve the TE properties of CNTs. Finally, we give our perspectives on the tremendous potential of CNTs-based TE materials and composites.
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Park JW, Kim T, Kim D, Hong Y, Gong HS. Measurement of finger joint angle using stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225164. [PMID: 31725818 PMCID: PMC6855427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain sensors capable of monitoring complex human motions are highly desirable for the development of wearable electronic devices and healthcare monitoring systems. Excellent sensitivity and a wide working range of the sensor material are important requirements for distinguishing dynamic human motion. In this study, a highly stretchable strain sensor was fabricated via inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films on a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor was attached to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the hand in 12 healthy male subjects. The subjects placed their hands next to a conventional goniometer and flexed the MCP joint to predetermined angles. A linear relationship was found between the change in the length of the strain sensor and the intended angle of the MCP joint. The fabricated thin films showed high durability during repeated cycling (1,000 cycles) and good sensitivity with a gauge factor of 2.75. This study demonstrates that the newly developed stretchable CNT strain sensor can be used for effectively measuring MCP joint angles. This sensor may also be useful for the analysis of complex and dynamic hand motions that are difficult to measure using a conventional goniometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongtaek Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HSG); (YH)
| | - Hyun Sik Gong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HSG); (YH)
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41
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Soum V, Park S, Brilian AI, Kim Y, Ryu MY, Brazell T, Burpo FJ, Parker KK, Kwon OS, Shin K. Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotubes for Fabricating a Spoof Fingerprint on Paper. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8626-8631. [PMID: 31459951 PMCID: PMC6648154 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A spoof fingerprint was fabricated on paper and applied for a spoofing attack to unlock a smartphone on which a capacitive array of sensors had been embedded with a fingerprint recognition algorithm. Using an inkjet printer with an ink made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we printed a spoof fingerprint having an electrical and geometric pattern of ridges and furrows comparable to that of the real fingerprint. With this printed spoof fingerprint, we were able to unlock a smartphone successfully; this was due to the good quality of the printed CNT material, which provided electrical conductivities and structural patterns similar to those of the real fingerprint. This result confirms that inkjet-printing CNTs to fabricate a spoof fingerprint on paper is an easy, simple spoofing route from the real fingerprint and suggests a new method for outputting the physical ridges and furrows on a two-dimensional plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Soum
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Albertus Ivan Brilian
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunpyo Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Madeline Y. Ryu
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Taler Brazell
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - F. John Burpo
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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42
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Chu Y, Qian C, Chahal P, Cao C. Printed Diodes: Materials Processing, Fabrication, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801653. [PMID: 30937260 PMCID: PMC6425440 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Printing techniques for the fabrication of diodes have received increasing attention over the last decade due to their great potential as alternatives for high-throughput and cost-effective manufacturing approaches compatible with both flexible and rigid substrates. Here, the progress achieved and the challenges faced in the fabrication of printed diodes are discussed and highlighted, with a focus on the materials of significance (silicon, metal oxides, nanomaterials, and organics), the techniques utilized for ink deposition (gravure printing, screen printing, inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, etc.), and the process through which the printed layers of diode are sintered after printing. Special attention is also given to the device applications within which the printed diodes have been successfully incorporated, particularly in the fields of rectification, light emission, energy harvesting, and displays. Considering the unmatched production scalability of printed diodes and their intrinsic suitability for flexible and wearable applications, significant improvement in performance and intensive research in development and applications of the printed diodes will continuously progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Chu
- Laboratory for Soft Machines & ElectronicsSchool of PackagingMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Chunqi Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of RadiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Premjeet Chahal
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Changyong Cao
- Laboratory for Soft Machines & ElectronicsSchool of PackagingMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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43
