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Amalfitano N, Patel N, Haddi ML, Benabid H, Pazzola M, Vacca GM, Tagliapietra F, Schiavon S, Bittante G. Detailed mineral profile of milk, whey, and cheese from cows, buffaloes, goats, ewes and dromedary camels, and efficiency of recovery of minerals in their cheese. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00976-7. [PMID: 38969004 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are important in the human diet not only for the macro nutrients, such as proteins and fats, that they provide, but also for the supply of essential micronutrients, such as minerals. Minerals are present in milk in soluble form in the aqueous phase and in colloidal form associated with the macronutrients of the milk. These 2 forms affect the nutritional functions of the minerals and their contribution to the technological properties of milk during cheese-making. The aim of the present work was to study and compare the detailed mineral profiles of dairy foods (milk, whey, and cheese) obtained from cows, buffaloes, goats, ewes and dromedary camels, and to analyze the recovery in the curd of the individual minerals according to a model cheese-making procedure applied to the milk of these 5 dairy species. The detailed mineral profile of the milk samples was obtained by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP - OES). We divided the 21 minerals identified in the 3 different matrices into essential macro- and micro-minerals, and environmental micro-minerals, and calculated the recovery of the individual minerals in the cheeses. The complete mineral profiles and the recoveries in the cheeses were then analyzed using a linear mixed model with Species and Food, and their interaction included as fixed effects, and Sample within Species as a random effect. The mineral profiles of each food matrix were then analyzed separately with a general linear model in which only the fixed effect of Species was included. The results showed that the species could be divided into 2 groups: those producing a more diluted milk characterized by a higher content of soluble minerals (in particular K), and those with a more concentrated milk with a higher colloidal mineral content in the skim of the milk (such as Ca and P). The recoveries of the minerals in the curd were in line with the initial content in the milk, and also highlighted the fact that the influence of the brine was not limited to the Na content but to its whole mineral makeup. These results provide valuable information for the evaluation of the nutritional and technological properties of milk, and for the uses made of the byproducts of cheese making from the milk of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Amalfitano
- DAFNAE - Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova (Padua), Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Nageshvar Patel
- DAFNAE - Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova (Padua), Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | | | - Hamida Benabid
- Institut de Nutrition, Alimentation et Technologies Agro-Alimentaires, Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Michele Pazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Massimo Vacca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- DAFNAE - Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova (Padua), Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- DAFNAE - Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova (Padua), Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- DAFNAE - Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova (Padua), Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Ji Z, Zhang J, Deng C, Guo T, Han R, Yang Y, Zang C, Chen Y. Identification of pasteurized mare milk and powder adulteration with bovine milk using quantitative proteomics and metabolomics approaches. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101265. [PMID: 38468636 PMCID: PMC10926301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adulteration in dairy products presents food safety challenges, driven by economic factors. Processing may change specific biomarkers, thus affecting their effectiveness in detection. In this study, proteomics and metabolomics approaches were to investigate the detection of bovine milk (BM) constituents adulteration in pasteurized mare milk (PMM) and mare milk powder (MMP). Several bovine proteins and metabolites were identified, with their abundances in PMM and MMP increasing upon addition of BM. Proteins like osteopontin (OPN) and serotransferrin (TF) detected adulteration down to 1 % in PMM, whereas these proteins in MMP were utilized to identify 10 % adulteration. Biotin and N6-Me-adenosine were effective in detecting adulteration in PMM as low as 10 % and 1 % respectively, while in MMP, their detection limits extend down to 0.1 %. These findings offer insights for authenticating mare milk products and underscore the influence of processing methods on biomarker levels, stressing the need to consider these effects in milk product authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Ji
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chunxia Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Tongjun Guo
- Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Changjiang Zang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
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Li Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Chen R, Sun Y, Pan Y, Li S, Wang Z. Multi-omics analysis of five species of milk and specific composition links within each species. Food Chem 2024; 457:140028. [PMID: 38917561 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The gold standard of milk is human milk, not cow milk. The present study expects to explored the comprehensive nutritional value of different kinds of milk and the differences between them through multi-omics analysis and found functional components that are more similar to human milk. This study employed untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics, untargeted LC-MS/MS lipidomics, and 4D label-free proteomics analysis techniques. The findings revealed substantial disparities in metabolites, lipids, and proteins among the five types of milk. Notably, pig milk exhibited a remarkable abundance of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and specific polar lipids. Yak milk stood out with significantly elevated levels of creatine and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) compared to other species. Buffalo milk boasted the highest concentrations of L-isoleucine, echinocystic acid, and alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme (ALPL). The concentrations of iminostilbene and osteopontin (OPN) were higher in cow milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanzhi Wu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinggang Sun
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Siyi Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zeying Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Brown RB. Spontaneous Tumor Regression and Reversion: Insights and Associations with Reduced Dietary Phosphate. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2126. [PMID: 38893245 PMCID: PMC11172109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors that spontaneously shrink from unknown causes in tumor regression, and that return to normal cells in tumor reversion, are phenomena with the potential to contribute new knowledge and novel therapies for cancer patient survival. Tumorigenesis is associated with dysregulated phosphate metabolism and an increased transport of phosphate into tumor cells, potentially mediated by phosphate overload from excessive dietary phosphate intake, a significant problem in Western societies. This paper proposes that reduced dietary phosphate overload and reregulated phosphate metabolism may reverse an imbalance of kinases and phosphatases in cell signaling and cellular proliferation, thereby activating autophagy in tumor regression and reversion. Dietary phosphate can also be reduced by sickness-associated anorexia, fasting-mimicking diets, and other diets low in phosphate, all of which have been associated with tumor regression. Tumor reversion has also been demonstrated by transplanting cancer cells into a healthy microenvironment, plausibly associated with normal cellular phosphate concentrations. Evidence also suggests that the sequestration and containment of excessive phosphate within encapsulated tumors is protective in cancer patients, preventing the release of potentially lethal amounts of phosphate into the general circulation. Reducing dietary phosphate overload has the potential to provide a novel, safe, and effective reversion therapy for cancer patients, and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Mudgil P, Al Dhaheri MKO, Alsubousi MSM, Khan H, Redha AA, Yap PG, Gan CY, Maqsood S. Molecular docking studies on α-amylase inhibitory peptides from milk of different farm animals. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2633-2652. [PMID: 38101739 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Milk-derived peptides have emerged as a popular mean to manage various lifestyle disorders such as diabetes. Fermentation is being explored as one of the faster and efficient way of producing peptides with antidiabetic potential. Therefore, in this study, an attempt was made to comparatively investigate the pancreatic α-amylase (PAA) inhibitory properties of peptides derived from milk of different farm animals through probiotic fermentation. Peptide's identification was carried out using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inhibition mechanisms were characterized by molecular docking. Results obtained showed a PAA-IC50 value (the amount of protein equivalent needed to inhibit 50% of enzymes) between 2.39 and 36.1 µg protein equivalent for different fermented samples. Overall, Pediococcus pentosaceus MF000957-derived fermented milk from all animals indicated higher PAA inhibition than other probiotic derived fermented milk (PAA-IC50 values of 6.01, 3.53, 15.6, and 10.8 µg protein equivalent for bovine, camel, goat, and sheep fermented milk). Further, molecular docking analysis indicated that camel milk-derived peptide IMEQQQTEDEQQDK and goat milk-derived peptide DQHQKAMKPWTQPK were the most potent PAA inhibitory peptides. Overall, the study concluded that fermentation derived peptides may prove useful in for managing diabetes via inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzyme PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Mudgil
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mouza Khamis Obaid Al Dhaheri
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maitha Saif Mohammed Alsubousi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hina Khan
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Ali Redha
- The Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pei-Gee Yap
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Centre of Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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Purkiewicz A, Pietrzak-Fiećko R. Determination of the Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Quality Indices in Selected Infant Formulas. Molecules 2024; 29:2044. [PMID: 38731536 PMCID: PMC11085564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The quality of fat in infant milk is determined by the fatty acid profile and selected indices describing nutritional value. The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile and lipid quality indices of infant formulas and compare these data with breast milk. The study material included seven types of cow's milk-based follow-on infant formulas and samples of mature breast milk. The determination of fatty acids was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) technique. Lipid quality indices were calculated based on the relevant equations. Infant formulas contained more medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and oleic acid. Moreover, they contained more than 30% more linoleic acid and more than twice as much α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In contrast, significant amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) were noted in breast milk, while infant formulas contained trace amounts. Infant formulas were characterized by a lower AI (Index of Atherogenicity) (0.49-0.98) and TI (Index of Thrombogenicity) (0.48-0.60) and a higher H/H (hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic) ratio (1.93-2.30) compared with breast milk (1.47, 1.60, and 1.21, respectively). The composition of infant formulas depended on the type of fat added at the production stage and differed significantly from breast milk, particularly in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid quality indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Purkiewicz
- Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszynski 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Hu Y, Wu X, Zhou L, Liu J. Which is the optimal choice for neonates' formula or breast milk? NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:21. [PMID: 38488905 PMCID: PMC10942964 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of prematurity has been increasing since the twenty-first century. Premature neonates are extremely vulnerable and require a rich supply of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA) and others. Typical breast milk serves as the primary source for infants under six months old to provide these nutrients. However, depending on the individual needs of preterm infants, a more diverse and intricate range of nutrients may be necessary. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research progress on the physical and chemical properties, biological activity, function, and structure of breast milk, as well as explores the relationship between the main components of milk globular membrane and infant growth. Additionally, compare the nutritional composition of milk from different mammals and newborn milk powder, providing a comprehensive understanding of the differences in milk composition and detailed reference for meeting daily nutritional needs during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jikai Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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Cosemans C, Bongaerts E, Vanbrabant K, Reimann B, Silva AI, Tommelein E, Poma G, Ameloot M, Nawrot TS, Plusquin M. Black carbon particles in human breast milk: assessing infant's exposure. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1333969. [PMID: 38298262 PMCID: PMC10828029 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1333969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Human breast milk is the recommended source of nutrition for infants due to its complex composition and numerous benefits, including a decline in infection rates in childhood and a lower risk of obesity. Hence, it is crucial that environmental pollutants in human breast milk are minimized. Exposure to black carbon (BC) particles has adverse effects on health; therefore, this pilot study investigates the presence of these particles in human breast milk. Methods BC particles from ambient exposure were measured in eight human breast milk samples using a white light generation under femtosecond illumination. The carbonaceous nature of the particles was confirmed with BC fingerprinting. Ambient air pollution exposures (PM2.5, PM10, and NO2) were estimated using a spatial interpolation model based on the maternal residential address. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were obtained to assess the association between human breast milk's BC load and ambient air pollution exposure. Results BC particles were found in all human breast milk samples. BC loads in human breast milk were strongly and positively correlated with recent (i.e., 1 week) maternal residential NO2 (r = 0.79; p = 0.02) exposure and medium-term (i.e., 1 month) PM2.5 (r = 0.83; p = 0.02) and PM10 (r = 0.93; p = 0.002) exposure. Conclusion For the first time, we showed the presence of BC particles in human breast milk and found a robust association with ambient air pollution concentrations. Our findings present a pioneering insight into a novel pathway through which combustion-derived air pollution particles can permeate the delicate system of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cosemans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Eva Bongaerts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Vanbrabant
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Reimann
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ana Inês Silva
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Eline Tommelein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S. Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Glick VJ, Power ML. Macronutrient composition of milk from captive southern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23570. [PMID: 37876290 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Milk composition is a fundamental aspect of mammalian reproduction. Differences in milk composition between species may reflect phylogeny, dietary ecology, lactation strategy, and infant growth patterns, but may also vary within a species due to maternal body condition. This study presents the first published data on milk macronutrient composition of southern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and compares the results with data on two other Cercopithecine species. Milk samples were obtained from five dams at 10- and 14-weeks postparturition. Macronutrient composition was determined at the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute using proven methods developed over 30 years. On average (±SEM), the milk contained 83.9 ± 0.4% water, 6.7 ± 0.4% fat, 7.6 ± 0.1% sugar, 1.8 ± 0.1% protein, and 0.22 ± 0.01% mineral content. The Ca:P ratio was 1.8; concentrations of Ca and protein were correlated. Mean gross energy was 1.02 ± 0.03 kcal/g with most of the energy coming from fat (59.6 ± 1.5%), followed by sugar (29.9 ± 1.4%) and protein (10.5 ± 0.5%). The milks at 14 weeks of infant age were higher in energy than the milks at 10 weeks, with an increase in energy from fat (p = 0.005) and decrease in energy from sugar (p = 0.018). The energy from protein did not change (p = 0.272). Compared to captive rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and olive baboon (Papio anubis) milk assayed by identical methods, captive pig-tailed macaque milk was higher in energy, but after accounting for the higher milk energy there was no difference in the proportions of milk energy from protein, fat, and sugar. The captive pig-tailed dams were significantly heavier than reported values for wild pig-tailed macaques, suggesting high body condition. High body condition in captive Cercopithecines appears to result in milk higher in energy, with more energy coming from fat and less from sugar. However, variation in the proportion of milk energy from protein in captive Cercopithecine milks appears relatively constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia J Glick
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michael L Power
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Yao Q, Gao Y, Wang F, Delcenserie V, Wang J, Zheng N. Label-Free quantitation of milk oligosaccharides from different mammal species and heat treatment influence. Food Chem 2024; 430:136977. [PMID: 37552901 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MOs) exhibit significant variations in concentrations and patterns among different species. However, there is limited knowledge about milk oligosaccharides in domestic animals and the impact of heat treatment on them. Here, we developed an LC-ESI-MS/MS method to analyze 11 milk oligosaccharides in 7 distinct species simultaneously. The results showed that human milk presented a completely different composition pattern of milk oligosaccharides from animals. In detail, animal milk predominantly contained sialylated oligosaccharides, and human milk had high levels of fucosylated neutral oligosaccharides. Notably, sheep milk exhibited similarities to human milk in terms of oligosaccharides composition. Then, the milk samples from dairy cows were treated with two common industrial heat treatments. We found that 65 °C treatment had no significant effect on the concentration of milk oligosaccharides, whereas 135 °C heating was associated with their decline, suggesting that high temperatures should be avoided in the processing of oligosaccharides supplemented/enriched products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fengen Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Veronique Delcenserie
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Pan Z, Ye A, Fraser K, Li S, Dave A, Singh H. Comparative lipidomics analysis of different-sized fat globules in sheep and cow milks. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 8:100655. [PMID: 38204877 PMCID: PMC10776417 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of milk fat globule (MFG) size and species (sheep versus cow) on the lipid and protein compositions of sheep and cow milks was studied. The MFGs in raw cow and sheep milks were separated into six significantly different-sized (1.5-5.5 μm) groups by a gravity-based separation method, and their fatty acids, their lipidomes and the protein compositions of their MFG membranes were determined. The proportions of polar lipids increased but glycoproteins decreased with decreasing MFG size in both sheep milk and cow milk; the fatty acid composition showed few differences among the MFG groups. The average size of each MFG group was comparable between sheep milk and cow milk. Sheep milk contained higher proportions of short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids and sphingomyelin than cow milk in all MFG groups. The proportion of glycoproteins was higher in cow MFG membrane than in sheep MFG membrane. The results suggested that the lipid and protein compositions were markedly species and size dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Pan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Private Bag 11 008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Siqi Li
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Anant Dave
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Robles M, Rousseau-Ralliard D, Dubois C, Josse T, Nouveau É, Dahirel M, Wimel L, Couturier-Tarrade A, Chavatte-Palmer P. Obesity during Pregnancy in the Horse: Effect on Term Placental Structure and Gene Expression, as Well as Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Concentration. Vet Sci 2023; 10:691. [PMID: 38133242 PMCID: PMC10748288 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a broodmare has been identified as a risk factor for obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect the development of the offspring. This article is a follow-up study of previous work showing that Obese mares (O, n = 10, body condition score > 4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n = 14, body condition score < 4 at insemination). Foals born to O mares were more insulin-resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation, and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as the fatty acid profile in the plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation, which, to our knowledge, has been poorly studied in the horse. Mares from both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were housed in pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation (summer of 2016 in the Limousin region, France). In the present article, term placental morphometry, structure (stereology), and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrum and milk, were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between the N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure, or gene expression. No difference in plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed until 18 months of age in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn that can also play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares, which could have further affected the metabolic development of their foals. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk, thus also influencing the foal's plasma fatty acid composition and likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Robles
- BREED, Domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France; (D.R.-R.); (A.C.-T.)
