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Wilson LJ, Curtis C. Running Event, Age, and Competitive Level as Predictors of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-Derived Body Composition and Bone Health Markers in Female Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e366-e372. [PMID: 38595277 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wilson, LJ and Curtis, C. Running event, age, and competitive level as predictors of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body composition and bone health markers in female runners. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): e366-e372, 2024-The aim of this study was to assess the impact of running discipline, competitive level (COMP), and age on body composition measures in female athletes. A total of n = 51 female runners (age: 30.9 ± 5.7 years, stature: 166.7 ± 5.7 cm, and body mass (BM): 57.1 ± 8.2 kg) completed a full-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan in a cross-sectional design. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis was used to identify differences in DXA measures and independent variables. Stepwise regression determined the contribution of independent variables on DXA measures. Body fat percentage (BF%) and fat mass (FM) differed based on COMP (BF%: H (2) = 17.451; FM: H (2) = 17.406, both p ≤ 0.0001). Competitive level modestly predicted BF% and FM (BF%: R2adj = 0.316, F (1,50) = 22.660; FM: R2adj = 0.300, F (1,50) = 21.029, both p ≤ 0.0001). Bone mineral density (BMD) and BMD Z-score (BMD Z ) did not differ between age, running discipline, or COMP (age: BMD: F (2,50) = 2.825, BMD Z : F (2,50) = 2.215; running discipline: BMD: F (3,50) = 1.145, BMD Z : F (3,50) = 1.474; COMP: BMD: F (2,50) = 0.074, BMD Z : F (2,50) = 1.297, all p ≤ 0.05). Age and running discipline modestly predicted BMD and BMD Z (BMD: R2adj = 0.179, F (1,50) = 5.264; BMD Z : R2adj = 0.173, F (1,50) = 4.545, both p ≤ 0.05). These findings indicate COMP may be a predictor of BF% and FM. Age and running discipline appear predictors of bone health markers. Such findings may enable medical and sport science practitioners to tailor interventions relating to realization of training adaptations, performance, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jane Wilson
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher Curtis
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Mecherques-Carini M, Albaladejo-Saura M, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Baglietto N, Esparza-Ros F. Validity and agreement between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in the estimation of fat mass in young adults. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1421950. [PMID: 38919386 PMCID: PMC11198126 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1421950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessment of fat mass has historically employed various methods like Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectrical impedance (BIA), and anthropometry with its set of formulas. However, doubts persist regarding their validity and interchangeability to evaluate fat mass. This research aimed to determine the validity of anthropometry, and BIA in estimating fat mass Vs DXA, considering the influence of sex and hydration status. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study included 265 young adults (161 males and 104 females), assessed through DXA, BIA in a standing position, and anthropometry. A fat mass estimation formula with DXA, a fat mass estimation formula with BIA and 10 fat mass estimation formulas with anthropometry were calculated. Results Significant differences were found across DXA, BIA and anthropometry in both kilograms and percentages for the overall sample (p<0.001), and when the covariable sex was included (p<0.001), with no significant effect of hydration status (p=0.332-0.527). Bonferroni-adjusted analyses revealed significant differences from DXA with anthropometry and BIA in most cases for the overall sample (p<0.001), as well as when stratified by sex (p<0.001-0.016). Lin's coefficient indicated poor agreement between most of the formulas and methods both in percentage and kilograms of fat mass (CCC=0.135-0.892). In the Bland-Altman analysis, using the DXA fat mass values as a reference, lack of agreement was found in the general sample (p<0.001-0.007), except for Carter's formula in kilograms (p=0.136) and percentage (p=0.929) and Forsyth for percentage (p=0.365). When separating the sample by sex, lack of agreement was found in males for all methods when compared with both percentage and kilograms calculated by DXA (p<0.001). In the female sample, all methods and formulas showed lack of agreement (p<0.001-0.020), except for Evans's in percentage (p=0.058). Conclusion The formulas for fat mass assessment with anthropometry and BIA may not be valid with respect to the values reported with DXA, with the exception of Carter's anthropometry formula for general sample and Evans's anthropometry formula for female sample. BIA could also be an alternative if what is needed is to assess fat mass in women as a group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Mecherques-Carini
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Nicolás Baglietto
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Brazier TA, Tallent J, Patterson SD, Howe LP, Callaghan SJ. The physical profile of female cricketers: An investigation between playing standard and position. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302647. [PMID: 38857238 PMCID: PMC11164355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to present the physical profile of female cricketers. Secondary, was to assess any differences between playing standard (professional vs. non-professional) and position (seam bowler vs. non-seam bowler). Fifty-four female cricketers (professional seam bowler [n = 16]; professional non-seam bowler [n = 17]; non-professional seam bowler [n = 10]; non-professional non-seam bowler [n = 11]) undertook a battery of physical and anthropometric assessments during the off-season period. Participant's physical profile was assessed via the broad jump, countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), 20 m sprint, run-2 cricket specific speed test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 (Yo-Yo-IR1). The sum-of-eight skinfold measurement was also recorded for professional cricketers only. Differences between playing standard and position were assessed with a two-way ANOVA. Seam bowlers possessed a significantly (p < 0.04) greater stature and had a higher body mass than non-seam bowlers. Non-seam bowlers recorded significantly (p < 0.01) further broad jump, higher normalised peak vertical force during the IMTP, and ran greater distances during the Yo-Yo-IR1. Professional cricketers produced significantly further run distances for the Yo-Yo-IR1 and faster run-2 times for the dominant turning side than non-professional cricketers. This study provides valuable insights into the physical profile of female cricketers across playing standards and positions which practitioners can use to direct and enhance training outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Brazier
- Department of Sport Science and Medicine, Northamptonshire County Cricket Club, Northampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Patterson
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Louis P. Howe
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Callaghan
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
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Baglietto N, Albaladejo-Saura M, Esparza-Ros F, Vaquero-Cristóbal R. Agreement and differences between the equations for estimating muscle and bone mass using the anthropometric method in recreational strength trainees. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17506. [PMID: 38860209 PMCID: PMC11164060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The interest in estimating muscle mass (MM) and bone mass (BM) has grown in the sporting arena, and more specifically in recreational strength trainees, leading to the creation of different strategies to assess them. The aims were: 1) to investigate the agreement between different MM and BM formulas, and the muscle-bone index (MBI), and to establish the differences between them, in a healthy young adult population; and 2) to analyze if there are differences between males and females in the comparison of MM, BM and MBI formulas. Methods This study followed a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 130 adult active recreational strength trainees were evaluated according to the procedures described by the International Society for the Advancement in Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Estimations were made in kilograms of MM and BM by following the equations by different authors. Results The results showed significant differences between the values obtained by all the MM and BM formulas in the general sample (p < 0.001), and by the majority of formulas for male and female samples. In the general sample, Lin's coefficient indicated a strong agreement between Kerr, Lee, and Poortmans' MM estimation equations (concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.96-0.97). However, when stratifying by sex, this agreement persisted only in males (CCC = 0.90-0.94), in contrast with a lack of agreement observed in females (CCC < 0.90). Discrepancies in bone mass agreement were noted both in the general sample (CCC < 0.15) and when stratified by sex (CCC < 0.12). Conclusions In general, differences were found between the values reported by the MM and BM formulas in recreational strength trainees, without an agreement between them. Sex was shown to significantly influence the differences found. The practical implications are that when comparing an individual with reference tables, other studies, or if analyzing an individual's evolution, the same estimation equation should be used, as they are not interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Baglietto
- Sport Injury Prevention Group, International Chair of Kineanthropometry, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- Sport Injury Prevention Group, International Chair of Kineanthropometry, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Sport Injury Prevention Group, Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- Sport Injury Prevention Group, International Chair of Kineanthropometry, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Wilson-Barnes SL, Pagkalos I, Patra E, Kokkinopoulou A, Hassapidou M, Lalama E, Csanalosi M, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AFH, DeCorte E, Cornelissen V, Bacelar P, Balula Dias S, Stefanidis K, Tsatsou D, Gymnopoulos L, Dimitropoulos K, Rouskas K, Argiriou N, Leoni R, Botana JM, Russell D, Lanham-New SA, Hart K. The development of an EU-wide nutrition and physical activity expert knowledge base to support a personalised mobile application across various EU population groups. NUTR BULL 2024; 49:220-234. [PMID: 38773712 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
A healthy lifestyle comprising regular physical activity and an adequate diet is imperative for the prevention of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and some cancers. Advances in information computer technology offer the opportunity to provide personalised lifestyle advice directly to the individual through devices such as smartphones or tablets. The overall aim of the PROTEIN project (Wilson-Barnes et al., 2021) was to develop a smartphone application that could provide tailored and dynamic nutrition and physical activity advice directly to the individual in real time. However, to create this mobile health (m-health) smartphone application, a knowledge base of reference ranges for macro-/micronutrient intake, anthropometry, biochemical, physiological and sleep parameters was required to underpin the parameters of the recommender systems. Therefore, the principal aim of this emerging research paper is to describe the process by which experts in nutrition and physiology from the PROTEIN consortium collaborated to develop the nutritional and physical activity requirements, based upon existing recommendations, for 10 separate population groups living within the EU including, but not limited to healthy adults, adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, excess weight, obesity and iron deficiency anaemia. A secondary aim is to describe the development of a library of 24-h meal plans appropriate for the same groups and also encompassing various dietary preferences and allergies. Overall, the consortium devised an extensive nutrition and physical activity knowledge base that is pertinent to 10 separate EU user groups, is available in 7 different languages and is practically implemented via a library of culturally appropriate, 24-h meal plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wilson-Barnes
- School of Biosciences & Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - I Pagkalos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Patra
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Kokkinopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Lalama
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Csanalosi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - E DeCorte
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Bacelar
- Healthium/Nutrium Software, Porto e Região, Portugal
| | - S Balula Dias
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Human, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K Stefanidis
- Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Tsatsou
- Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - L Gymnopoulos
- Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Dimitropoulos
- Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Rouskas
- Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Argiriou
- Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | - S A Lanham-New
- School of Biosciences & Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - K Hart
- School of Biosciences & Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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González-Cano H, Martín-Olmedo JJ, Baz-Valle E, Contreras C, Schoenfeld BJ, García-Ramos A, Jiménez-Martínez P, Alix-Fages C. Do Muscle Mass and Body Fat Differ Between Elite and Amateur Natural Physique Athletes on Competition Day? A Preliminary, Cross-Sectional, Anthropometric Study. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:951-956. [PMID: 38662887 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT González-Cano, H, Martín-Olmedo, JJ, Baz-Valle, E, Contreras, C, Schoenfeld, BJ, García-Ramos, A, Jiménez-Martínez, P, and Alix-Fages, C. Do muscle mass and body fat differ between elite and amateur natural physique athletes on competition day? A preliminary, cross-sectional, anthropometric study. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 951-956, 2024-Natural physique athletes strive to achieve low body fat levels while promoting muscle mass hypertrophy for competition day. This study aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics of natural amateur (AMA) and professional (PRO) World Natural Bodybuilding Federation (WNBF) competitors. Eleven male natural physique athletes (6 PRO and 5 AMA; age = 24.8 ± 2.3 years) underwent a comprehensive anthropometric evaluation following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol within a 24-hour time frame surrounding the competition. The 5-component fractionation method was used to obtain the body composition profile of the muscle, adipose, bone, skin, and residual tissues. Five physique athletes exceeded the 5.2 cutoff point of muscle-to-bone ratio (MBR) for natural athletes. Professional physique athletes were older than AMA physique athletes (p = 0.05), and they also presented larger thigh girths (p = 0.005) and bone mass (p = 0.019) compared with AMA physique athletes. Although no statistically significant between-group differences were observed in body mass, height, or body fat levels, PRO physique athletes exhibited a higher body mass index (BMI; AMA: 24.45 ± 0.12; PRO: 25.52 ± 1.01; p = 0.048), lean body mass (LBM; AMA: 64.49 ± 2.35; PRO: 69.80 ± 3.78; p = 0.024), fat-free mass (FFM; AMA: 71.23 ± 3.21; PRO: 76.52 ± 4.31; p = 0.05), LBM index (LBMI; AMA: 20.65 ± 0.52; PRO: 21.74 ± 0.85; p = 0.034), and fat-free mass index index (FFMI; AMA: 22.80 ± 0.22; PRO: 23.83 ± 0.90; p = 0.037) compared with AMA physique athletes. These findings highlight the unique characteristics and anthropometric differences between PRO and AMA natural physique athletes on competition day, emphasizing the significance of age, thigh girth, bone mass, BMI, LBM, FFM, and FFMI in distinguishing these 2 groups. Based on our findings, the established boundaries for muscle mass in natural physique athletes, based on FFMI and MBR, warrant reconsideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J Martín-Olmedo
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eneko Baz-Valle
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of País Vasco, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Carlos Contreras
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; and
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; and
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Metoyer CJ, Sullivan K, Winchester LJ, Richardson MT, Esco MR, Fedewa MV. Body composition estimates using a 2D image analysis system across different environmental conditions: An agreement study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300518. [PMID: 38282462 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the agreement between %Fat measurements using a smartphone-based application (IMAGE) across different environmental conditions. METHODS A single reference image was obtained using an 8 MP smartphone camera under Ambient Light in front of a white background. Additional photos were obtained using a 0.7 MP, 5 MP, and 12 MP smartphone cameras; low-, moderate-, and bright-lighting conditions; and various color backgrounds including black, green, orange, and gray. RESULTS %Fat measured using the 0.7 MP camera (27.8 ± 6.2 %Fat) was higher than the reference (26.8 ± 6.1 %Fat) (p < 0.001). The black (32.0 ± 12.0 %Fat), green (27.5 ± 6.3 %Fat), and gray (27.8 ± 6.3 %Fat) backgrounds yielded higher %Fat than the white (p = 0.03, 0.01, and 0.001). All camera, lighting, and background conditions were strongly correlated with the reference (all intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] >0.98, all standard error of the estimate [SEE] <1.5 %Fat, all p < 0.001), except the black background which yielded poorer agreement with the white background (ICC = 0.69, SEE = 4.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION %Fat from IMAGE were strongly correlated across various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Metoyer
- Notre Dame Sports Performance, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Katherine Sullivan
- Division of Kinesiology, Health & Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lee J Winchester
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark T Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael V Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Bondareva EA, Parfenteva OI, Troshina EA, Ershova EV, Mazurina NV, Komshilova KA, Kulemin NA, Ahmetov II. Agreement between bioimpedance analysis and ultrasound scanning in body composition assessment. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24001. [PMID: 37818870 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at evaluating the agreement between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using ABC-02 Medas and A-mode ultrasound (AUS) using BodyMetrix™ BX2000 for fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), and body fat percentage (%BF) in females. METHODS The cross-sectional, single-center, observational study was performed in 206 female subjects aged 18-67 years. The examination program included measurements of body height and weight along with waist, hip circumferences, and body composition analysis. The measurements were performed by ultrasound scanner and bioimpedance analyzer. RESULTS We found that 20.9% of women were obese based on BMI (≥30 kg/m2), which was significantly lower when using a criterion based on body fat percentage (%BF ≥ 30%) measured with US (53.4%, p = .0056) or BIA (54.8%, p = .0051). At the group level, both methods were found interchangeable and showed practically negligible differences (0.1% for %BF, 0.5 kg for FM, and 0.4 kg for FFM). Agreement analysis conducted in the whole sample revealed a low level of agreement in estimating %BF (CCC = 0.72 0.77 0.82) and FFM (CCC = 0.81 0.84 0.86), and medium level of agreement in estimating FM (CCC = 0.91 0.93 0.94). The level of agreement in estimating %BF and FFM was improved to the medium level with the use of newly generated prediction equations. CONCLUSION Thus, the proposed equations can be used for conversion of body composition results obtained by AUS into the BIA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira A Bondareva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Parfenteva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Troshina
- Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Ershova
- Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya V Mazurina
- Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Komshilova
- Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Kulemin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Lin Y, Shi Q, Yang J, Huang G, Yan J. Association of anthropometric z score with complications and length of hospital stay in children with severe pneumonia aged 3 months to 5 years. Nutr Clin Pract 2024; 39:459-469. [PMID: 37667519 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe pneumonia in children accounts for a significant healthcare burden, involving prolonged hospitalization and increased risk of complications. The prognosis is closely related to the child's nutrition status. Anthropometric z scores are preferred to evaluate growth levels in children. This study aimed to investigate the association of anthropometric z scores with complications and length of hospital stay (LOS) in children with severe pneumonia. METHODS This study included 361 hospitalized children aged 3 months to 5 years with severe pneumonia in Tianjin, China. Anthropometry was performed, and anthropometric z scores were calculated. Blood laboratory indices were assessed, and complications and LOS were recorded. RESULTS The average anthropometric z scores were -0.10 ± 1.15 (body mass index for age z score), 0.00 ± 0.97 (upper arm circumference for age z score [ACAZ]), and -0.14 ± 1.00 (triceps skinfold thickness for age z score [TSAZ]). The prevalence of complications was 73.96% (n = 267), including 82 children with only respiratory complications, 71 with only extrapulmonary complications, and 114 with both. After adjusting for confounding factors, compared with the noncomplication group, only the extrapulmonary complication group had a lower TSAZ (odds ratio [OR] = 0.597; 95% CI = 0.405-0.880; P < 0.05), whereas the respiratory and extrapulmonary complication group had a lower ACAZ (OR = 0.674; 95% CI = 0.469-0.969; P < 0.05) and TSAZ (OR = 0.573; 95% CI = 0.389-0.843; P < 0.05). ACAZ (β = -0.368; 95% CI = -0.720 to 0.016; P < 0.05) and TSAZ (β = -1.123; 95% CI = -1.470 to -0.777; P < 0.05) were negatively correlated with LOS. CONCLUSION ACAZ and TSAZ were associated with complications and LOS of severe pneumonia in children aged 3 months to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junhong Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Administration, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Bongiovanni T, Lacome M, Rodriguez C, Tinsley GM. Tracking Body Composition Over a Competitive Season in Elite Soccer Players Using Laboratory- and Field-Based Assessment Methods. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e104-e115. [PMID: 38416450 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bongiovanni, T, Lacome, M, Rodriguez, C, and Tinsley, GM. Tracking body composition over a competitive season in elite soccer players using laboratory- and field-based assessment methods. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): e104-e115, 2024-The purpose of this study was to describe body composition changes in professional soccer players over the course of a competitive playing season and compare the ability of different assessment methods to detect changes. Twenty-one elite male soccer players (age: 23.7 ± 4.8 years; height: 185.0 ± 5.2 cm; body mass: 80.7 ± 5.5 kg; body fat: 12.8 ± 2.2%) playing for an Italian national second league (Serie B) championship team were assessed at 4 time points throughout a competitive season: T0 (mid-October), T1 (mid-December), T2 (mid-February), and T3 (end of April). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfolds (SKF), and bioelectrical impedance analysis were performed at each time point, and multiple SKF-based equations were applied. A modified 4-compartment (4C) model was also produced. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, relevant post hoc tests, and Pearson's correlations. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 4C, and the SKF-based equations of Reilly and Civar detected differences in fat-free mass (FFM) between time points, with the most differences observed for DXA. Fat-free mass increased from T0 values to a peak at T2, followed by a decrease by T3, although FFM values remained higher than T0. Fat-free mass gain was primarily driven by increases in the lower limbs. Fat-free mass changes between all methods were significantly correlated, with correlation coefficients of 0.70-0.97. No significant differences between time points were observed for absolute fat mass or body fat percentage, although significant correlations between several methods for change values were observed. Select laboratory and field methods can detect changes in FFM over the course of a season in elite, professional soccer athletes, with a more limited ability to detect changes in adiposity-related variables. For SKF in this population, the equation of Reilly is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Player Health & Performance Department, Palermo Football Club, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- Laboratory Sport, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy; and