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Kamyshny A, Magdassi S. Conductive nanomaterials for 2D and 3D printed flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1712-1740. [PMID: 30569917 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in 2D and 3D printed flexible electronics, with particular emphasis on inks based on metal nanoparticles and nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets. We present the basic properties of these nanomaterials, their stabilization in dispersions, formulation of conductive inks and formation of conductive patterns on flexible substrates (polymers, paper, textile) by using various printing technologies and post-printing processes. Applications of conductive nanomaterials for fabrication of various 2D and 3D electronic devices are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kamyshny
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
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Morgan KA, Tang T, Zeimpekis I, Ravagli A, Craig C, Yao J, Feng Z, Yarmolich D, Barker C, Assender H, Hewak DW. High-throughput physical vapour deposition flexible thermoelectric generators. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4393. [PMID: 30867530 PMCID: PMC6416320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can provide uninterrupted, green energy from body-heat, overcoming bulky battery configurations that limit the wearable-technologies market today. High-throughput production of flexible TEGs is currently dominated by printing techniques, limiting material choices and performance. This work investigates the compatibility of physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques with a flexible commercial process, roll-to-roll (R2R), for thermoelectric applications. We demonstrate, on a flexible polyimide substrate, a sputtered Bi2Te3/GeTe TEG with Seebeck coefficient (S) of 140 μV/K per pair and output power (P) of 0.4 nW per pair for a 20 °C temperature difference. For the first time, thermoelectric properties of R2R sputtered Bi2Te3 films are reported and we demonstrate the ability to tune the power factor by lowering run times, lending itself to a high-speed low-cost process. To further illustrate this high-rate PVD/R2R compatibility, we fabricate a TEG using Virtual Cathode Deposition (VCD), a novel high deposition rate PVD tool, for the first time. This Bi2Te3/Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 TEG exhibits S = 250 μV/K per pair and P = 0.2 nW per pair for a 20 °C temperature difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Morgan
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ioannis Zeimpekis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrea Ravagli
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Chris Craig
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jin Yao
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dmitry Yarmolich
- Plasma App ltd., Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford Science and Innovation Campus, Building R18 Fermi Avenue, Didcot, UK
| | - Clara Barker
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hazel Assender
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel W Hewak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Zhao J, Wen C, Sun R, Zhang SL, Wu B, Zhang ZB. A Sequential Process of Graphene Exfoliation and Site-Selective Copper/Graphene Metallization Enabled by Multifunctional 1-Pyrenebutyric Acid Tetrabutylammonium Salt. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6448-6455. [PMID: 30656938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a procedure leading to shear exfoliation of pristine few-layer graphene flakes in water and subsequent site-selective formation of Cu/graphene films on polymer substrates, both of which are enabled by employing the water soluble 1-pyrenebutyric acid tetrabutylammonium salt (PyB-TBA). The exfoliation with PyB-TBA as an enhancer leads to as-deposited graphene films dried at 90 °C that are characterized by electrical conductivity of ∼110 S/m. Owing to the good affinity of the tetrabutylammonium cations to the catalyst PdCl42-, electroless copper deposition selectively in the graphene films is initiated, resulting in a self-aligned formation of highly conductive Cu/graphene films at room temperature. The excellent solution-phase and low-temperature processability, self-aligned copper growth, and high electrical conductivity of the Cu/graphene films have permitted fabrication of several electronic circuits on plastic foils, thereby indicating their great potential in compliant, flexible, and printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , 710069 Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , 710069 Xi'an , People's Republic of China
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Dosi M, Lau I, Zhuang Y, Simakov DSA, Fowler MW, Pope MA. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Methane Sensors Based on Solid Polymer Electrolyte-Infused Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6166-6173. [PMID: 30648868 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with large emissions occurring across gas distribution networks and mining/extraction infrastructure. The development of inexpensive, low-power electrochemical sensors could provide a cost-effective means to carry out distributed sensing to identify leaks for rapid mitigation. In this work, we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective strategy to rapidly prototype ultrasensitive electrochemical gas sensors. A room-temperature methane sensor is evaluated which demonstrates the highest reported sensitivity (0.55 μA/ppm/cm2) with a rapid response time (40 s) enabling sub-ppm detection. Porous, laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes are patterned directly into commercial polymer films and imbibed with a palladium nanoparticle dispersion to distribute the electrocatalyst within the high surface area support. A pseudo-solid-state ionic liquid/polyvinylidene fluoride electrolyte was painted onto the flexible cell yielding a porous electrolyte, within the porous LIG electrode, simultaneously facilitating rapid gas transport and enabling the room temperature electro-oxidation pathway for methane. The performance of the amperometric sensor is evaluated as a function of methane concentration, relative humidity, and tested against interfering gases.