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Institut Polytechnique Unilasalle, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard
- BREED, Domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France; (D.R.-R.); (A.C.-T.)
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cédric Dubois
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, 19370 Chamberet, France (L.W.)
| | - Tiphanie Josse
- BREED, Domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France; (D.R.-R.); (A.C.-T.)
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Émilie Nouveau
- BREED, Domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France; (D.R.-R.); (A.C.-T.)
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michele Dahirel
- BREED, Domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France; (D.R.-R.); (A.C.-T.)
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurence Wimel
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, 19370 Chamberet, France (L.W.)
| | - Anne Couturier-Tarrade
- BREED, Domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France; (D.R.-R.); (A.C.-T.)
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- BREED, Domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France; (D.R.-R.); (A.C.-T.)
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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13
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Liu B, Liang YH, He YZ, Ye W, Deng ZY, Li J, Guo S. Differences in fat digestion from milk of different Species: In vitro gastrointestinal digestion model for infants. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113571. [PMID: 37986442 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The differences in the milk fat digestion from goat milk (GM), camel milk (CM), bovine milk (BM), sheep milk (SM), mare milk (MM) and human milk (HM) using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model for simulated infants were investigated. The particle size distributions in goat and mare milk were similar to that of HM after digestion in the small intestine. During in vitro digestion, the zeta-potential change of MM was more consistent with that of HM. After 60 min of gastric digestion, the lipolysis degree (LD) of different milks were<2%, of which the highest LD was MM (1.84%), followed by HM (1.45%). At the end of intestinal digestion, the LD of HM was the highest, reaching 88.47%, and the LD of SM was similar to that of HM, reaching 83.92%, followed by GM (57.00%), BM (40.98%) and MM (39.37%), respectively, the LD of CM was only 29.99%, which was much lower than HM. The results of the glyceride composition hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that MM and HM were clustered into one category at the end of gastric and intestinal digestion. This study provides a scientific basis for the development of lipid ingredients in infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Ye-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, PR China
| | - Yang-Zheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, PR China
| | - Wenhui Ye
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., ltd, 010110 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, PR China.
| | - Shuntang Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
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14
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Qi H, Lin G, Guo S, Guo X, Yu C, Zhang M, Gao X. Met stimulates ARID1A degradation and activation of the PI3K-SREBP1 signaling to promote milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4094-4104. [PMID: 37837279 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2265167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Methionine (Met) can promote milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), but the potential molecular mechanism is largely unknown. In this report, we aim to explore the role and molecular mechanism of AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) in milk fat synthesis stimulated by Met. ARID1A knockdown and activation indicated that ARID1A negatively regulated the synthesis of triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids and the formation of lipid droplets in BMECs. ARID1A also negatively regulated the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT proteins, as well as the expression and maturation of SREBP1. Met stimulated the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT proteins, as well as the expression and maturation of SREBP1, while ARID1A gene activation blocked the stimulatory effects of Met. We further found that ARID1A was located in the nucleus of BMECs, and Met reduced the nuclear localization and expression of ARID1A. ARID1A gene activation blocked the stimulation of PI3K and SREBP1 mRNA expression by Met. In summary, our data suggests that ARID1A negatively regulates milk fat synthesis stimulated by Met in BMECs through inhibiting the PI3K-SREBP1 signaling pathway, which may provide some new perspectives for improving milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Lin
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Siqi Guo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Congying Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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15
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Yang S, Wang H. Avoidance of added salt for 6-12-month-old infants: A narrative review. Arch Pediatr 2023; 30:595-599. [PMID: 37805298 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Most nutrition guidelines recommend avoiding foods with added salt for infants aged 6-12 months. However, the reason for no added salt lacks enough and reliable evidence. We re-searched and re-studied the relevant evidence. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane database for English-language studies published from 1904 through 2021. We also searched the databases of the websites of different national institutions. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, observational studies, and dietary guidelines were included in this review. The kidneys of infants aged 6-12 months have adequate sodium excretion capacity. There is insufficient evidence that high salt (sodium) intake early in life might lead to hypertension or salty diet preference in adults. Infants aged 6-12 months might be at risk of low sodium intake of only 150-300 mg of sodium/day, which may not meet the body's needs, if their supplementary food is not adequately salted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Yang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Pediatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
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16
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Hassouna KB, Salah-Abbès JB, Chaieb K, Abbès S, Ferrer E, Martí-Quijal FJ, Pallarés N, Berrada H. The Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Cow Milk Collected from Tunisia during a Hot Lactating Season. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:518. [PMID: 37755944 PMCID: PMC10537819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a staple food that is essential for human nutrition because of its high nutrient content and health benefits. However, it is susceptible to being contaminated by Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is a toxic metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) presented in cow feeds. This research investigated AFM1 in Tunisian raw cow milk samples. A total of 122 samples were collected at random from two different regions in 2022 (Beja and Mahdia). AFM1 was extracted from milk using the QuEChERS method, and contamination amounts were determined using liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection (FD). Good recoveries were shown with intra-day and inter-day precisions of 97 and 103%, respectively, and detection and quantification levels of 0.003 and 0.01 µg/L, respectively. AFM1 was found in 97.54% of the samples, with amounts varying from values below the LOQ to 197.37 µg/L. Lower AFM1 was observed in Mahdia (mean: 39.37 µg/L), respectively. In positive samples, all AFM1 concentrations exceeded the EU maximum permitted level (0.050 µg/L) for AFM1 in milk. In Tunisia, a maximum permitted level for AFM1 in milk and milk products has not been established. The risk assessment of AFM1 was also determined. Briefly, the estimated intake amount of AFM1 by Tunisian adults through raw cow milk consumption was 0.032 µg/kg body weight/day. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) values obtained were lower than 10,000. According to the findings, controls as well as the establishment of regulations for AFM1 in milk are required in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Ben Hassouna
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (K.B.H.); (J.B.S.-A.); (S.A.)
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (K.B.H.); (J.B.S.-A.); (S.A.)
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (K.B.H.); (J.B.S.-A.); (S.A.)
- High Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba 8189, Tunisia
| | - Emilia Ferrer
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (E.F.); (F.J.M.-Q.); (H.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Martí-Quijal
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (E.F.); (F.J.M.-Q.); (H.B.)
| | - Noelia Pallarés
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (E.F.); (F.J.M.-Q.); (H.B.)
| | - Houda Berrada
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (E.F.); (F.J.M.-Q.); (H.B.)