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Beausejour JP, Knowles KS, Wilson AT, Mangum LC, Hill EC, Hanney WJ, Wells AJ, Fukuda DH, Stout J, Stock MS. Innovations in the Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Health: A Glimpse into the Future. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 38198822 DOI: 10.1055/a-2242-3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ system in the human body and plays critical roles in athletic performance, mobility, and disease pathogenesis. Despite growing recognition of its importance by major health organizations, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding skeletal muscle health and its crosstalk with nearly every physiological system. Relevant public health challenges like pain, injury, obesity, and sarcopenia underscore the need to accurately assess skeletal muscle health and function. Feasible, non-invasive techniques that reliably evaluate metrics including muscle pain, dynamic structure, contractility, circulatory function, body composition, and emerging biomarkers are imperative to unraveling the complexities of skeletal muscle. Our concise review highlights innovative or overlooked approaches for comprehensively assessing skeletal muscle in vivo. We summarize recent advances in leveraging dynamic ultrasound imaging, muscle echogenicity, tensiomyography, blood flow restriction protocols, molecular techniques, body composition, and pain assessments to gain novel insight into muscle physiology from cellular to whole-body perspectives. Continued development of precise, non-invasive tools to investigate skeletal muscle are critical in informing impactful discoveries in exercise and rehabilitation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Beausejour
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Kevan S Knowles
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Abigail T Wilson
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - L Colby Mangum
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - William J Hanney
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - JeffreyR Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Matt S Stock
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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12
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Wen Q, Ma QH, Li LZ, Song XW, Han HK, Huang GY, Tang XL. Research trends and hotspots in exercise rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: A bibliometric analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36511. [PMID: 38115268 PMCID: PMC10727657 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise rehabilitation can improve the prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease. However, a bibliometric analysis of the global exercise rehabilitation for coronary heart disease (CHD) research topic is lacking. This study investigated the development trends and research hotspots in the field of coronary heart disease and exercise rehabilitation. CiteSpace software was used to analyze the literature on exercise therapy for CHD in the Web of Science Core Collection database. We analyzed the data of countries/institutions, journals, authors, keywords, and cited references. A total of 3485 peer-reviewed papers were found, and the number of publications on the topic has steadily increased. The most productive country is the USA (1125), followed by China (477) and England (399). The top 3 active academic institutions are Research Libraries UK (RLUK) (236), Harvard University (152), and the University of California System (118). The most commonly cited journals are Circulation (2596), The most commonly cited references are "Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease" (75), Lavie CJ had published the most papers (48). World Health Organization was the most influential author (334 citations). The research frontier trends in this field are body composition, participation, and function. Research on the effects of physical activity or exercise on patients with CHD is a focus of continuous exploration in this field. This study provides a new scientific perspective for exercise rehabilitation and CHD research and gives researchers valuable information for detecting the current research status, hotspots, and emerging trends for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine 1, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun-Hua Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine 1, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Zhang Li
- Comprehensive care unit, Chengdu Wen jiang District People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Wu Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine 1, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Kui Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine 1, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Gui-Yu Huang
- General Ward 2, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tang
- General Ward 2, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Catarina-Moreira A, Esparza-Ros F, Barrigas C, Albaladejo-Saura M, Vieira F. Skinfolds compressibility and digital caliper's time response in skinfold measurement in male and female young adults. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2265888. [PMID: 37794782 PMCID: PMC10557569 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2265888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skinfold caliper reading of the skinfold thickness depends on its dynamic compressibility. This has led to the fact that, while it is indicated that skinfold readings should be taken when the reading is stable, there is no consensus on at what second the reading should be taken after the application of the skinfold caliper. The new Lipowise PRO digital skinfold caliper was used to analyze the evolution of skinfold readings under skinfold caliper pressure. The aim of the present investigation were: a) to analyze the evolution of the reading time of individual skinfolds when subjected to skinfold caliper pressure and when the skinfold reading reaches stability; b) to describe the physical behavior of skinfold tissues' time response to skinfold caliper pressure, and to explore differences between sites and subjects' skinfolds compressibility; and c) to analyze the sex differences in both the reading and the evolution of the skinfold over time. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional design was followed with a convenience sample of 165 healthy young adults (79 males and 86 females), with eight skinfolds measured using the Lipowise PRO skinfold caliper. The Lipowise PRO skinfold caliper uses a programmable reading time allowing for the measurement of the skinfold's thickness at a rate of 100 times per second, and monitoring skinfold behavior over the 3-second measurement period, thereby enabling the assessment of the tissue response to the constant force exerted by the skinfold caliper jaws. RESULTS All skinfolds showed statistical differences in terms of compressibility characteristics (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found between measurement time points for individual skinfolds and sum of skinfolds (p < 0.001-0.025). Stabilization being found depending on the skinfold measured from 1.5 seconds for biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, and thigh skinfolds; 2.0 seconds for ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds; and 2.5 seconds for triceps and calf skinfolds. It was observed an effect of sex on this issue (p < 0.001-0.030). More specifically, in the case of males, the supraspinale and abdominal skinfolds stabilized after 1.5 seconds; the calf skinfold and ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds stabilized after 2 seconds; while the rest of the skinfolds did not stabilize until 3 seconds. In the case of females, no stabilization of the triceps skinfold was found, while the rest of the individual skinfolds and the ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds stabilized from 1.5 seconds. A regression analysis indicated that skinfold thickness could be predicted based on measurement time in 50-77% of the cases (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION A skinfold caliper application, using the digital caliper Lipowise PRO, of three seconds may be sufficient for achieving stability in the measurement and for obtaining the minimum value for most individual and sum of skinfolds. However, there are certain skinfolds that may require more time when performed on certain individuals, which vary according to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Catarina-Moreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Barrigas
- Instituto de Estudos Interculturais e Transdisciplinares, Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício, Almada, Portugal
| | - Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Filomena Vieira
- University of Lisbon, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Functional Morphology, Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics (FMH), Lisbon, Portugal
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Matłosz P, Makivic B, Csapo R, Hume P, Mitter B, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Bauer P. Body fat of competitive volleyball players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2246414. [PMID: 37578094 PMCID: PMC10431728 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2246414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reference values of body fat for competitive volleyball players are lacking, making it difficult to interpret measurement results. This review systematically summarized published data on the relative body fat of volleyball players and calculated potential differences between sex, measurement method, and competitive level. METHODS The protocol followed the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The literature search was conducted using five electronic databases to retrieve all relevant publications from January 1, 2010, to July 1, 2021. The 63 studies including 2607 players that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using random-effects models. Data were reported as pooled mean body fat with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Body fat for males and females was 12.8% (11.9-13.8%) and 22.8% (21.9-23.7%), respectively. Body fat was 18.3% (16.3-20.4%) measured via skinfolds, 18.4% (15.6-21.2%) via bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24.2% (20.4-28.0%) via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and 21.6% (17.4-25.8%) via densitometry. Regional, national, and international-level players had body fat values of 19.5% (17.8-21.2%), 20.3% (18.6-22.0%), and 17.9% (15.7-20.4%), respectively. When the meta-regression was adjusted for the variables sex, measurement method, and competitive level, a significant difference between sex (p < 0.001), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and skinfolds (p = 0.02), and national and international-level players (p = 0.02) was found. However, sensitivity analysis revealed that findings regarding measurement method and competitive level were not robust and should, therefore, be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limitations of published data, this meta-analysis provided pooled values for body fat of male and female volleyball players for different competitive levels and measurement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Matłosz
- Rzeszow University, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Bojan Makivic
- University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Robert Csapo
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patria Hume
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benedikt Mitter
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- University of Alicante, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pascal Bauer
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Dallman J, Herda A, Cleary CJ, Morey T, Diederich A, Vopat BG, Vopat LM. A Brief Review of the Literature for Published Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Protocols for Athletes. Sports Health 2023:19417381231208204. [PMID: 37953634 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231208204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely known for its utility in diagnosing a patient with osteopenia or osteoporosis; however, its utility in evaluation of body composition and potential athletic performance was previously routinely overlooked. In recent years, athletic programs have begun employing this equipment during athlete screening. However, it is currently unknown how athletic programs are utilizing this information to guide an athlete's training and health. OBJECTIVE To explore the literature to identify what is known regarding sports performance and athlete health based on body composition recordings. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for this brief review. STUDY SELECTION A focus was placed on articles within the past 10 years that discussed DXA protocols within athletic populations; 14 articles were included in this brief literature review. STUDY DESIGN Brief literature review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5. DATA EXTRACTION One member of the research team searched the literature and retrieved articles with the purpose of analyzing and/or explaining DXA imaging in body composition analysis of active persons (primarily athletes). RESULTS Quality assurance scans with a phantom calibration block as well as athlete prescreening condition and activity standardization was routinely recommended. However, only 1 study reported a specific DXA protocol for athletes, and only 1 study described guidelines for how to report DXA results in athletic populations, suggesting it is plausible yet difficult due to the small changes detectable. CONCLUSION Due to the limited literature as well as a lack of reference values for specific athletic populations, the authors of this review recommend using the current Nana et al (Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2015;25:198-215) DXA protocol for performing DXA scans in the athletic population as well as current Hind et al (J Clin Densitom 2018;21:429-443) guidelines for distributing the information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Herda
