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Ndlovu N, Kachapur RM, Beyene Y, Das B, Ogugo V, Makumbi D, Spillane C, McKeown PC, Prasanna BM, Gowda M. Linkage mapping and genomic prediction of grain quality traits in tropical maize ( Zea mays L.). Front Genet 2024; 15:1353289. [PMID: 38456017 PMCID: PMC10918846 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1353289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The suboptimal productivity of maize systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a pressing issue, with far-reaching implications for food security, nutrition, and livelihood sustainability within the affected smallholder farming communities. Dissecting the genetic basis of grain protein, starch and oil content can increase our understanding of the governing genetic systems, improve the efficacy of future breeding schemes and optimize the end-use quality of tropical maize. Here, four bi-parental maize populations were evaluated in field trials in Kenya and genotyped with mid-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Genotypic (G), environmental (E) and G×E variations were found to be significant for all grain quality traits. Broad sense heritabilities exhibited substantial variation (0.18-0.68). Linkage mapping identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the studied grain quality traits: 13, 7, 33, 8 and 2 QTLs for oil content, protein content, starch content, grain texture and kernel weight, respectively. The co-localization of QTLs identified in our research suggests the presence of shared genetic factors or pleiotropic effects, implying that specific genomic regions influence the expression of multiple grain quality traits simultaneously. Genomic prediction accuracies were moderate to high for the studied traits. Our findings highlight the polygenic nature of grain quality traits and demonstrate the potential of genomic selection to enhance genetic gains in maize breeding. Furthermore, the identified genomic regions and single nucleotide polymorphism markers can serve as the groundwork for investigating candidate genes that regulate grain quality traits in tropical maize. This, in turn, can facilitate the implementation of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs focused on improving grain nutrient levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Ndlovu
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rajashekar M. Kachapur
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Biswanath Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Veronica Ogugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Spillane
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter C. McKeown
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
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Ni'matullah Al-Baarri A, Susanti S, Legowo AM, Hadipernata M, Aryanto A, Liestyana PS. Accelerated shelf life determination of corn snack bars. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:10718. [PMID: 38116376 PMCID: PMC10726395 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.10718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Corn snack bars are a product made from corn extrudate and additional ingredients in the form of sorghum flour and can be consumed as a nutritious snack. The shelf life of snack bar products needs to be known to ensure product quality reaches consumers. This study aims to determine the shelf life changes in critical parameters during storage using the accelerated shelf life testing Arrhenius method. Tests on the estimation of shelf life with the Arrhenius method were carried out at 3 different storage temperatures (10°C, 30°C, and 47°C) for 35 days with an observation time of every 7 days. The shelf life of corn snack bars was tested using parameters of quality changes such as water content, texture hardness, and springiness. Based on the results obtained, the final shelf life of the corn snack bar is determined by the crispness parameter; shelf life at 10°C is 233 days, at 30°C is 111 days, and at 47°C is 363 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ni'matullah Al-Baarri
- Food Technology, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University
| | - Siti Susanti
- Food Technology, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University
| | - Anang Mohamad Legowo
- Food Technology, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University
| | - Mulyana Hadipernata
- Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
| | - Arif Aryanto
- Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
| | - Putri Safina Liestyana
- Food Technology, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University
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Verbeecke V, Custódio L, Strobbe S, Van Der Straeten D. The role of orphan crops in the transition to nutritional quality-oriented crop improvement. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108242. [PMID: 37640278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient malnutrition is a persisting problem threatening global human health. Biofortification via metabolic engineering has been proposed as a cost-effective and short-term means to alleviate this burden. There has been a recent rise in the recognition of potential that underutilized, orphan crops can hold in decreasing malnutrition concerns. Here, we illustrate how orphan crops can serve as a medium to provide micronutrients to populations in need, whilst promoting and maintaining dietary diversity. We provide a roadmap, illustrating which aspects to be taken into consideration when evaluating orphan crops. Recent developments have shown successful biofortification via metabolic engineering in staple crops. This review provides guidance in the implementation of these successes to relevant orphan crop species, with a specific focus on the relevant micronutrients iron, zinc, provitamin A and folates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Verbeecke