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17
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Wijenayake S, Martz J, Lapp HE, Storm JA, Champagne FA, Kentner AC. The contributions of parental lactation on offspring development: It's not udder nonsense! Horm Behav 2023; 153:105375. [PMID: 37269591 PMCID: PMC10351876 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis describes how maternal stress exposures experienced during critical periods of perinatal life are linked to altered developmental trajectories in offspring. Perinatal stress also induces changes in lactogenesis, milk volume, maternal care, and the nutritive and non-nutritive components of milk, affecting short and long-term developmental outcomes in offspring. For instance, selective early life stressors shape the contents of milk, including macro/micronutrients, immune components, microbiota, enzymes, hormones, milk-derived extracellular vesicles, and milk microRNAs. In this review, we highlight the contributions of parental lactation to offspring development by examining changes in the composition of breast milk in response to three well-characterized maternal stressors: nutritive stress, immune stress, and psychological stress. We discuss recent findings in human, animal, and in vitro models, their clinical relevance, study limitations, and potential therapeutic significance to improving human health and infant survival. We also discuss the benefits of enrichment methods and support tools that can be used to improve milk quality and volume as well as related developmental outcomes in offspring. Lastly, we use evidence-based primary literature to convey that even though select maternal stressors may modulate lactation biology (by influencing milk composition) depending on the severity and length of exposure, exclusive and/or prolonged milk feeding may attenuate the negative in utero effects of early life stressors and promote healthy developmental trajectories. Overall, scientific evidence supports lactation to be protective against nutritive and immune stressors, but the benefits of lactation in response to psychological stressors need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanoji Wijenayake
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Julia Martz
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah E Lapp
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jasmyne A Storm
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Amanda C Kentner
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Peña-Avelino LY, Ceballos-Olvera I, Rosales-Martinez GN, Hernández-Melendez J, Alva-Pérez J. Milk Composition of Creole Goats Raised at Different Altitudes in an Extensive Production System in Northeast Mexico. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1738. [PMID: 37889663 PMCID: PMC10251814 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat milk composition is affected by feeding, and in semiarid rangeland, information on Creole goat milk physicochemical composition is lacking. For the fulfillment of this objective, three agroecological regions (AR) considering altitude (lowland 87, highland 779, and mountain 1309 m above sea level) with different botanical compositions were chosen. Every AR analyzed accounted for 30 goat herds, with a total of 90 herds. The results demonstrated that altitude had an influence mainly on density and protein. Milk density increases as altitude increases; conversely, milk protein increases as altitude decreases. On the other hand, in the mountain and lowland ARs, the salts and solids not fat (SNF) percentages were higher compared to that of the highland AR (p < 0.05). The freezing point (FP) was higher at highland altitudes compared to that of mountain and lowland ARs (p < 0.01). In the milk fatty acids (FA) profile, only the C14:1 value was affected by altitude, whereas goat milk at lowland and mountain altitudes had higher values compared to that at highland altitudes (p < 0.05). Additionally, late lactation stage fat, FP, and pH values were higher compared to early lactation values. The opposite effect was observed for salts and SNF. In the FA profile, late lactation values were higher for C10:0 and C8:0 compared to early lactation values. The opposite trend was observed for C18:2n6t. The thrombogenic index was significantly higher at lowland altitudes compared to highland altitudes, and similar to the mountain AR. These goat milk characteristics could be explained as a consequence of animal nutrition, as well as the goat's meat-type phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Y. Peña-Avelino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science “Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata”, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (L.Y.P.-A.); (I.C.-O.); (G.N.R.-M.)
| | - Ivonne Ceballos-Olvera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science “Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata”, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (L.Y.P.-A.); (I.C.-O.); (G.N.R.-M.)
| | - Gerardo N. Rosales-Martinez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science “Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata”, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (L.Y.P.-A.); (I.C.-O.); (G.N.R.-M.)
| | - Javier Hernández-Melendez
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Centro Universitario Victoria, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Alva-Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science “Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata”, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (L.Y.P.-A.); (I.C.-O.); (G.N.R.-M.)
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19
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Luo G, Zhu Y, Ni D, Chen J, Zhang W, Mu W. Infant formulae - Key components, nutritional value, and new perspectives. Food Chem 2023; 424:136393. [PMID: 37210844 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is the most effective strategy for meeting the nutritional demands of infants, whilst infant formulae are manufactured foods that mimic human milk and can be safely used to replace breastfeeding. In this paper, the compositional differences between human milk and other mammalian milk are reviewed, and thus nutritional profiles and compositions of standard bovine milk-based formulae as well as special formulae are discussed. Differences between breast milk and other mammalian milk in composition and content affect their digestion and absorption in infants. Characteristics and mimicking of breast milk have been intensively studied with the objective of narrowing the gap between human milk and infant formulae. The functions of the key nutritional components in infant formulae are examined. This review detailed recent developments in the formulation of different types of special infant formulae and efforts for their humanization, and summarized safety and quality control of infant formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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20
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Yavuz A, Aydin MA, Ugur K, Aydin S, Senol A, Baykus Y, Deniz R, Sahin İ, Yalcin MH, Gencer BT, Deniz YK, Ustebay S, Karagoz ZK, Emre E, Aydin S. Betatrophin, elabela, asprosin, glucagon and subfatin peptides in breast tissue, blood and milk in gestational diabetes. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:243-254. [PMID: 36825397 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2176546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the presence of asprosin (ASP), betatrophin, elabela (ELA), glucagon and subfatin (SUB) in the milk of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and compared their levels with blood levels. We also investigated whether these peptides are synthesized by the breast. We investigated 12 volunteer mothers with GDM and 14 pregnant non-GDM control mothers. The peptides were measured using ELISA and their tissue localization was determined using immunohistochemistry. Breast milk contains ASP, betatrophin, ELA, glucagon and SUB. The amount of the peptides ranged from highest to the lowest in colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. The amount of peptides in the milk was greater than for blood. The peptides, except for ELA, were increased in milk and blood by GDM. Betatrophin and ELA are synthesized in the connective tissue of the breast. ASP, glucagon and SUB are synthesized in the alveolar tissue of the breast. These peptides in breast milk may contribute to the development of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Yavuz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nigde Omer Halis Demir Research and Education Hospital, Nigde, Turkiye
| | - Mustafa Ata Aydin
- Medical Student, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Kader Ugur
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Suna Aydin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkiye
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Arzu Senol
- Department of Enfection Disease, Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Yakup Baykus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bandirma 17 Eylul Univerity, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - Rulin Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bandirma 17 Eylul Univerity, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, (Firat Hormones Research Group), Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Hanifi Yalcin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Berrin Tarakci Gencer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Yaprak Kandemir Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antalya Medicalpark Hospital Complex, Antalya, Turkiye
| | - Sefer Ustebay
- Department of Pediatrics, Bandirma 17 Eylul Univerity, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - Zuhal Karaca Karagoz
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Elif Emre
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, (Firat Hormones Research Group), Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
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Alipour A, Akrami Mohajeri F, Javdan G, Pourramezani F, Fallahzadeh H, Khalili Sadrabad E. Concentration of mineral and heavy metals in raw mare (horse) milk consumed in Yazd, Iran: A risk assessment study. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37067509 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the mare's milk has been introduced as a rich source of nutrients with hypoallergic characteristics which is widely used for Iranian infants. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the heavy metal concentration of mare's milk and its consumption risk assessment. METHODS About 88 mare's milk was collected from Yazd, the centre of Iran, during the summer of 2020. The raw mare's milk was digested and analysed for mineral and heavy metal content (As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn) by ICP-OES. To estimate the health hazard for consumers the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) of heavy metals were determined. RESULTS The Ca ranged from 260.52 to 201.43 mg/L, which was the highest mineral in mare's milk followed by P and Mg. By increasing the age, P and Ca content was increased. The obtained ranges of Cu, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn were 72.12-75.11, 1.12-9.3, 180.69-230.21, 31.24-47.13 and 1060-1200 μg/L, respectively. The Cd and Arsenic content of mares' 8-11 years of age had higher concentrations. The highest Pb content was reported in mares 4-7 years old (10 μg/L). Although, Pb, Cd and As content of the mare's milk was evaluated lower than the permissible limit. Also, the HQ value was As > Cd > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu for infants, toddlers and adults. The HI of mare's milk was 0.16, 0.15 and 0.022 for infants, toddlers and adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mare's milk could be an effective nutrition source for infants and children suffering from milk protein allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Alipour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Akrami Mohajeri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholamali Javdan
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourramezani
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elham Khalili Sadrabad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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22
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Paszczyk B, Czarnowska-Kujawska M, Klepacka J, Tońska E. Health-Promoting Ingredients in Goat's Milk and Fermented Goat's Milk Drinks. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050907. [PMID: 36899767 PMCID: PMC10000185 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the content of health-promoting compounds, and fatty acids, with particular emphasis on the content of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) acid, selected minerals, folates in organic and commercial goat's milk and fermented goat's milk drinks. The analyzed milk and yoghurts had various contents of particular groups of fatty acids, CLA, minerals, and folates. Raw organic goat's milk had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher content of CLA (3.26 mg/g fat) compared to commercial milk (2.88 mg/g fat and 2.54 mg/g fat). Among the analyzed fermented goat's milk drinks, the highest CLA content (4.39 mg/g fat) was determined in commercial natural yoghurts, while the lowest one was in organic natural yoghurts (3.28 mg/g fat). The highest levels of calcium (1322.9-2324.4 µg/g), phosphorus (8148.1-11,309.9 µg/g), and copper (0.072-0.104 µg/g) were found in all commercial products and those of manganese (0.067-0.209 µg/g) in organic products. The contents of the other assayed elements (magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and zinc) did not depend on the production method, but only on the product type, i.e., the degree of goat's milk processing. The highest folate content in the analyzed milks was found in the organic sample (3.16 µg/100 g). Organic Greek yoghurts had a several times higher content of folates, reaching 9.18 µg/100 g, compared to the other analyzed fermented products.