- University of Kansas Exercise and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Christopher J Cleary
- University of Kansas Exercise and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Tucker Morey
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrew Diederich
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bryan G Vopat
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lisa M Vopat
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
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Samarein MR, Samanipour MH, Asjodi F, Shokati P, Fallahi Z, Brownlee TE, Brito JP, Bragazzi NL, Oliveira R. Comparisons and associations among anthropometric indices of first and second division and assistant soccer referees. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1149779. [PMID: 37885737 PMCID: PMC10598771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1149779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Body composition is an important predictor of performance and a key component of health and physical fitness. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to compare soccer referees of the first and second divisions and field assistant referees from Iran and to analyze associations of a body shape index (ABSI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (ConI), and body mass index (BMI) with body fat percentage (%BF). Methods A total of 270 male soccer referees from the first (n = 124) and second (n = 72) divisions and assistant referees (n = 74) participated in this study. Skinfold thickness (measured at the chest, biceps, triceps, subscapular, abdominal, iliac crest, and front thigh), height, weight, hip circumference, and waist circumference were assessed to evaluate waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), %BF, and also ABSI, BRI, BAI, ConI, and AVI according to the ISAK protocol. Results The main results indicated differences in WHR, WHtR, ABSI, BRI, AVI, ConI, and BF% with the assistant referees presenting higher values (p < 0.05). When considering the backward selection model, there were some associations with %BF in each group, specifically BMI, BAI, and ABSI in the first division; BMI, WHR, and ABSI in the second division; and BMI in the assistant referee group (all p < 0.05). Discussion The present study did not confirm the hypothesis that the first-division referees presented better body composition-related variables than the second division or assistant referees. Instead, it showed that the assistant referees that participated in both divisions showed a tendency to higher values which suggests that the level of division is not a major factor when analyzing body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Foad Asjodi
- Iran Football Medical Assessment and Rehabilitation Center (IFMARK), FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Shokati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zanyar Fallahi
- Department of Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas E. Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Medical School, Parma, Italy
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
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Curtis C, Mitchell S, Russell M. Match-Play Demands and Anthropometric Characteristics of National and International Women's Fifteen-a-side Rugby Union: A Systematic Scoping Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e569-e580. [PMID: 37235209 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Curtis, C, Mitchell, S, and Russell, M. Match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics of national and international women's, fifteen-a-side rugby union: a systematic scoping review. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): e569-e580, 2023-An increased professionalization within women's 15-a-side rugby union (R15s) has prompted greater sports science support and a need to better understand demands of the sport. Online database (PubMed, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) searches were performed according to the PRISMA Scoping Review protocol. Studies were eligible if match-play demands or anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players were investigated. After calibration exercises, the lead and senior authors independently quality assessed each study. A total of 1,068 studies were identified; 15 of which met the study criteria. The mean total match-play distance covered was 5,378 ± 626 m (forwards: 5,188 ± 667 m and backs: 5,604 ± 609 m), with first half values exceeding second half (2,922 ± 87 m vs. 2,876 ± 115 m). The mean relative distance (RD) (72.0 m·min -1 ) was greater than their male counterparts (64.2 m·min -1 -68.2 m·min -1 ). Backs were exposed to more severe collisions compared with forwards (6 ± 1 vs. 5 ± 4). Work:rest ratios ranged between 1.0:0.7-1.0:0.9. Regarding anthropometric characteristics, the mean lean and fat mass was reported as 51.9 ± 5.2 kg and 18.6 ± 4.6 kg, respectively. The mean body fat percentage was 24.7 ± 5.4%. The mean bone mineral density and bone mineral content was 1.27 ± 0.04 g·cm -2 and 3.07 ± 0.2 kg, respectively. This scoping review summarizes the current evidence base and key findings relating to the match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics that can be used in practice to inform player welfare and sport science support to women's R15s players at a national and international standard. Numerous gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and optimize performance, physical demands, and anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Curtis
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; and
| | - Scott Mitchell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Saracens Rugby Club, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Kramer AM, Martins JB, de Oliveira PC, Lehnen AM, Waclawovsky G. High-intensity interval training is not superior to continuous aerobic training in reducing body fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:385-394. [PMID: 37927356 PMCID: PMC10624584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Guidelines on obesity management reinforce regular exercise to reduce body fat. Exercise modalities, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT), appear to produce a similar effect to continuous aerobic training (CAT) on body fat. However, they have not addressed the chronic effect of HIIT vs. CAT on body fat assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thus, we compared the effectiveness of CAT vs. HIIT protocols on body fat (absolute or relative) (%BF) and abdominal visceral fat reduction, assessed by DEXA, in adults with overweight and obesity. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) including both female or male adults with excess body weight. We performed searches in the databases MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science and Cochrane. Results In our analysis (11 RCTs), we found no greater benefit on %BF of HIIT vs. CAT (MD -0.55%, 95% CI -1.42 to 0.31; p = 0.209). As for abdominal visceral fat, no training modality was superior (SMD: -0.05, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.19; p = 0.997). Regarding secondary outcomes (body weight, BMI, VO2 max, glycemic and lipid profiles), HIIT shows greater benefit than CAT in increasing VO2 max and fasting blood glucose and reducing total cholesterol. Conclusion HIIT is not superior to CAT in reducing %BF or abdominal visceral fat in individuals characterized by excess weight. However, HIIT showed beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose when compared to CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marenco Kramer
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jocelito Bijoldo Martins
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Machado Lehnen
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Waclawovsky
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Barrera-Díaz J, Figueiredo AJ, Field A, Ferreira B, Querido SM, Silva JR, Ribeiro J, Pinto I, Cornejo P, Torres H, Saffa A, Sarmento H. Contemporary practices of physical trainers in professional soccer: A qualitative study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1101958. [PMID: 37799523 PMCID: PMC10548828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical trainers (PTs) are integral for managing load, reducing injury and optimizing performance in professional soccer. However, little is known about how this practitioners operate in the applied setting and how some of the nuances experienced influence practice. Methods This study explored the contemporary practices of PTs in professional soccer. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with eight PTs from different professional teams in European and South American leagues. Interview questions were designed to extract information on the evaluation of physical abilities, monitoring and control of training and injury prevention. Subsequently, the interviews were video-recorded, transcribed, translated and analyzed using a content analysis approach. Results The results suggest that the evaluation of physical capacities is carried out by PTs at the beginning of the preseason. It also appears that it is attempted that this process of regular testing is applied during the competitive period, with most participants conducting partial physiological and physical evaluations at different stages throughout the competitive season. In relation to the monitoring and control of training, subjective feedback scales are used to estimate the internal load, and the use of GPS devices is common to quantify external loads. Injury prevention programmes were implemented by all participants and were generally in a multi-component format focused on preventing or optimizing physical capabilities. Discussion These insights can be used as a scientific reference point to inform applied practice in professional soccer, especially for practitioners that are inexperienced and aspiring to enhance how they operate in the field. Future investigations should explore the practices of PTs in detail and across a wider network in order to gain deeper and comprehensive insights into the applied soccer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Barrera-Díaz
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ferreira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Sérgio M. Querido
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - João Renato Silva
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
- Department of Performance Optimization, Gabinete de otimização desportiva, Sporting Clube de Braga SAD, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Alvaro Saffa
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Dirección Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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20
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Leão C, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Machado I, Lemos J, Leal S, Nobari H. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in young male soccer players. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:101. [PMID: 37667367 PMCID: PMC10476429 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrition is vital in health and sports performance by improving anthropometric-related parameters and dietary habits, especially in the youngest ages. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been highly recognized for its positive health effects and low adverse environmental impact. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize adherence to the MD and analyze its association with anthropometric parameters in young soccer players. METHODOLOGY In the present study, 132 male young soccer players from under 9 to under 15 categories (aged 7 to 15 years) from a Portuguese football club participated. The Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KIDMED) questionnaire was applied to assess adherence to the MD. Anthropometric-related parameters, including body mass, height, triceps skinfold thickness (TSKF), suprailiac skinfold thickness (SISKF), body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF), were determined. The differences between groups were performed accordingly to normal and non-normal distribution. Spearman's correlations were performed to analyze the hypothetical correlation between KIDMED and BMI. RESULTS Players reached an average KIDMED score of 8.36 ± 1.92, showing that 68.2% (n = 90) reached high adherence to the MD, 31.1% (n = 41) had moderate adherence to the MD, and 0.78% (n = 1) had poor adherence to the MD. When the analysis was made for age group and BMI classification, no significant differences were observed in adherence to the MD. Considering the main characteristics of the MD, 50.8% consumed fruit (vs. 49,2%), 52.3% consumed vegetables (vs. 47,7%), and only 20% consumed oleaginous dried fruits (vs. 80%). Dairy consumption throughout the day was 49,2% (vs. no: 50,8%). CONCLUSION Data from the present study showed that many soccer players adhered to the MD, and no differences were observed for age group or BMI classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leão
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
- Tumour & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, 4200-153, Portugal
| | - Inês Machado
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, Paredes, 4585-116, Portugal
| | - João Lemos
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
| | - Sandra Leal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, Paredes, 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 5619911367, H.N, Iran.