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Custódio
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Elouadi F, Amri A, El-Baouchi A, Kehel Z, Jilal A, Ibriz M. Genotypic and environmental effects on quality and nutritional attributes of Moroccan barley cultivars and elite breeding lines. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1204572. [PMID: 37899827 PMCID: PMC10602734 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1204572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although barley is mainly used for livestock feed and beverages, its use as human feed can enrich human diets with some health benefits. The development of new hulless varieties rich in β-glucans and micronutrients can enhance the use of barley as food, but little is known about the effects of the environment on these nutritional traits. In this study, we evaluated five Moroccan varieties and two elite breeding lines of barley at four locations in Morocco during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 cropping seasons. The results showed highly significant differences between genotypes for β-glucan, protein, iron, and selenium contents, as well as 1000 kernel weight, but not zinc content; significant to highly significant differences between environments for all traits except β-glucan content; and significant to highly significant interactions for all traits. The highest level of β-glucan content has reached 11.57% observed at the Sidi El Aydi site during the growing season 2017-2018 for the hulless variety Chifaa. This variety has shown the highest content of β-glucan (6.2-11.57%) over all environments except at Tassaout during the 2016-2017 seasons. The breeding line M9V5 has achieved significantly higher protein content at all the locations during the two growing seasons, ranging from 12.38 to 20.14%. Most hulless lines had significantly higher β-glucan and protein contents, but lower 1000 kernel weight. For micronutrients, the content ranges were 28.94 to 38.23 ppm for Fe, 28.78 to 36.49 ppm for Zn, and 0.14 to 0.18 ppm for Se, with the highest content for Fe and Zn shown by the breeding line M9V5 and Chifaa showing average contents of 33.39 ppm, 35.34 ppm, and 0.18 ppm for Fe, Zn, and Se, respectively. The GGE biplot confirmed the high and relatively stable content of β-glucan and acceptable micronutrient contents of the Chifaa variety and identified Marchouch as the most discriminant site to breed for biofortified barley varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Elouadi
- Plant Animal Productions and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Amri
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Adil El-Baouchi
- AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Kehel
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abderrazek Jilal
- National Institute for Agricultural Research, Regional Center of Rabat, Rabat Institutes, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ibriz
- Plant Animal Productions and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
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Mishra P, Mishra J, Arora NK. Biofortification revisited: Addressing the role of beneficial soil microbes for enhancing trace elements concentration in staple crops. Microbiol Res 2023; 275:127442. [PMID: 37437425 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Trace element deficiency is a pervasive issue contributing to malnutrition on a global scale. The primary cause of this hidden hunger is related to low dietary intake of essential trace elements, which is highly prevalent in numerous regions across the world. To address deficiency diseases in humans, fortification of staple crops with vital trace elements has emerged as a viable solution. Current methods for fortifying crops encompass chemical amendments, genetic breeding, and transgenic approaches, yet these approaches possess certain limitations, constraining their agricultural application. In contrast, fortifying staple crops through the utilization of soil-beneficial microbes has emerged as a promising and economically feasible approach to enhance trace element content in crops. A specific subset of these beneficial soil microbes, referred to as plant growth-promoting microbes, have demonstrated their ability to influence the interactions between plants, soil, and minerals. These microbes facilitate the transport of essential soil minerals, such as zinc, iron, and selenium, into plants, offering the potential for the development of tailored bioinoculants that can enhance the nutritional quality of cereals, pulses, and vegetable crops. Nevertheless, further research efforts are necessary to comprehensively understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake, transport, and augmentation of trace element concentrations in staple crops. By delving deeper into these mechanisms, customized bioinoculants of soil-beneficial microbes can be developed to serve as highly effective strategies in combating trace element deficiency and promoting global nutritional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Jitendra Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Arora
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India.