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23
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Shazly AB, Hassan LK, Kholif AEKM, Sayed AF, Abd El-Aziz M. Quality of milk fat obtained from cows and buffaloes fed a diet supplemented with flaxseed or soybean oils. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022; 45:e58482. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v45i1.58482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The experiment was carried out to evaluate the quality of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) of cows and buffaloes supplemented with flaxseed oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), or their mixture (FSO). Lactating crossbred cows and buffaloes were fed with control diet or with one of three supplements: 2% FO, 2% SO, and 2% FSO according to a double 4 x 4 Latin Square Design. The diets with FO, SO, or FSO reduced saturated FA, mainly C4:0, C14:0 and C16:0, while increased the unsaturated FA C18:1 and C18:2 in milk from cows and buffaloes. Cholesterol content decreased in cow's AMF while increased in buffalo's AMF when a diet supplemented with FO, SO, or FSO. The diet with SO or FSO increased the content of vitamin E in AMF obtained from cows (25.06 and 17.89 mg 100 g-1) and buffaloes (28.48 and 30.32 mg 100 g-1) compared with the control diet (11.02 and 15.68 mg 100 g-1), respectively, which correlated positively with scavenging activity for DPPH• (r2 = 0.66) and ABTS• (r2 = 0.67) radicals. Solid fat content (SFC) was high for cow’s AMF, with 58.12-60.37% at 5°C compared to that of buffalo's AMF, with 52.37-56.98%, but was low for cow's AMF at >15°C. Finally, supplementing a diet with vegetable oils, particularly SO, improves the quality of AMF; increases USFA/SFA ratio, vitamin E content, and antioxidant activities
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24
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Baseline composition and microbial quality assessment of raw milk from small ruminants and Maghrebi camels in the oasis area of Tunisia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:391. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Tzora A, Voidarou C(C, Giannenas I, Bonos E, Fotou K, Nelli A, Grigoriadou K, Karamoutsios A, Basdagianni Z, Dokou S, Tsinas A, Skoufos I. Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Enrichment on the Chemical Composition and the Pathogenic Microbiota of Ovine Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223736. [PMID: 36429328 PMCID: PMC9689586 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for ovine milk and ovine dairy products is constantly increasing due to their exceptional sensorial characteristics and their health benefits for consumers. However, dairy fat content and composition are of particular concern for consumers as well as the medical community, as there are risk factors for coronary disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and other serious diseases. For this reason, attempts have been made to control/regulate the fat composition of ovine milk by modifying sheep dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this experimental trial, a group of sheep were fed for 30 days a diet enriched in flaxseeds and lupines, feed ingredients rich in omega-3 fatty acids, aiming to investigate the effects on fat composition and the microbiota of ovine milk. Chemical analysis of the collected milk showed that the omega-3 and omega-6 content was increased. On the opposite, the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes decreased. Of importance was the semi-protective effect on the udder by the increased omega-3 dietary intake, as depicted by its impact on the biodiversity of the pathogenic microbiota. These findings suggest that ovine milk could be modified under specific conditions to be more appropriate for the consumption by people belonging to high-risk groups for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nelli
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Thermi, 570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Achilleas Karamoutsios
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
| | - Zoitsa Basdagianni
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Dokou
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Tsinas
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32 Arta, Greece
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Prakash PK, Eligar SM, Prakruthi M, Jyothi Lakshmi AS. Comparative assessment of antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of skimmed milk protein hydrolysates and their incorporation in beverage mix. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6414-6422. [PMID: 35562860 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk-derived protein hydrolysates have generated a great deal of interest recently due to their numerous beneficial health effects. However, there are few comparative studies on protein hydrolysates from different dairy species, their production, characterization, and bioactivity. In the present study, skimmed milk from both major and minor dairy species was hydrolyzed with alcalase, and its protein profiles were studied using tricine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse phase-high protein liquid chromatography. The antioxidant and in vitro immunostimulatory properties were determined. RESULTS Iron chelation activity was highest in hydrolysates of whey (25.00 ± 0.32 mmol L-1 ), casein (25.14 ± 0.34 mmol L-1 ), colostrum (24.52 ± 0.28 mmol L-1 ), and skimmed cattle milk (24.21 ± 0.26 mmol L-1 ). α,α-Diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl scavenging and 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride activity was lowest in skimmed donkey milk protein hydrolysates (MPHs) (IC50 : 5.37 ± 0.05 mg mL-1 and 151.59 ± 2.1 mg mL-1 ). Production of nitric oxide and phagocytosis activity in RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cell line) was significantly higher among whey and buffalo skimmed milk protein hydrolysate-treated groups as compared with the untreated group. The incorporation of whey protein hydrolysate and skimmed buffalo milk protein hydrolysate were sensorially acceptable at 10% level in beverage mix. CONCLUSION This study comparatively evaluates the antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties of different skimmed MPHs and their potential applications as ingredients in pediatric, geriatric, and other health-promoting foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Prakash
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
- Department of Bioscience, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangaluru, India
| | - Sachin M Eligar
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Manikumar Prakruthi
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
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Ji Z, Zhang J, Deng C, Hu Z, Du Q, Guo T, Wang J, Fan R, Han R, Yang Y. Identification of mare milk adulteration with cow milk by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry based on proteomics and metabolomics approaches. Food Chem 2022; 405:134901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Toman R, Psenkova M, Tancin V, Miskeje M. Mutagens in raw ewe milk in Orava region, northern Slovakia: metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62259-62271. [PMID: 35604602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the concentrations of selected mutagenic elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Se) in raw ewe milk from undisturbed environment in Orava region, northern Slovakia. There are possible sources of some of the analyzed metals which may be distributed from the metallurgical plants located in the Ostrava region, Czech Republic, and Katowice, Poland. In total, forty milk samples were analyzed in June and August using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The differences in elements concentrations between the seasonal periods were not significant except of iron (p < 0.0001). The concentrations of most of the metals in ewe milk were low and under the permissible or recommended limits. However, arsenic and selenium concentrations were elevated and could pose a risk of the mutagenic effect, particularly in children. The frequency of element occurrence in June was as follows: Se > Fe > As > Cu > Mn > Ni > Co > Pb > Cr > Cd, and in August: Se > Fe = As > Cu > Mn > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cd. The correlation analysis revealed very strong positive correlation between Cu:Pb (p < 0.05), very strong negative correlation between Fe:Se (p < 0.05). The strong correlations were also found between other elements. The present study showed that milk produced in the relatively undisturbed environment might contain various mutagenic elements. The relationships between the elements might result in the additive or synergistic effects of elements and increase the risk of their mutagenic effects even in low concentrations. Therefore, attention must be paid to the monitoring of metals in the areas where food sources destined especially for child nutrition are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Toman
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martina Psenkova
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimir Tancin
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Miskeje
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Pulmonary Edema, and Sodium Toxicity: A Grounded Theory. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10030059. [PMID: 36135215 PMCID: PMC9497894 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs unexpectedly in an otherwise healthy infant with no identifiable cause of death following a thorough investigation. A general hypervolemic state has been identified in SIDS, and fluid in the lungs suggests the involvement of pulmonary edema and hypoxia as the cause of death. The present perspective paper reviews pathophysiological, epidemiological, and dietary evidence in SIDS. A grounded theory is presented that proposes an association of SIDS with sodium toxicity from excessive sodium chloride intake, mediated by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and alveolar damage. The peak of SIDS cases occurs in infants 2–4 months of age, who are less efficient in excreting excessive dietary sodium load. Evidence implicating sodium toxicity in SIDS includes increased levels of sodium associated with fever and with inflammatory/immune responses in the lungs. Conditions in near-miss SIDS cases are linked to dysregulated sodium, and increased sodium dietary intake suggests that sodium toxicity from a high-salt diet potentially mediates the association of seasonality and socioeconomic status with SIDS incidence. In addition, exposure to sodium toxicity meets three main criteria of the triple risk model of SIDS. The proposed pathophysiological effects of pulmonary edema related to sodium toxicity in SIDS merit further investigations.