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21
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Ferreira AS, Mentiplay BF, Taborda B, Pazzinatto MF, de Azevedo FM, De Oliveira Silva D. Exploring overweight and obesity beyond body mass index: A body composition analysis in people with and without patellofemoral pain. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:630-638. [PMID: 34153479 PMCID: PMC10466189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared body mass index (BMI), body fat, and skeletal muscle mass between (1) a mixed-sex nonathletic cohort of people with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and pain-free people, and (2) a nonathletic cohort of people with PFP and pain-free people subgrouped by sex (i.e., men and women with PFP vs. pain-free men and women). METHODS This cross-sectional study included 114 people with PFP (71 women, 43 men) and 54 pain-free controls (32 women, 22 men). All participants attended a single testing session to assess body composition measures, which included BMI, percentage of body fat (%BFBioimpedance), and skeletal muscle mass (both assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis), and percentage of body fat (%BFSkinfold) (assessed by skinfold caliper analysis). A one-way univariate analysis of covariance (age and physical activity levels as covariates) was used to compare body composition measures between groups (i.e., PFP vs. pain-free group; women with PFP vs. pain-free women; men with PFP vs. pain-free men). RESULTS Women with PFP presented significantly higher BMI, %BFBioimpedance, and %BFSkinfold, and lower skeletal muscle mass compared to pain-free women (p ≤ 0.04; effect size : ‒0.47 to 0.85). Men with PFP and men and women combined had no differences in BMI, %BFBioimpedance, %BFSkinfold, and skeletal muscle mass compared to their respective pain-free groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that BMI and body composition measures should be considered as part of the evaluation and management of people with PFP, especially in women, who have demonstrated higher BMI and body fat and lower skeletal muscle mass compared to pain-free controls. Future studies should not assess body composition measures in a mixed-sex population without distinguishing men participants from women participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Schenatto Ferreira
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Benjamin F Mentiplay
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Bianca Taborda
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Marcella Ferraz Pazzinatto
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Fábio Mícolis de Azevedo
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo De Oliveira Silva
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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22
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Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, Burke LM, Constantini N, Hackney AC, Heikura IA, Melin A, Pensgaard AM, Stellingwerff T, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Torstveit MK, Jacobsen AU, Verhagen E, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U. 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1073-1097. [PMID: 37752011 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) was first introduced in 2014 by the International Olympic Committee's expert writing panel, identifying a syndrome of deleterious health and performance outcomes experienced by female and male athletes exposed to low energy availability (LEA; inadequate energy intake in relation to exercise energy expenditure). Since the 2018 REDs consensus, there have been >170 original research publications advancing the field of REDs science, including emerging data demonstrating the growing role of low carbohydrate availability, further evidence of the interplay between mental health and REDs and more data elucidating the impact of LEA in males. Our knowledge of REDs signs and symptoms has resulted in updated Health and Performance Conceptual Models and the development of a novel Physiological Model. This Physiological Model is designed to demonstrate the complexity of either problematic or adaptable LEA exposure, coupled with individual moderating factors, leading to changes in health and performance outcomes. Guidelines for safe and effective body composition assessment to help prevent REDs are also outlined. A new REDs Clinical Assessment Tool-Version 2 is introduced to facilitate the detection and clinical diagnosis of REDs based on accumulated severity and risk stratification, with associated training and competition recommendations. Prevention and treatment principles of REDs are presented to encourage best practices for sports organisations and clinicians. Finally, methodological best practices for REDs research are outlined to stimulate future high-quality research to address important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Mountjoy
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Games Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naama Constantini
- Sports Medicine Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ida Aliisa Heikura
- Canada Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Melin
- Department of Sport Science - Swedish Olympic Committee Research Fellow, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anne Marte Pensgaard
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canada Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Science, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- World Archery, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Mathisen TF, Ackland T, Burke LM, Constantini N, Haudum J, Macnaughton LS, Meyer NL, Mountjoy M, Slater G, Sundgot-Borgen J. Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks: a critical review, original survey and expert opinion by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1148-1158. [PMID: 37752006 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of body composition (BC) in sport raises concern for athlete health, especially where an overfocus on being lighter or leaner increases the risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) and disordered eating. METHODS We undertook a critical review of the effect of BC on performance (29 longitudinal, prospective or intervention studies) and explored current practice related to BC considerations via a follow-up to a 2013 internationally distributed survey. RESULTS The review found that a higher level of body fat was negatively associated with endurance performance, while a gain in muscle mass resulted in performance benefits across sports. BC did not contribute to early talent identification, and no unique cut-off to signify a performance advantage for BC was identified. BC appears to be one of an array of variables impacting performance, and its influence should not be overstated. The survey (125 practitioners, 61 sports and 26 countries) showed subtle changes in BC considerations over time, such as an increased role for sport dietitian/nutrition practitioners as BC measurers (2013: 54%, 2022: 78%); less emphasis on reporting of body fat percentage (2013: 68%, 2022: 46%) and reduced frequency of BC assessment if ≥every fourth week (2013: 18%, 2022: 5%). Respondents remained concerned about a problematic focus on BC (2013: 69%, 2022: 78%). To address these findings, we provide detailed recommendations for BC considerations, including an overview of preferable BC methodology. CONCLUSIONS The 'best practice' guidelines stress the importance of a multidisciplinary athlete health and performance team, and the treatment of BC data as confidential medical information. The guidelines provide a health focus around BC, aiming to reduce the associated burden of disordered eating, problematic low energy availability and REDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Ackland
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naama Constantini
- Sport Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Judith Haudum
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Nanna L Meyer
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- REDs Consensus Writing Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Dengel DR, Evanoff NG. Positional Differences in Muscle-to-bone Ratio in National Football League Players. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:720-727. [PMID: 37160263 DOI: 10.1055/a-2089-8068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the muscle-to-bone ratio (MBR) in National Football League (NFL) players. Three hundred and forty-six NFL players had their total body lean, fat and bone masses determined using dual X-ray absorptiometry and were compared to 228 age-matched, healthy male controls. Compared to the control group, NFL players had a significantly lower percent total body fat (17.90±6.92 vs. 22.93±8.96%, p=0.053), but significantly greater total fat mass (19.76±11.29 vs. 17.84±12.11 kg, p<0.0001), lean mass (84.55±8.75 vs. 55.3±11.79 kg, p<0.0001), bone mineral content (4.58±0.45 vs. 2.91±0.67 kg, p<0.0001), and bone mineral density (1.61±0.11 vs. 1.26±0.21 g/cm2, p<0.0001). NFL players had greater arm MBR (17.70±1.47 vs. 16.48±1.88, p<0.0001) than controls; however, both trunk (26.62±2.55 vs. 31.56±4.19, p<0.0001) and total (18.50±1.31 vs. 19.12±1.88, p<0.001) MBR were lower in NFL players. Leg MBR was not significantly different between NFL players and controls (16.72±1.53 vs. 16.85±1.87, p=0.34). When NFL players were categorized by their offensive or defensive position for comparison, no differences in total MBR were observed. However, leg MBR varied greatly among NFL players by position. It is possible that regional differences in MBR in the NFL players may be related to the demands of that position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Nicholas G Evanoff
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
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25
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Beato M, Datson N, Anderson L, Brownlee T, Coates A, Hulton A. Rationale and Practical Recommendations for Testing Protocols in Female Soccer: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1912-1922. [PMID: 37184978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beato, M, Datson, N, Anderson, L, Brownlee, T, Coates, A, and Hulton, A. Rationale and practical recommendations for testing protocols in female soccer: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1912-1922, 2023-The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the presented literature on tests (aerobic, speed, changes of direction [COD], strength, power, jump, and anthropometry) of the varied components of female soccer and to draw attention to the most suitable protocols to allow practitioners to accurately track players' fitness status. The 2 most common field tests used to assess aerobic fitness are the Yo-Yo intermittent test (level 1 and level 2) and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test because of an ability to measure multiple players at once with a soccer-specific intermittent profile. The sprinting performance can be assessed on distances of <30 m; however, longer distances (e.g., 40 m) allow for achieving peak speed (flying sprint test), which can be assessed using global navigation satellite system. Changes-of-direction capacity has been found to be an important component of players testing and training programs, although there is no "gold standard" to assess COD or repeated sprint ability performance in female players. Lower-limb power can be assessed using jump tests that can use force platforms, jump mats, and optoelectronic devices, while maintaining a good reliability. Several in-direct tests are currently available for assessing anthropometry parameters, such as skinfold thickness, hydrodensitometry, and ultrasound. However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is the most valid and reliable method for assessing body composition in team sport athletes, with the addition of bone health that is a key measure in female athletes. In conclusion, the evidence reported in this review will be able to aid practitioners, coaches, and researchers to decide which tests meet the requirements of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alex Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Jagim AR, Tinsley GM, Merfeld BR, Ambrosius A, Khurelbaatar C, Dodge C, Carpenter M, Luedke J, Erickson JL, Fields JB, Jones MT. Validation of skinfold equations and alternative methods for the determination of fat-free mass in young athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1240252. [PMID: 37637224 PMCID: PMC10453806 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1240252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intoduction To cross-validate skinfold (SKF) equations, impedance devices, and air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) for the determination of fat-free mass (FFM). Methods Male and female youth athletes were evaluated (n = 91[mean ± SD] age: 18.19 ± 2.37 year; height: 172.1 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 68.9 ± 14.5 kg; BMI: 23.15 ± 3.2 kg m-2; body fat: 19.59 ± 6.9%) using underwater weighing (UWW), ADP, and SKF assessments. A 3-compartment (3C) model (i.e., UWW and total body water) served as the criterion, and alternate body density (Db) estimates from ADP and multiple SKF equations were obtained. Validity metrics were examined to establish each method's performance. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), and the SKF equations of Devrim-Lanpir, Durnin and Womersley, Jackson and Pollock (7-site), Katch, Loftin, Lohman, Slaughter, and Thorland differed from criterion. Results For females, Pearson's correlations between the 3C model and alternate methods ranged from 0.51 to 0.92, the Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89, with standard error of the estimate (SEE) ranges of 1.9-4.6 kg. For SKF, the Evans 7-site and J&P 3 Site equations performed best with CCC and SEE values of 0.82, 2.01 kg and 0.78, 2.21 kg, respectively. For males, Pearson's correlations between the 3C model and alternate methods ranged from 0.50 to 0.95, CCC ranges of 0.46-0.94, and SEE ranges of 3.3-7.6 kg. For SKF, the Evans 3-site equation performed best with a mean difference of 1.8 (3.56) kg and a CCC of 0.93. Discussion The Evans 7-site and 3-site SKF equations performed best for female and male athletes, respectively. The field 3C model can provide an alternative measure of FFM when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, United States
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Brandon R. Merfeld
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Abby Ambrosius
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Chinguun Khurelbaatar
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Christopher Dodge
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Makenna Carpenter
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Joel Luedke
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, United States
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer B. Fields
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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27