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Avnee, Sood S, Chaudhary DR, Jhorar P, Rana RS. Biofortification: an approach to eradicate micronutrient deficiency. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1233070. [PMID: 37789898 PMCID: PMC10543656 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1233070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency also known as "hidden hunger" refers to a condition that occurs when the body lacks essential vitamins and minerals that are required in small amounts for proper growth, development and overall health. These deficiencies are particularly common in developing countries, where a lack of access to a varied and nutritious diet makes it difficult for people to get the micronutrients they need. Micronutrient supplementation has been a topic of interest, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, due to its potential role in supporting immune function and overall health. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), and selenium (Se) deficiency in humans are significant food-related issues worldwide. Biofortification is a sustainable strategy that has been developed to address micronutrient deficiencies by increasing the levels of essential vitamins and minerals in staple crops that are widely consumed by people in affected communities. There are a number of agricultural techniques for biofortification, including selective breeding of crops to have higher levels of specific nutrients, agronomic approach using fertilizers and other inputs to increase nutrient uptake by crops and transgenic approach. The agronomic approach offers a temporary but speedy solution while the genetic approach (breeding and transgenic) is the long-term solution but requires time to develop a nutrient-rich variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnee
- Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Sonia Sood
- Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Desh Raj Chaudhary
- Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Pooja Jhorar
- Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Ranbir Singh Rana
- Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
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Akhtar S, Mekonnen TW, Osthoff G, Mashingaidz K, Labuschagne M. Genotype by Environment Interaction in Grain Iron and Zinc Concentration and Yield of Maize Hybrids under Low Nitrogen and Optimal Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1463. [PMID: 37050089 PMCID: PMC10096665 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Maize is the staple food crop for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiency is a significant health risk that mainly affects low-income populations who rely solely on maize-based diets. This problem can be alleviated by developing micronutrient-rich maize grain. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation and performance of hybrids for Fe and Zn concentration and grain yield under low soil nitrogen (N) and optimal conditions. Eighteen hybrids derived from lines and testers with low, medium, and high Fe and Zn concentration were grown during the summer rainy seasons of 2017 and 2018 at three locations under low and optimal N conditions. There were significant genotype and environment effects for grain yield, and Fe and Zn concentration, but the genotype by environment interaction effects were the largest, accounting for between 36% and 56% of variation under low N conditions. Low N levels significantly reduced grain yield, and Fe and Zn concentration. Hybrids G1, G2, G4, G7, G10, G11, and G16 were relatively stable, with relatively high mean Fe and Zn concentrations, and low additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) stability values and iron stability index (FSI) and zinc stability index (ZSI) under low N conditions. These genotypes can be considered for production under low N stress conditions. Two environments (E4 and E3) were identified for good discriminatory power for genotype performance in terms of Fe and Zn content, respectively. Stable and high-yielding genotypes with high Fe and Zn concentration can be used as biofortified hybrids, which can contribute to a sustainable solution to malnutrition in the region, especially under low N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Akhtar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Tesfaye Walle Mekonnen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Gernot Osthoff
- Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | | | - Maryke Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Amegbor IK, van Biljon A, Shargie NG, Tarekegne A, Labuschagne MT. Combining ability estimates for quality and non-quality protein maize inbred lines for grain yield, agronomic, and quality traits. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1123224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionBiofortified maize varieties could contribute to the fight against hunger and malnutrition of the increasing human population and help meet the high demand of maize for human consumption, industrial use and feed for animal and poultry. The understanding of the genetic mechanisms conditioning the inheritance of grain yield and other agronomic and quality traits is essential in the development of superior maize genotypes. The main objective of this study was to determine the combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits of QPM and non-QPM inbred lines crossed with two QPM and two non-QPM testers.Materials and methodsA total of 130 hybrids were obtained by crossing 10 non-QPM and 23 QPM lines with four elite testers (two QPM and two non-QPM). The 130 single cross hybrids were evaluated at 13 sites in 2018 and 2019.Results and discussionThe results showed significant general combining ability (GCA) for lines and testers as well as significant specific combining ability (SCA) for hybrids for most of the measured traits. Non-additive gene action controlled the inheritance of grain yield while agronomic and quality traits were controlled by additive gene action. QPM lines 11, 14 and 28 and non-QPM tester CML444 showed desirable GCA effects for grain yield, indicating that these lines in combination with tester CML444 should be considered when targeting development of superior maize genotypes with QPM traits.ConclusionsBased on the SCA values, crosses 120, 108, 105, 99, 85, and 41 were identified as the best hybrids across the locations. It is recommended that maize breeding programs targeting the development of high yielding QPM hybrids should exploit QPM lines with high GCA values for heterosis to be realized. In addition, the identified superior hybrids may be further evaluated and consequently promoted for commercial release which could increase incomes of farmers and help to alleviate poverty, hunger and malnutrition in southern Africa and sub-Saharan Africa at large.