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47
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O'Mahony C, Haq EU, Sillien C, Tofail SAM. Rheological Issues in Carbon-Based Inks for Additive Manufacturing. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E99. [PMID: 30700026 PMCID: PMC6412792 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As the industry and commercial market move towards the optimization of printing and additive manufacturing, it becomes important to understand how to obtain the most from the materials while maintaining the ability to print complex geometries effectively. Combining such a manufacturing method with advanced carbon materials, such as Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon fibers, with their mechanical and conductive properties, delivers a cutting-edge combination of low-cost conductive products. Through the process of printing the effectiveness of these properties decreases. Thorough optimization is required to determine the idealized ink functional and flow properties to ensure maximum printability and functionalities offered by carbon nanoforms. The optimization of these properties then is limited by the printability. By determining the physical properties of printability and flow properties of the inks, calculated compromises can be made for the ink design. In this review we have discussed the connection between the rheology of carbon-based inks and the methodologies for maintaining the maximum pristine carbon material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie O'Mahony
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ehtsham Ul Haq
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Christophe Sillien
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Syed A M Tofail
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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48
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Lee H, Lee SY. Simple fabrication method of flexible carbon nanotube electrodes using inkjet and transfer printing methods for dopamine detection. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Loghin FC, Falco A, Albrecht A, Salmerón JF, Becherer M, Lugli P, Rivandeneyra A. A Handwriting Method for Low-Cost Gas Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:34683-34689. [PMID: 30148599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on an automated method based on a handwritten technique for the fabrication of low-cost gas sensors based on carbon nanotube (CNT) networks. Taking advantage of the inherent low-cost, flexible, and uncomplicated characteristics of pen-based techniques and combining them with an automated robotic system allows for high-resolution patterns, high reproducibility, and relatively high throughput considering the limitations of parallel processing. To showcase this, gas sensors capable of sensing NH3, CO2, CO, and ethanol, as well as temperature and relative humidity, are fabricated and characterized displaying competitive performance in relation to previously reported devices. The presented process is compatible with a variety of solutions and inks and, as such, allows for an easy integration into existing printing and coating frameworks with the greatest advantage being the ease of creating prototypes because of the nonstringent material requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin C Loghin
- Institute for Nanoelectronics , Technische Universität München , 80333 Munich , Germany
| | - Aniello Falco
- Faculty of Science and Technology , Free University of Bozen-Bolzano , 39100 Bozen-Bolzano , Italy
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Institute for Nanoelectronics , Technische Universität München , 80333 Munich , Germany
| | - José F Salmerón
- Institute for Nanoelectronics , Technische Universität München , 80333 Munich , Germany
| | - Markus Becherer
- Institute for Nanoelectronics , Technische Universität München , 80333 Munich , Germany
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Faculty of Science and Technology , Free University of Bozen-Bolzano , 39100 Bozen-Bolzano , Italy
| | - Almudena Rivandeneyra
- Institute for Nanoelectronics , Technische Universität München , 80333 Munich , Germany
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50
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Wongkaew N, Simsek M, Griesche C, Baeumner AJ. Functional Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensors and Lab-on-a-Chip Performances: Recent Progress, Applications, and Future Perspective. Chem Rev 2018; 119:120-194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nongnoot Wongkaew
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Simsek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Griesche
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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