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Helvacı G, Uçar A, Çelebi MM, Çetinkaya H, Gündüz AZ. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on the exercise performance and lactate elimination on adolescent athletes. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:762-779. [PMID: 37529265 PMCID: PMC10375324 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.4.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Mediterranean diet is an environmentally friendly and healthy diet model. The diet offers many vegetables, fruits, nuts, and olive oil to consumers. In addition, it provides moderate amounts of fish and chicken, smaller quantities of dairy products, red meat, and processed meat. The Mediterranean diet has a high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant content, and it causes many physiological changes that can provide a physical performance advantage. This study examined the effects of a 15-day menu, which was planned using foods with a low acid load within the Mediterranean diet rules, on the exercise performance, lactate elimination, anthropometric measurements, and body composition. SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen professional male athletes between the ages of 13 and 18, who were engaged in ski running, were included in the experimental study. Dietary intervention was applied for 15 days. The athlete performances were evaluated by applying the vertical jump test, hand grip strength, 20 meters shuttle run test, and Borg fatigue scale. After the shuttle run test (every 3 min for 30 min), blood was drawn from the finger, and the lactate elimination time was calculated. Performance and lactate measurements, body analysis, and anthropometric measurements were taken before and after dietary intervention. RESULTS The vertical jump height and hand grip strength increased after the intervention (P < 0.05). The test duration, total distance, the number of shuttles, and maximum oxygen consumption parameters of the shuttle run test increased (P < 0.05). After the intervention, the athletes' perceived fatigue scores decreased in several stages of the shuttle run test (P < 0.05). The lactate elimination time and athlete's body composition were similar in repeated measurements (P > 0.05). In the last measurements, the upper middle arm circumference decreased while the height of the athletes increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results show that the Mediterranean diet is a safe and feasible dietary approach for aerobic performance and strength increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Helvacı
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06290, Turkey
| | - Aslı Uçar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06290, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mesut Çelebi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06000, Turkey
| | - Haydar Çetinkaya
- Bolu Youth and Sports Provincial Directorate, Bolu 14000, Turkey
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Leão C, Clemente FM, Silva B, Pereira J, Badicu G, Camões M, Cancela JM. Testing the concurrent validity and reliability of a lipowise digital skinfold caliper to assess muscle mass in healthy young adults. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17569. [PMID: 37408882 PMCID: PMC10319220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a novel tool to assess skinfolds and to compare the muscle mass measured through dual-x-ray-absorptiometry (DXA) and estimated using the Lee equation from the values of the skinfolds and girths in a healthy young adult population. Methods: The present study followed a cross-sectional design, including 38 participants, with 27 males (22.04 ± 5.20 years) and 11 females (21.55 ± 2.39 years). The measurement protocol included a DXA evaluation, basic measurements of body mass and stature, eight skinfolds with two skinfold calipers of different brands (Harpenden and Lipowise), and three girths. The order in which the skinfold calipers were used was randomized. The muscle mass was then calculated using the formula established by Lee et al. Results: No significant differences were found between the two skinfold calipers considering all the outcomes (p > 0.05). The correlation coefficients were between 0.724 and 0.991, which suggest very-large to nearly perfect correlations. The correlations performed revealed that muscle mass estimated from DXA is nearly perfectly correlated with both muscle mass estimated from the data obtained with the Harpenden skinfold caliper (r = 0.955) and muscle mass estimated from the data obtained with the Lipowise skinfold caliper (r = 0.954). From the results, we conclude that Lipowise caliper is an accurate skinfold caliper and it can be an alternative tool for the technician that need to assess body fat or muscle mass in precise, valid and time efficient evaluation. It should be noted that the caution to use skinfold calipers interchangeable with each other when evaluating skinfolds remains a necessity and is advisable to perform the measurements with the same brand and model of skinfold caliper when the purpose is to perform follow-up assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leão
- University of Vigo, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports Sciences, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Joel Pereira
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Miguel Camões
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - José Maria Cancela
- University of Vigo, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports Sciences, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
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Klement RJ, Joos FT, Reuss-Borst MA, Kämmerer U. Measurement of body composition by DXA, BIA, Leg-to-leg BIA and near-infrared spectroscopy in breast cancer patients - comparison of the four methods. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:443-452. [PMID: 36963892 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Body composition plays a crucial role in therapy adherence and the prognosis of cancer patients. The aim of this work was to compare four measurement methods for determining body composition regarding their validity, reliability and practicability in order to be able to draft a practical recommendation as to which method is most suitable as a standard measurement method in oncology. METHODS Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated for 100 breast cancer patients with ages of 18-70 years during a defined 20-week inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation process after primary therapy or follow-up rehabilitation. The four methods used were dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), leg-to-leg BIA and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). At baseline (t0) and after 20 weeks (t20) the agreement between the four body composition analysis methods was quantified by pairwise method comparisons using Bland-Altman bias and limits of agreement estimates, t-tests and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs). RESULTS CCCs and Bland-Altman plots indicated that DXA and BIA, DXA and NIRS as well as BIA and NIRS showed an excellent agreement concerning FM estimation at both time points (CCC>0.9). In contrast, no methods agreed with a CCC higher than 0.9 with respect to FFM estimation. However, most estimates were also significantly different between two methods, except for BIA and NIRS which yielded comparable FFM and FM estimates at both time points, albeit with large 95% limits of agreement intervals. The agreement between DXA and BIA was best in the lowest BMI tertile and worsened as BMI increased. Significant differences were also found for FFM changes measured with DXA versus BIA (mean difference -0.4 kg, p = 0.0049), DXA versus to Leg-to-leg BIA (-0.6 kg, p = 0.00073) and for FM changes measured with DXA versus Leg-to-leg BIA (0.5 kg, p = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS For accurate and valid body composition estimates, Leg-to-leg BIA cannot be recommended due to its significant underestimation of FM or significant overestimation of FFM, respectively. BIA and NIRS results showed good agreement with the gold standard DXA. Therefore both measurement methods appear to be very well suitable to assess body composition of oncological patients and should be used more frequently on a routine basis to monitor the body composition of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer J Klement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Fabian T Joos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Regional Clinic Holding RKH GmbH - Ludwigsburg, Germany.
| | - Monika A Reuss-Borst
- Hescuro Clinics, Center for Rehabilitation and Prevention, Bad Bocklet, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Bauer P, Majisik A, Mitter B, Csapo R, Tschan H, Hume P, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Makivic B. Body Composition of Competitive Bodybuilders: A Systematic Review of Published Data and Recommendations for Future Work. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:726-732. [PMID: 36727905 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bauer, P, Majisik, A, Mitter, B, Csapo, R, Tschan, H, Hume, P, Martínez-Rodríguez, A, and Makivic, B. Body composition of competitive bodybuilders: a systematic review of published data and recommendations for future work. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 726-732, 2023-The purpose of this review was to systematically summarize studies measuring the body composition of competitive bodybuilding athletes to provide recommended values for preparation and during competition. The protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42020197921) and followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. A search of 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, CINAHL, and Scopus) was conducted to retrieve all relevant publications from January 1, 2000, up to June 13, 2021. Of 16 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 6 presented longitudinal data on competition preparation and were discussed in detail. In the general preparation phase, body fat levels of bodybuilding athletes ranged between 15.3 and 25.2% (female) and from 9.6 to 16.3% (male). Close to competition, however, body fat levels were substantially lower, ranging from 8.1 to 18.3% for female and 5.8-10.7% for male athletes. All studies comparing relative body fat values at various time points during competition preparation found significant reductions between 30 and 60% in relative body fat, whereas lean mass was mostly maintained. Findings from the studies included in this review suggest that most bodybuilding competitors keep resistance training volume high while increasing aerobic training volume when preparing for competition. Findings on energy intake and macronutrient distribution were unclear and should be addressed in future studies. Further research, especially on contest preparation, is warranted and should include more details about training programs, nutritional strategies, psychosocial situation, anabolic androgen steroid, and supplement use as well as measurement protocols and preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bauer
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan Majisik
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Mitter
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Csapo
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Tschan
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patria Hume
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain ; and
| | - Bojan Makivic
- University of Applied Science, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Sebastiá-Rico J, Soriano JM, González-Gálvez N, Martínez-Sanz JM. Body Composition of Male Professional Soccer Players Using Different Measurement Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051160. [PMID: 36904159 PMCID: PMC10005265 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of male soccer players (MSP) depends on multiple factors such as body composition. The physical demands of modern soccer have changed, so the ideal body composition (BC) requirements must be adapted to the present. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe the anthropometric, BC, and somatotype characteristics of professional MSP and to compare the values reported according to the methods and equations used. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science following the PRISMA statement. Random-effects meta-analysis, a pooled summary of means, and 95% CI (method or equation) were calculated. Random models were used with the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Seventy-four articles were included in the systematic review and seventy-three in the meta-analysis. After comparing the groups according to the assessment method (kinanthropometry, bioimpedance, and densitometry), significant differences were found in height, fat mass in kilograms, fat mass percentage, and fat-free mass in kilograms (p = 0.001; p < 0.0001). Taking into account the equation used to calculate the fat mass percentage and ∑skinfolds, significant differences were observed in the data reported according to groups (p < 0.001). Despite the limitations, this study provides useful information that could help medical technical staff to properly assess the BC of professional MSP, providing a range of guidance values for the different BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Sebastiá-Rico
- Area of Nutrition, University Clinic of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Physiotherapy (CUNAFF), Lluís Alcanyís Foundation-University of Valencia, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jose M. Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Joint Research Unit of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (N.G.-G.); Tel.: +34-627146613 (N.G.-G.)
| | - Noelia González-Gálvez
- Sports Injury Prevention Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (N.G.-G.); Tel.: +34-627146613 (N.G.-G.)
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Using A-Mode Ultrasound to Assess the Body Composition of Soccer Players: A Comparative Study of Prediction Formulas. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040690. [PMID: 36832176 PMCID: PMC9955205 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For elite athletes, monitoring body composition is important for maximizing performance without health risks. Amplitude (A)-mode ultrasound (AUS) has attracted increasing attention as an alternative to skinfold thickness measurements commonly used for assessing the amount of body fat in athletes. AUS accuracy and precision, however, depend on the formula used to predict body fat percentage (%BF) from subcutaneous fat layer thicknesses. Therefore, this study evaluates the accuracy of the 1-point biceps (B1), 9-sites Parrillo, 3-sites Jackson and Pollock (JP3), and 7-sites Jackson and Pollock (JP7) formulas. Relying on the previous validation of the JP3 formula in college-aged male athletes, we took AUS measurements in 54 professional soccer players (aged 22.9 ± 3.83 y, mean ± SD) and compared the results given by different formulas. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences (p < 10-6), and Conover's post hoc test revealed that the JP3 and JP7 data come from the same distribution, whereas the data given by B1 and P9 differ from all the others. Lin's concordance correlation coefficients for B1 vs. JP7, P9 vs. JP7, and JP3 vs. JP7 were 0.464, 0.341, and 0.909, respectively. The Bland-Altman analysis indicated mean differences of -0.5 %BF between JP3 and JP7, 4.7 %BF between P9 and JP7, and 3.1 %BF between B1 and JP7. This study suggests that JP7 and JP3 are equally valid, whereas P9 and B1 overestimate %BF in athletes.