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Satarova TM, Denysiuk KV, Cherchel VY, Dziubetskyi BV. Distribution of Alleles of β-Carotene Hydroxylase 1 Gene in Modern Genotypes of Zea mays L. CYTOL GENET+ 2023. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452723010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Matongera N, Ndhlela T, van Biljon A, Kamutando CN, Labuschagne M. Combining ability and testcross performance of multi-nutrient maize under stress and non-stress environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1070302. [PMID: 36760637 PMCID: PMC9902879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While significant progress has been made by several international breeding institutions in improving maize nutritional quality, stacking of nutritional traits like zinc (Zn), quality protein, and provitamin A has not received much attention. In this study, 11 newly introduced Zn-enhanced inbred lines were inter-mated with seven testers from normal, provitamin A and quality protein maize (QPM) nutritional backgrounds in order to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for grain yield (GY) and secondary traits under stress conditions [(combined heat and drought stress (HMDS) and managed low nitrogen (LN)] and non-stress conditions [(summer rainfed; OPT) and well-watered (irrigated winter; WW)] in Zimbabwe. Lines L6 and L7 had positive GCA effects for GY and secondary traits under OPT and LN conditions, and L8 and L9 were good general combiners for GY under HMDS conditions. Superior hybrids with high GY and desirable secondary traits were identified as L10/T7 and L9/T7 (Zn x normal), L2/T4, L4/T4, L3/T5 (Zn x provitamin A), and L8/T6 and L11/T3 (Zn x QPM), suggesting the possibility of developing Zn-enhanced hybrids with high yield potential using different nutritional backgrounds. Both additive and dominance gene effects were important in controlling most of the measured traits. This suggests that selecting for desirable traits during inbred line development followed by hybridization and testing of specific crosses under different management conditions could optimize the breeding strategy for stacked nutritionally-enhanced maize genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakai Matongera
- Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre (SIRDC), Harare, Zimbabwe
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Thokozile Ndhlela
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Angeline van Biljon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Casper N. Kamutando
- Department of Plant Production Sciences and Technologies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Maryke Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Krishna VV, Lantican MA, Prasanna B, Pixley K, Abdoulaye T, Menkir A, Bänziger M, Erenstein O. Impact of CGIAR maize germplasm in Sub-Saharan Africa. FIELD CROPS RESEARCH 2023; 290:108756. [PMID: 36597471 PMCID: PMC9760565 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the adoption and impacts of CGIAR-related maize varieties in 18 major maize-producing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) during 1995-2015. Of the 1345 maize varieties released during this timeframe, approximately 60% had a known CGIAR parentage. About 34% (9.5 million ha) of the total maize area in 2015 was cultivated with 'new' CGIAR-related maize varieties released between 1995 and 2015. In the same year, an additional 13% of the maize area was cultivated with 'old' CGIAR-related maize varieties released before 1995. The aggregate annual economic benefit of using new CGIAR-related maize germplasm for yield increase in SSA was estimated at US$1.1-1.6 billion in 2015, which we attributed equally to co-investments by CGIAR funders, public-sector national research and extension programs, and private sector partners. Given that the annual global investment in CGIAR maize breeding at its maximum was US$30 million, the benefit-cost ratios for the CGIAR investment and CGIAR-attributable portion of economic benefits varied from 12:1-17:1, under the assumption of a 5-year lag in the research investment to yield returns. The study also discusses the methodological challenges involved in large-scale impact assessments. Post-2015 CGIAR tropical maize breeding efforts have had a strong emphasis on stress tolerance.