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Effects of Production Systems and Seasons on Retail-Goat-Milk Fatty-Acid Composition and Nutritional Indices in Greece. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172204. [PMID: 36077924 PMCID: PMC9454797 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The consumption of goat milk is constantly increasing. However, there are not many studies on the nutritional profile of retail goat milk. This study examined the effects of production systems (conventional and organic) and seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) on the fatty acid composition and nutritional indices related to the healthy fat consumption of fluid goat milk sold in the supermarkets. The production system did not significantly affect milk fatty-acid composition nor its nutritional value, whereas seasonal effects were observed. Overall, retail goat milk had a desirable nutritional value, irrespective of production system and season. Abstract An increased consumer interest in goat milk has been registered in recent years due to its health-related benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of production systems and seasons on fatty-acid composition and nutritional indices for the healthy fat consumption of retail goat milk. The study lasted one year, and milk samples (n = 160) from 14 brands (10 conventional and 4 organic) were collected on a monthly basis. Organic milk had a marginally lower fat and protein content compared with conventionally produced milk according to the declared chemical composition. The production system did not significantly affect milk fatty-acid composition and its nutritional value, indicating that there were no major differences in the feeding strategies between conventionally and organically raised ewes. Seasonal effects were observed in the fatty-acid profile and the nutritional indices. Lower content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H) and linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) ratio values were observed in summer. Retail goat milk had a desirable nutritional value, irrespective of production system and season, due to the following characteristics: low atherogenic index (AI) and LA/ALA ratio values, and high h/H ratio, desirable fatty acid (DFA) values and health-promoting index values. In conclusion, neither production nor season significantly impacted the fatty-acid composition and the fat-consumption nutritional indices of retail goat milk produced in Greece.
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Huang L, Luo J, Gao W, Song N, Tian H, Zhu L, Jiang Q, Loor JJ. CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Knockout of miR-24 Reduces Cholesterol and Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Content in Primary Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142012. [PMID: 35885255 PMCID: PMC9316712 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In nonruminants, microRNA (miRNA)-24 plays an important role in lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and the liver. Although the abundance of miR-24 in ruminant mammary glands is the highest during peak lactation, its potential role in regulating the synthesis and secretion of fat into milk is unclear. This study aimed to identify the function of miR-24 in these processes using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in primary goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). A single clone containing a 66-nucleotide deletion between two sgRNAs mediating double-strand break (DSB) sites was obtained. The abundance of miR-24-3p and miR-24-5p encoded by the deleted sequence was decreased, whereas the target genes INSIG1 and FASN increased. In addition, miR-24 knockout reduced the gene abundance of genes associated with fatty acid and TAG synthesis and transcription regulator. Similarly, the content of cholesterol and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) C18:1 decreased, whereas that of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) C18:2, C20:3, C20:4 and C20:5 increased. Subsequently, knocking down of INSIG1 but not FASN reversed the effect of miR-24 knockout, indicating that miR-24 modulated cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis mainly by targeting INSIG1. Overall, the present in vitro data demonstrated a critical role for miR-24 in regulating lipid and fatty acid synthesis and highlighted the possibility of manipulating milk components in dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.H.); (W.G.); (N.S.); (H.T.); (L.Z.)
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.H.); (W.G.); (N.S.); (H.T.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Wenchang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.H.); (W.G.); (N.S.); (H.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ning Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.H.); (W.G.); (N.S.); (H.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Huibin Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.H.); (W.G.); (N.S.); (H.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (L.H.); (W.G.); (N.S.); (H.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.J.L.)
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Nabilah UU, Sitanggang AB, Dewanti‐Hariyadi R, Sugiarto AT, Purnomo EH. Meta‐analysis: Microbial inactivation in milk using Pulsed Electric Field (
PEF
). Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uray Ulfah Nabilah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology IPB University Bogor 16680 Indonesia
| | - Azis Boing Sitanggang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology IPB University Bogor 16680 Indonesia
| | - Ratih Dewanti‐Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology IPB University Bogor 16680 Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center IPB University Bogor 16680 Indonesia
| | - Anto Tri Sugiarto
- Technical Implementation Unit for Instrumentation Development, BRIN Bandung 40135 Indonesia
| | - Eko Hari Purnomo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology IPB University Bogor 16680 Indonesia
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33
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Udayarajan CT, Mohan K, Nisha P. Tree nuts: Treasure mine for prebiotic and probiotic dairy free vegan products. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moraes MR, do Nascimento da Silva E, Sanches VL, Cadore S, Godoy HT. Bioaccessibility of some minerals in infant formulas. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2004-2012. [PMID: 35531415 PMCID: PMC9046517 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To guarantee the adequate intake of nutrients a variety of food supplementation (including infant formulas) has been used to ensure the nutrition of infants. Considering that the total concentration of nutrients is not enough to determine whether the food provides all the nutritional needs, the objective of this study was to evaluate the total concentration and bioaccessibility of some elements in thirty commercial infant formulas consumed in Brazil. A standardized in vitro gastrointestinal digestion method was used to obtain the soluble fraction of each mineral, which was analyzed by ICP OES after microwave oxidative digestion to obtain the bioaccessibility values. The total concentration and the bioaccessibility of the elements varied considerably according to the sample type (traditional infant formulas, formulas for infants with gastrointestinal problems, formulas for premature and soy-based). The bioaccessibility values are 3-43% (Ca), 53-97% (Cu), 35-100% (Fe), 70-114% (K), 47-90% (Mg), 52-95% (P), 31-92% (Zn). In general, the total concentration values for the elements were higher than that declared by the manufacturers, also than the current legislation as well, regarding the DRI. Although these results, it is important to emphasize that the consumption of infant formulas can provide an adequate intake of minerals for the infants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05215-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Moraes
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - E. do Nascimento da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
- Department of Chemistry - DEQUI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences - ICEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto - UFOP, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000 Brazil
| | - V. L. Sanches
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - S. Cadore
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - H. T. Godoy
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of miR-130b Affects Mono- and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content via PPARG-PGC1α Axis in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073640. [PMID: 35409000 PMCID: PMC8998713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-130b, as a regulator of lipid metabolism in adipose and mammary gland tissues, is actively involved in lipogenesis, but its endogenous role in fatty acid synthesis remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the function and underlying mechanism of miR-130b in fatty acid synthesis using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in primary goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). A single clone with deletion of 43 nucleotides showed a significant decrease in miR-130b-5p and miR-130b-3p abundances and an increase of target genes PGC1α and PPARG. In addition, knockout of miR-130b promoted triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol accumulation, and decreased the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) C16:1, C18:1 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) C18:2, C20:3, C20:4, C20:5, C22:6. Similarly, the abundance of fatty acid synthesis genes ACACA and FASN and transcription regulators SREBP1c and SREBP2 was elevated. Subsequently, interference with PPARG instead of PGC1α in knockout cells restored the effect of miR-130b knockout, suggesting that PPARG is responsible for miR-130b regulating fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, disrupting PPARG inhibits PGC1α transcription and translation. These results reveal that miR-130b directly targets the PPARG–PGC1α axis, to inhibit fatty acid synthesis in GMEC. In conclusion, miR-130b could be a potential molecular regulator for improving the beneficial fatty acids content in goat milk.