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Methods over Materials: The Need for Sport-Specific Equations to Accurately Predict Fat Mass Using Bioimpedance Analysis or Anthropometry. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020278. [PMID: 36678150 PMCID: PMC9866214 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry are considered alternatives to well-established reference techniques for assessing body composition. In team sports, the percentage of fat mass (FM%) is one of the most informative parameters, and a wide range of predictive equations allow for its estimation through both BIA and anthropometry. Although it is not clear which of these two techniques is more accurate for estimating FM%, the choice of the predictive equation could be a determining factor. The present study aimed to examine the validity of BIA and anthropometry in estimating FM% with different predictive equations, using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference, in a group of futsal players. A total of 67 high-level male futsal players (age 23.7 ± 5.4 years) underwent BIA, anthropometric measurements, and DXA scanning. Four generalized, four athletic, and two sport-specific predictive equations were used for estimating FM% from raw bioelectric and anthropometric parameters. DXA-derived FM% was used as a reference. BIA-based generalized equations overestimated FM% (ranging from 1.13 to 2.69%, p < 0.05), whereas anthropometry-based generalized equations underestimated FM% in the futsal players (ranging from −1.72 to −2.04%, p < 0.05). Compared to DXA, no mean bias (p > 0.05) was observed using the athletic and sport-specific equations. Sport-specific equations allowed for more accurate and precise FM% estimations than did athletic predictive equations, with no trend (ranging from r = −0.217 to 0.235, p > 0.05). Regardless of the instrument, the choice of the equation determines the validity in FM% prediction. In conclusion, BIA and anthropometry can be used interchangeably, allowing for valid FM% estimations, provided that athletic and sport-specific equations are applied.
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Mang ZA, Vigil ED, Beam JR. Utilizing multimodal high-intensity interval training for a firefighter training academy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work 2023; 75:1153-1163. [PMID: 36872838 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefighters typically undergo a 16-24-week training academy during which they perform a variety of traditional exercise programs such as cardiovascular, resistance, and concurrent training. Because of limited facility access, some fire departments seek alternative exercise programs, such as multimodal high-intensity interval training (MM-HIIT), which essentially combines resistance and interval training. OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of MM-HIIT on body composition and physical fitness in firefighter recruits who completed a training academy during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. A secondary purpose was to compare the effects of MM-HIIT to previous training academies that implemented traditional exercise programs. METHODS Healthy and recreationally-trained recruits (n = 12) participated in 2-3 days/week of MM-HIIT for 12 weeks and had several components of body composition and physical fitness measured before and after the program. Because of COVID-19-related gym closures, all MM-HIIT sessions were performed outdoors at a fire station with minimal equipment. These data were retroactively compared to a control group (CG) that previously completed training academies with traditional exercise programs. RESULTS Subjects in the MM-HIIT group significantly improved several components of body composition and fitness, including fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, aerobic capacity, and muscular endurance. Moreover, there were no significant differences for any dependent variable when MM-HIIT was compared to the CG. CONCLUSION These results suggest that MM-HIIT may serve as an effective substitute for traditional concurrent training paradigms that are typically used for firefighter academies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Mang
- Occupational Safety and Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Eric D Vigil
- Occupational Safety and Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jason R Beam
- Occupational Safety and Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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Longitudinal Changes in Fat and Lean Mass: Comparisons between 3D-Infrared and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Scans in Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:1587-1599. [PMID: 36582395 PMCID: PMC9762159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The low cost and portability of three-dimensional (3D) infrared body scanners make them an attractive tool for body composition measurement in athletes. The main purpose of this study was to compare total body fat percentage (BF%) and total lean mass (LM in kg), in a cohort of collegiate athletes, using a 3D infrared body scanner versus a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. Phase I was a pre-season cross-sectional analysis of 61 (39 male) athletes while Phase II was a longitudinal subset analysis of 38 (27 male) student-athletes who returned to the laboratory for post-season scans (Post minus pre-season change). Both the 3D and DXA scans were performed within 20-minutes of one another in the same room, wearing the same clothing. Paired t-tests were used to compare the mean values (BF% and LM) between measurement devices with estimated effects size calculated using Cohen's d. Data reported as mean±SD. Mean difference (DXA minus 3D) in LM were significantly higher using the 3D scan (5.84 ± 3.55kg; p < 0.001; d = 0.90) compared to the DXA scan, while significantly underestimating BF% (-4.57 ± 4.67%; p < 0.001; d = 1.6) in Phase I analyses. In Phase II analyses, significant differences in the change (post-season minus pre-season change) values were found between methods for LM (4.45 ± 5.04; p < 0.001; d = 0.90), while BF% (-0.41 ± 2.06; p= 0.223; d = 0.2) showed no significant differences. In summary, the 3D and DXA scan values for LM and BF% were not interchangeable in cross-sectional nor longitudinal body composition analyses in collegiate athletes. Close agreement was only observed in longitudinal analyses of BF% and requires further validation with larger cohorts.
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Sansone P, Makivic B, Csapo R, Hume P, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Bauer P. Body Fat of Basketball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:26. [PMID: 35192081 PMCID: PMC8864055 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to provide reference values for body fat (BF) of basketball players considering sex, measurement method, and competitive level. Methods A systematic literature research was conducted using five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus). BF values were extracted, with analyses conducted using random-effects models and data reported as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results After screening, 80 articles representing 4335 basketball players were selected. Pooled mean BF was 13.1% (95% CI 12.4–13.8%) for male players and 20.7% (95% CI 19.9–21.5%) for female players. Pooled mean BF was 21.4% (95% CI 18.4–24.3%) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 15.2% (95% CI 12.8–17.6%) via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), 12.4% (95% CI 10.6–14.2%) via skinfolds and 20.0% (95% CI 13.4–26.6%) via air displacement plethysmography. Pooled mean BF across competitive levels were 13.5% (95% CI 11.6–15.3%) for international, 15.7% (95% CI 14.2–17.2%) for national and 15.1% (95% CI 13.5–16.7%) for regional-level players. As the meta-regression revealed significant effects of sex, measurement method and competitive level on BF, the meta-analysis was adjusted for these moderators. The final model revealed significant differences in BF between male and female players (p < 0.001). BF measured by DXA was significantly higher than that measured by BIA or skinfolds (p < 0.001). International-level players had significantly lower BF than national and regional-level players (p < 0.05). Conclusions Despite the limitations of published data, this meta-analysis provides reference values for BF of basketball players. Sex, measurement method and competitive level influence BF values, and therefore must be taken into account when interpreting results.
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Oral EA, Garg A, Tami J, Huang EA, O'Dea LSL, Schmidt H, Tiulpakov A, Mertens A, Alexander VJ, Watts L, Hurh E, Witztum JL, Geary RS, Tsimikas S. Assessment of efficacy and safety of volanesorsen for treatment of metabolic complications in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy: Results of the BROADEN study: Volanesorsen in FPLD; The BROADEN Study. J Clin Lipidol 2022; 16:833-849. [PMID: 36402670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volanesorsen, an antisense oligonucleotide, is designed to inhibit hepatic apolipoprotein C-III synthesis and reduce plasma apolipoprotein C-III and triglyceride concentrations. OBJECTIVE The present study assessed efficacy and safety of volanesorsen in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) and concomitant hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes. METHODS BROADEN was a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3, 52-week study with open-label extension and post-treatment follow-up periods. Patients received weekly subcutaneous volanesorsen 300 mg or placebo. The primary endpoint was percent change from baseline in fasting triglycerides at 3 months. Secondary endpoints included relative percent change in hepatic fat fraction (HFF), visceral adiposity, and glycated hemoglobin levels. RESULTS Forty patients (11 men, 29 women) were enrolled, majority of whom were aged <65 years (mean, 47 years) and White. Least squares mean (LSM) percent change in triglycerides from baseline to 3 months was -88% (95% CI, -134 to -43) in the volanesorsen group versus -22% (95% CI, -61 to 18) in the placebo group, with a difference in LSM of -67% (95% CI, -104 to -30; P=0.0009). Volanesorsen induced a significant LSM relative reduction in HFF of 53% at month 12 versus placebo (observed mean [SD]: 9.7 [7.65] vs. 18.0 [8.89]; P=0.0039). No statistically significant changes were noted in body volume measurements (fat, liver, spleen, visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue) or glycated hemoglobin. Serious adverse events in patients assigned to volanesorsen included 1 case each of sarcoidosis, anaphylactic reaction, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. CONCLUSION In BROADEN, volanesorsen significantly reduced serum triglyceride levels and hepatic steatosis in patients with FPLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif A Oral
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division and Brehm Center for Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (Dr Oral).
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA (Dr Garg)
| | - Joseph Tami
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA (Drs Tami, Alexander, Watts, Geary, and Tsimikas)
| | - Eric A Huang
- Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, MA, USA (Drs Huang, O'Dea, and Hurh)
| | - Louis St L O'Dea
- Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, MA, USA (Drs Huang, O'Dea, and Hurh)
| | - Hartmut Schmidt
- University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (Dr Schmidt)
| | - Anatoly Tiulpakov
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (Dr Tiulpakov)
| | - Ann Mertens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Dr Mertens)
| | - Veronica J Alexander
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA (Drs Tami, Alexander, Watts, Geary, and Tsimikas)
| | - Lynnetta Watts
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA (Drs Tami, Alexander, Watts, Geary, and Tsimikas)
| | - Eunju Hurh
- Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, MA, USA (Drs Huang, O'Dea, and Hurh)
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Drs Witztum and Tsimikas)
| | - Richard S Geary
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA (Drs Tami, Alexander, Watts, Geary, and Tsimikas)
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA (Drs Tami, Alexander, Watts, Geary, and Tsimikas); School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (Drs Witztum and Tsimikas)
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Development and Validation of an Anthropometric Equation to Predict Fat Mass Percentage in Professional and Semi-Professional Male Futsal Players. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214514. [PMID: 36364777 PMCID: PMC9655567 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to (i) characterise the body composition of professional and semi-professional male futsal players, (ii) assess the validity of commonly used equations to estimate FM%, (iii) develop and cross-validate a futsal-specific FM% prediction equation. In a cross-sectional design, 78 adult male futsal players were assessed for body mass, stature, skinfolds, and girths as per the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol and completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan for reference body composition data. Using paired-sample t-tests, the FM% from the DXA and nine published equations were compared. New sport-specific models were developed by stepwise multiple regression. Existing equations were cross-validated using the least squares regression, concordance correlation coefficient, and the Bland−Altman analyses. New equations were further cross-validated using the PRESS approach. None of the existing equations accurately predicted the DXA-derived FM% (p < 0.001; R2 ≤ 0.76, SEE ≥ 1.59; CCC ≤ 0.83; bias = −8.2% to −1.3%, limited agreement, and varying trends). The novel Bettery® equation: −0.620 + (0.159 ∗ Σ4SKF [triceps, abdominal, iliac crest, and front thigh (mm)]) + (0.120 ∗ waist girth (cm)), demonstrated a high accuracy (R2 = 0.85, SEE = 1.32%), a moderate strength of agreement (CCC = 0.92), no bias (0.2%), good agreement (±2.5%), and no trend (r = −0.157; p = 0.170) against the DXA. The Bettery® equation is the first to allow for a valid and sport-specific assessment of FM% in male futsal players.