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Key Words
- CGIAR
- CIMMYT, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
- CRP, CGIAR Research Program
- Crop research program
- DPD, dynamic panel data
- Economic impact
- GMM, generalized method of moments
- IITA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
- Improved germplasm
- NARS, National Agriculture Research System
- OLS, ordinary least squares
- OPVs, open-pollinated varieties
- QPM, quality protein maize
- R&D, research-and-development
- SME, small and medium enterprise
- SSA, sub-Saharan Africa
- Varietal adoption
- proVA, provitamin-A
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijesh V. Krishna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, 502324 Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Tahirou Abdoulaye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Bamako, Mali
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Basnet B, Khanal S. Quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for iron and zinc bio-fortification in genetically diverse germplasm of maize ( Zea mays L): A systematic review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12593. [PMID: 36619433 PMCID: PMC9813765 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically and economically, Maize plays a pivotal role in tackling Iron-Zinc mineral deficiency through the crop's biofortification approach to high-yielding cultivars. The objective of this study is to summarize quantitative trait loci (QTL) is useful for identifying novel genes of interest in diverse germplasm for understanding the exact genetic mechanism for Iron and zinc uptake, deposition, and biosynthesis in Zea mays L endosperm. various techniques like Germplasm Genetic Wide Association, QTL meta-analysis, and biparental linkage analysis are used by researchers in diverse germplasm of Maize for the gene of interest marking and are extracted as secondary information through a systematic review of scientific published sources in peer-reviewed sites. A literature review was focused on quantitative trait loci with candidate genes from different families like YS, NRAMP, ferritin, Cation efflux, etc., and cloned four phytase soluble genes which influence the concentration as well as bioavailability of Fe & Zn in the endosperm. More than 30 QTLs with 15-Fe, 17-Zn; 10 Meta QTLS are common and linked with micronutrient concentration as well 17 candidate genes from different families are responsible for the zinc-iron deposition on the endosperm. More than 46 Fe-Zn (20 + 26) SNPs and 22 SNPs (10 + 12) on nine different chromosomes play a significant role in the variation of the mineral value of inbreeds and Double haploid Bi-parental population of Zea mays L. In Rice and Maize, five different chromosomes are collinear for the uptake to deposition of these minerals in the endosperm. The success of marker-based biofortification depends upon the nature of germplasm, the gap between flanking marker and targeted genes, the selection of genotypes in each generation, and genotype-environment interaction which are the future area of study. This study can assist the breeders in fast-tracking Fe and Zn biofortification through frequency multiplication of these desired loci of Maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikas Basnet
- Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal,Corresponding author.