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Brożek OM, Kiełczewska K, Bohdziewicz K. Fatty acid profile and thermal characteristics of ovine and bovine milk and their mixtures. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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The Role of Bovine and Non-Bovine Milk in Cardiometabolic Health: Should We Raise the "Baa"? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020290. [PMID: 35057470 PMCID: PMC8780791 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although causality is yet to be confirmed, a considerable volume of research has explored the relationships between cow milk consumption, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Contrastingly, it has not been comprehensively examined whether milk of non-bovine origin can provide cardiometabolic protection. This narrative review outlines the marked differences in macronutrient composition, particularly protein and lipid content, and discusses how whole milk product (and individual milk ingredients) from different species could impact cardiometabolic health. There is some data, although primarily from compositional analyses, animal studies, and acute clinical trials, that non-bovine milk (notably sheep and goat milk) could be a viable substitute to cow milk for the maintenance, or enhancement, of cardiometabolic health. With a high content of medium-chain triglycerides, conjugated linoleic acid, leucine, and essential minerals, sheep milk could assist in the prevention of metabolic-related disorders. Similarly, albeit with a lower content of such functional compounds relative to sheep milk, goat and buffalo milk could be plausible counterparts to cow milk. However, the evidence required to generate nutritional recommendations for ‘non-bovine milk’ is currently lacking. Longer-term randomised controlled trials must assess how the bioactive ingredients of different species’ milks collectively influence biomarkers of, and subsequently incidence of, cardiometabolic health.
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Röszer T. Co-Evolution of Breast Milk Lipid Signaling and Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111705. [PMID: 34827703 PMCID: PMC8615456 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is a unique and defining behavior of mammals and has a fundamental role in nourishing offspring by supplying a lipid-rich product that is utilized to generate heat and metabolic fuel. Heat generation from lipids is a feature of newborn mammals and is mediated by the uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration in specific fat depots. Breastfeeding and thermogenic adipose tissue have a shared evolutionary history: both have evolved in the course of homeothermy evolution; breastfeeding mammals are termed “thermolipials”, meaning “animals with warm fat”. Beyond its heat-producing capacity, thermogenic adipose tissue is also necessary for proper lipid metabolism and determines adiposity in offspring. Recent advances have demonstrated that lipid metabolism in infants is orchestrated by breast milk lipid signals, which establish mother-to-child signaling and control metabolic development in the infant. Breastfeeding rates are declining worldwide, and are paralleled by an alarming increase in childhood obesity, which at least in part may have its roots in the impaired metabolic control by breast milk lipid signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Science, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Kittibunchakul S, Yuthaworawit N, Whanmek K, Suttisansanee U, Santivarangkna C. Health beneficial properties of a novel plant-based probiotic drink produced by fermentation of brown rice milk with GABA-producing Lactobacillus pentosus isolated from Thai pickled weed. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Blackshaw K, Wu J, Proschogo N, Davies J, Oldfield D, Schindeler A, Banati RB, Dehghani F, Valtchev P. The effect of thermal pasteurization, freeze-drying, and gamma irradiation on donor human milk. Food Chem 2021; 373:131402. [PMID: 34741965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The availability of donor human milk (DHM) is currently limited by the volumes that can be thermally pasteurized and kept in long-term cold storage. This study assesses the application of freeze-drying followed by low-dose gamma irradiation of DHM for simplified, safe long-term storage. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) GC-MS, SDS and native PAGE gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the overall changes in volatile and protein profiles in Holder pasteurized and freeze-dried DHM was negligible compared to the natural variations in DHM. Freeze-dried DHM samples (moisture < 2.2 %) processed with 2 kGy gamma irradiation did not show any significant lipid oxidation end-products and variation in protein profile. Therefore, freeze-drying followed by in-packaging gamma irradiation could be a safe method for pasteurization, convenient storage and delivery of DHM at ambient temperature. These methods may generate a means to create a reserve stock of DHM for emergencies and humanitarian aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Blackshaw
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jiadai Wu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Proschogo
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Daniel Oldfield
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, Medical Imaging Sciences, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Mothers Milk Bank Charity (Human Milk Emergency Reserve-Project), Australia.
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Liu Y, Cai J, Zhang F. Functional comparison of breast milk, cow milk and goat milk based on changes in the intestinal flora of mice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Smith ME, Cisbani G, Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. A Scoping Review of Clinical Studies in Infants Fed Formulas Containing Palm Oil or Palm Olein and Sn-2 Palmitate. J Nutr 2021; 151:2997-3035. [PMID: 34510181 PMCID: PMC8485903 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitic acid (PA; 16:0) is added to infant formula in the form of palm oil/palm olein (PO/POL) and stereospecific numbered-2 palmitate (SN2). Several studies have examined the effects of PO/POL and or SN2 in formulas on health outcomes, mainly growth, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. However, the roles of PA, PO/POL, and SN2 on neurodevelopment remains unknown. OBJECTIVES The objective of this scoping review was to map out studies in infants fed formula with PO/POL or SN2 to identify current knowledge on the role of PA in infant nutrition, specifically neurodevelopment. METHODS Data sources, including Medline, Embase, CAB Abstracts, and the Cochrane Database, were searched. Eligible articles were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies examining outcomes in term singleton infants fed formula containing PO/POL or SN2. Studies examining preterm infants or infants with infections, mixed-feeding interventions, or outcomes not concerned with PO/POL or SN2 were excluded. Screening and data extraction were performed by 2 independent reviewers, and results were charted into 10 outcome categories. RESULTS We identified 28 RCTs and 2 observational studies. Only 1 RCT examined a neurodevelopmental outcome, reporting infants fed SN2 formula had higher fine motor skill scores compared to those fed a vegetable oil formula with a lower amount of SN2; however, only after adjustment for maternal education and at an earlier, but not a later time point. Anthropometric measures do not appear to be influenced by PO/POL or SN2 within formulas. Alternatively, it was reported that infants fed PO/POL within formulas had a decreased absorption of calcium, total fat, and PA compared to those fed vegetable oil formulas. However, studies were heterogenous, making it difficult to isolate the effects of PO/POL or SN2 in formulas. CONCLUSIONS Our review reiterates the need for future studies to address the effects of PO/POL and SN2 on neurodevelopment in infants. This study is registered at Open Science Framework as osf.io/697he.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kasapidou E, Basdagianni Z, Papadopoulos V, Karaiskou C, Kesidis A, Tsiotsias A. Effects of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Production on Sheep Milk Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Characteristics, Fatty Acid Profile, and Nutritional Indices. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092578. [PMID: 34573544 PMCID: PMC8470749 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intensive and semi-intensive sheep farming are the two farming systems usually employed in Greece. Several studies have been conducted on the effect of the farming system on sheep milk fatty acid composition. This study simultaneously examines milk basic composition, physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, and nutritional value according to the production system. Bulk tank milk from farms using the intensive and semi-intensive production systems was analyzed. The results show that grazing can improve the fatty acid composition of milk. Thus, pasture-based feeding strategies could improve the fatty acid composition and the nutritional properties of sheep dairy products. Abstract Dairy sheep farming is a vital sector of the agricultural economy in Greece. Information on the effect of the farming system on sheep milk characteristics is critical for producing dairy products with improved nutritional value according to the current guidelines for healthy food consumption. This study aimed to investigate the basic composition, physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, and nutritional indices of milk produced in intensive and semi-intensive sheep farms. Bulk tank milk samples from 20 intensive and 20 semi-intensive sheep farms were examined. Sheep in the intensive farms were kept indoors and were fed with roughage, silage, and concentrates. Sheep in the semi-intensive farms were kept indoors during the night and were moved to the pastures during the day. Sheep were fed with roughage, silage, and concentrates in combination with grazing. Milk composition and somatic cell count were determined with automatic analyzers. The physicochemical characteristics were determined with standard laboratory methods. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. The farming system did not affect milk chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics. However, milk fatty acid composition and nutritional value were significantly improved in milk from farms using the semi-intensive production system, and this favorable effect was attributed to the inclusion of pasture in sheep diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kasapidou
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece; (V.P.); (A.K.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoitsa Basdagianni
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Z.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Vasileios Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece; (V.P.); (A.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Chrysoula Karaiskou
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Z.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Anastasios Kesidis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece; (V.P.); (A.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Arsenios Tsiotsias
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece; (V.P.); (A.K.); (A.T.)