| | - Shovit Khanal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
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Ndlovu N, Spillane C, McKeown PC, Cairns JE, Das B, Gowda M. Genome-wide association studies of grain yield and quality traits under optimum and low-nitrogen stress in tropical maize (Zea mays L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:4351-4370. [PMID: 36131140 PMCID: PMC9734216 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) demonstrated that multiple genomic regions influence grain quality traits under nitrogen-starved soils. Using genomic prediction, genetic gains can be improved through selection for grain quality traits. Soils in sub-Saharan Africa are nitrogen deficient due to low fertilizer use and inadequate soil fertility management practices. This has resulted in a significant yield gap for the major staple crop maize, which is undermining nutritional security and livelihood sustainability across the region. Dissecting the genetic basis of grain protein, starch and oil content under nitrogen-starved soils can increase our understanding of the governing genetic systems and improve the efficacy of future breeding schemes. An association mapping panel of 410 inbred lines and four bi-parental populations were evaluated in field trials in Kenya and South Africa under optimum and low nitrogen conditions and genotyped with 259,798 SNP markers. Genetic correlations demonstrated that these populations may be utilized to select higher performing lines under low nitrogen stress. Furthermore, genotypic, environmental and GxE variations in nitrogen-starved soils were found to be significant for oil content. Broad sense heritabilities ranged from moderate (0.18) to high (0.86). Under low nitrogen stress, GWAS identified 42 SNPs linked to grain quality traits. These significant SNPs were associated with 51 putative candidate genes. Linkage mapping identified multiple QTLs for the grain quality traits. Under low nitrogen conditions, average prediction accuracies across the studied genotypes were higher for oil content (0.78) and lower for grain yield (0.08). Our findings indicate that grain quality traits are polygenic and that using genomic selection in maize breeding can improve genetic gain. Furthermore, the identified genomic regions and SNP markers can be utilized for selection to improve maize grain quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Ndlovu
- Plant & AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Charles Spillane
- Plant & AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland.
| | - Peter C McKeown
- Plant & AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Jill E Cairns
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP163, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Biswanath Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
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14
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Chand G, Zunjare RU, Allen T, Muthusamy V, Mishra SJ, Kasana RK, Bhatt V, Ismail MR, Sarika K, Guleria SK, Hossain F. Genetic analysis of maize genotypes possessing novel combination of opaque2 and opaque16 genes affecting higher accumulation of lysine and tryptophan in kernels. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Nutritional Diversity among Three Staple Crops and Three Fruits. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040550. [PMID: 35206028 PMCID: PMC8870860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 2 billion people worldwide are under threat of nutritional deficiency. Thus, an in-depth comprehension of the nutritional composition of staple crops and popular fruits is essential for health. Herein, we performed LC-MS-based non-targeted and targeted metabolome analyses with crops (including wheat, rice, and corn) and fruits (including grape, banana, and mango). We detected a total of 2631 compounds by using non-targeted strategy and identified more than 260 nutrients. Our work discovered species-dependent accumulation of common present nutrients in crops and fruits. Although rice and wheat lack vitamins and amino acids, sweet corn was rich in most amino acids and vitamins. Among the three fruits, mango had more vitamins and amino acids than grape and banana. Grape and banana provided sufficient 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and vitamin B6, respectively. Moreover, rice and grape had a high content of flavonoids. In addition, the three crops contained more lipids than fruits. Furthermore, we also identified species-specific metabolites. The crops yielded 11 specific metabolites, including flavonoids, lipids, and others. Meanwhile, most fruit-specific nutrients were flavonoids. Our work discovered the complementary pattern of essential nutrients in crops and fruits, which provides metabolomic evidence for a healthy diet.
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16
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Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030484. [PMID: 35276844 PMCID: PMC8839250 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.
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17
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Koç E, Karayiğit B. Assessment of Biofortification Approaches Used to Improve Micronutrient-Dense Plants That Are a Sustainable Solution to Combat Hidden Hunger. JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION 2022; 22:475-500. [PMID: 34754134 PMCID: PMC8567986 DOI: 10.1007/s42729-021-00663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition causes diseases, immune system disorders, deterioration in physical growth, mental development, and learning capacity worldwide. Micronutrient deficiency, known as hidden hunger, is a serious global problem. Biofortification is a cost-effective and sustainable agricultural strategy for increasing the concentrations or bioavailability of essential elements in the edible parts of plants, minimizing the risks of toxic metals, and thus reducing malnutrition. It has the advantage of delivering micronutrient-dense food crops to a large part of the global population, especially poor populations. Agronomic biofortification and biofertilization, traditional plant breeding, and optimized fertilizer applications are more globally accepted methods today; however, genetic biofortification based on genetic engineering such as increasing or manipulating (such as CRISPR-Cas9) the expression of genes that affect the regulation of metal homeostasis and carrier proteins that serve to increase the micronutrient content for higher nutrient concentration and greater productivity or that affect bioavailability is also seen as a promising high-potential strategy in solving this micronutrient deficiency problem. Data that micronutrients can help strengthen the immune system against the COVID-19 pandemic and other diseases has highlighted the importance of tackling micronutrient deficiencies. In this study, biofortification approaches such as plant breeding, agronomic techniques, microbial fertilization, and some genetic and nanotechnological methods used in the fight against micronutrient deficiency worldwide were compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Koç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belgizar Karayiğit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Alamu EO, Maziya-Dixon B, Menkir A, Adesokan M, Olaofe O. Assessment of Functional and Pasting Properties of Fresh Orange Maize Hybrids and Open-Pollinated Varieties as Influenced by Genotype, Harvesting Time, and Growing Location. Front Nutr 2021; 8:757728. [PMID: 34901110 PMCID: PMC8653809 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.757728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluates the effects of genotype, maturity, and growing location on the functional and pasting properties of freshly harvested orange maize hybrids and open-pollinated varieties (OPVs). Eight fresh orange maize hybrid and eight fresh maize OPV, including the control, were harvested at three stages: 20, 27, and 34 days after planting (DAP). The freshly harvested maize samples were lyophilized and characterized for the pasting and functional properties using standard laboratory methods. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, and swelling power of the OPVs increased between 20 and 27 DAP. Additionally, the water absorption capacity increased between 20 and 27 DAP for the maize hybrids, with a decreasing trend between 27 and 34 DAP. However, genotypes 2, from the orange maize hybrid, and 5, amongst the OPV, were outstanding with the highest peak viscosities, indicating good final product quality. The combined ANOVA for the fresh orange maize hybrid and OPV showed a highly significant effect (p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.001) for the maturity and location on the pasting and functional properties except for the pasting temperature, final viscosity, and pasting time which showed no significant effect. In contrast, the location by genotypes by maturity interactions had no significant effects on the pasting and functional properties of the fresh maize hybrid and the orange OPV except only for the setback, which was highly significant at p ≤ 0.001. Nutritionists, food scientists, and maize breeders could use the information from this study to select the best maize genotypes at the appropriate harvesting period suitable for the production of the preferred maize-based products of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oladeji Alamu
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, Southern Africa Research and Administration Hub (SARAH) Campus, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lusaka, Zambia.,Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Busie Maziya-Dixon
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- Maize Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael Adesokan
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
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19
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Scharff LB, Saltenis VLR, Jensen PE, Baekelandt A, Burgess AJ, Burow M, Ceriotti A, Cohan J, Geu‐Flores F, Halkier BA, Haslam RP, Inzé D, Klein Lankhorst R, Murchie EH, Napier JA, Nacry P, Parry MAJ, Santino A, Scarano A, Sparvoli F, Wilhelm R, Pribil M. Prospects to improve the nutritional quality of crops. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lars B. Scharff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Vandasue L. R. Saltenis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center Copenhagen Plant Science Centre Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Aldo Ceriotti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology National Research Council (CNR) Milan Italy
| | | | - Fernando Geu‐Flores
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center Copenhagen Plant Science Centre Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - René Klein Lankhorst
- Wageningen Plant Research Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | | | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMPUniv MontpellierINRAECNRSMontpellier SupAgro Montpellier France
| | | | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) National Research Council (CNR) Lecce Italy
| | - Aurelia Scarano
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) National Research Council (CNR) Lecce Italy
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- DynaMo Center Copenhagen Plant Science Centre Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Ralf Wilhelm
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology Julius Kühn‐Institut – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Quedlinburg Germany
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
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20
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Cairns JE, Chamberlin J, Rutsaert P, Voss RC, Ndhlela T, Magorokosho C. Challenges for sustainable maize production of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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