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Ong SL, Blenkiron C, Haines S, Acevedo-Fani A, Leite JAS, Zempleni J, Anderson RC, McCann MJ. Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Nutritional and Therapeutic Opportunity? Nutrients 2021; 13:2505. [PMID: 34444665 PMCID: PMC8398904 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk has been shown to contain a specific fraction of extracellular particles that are reported to resist digestion and are purposefully packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to exert specific biological effects. These findings suggest that these particles may have a role in the quality of infant nutrition, particularly in the early phase of life when many of the foundations of an infant's potential for health and overall wellness are established. However, much of the current research focuses on human or cow milk only, and there is a knowledge gap in how milk from other species, which may be more commonly consumed in different regions, could also have these reported biological effects. Our review provides a summary of the studies into the extracellular particle fraction of milk from a wider range of ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, focusing on how this fraction is isolated and characterised, the stability and uptake of the fraction, and the reported biological effects of these fractions in a range of model systems. As the individual composition of milk from different species is known to differ, we propose that the extracellular particle fraction of milk from non-traditional and minority species may also have important and distinct biological properties that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ling Ong
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand;
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Haines
- Beyond Food Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 7674, New Zealand;
| | - Alejandra Acevedo-Fani
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Juliana A. S. Leite
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Rachel C. Anderson
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Mark J. McCann
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
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Thum C, Roy NC, Everett DW, McNabb WC. Variation in milk fat globule size and composition: A source of bioactives for human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:87-113. [PMID: 34190660 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1944049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globules (MFGs) are secreted from the mammalian gland and are composed of a triacylglycerol core surrounded by a triple membrane structure, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The MFGM contains complex lipids and proteins reported to have nutritional, immunological, neurological and digestive functions. Human and ruminant milk are shown to share a similar MFG structure but with different size, profile and abundance of protein and polar lipids. This review summarizes the reported data on human, bovine, caprine and ovine MFG composition and concentration of bioactive components in different MFG-size fractions. A comprehensive understanding of compositional variations between milk from different species and MFG size fractions may help promote various milk sources as targeted supplements to improve human development and health. MFG size and MFGM composition are species-specific and affected by lactation, diet and breed (or maternal origin). Purification and enrichment methods for some bioactive proteins and lipids present in the MFGM have yet to be established or are not scaled sufficiently to be used to supplement human diets. To overcome this problem, MFG size selection through fractionation or herd selection may provide a convenient way to pre-enrich the MFG fraction with specific protein and lipid components to fulfill human dietary and health requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David W Everett
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mare's Milk from a Small Polish Specialized Farm-Basic Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Healthy Lipid Indices. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061590. [PMID: 34071465 PMCID: PMC8227068 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As mare’s milk has high nutritional and biological value, it has a number of therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the basic composition, fatty acid profile, and values of health-related indices of milk from mares of different lactation stages, ages, and birth orders. The study was conducted on milk obtained from Coldblood mares in weeks 10, 15, and 25 of lactation. The mares were aged between five and 14 years. It was found that milk produced from the 15th week of lactation had the most beneficial fatty acid composition and very beneficial values of health-related indices (low values of the atherogenic index—AI and thrombogenic index—TI), which is important with regard to the prevention of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Moreover, the study found a dependence between birth order and the atherogenic index, which was lower in milk derived from older mares (birth order > 7). The findings from the study indicate that it is possible to modify the fatty acid profile of milk by appropriately managing the age structure of the herd of mares, among other things. To confirm this dependence, the study will be continued on a larger group of mares. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and values of healthy indices of milk from a specialized farm of Polish Coldblood mares of different ages, birth orders, and lactation stages. Milk samples (n = 48) were collected for analysis in weeks 10, 15, and 25 of lactation from mares aged between five and 14 years. The study showed that the stage of lactation has a significant effect on the fatty acid (FA) profile of the milk produced on the farm. The highest concentration of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs was found in milk produced from the 15th week of lactation. The milk was also characterized by low values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, which indicate the health benefits of milk with respect to the content of fatty acids and their potential to prevent or cause atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The study also found a significant correlation between the number of foalings (birth order), the fatty acid profile, and atherogenic index of milk produced on the farm. The findings from the study indicate that it is possible to modify the fatty acid profile of bulk tank milk through appropriate management of the age structure of the herd of mares. To confirm this dependence, the study will be continued on a larger group of mares.
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Tian M, Wu Z, Heng J, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Novel advances in understanding fatty acid-binding G protein-coupled receptors and their roles in controlling energy balance. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:187-199. [PMID: 34027989 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases have been recognized as the main factors that endanger human health worldwide. Most of these metabolic syndromes develop when the energy balance in the body is disrupted. Energy balance depends upon the systemic regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Fatty acid-binding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues and cells involved in energy homeostasis regulation. In this review, the distribution and biological functions of fatty acid-binding GPCRs are summarized, particularly with respect to the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue. A systematic understanding of the physiological functions of the fatty acid-binding GPCRs involved in energy homeostasis regulation will help in identifying novel pharmacological targets for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Wu
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Heng
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
We have previously bred Chinese local dairy sheep through grading up with local Small-Tailed Han (STH) sheep as female parent and DairyMeade (DM) sheep as male parent. In this research communication we characterize the whey protein profile of STH sheep and their offspring (F1, F2) to reveal physiological differences and variation in milk traits. A total of 1032 whey proteins were identified through tandem mass tag labeling (TMT) proteome profiling. Three proteins were significantly differentially abundant between F1 and STH milk, six between F2 and STH milk and five between F1 and F2 milk. In terms of differential changes between generations, WASHC4 and CUTA of F1 and Ig-like domain-containing protein of F2 milk were dominant whey proteins. Overall, the results showed that the whey protein profiles of different generations varied little. The crossbreeds of STH and DM sheep would be suitable for the development of the Chinese local sheep milk industry, and the F2 may be a better population for sheep milk production.
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Milk and Dairy Products: Good or Bad for Human Bone? Practical Dietary Recommendations for the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041329. [PMID: 33920532 PMCID: PMC8072827 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis affects women twice as often as men. Additionally, it is estimated that 0.3 million and 1.7 million people have hip fractures in the USA and Europe, respectively. Having a proper peak bone mass and keeping it as long as possible is especially important for osteoporosis prevention. One of the most important calcium sources is milk and dairy products. Breast milk is the best infant food, but milk should not be avoided later in life to prevent losing bone mass. On the other hand, more and more people limit their milk consumption and consume other dairy or non-dairy products. For example, they are usually replaced with plant beverages, which should be consumed carefully in several age groups. Additionally, an important element of milk and dairy products, as well as plant beverages, are probiotics and prebiotics, which may modulate bone turnover. Dietary recommendations focused on milk, and dairy products are an important element for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteome and Micronutrients in the Milk Lipid Fraction: Insights into Milk Bioactive Compounds. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk lipids are composed of milk fat globules (MFGs) surrounded by the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). MFGM protects MFGs from coalescence and enzymatic degradation. The milk lipid fraction is a “natural solvent” for macronutrients such as phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol, and micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins. The research focused largely on the polar lipids of MFGM, given their wide bioactive properties. In this review we discussed (i) the composition of MFGM proteome and its variations among species and phases of lactation and (ii) the micronutrient content of human and cow’s milk lipid fraction. The major MFGM proteins are shared among species, but the molecular function and protein expression of MFGM proteins vary among species and phases of lactation. The main minerals in the milk lipid fraction are iron, zinc, copper and calcium, whereas the major vitamins are vitamin A, β-carotene, riboflavin and α-tocopherol. The update and the combination of this knowledge could lead to the exploitation of the MFGM proteome and the milk lipid fraction at nutritional, biological or technological levels. An example is the design of innovative and value-added products, such as MFGM-supplemented infant formulas.
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