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New Equations for Hydrostatic Weighing without Head Submersion. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7030070. [PMID: 36135428 PMCID: PMC9506326 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New equations were derived to predict the density of the body (DB) by hydrostatic weighing with the head above water (HWHAW). Hydrostatic weighing with the head below water (HWHBW) was the criterion for DB measurement in 90 subjects (44 M, 46 F). Head volume by immersion (HVIMM) was determined by subtracting the mass in water with the head below water (MWHBW) from the mass in water with the head above water (MWHAW), with subjects at residual lung volume. Equations were derived for head volume prediction (HVPRED) from head measurements and used to correct DB by HWHAW. Equations were also derived for HWHAW using direct regression of DB from uncorrected density (with MWHAW in place of MWHBW). Prediction equations were validated in 45 additional subjects (21 M, 24 F). Results were evaluated using equivalence testing, linear regression, Bland−Altman plots, and paired t-tests. Head girth, face girth, and body mass produced the smallest errors for HVPRED. In both M and F validation groups, equivalence (±2% fat by weight) was demonstrated between body fat percent (BF%) by HWHBW and BF% by HWHAW with HVPRED. Variance in computer-averaged samples of MWHAW was significantly less (p < 0.05) than MWHBW. Prediction error was smaller for BF% by HWHAW with HVPRED than for alternative methods. Conclusions: Equivalence between BF% by HWHBW and BF% by HWHAW with HVPRED was demonstrated and differences were not statistically significant. Weight fluctuations were smaller for HWHAW than HWHBW.
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Duggan JD, Collins K, Keane K. Factors influencing performance and injury risk in elite female Gaelic team sport players and future research directions: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:164. [PMID: 36056384 PMCID: PMC9438325 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Sports science research in elite female Gaelic team sports has increased in recent years, but still a large disparity exists between the volume of studies involving male and female players. As a consequence of this, it is difficult for practitioners to develop an evidence-based approach when working with female players.
Main body In this review, we discuss the current research available in elite female Gaelic team sports with focus on seven specific areas including physical and physiological demands, anthropometric and performance characteristics, injury risk, nutritional considerations, and female physiology. There appears to be unique physical demands data in match play across positions in Camogie, however, there is currently no comparative data available in ladies Gaelic football. Similarly, there is no research available on the physiological demands of both elite female Gaelic team sports. According to existing literature, performance characteristics such as speed and power are lower in this population compared to other elite female team sports. Although data is limited, the anthropometric characteristics of elite female Gaelic team sport players appear homogenous with some positional differences observed at a sub-elite level. Previous research has demonstrated a high prevalence of lower limb injuries in female elite Gaelic team sports and the provision of quality, evidence-based strength & conditioning could help mitigate these injury risks. Female Gaelic team sport players have been shown to have poor nutrition knowledge and inadequate intakes of micronutrients. Finally, although menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives have been shown to influence performance in other female intermittent sports, to date there has not been any research carried out in elite female Gaelic team sport players. Conclusions It is evident that limited research has been carried out on elite female Gaelic sport players. More up-to-date, high-quality investigations are needed to address the research gaps, which in turn should enable practitioners in the field to apply sound, evidence-based practice/theory when working with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Duggan
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin-Tallaght Campus, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Keane
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland
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Metabolomics in Team-Sport Athletes: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030027. [PMID: 35997439 PMCID: PMC9396992 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a promising tool for studying exercise physiology and exercise-associated metabolism. It has recently been defined with the term “sportomics” due to metabolomics’ capability to characterize several metabolites in several biological samples simultaneously. This narrative review on exercise metabolomics provides an initial and brief overview of the different metabolomics technologies, sample collection, and further processing steps employed for sport. It also discusses the data analysis and its biological interpretation. Thus, we do not cover sample collection, preparation, and analysis paragraphs in detail here but outline a general outlook to help the reader to understand the metabolomics studies conducted in team-sports athletes, alongside endeavoring to recognize existing or emergent trends and deal with upcoming directions in the field of exercise metabolomics in a team-sports setting.
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Freire R, Pereira GR, Alcantara JMA, Santos R, Hausen M, Itaborahy A. New Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations for High-Level Athletes: A Cross-Validation Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1335-1345. [PMID: 35389940 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims a) to assess the agreement between the measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) using indirect calorimetry and different predictive equations (predicted RMR), and b) to propose and cross-validate two new predictive equations for estimating the RMR in high-level athletes. METHODS The RMR of 102 athletes (44 women) was assessed using indirect calorimetry, whereas the body composition was assessed using skinfolds. Comparisons between measured and predicted RMR values were performed using one-way ANOVA. Mean difference, root mean square error (RMSE), simple linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted RMR. The accuracy of predictive equations was analyzed using narrower and wider accuracy limits (±5% and ±10%, respectively) of measured RMR. Multiple linear regression models were employed to develop the new predictive equations based on traditional predictors (equation 1) and the stepwise method (equation 2). RESULTS The new equations 1 and 2 presented good agreement based on the mean difference (3 and -15 kcal·d -1 ), RMSE (200 and 192 kcal·d -1 ), and R2 (0.71 and 0.74), respectively, and accuracy (61% of subjects between the limit of ±10% of measured RMR). Cunningham's equation provided the best performance for males and females among the existing equations, whereas Jagim's equation showed the worst performance for males (mean difference = -335 kcal·d -1 ; RMSE = 386 kcal·d -1 ). Compared with measured RMR, most predictive equations showed heteroscedastic distribution (linear regression's intercept and slope significantly different from zero; P ≤ 0.05), mainly in males. CONCLUSIONS The new proposed equations can estimate the RMR in high-level athletes accurately. Cunningham's equation is a good option from existing equations, and Jagim's equation should not be used in high-level male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Glauber R Pereira
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, SPAIN
| | - Ruan Santos
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Matheus Hausen
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
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Esparza-Ros F, Moreira AC, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Barrigas C, Albaladejo-Saura M, Vieira F. Differences between Four Skinfold Calipers in the Assessment of Adipose Tissue in Young Adult Healthy Population. Nutrients 2022; 14:2085. [PMID: 35631225 PMCID: PMC9144069 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of four different skinfold calipers, as well as to establish the differences between them in a healthy young adult population. Methods: The present study followed a cross-sectional design, including 138 participants, with 69 males (21.46 ± 2.52 years) and 69 females (22.19 ± 2.85 years). The measurement protocol included basic measurements of body mass and stretch stature and eight skinfolds with a Harpenden, Holtain, Slim Guide, and Lipowise. The ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds and fat mass were calculated. The order in which the skinfold calipers were used was randomized. Results: No significant differences were found in either the Σ6 and Σ8 skinfolds or masses and fat percentages calculated with the skinfolds obtained with the different calipers (p > 0.05), and the inclusion of the covariates of sex, BMI, and hydration status of the participants showed no effect on the differences. The Bland−Altman test showed significant differences between the calipers (p < 0.001). Conclusion: It has been observed that the analyzed calipers have shown validity for the assessment of adiposity-related variables in a male and female sample of non-overweight, young healthy adults, but they are not interchangeable with each other when the assessment is meant to be compared over time or with other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esparza-Ros
- International Kinanthropometry, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.E.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Ana Catarina Moreira
- ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- International Kinanthropometry, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.E.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Barrigas
- Instituto de Estudos Interculturais e Transdisciplinares, 2805-059 Almada, Portugal;
| | - Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- International Kinanthropometry, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (F.E.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Filomena Vieira
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Functional Morphology, Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics (FMH), University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal;
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Barone M, Losurdo G, Iannone A, Leandro G, Leo AD, Trerotoli P. ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION: INTRINSIC METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS AND STATISTICAL PITFALLS. Nutrition 2022; 102:111736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Influence of Maturity Status on Kinanthropometric and Physical Fitness Variables in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to analyze differences in kinanthropometric characteristics and physical performance in relation to maturity status, as well as to determine if age, maturity offset or kinanthropometric variables could predict better performance in physical fitness tests. A total of 152 female volleyball players (14.16 ± 1.25 years old) underwent a kinanthropometric assessment, followed by a physical fitness assessment composed of different tests. The age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated, and the sample was divided according to biological maturation into three groups. Significant differences were observed in kinanthropometric variables (p < 0.001–0.026), with early maturers showing higher values. Age, body mass, Cormic index, relative arm span, ∑8 skinfolds, fat mass, corrected arm and thigh girths, muscle mass and biacromial and biiliocristal breadths were the variables that best predicted performance in the physical tests (p < 0.001–0.024). The more mature players showed higher values in most of the kinanthropometric variables, with the more remarkable differences being in body mass, height, arm span and sitting height, and those related to adiposity and absolute body composition, and with structural variables being the most influential on the physical tests. Age had a determinant influence on the differences found between groups in strength and power-related test performance.
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Bland KA, Kouw IWK, van Loon LJC, Zopf EM, Fairman CM. Exercise-Based Interventions to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss in People with Cancer: Can We Overcome the Odds? Sports Med 2022; 52:1009-1027. [PMID: 35118634 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Addressing skeletal muscle mass loss is an important focus in oncology research to improve clinical outcomes, including cancer treatment tolerability and survival. Exercise is likely a necessary component of muscle-mass-preserving interventions for people with cancer. However, randomized controlled trials with exercise that include people with cancer with increased susceptibility to more rapid and severe muscle mass loss are limited. The aim of the current review is to highlight features of cancer-related skeletal muscle mass loss, discuss the impact in patients most at risk, and describe the possible role of exercise as a management strategy. We present current gaps within the exercise oncology literature and offer several recommendations for future studies to support research translation, including (1) utilizing accurate and reliable body composition techniques to assess changes in skeletal muscle mass, (2) incorporating comprehensive assessments of patient health status to allow personalized exercise prescription, (3) coupling exercise with robust nutritional recommendations to maximize the impact on skeletal muscle outcomes, and (4) considering key exercise intervention features that may improve exercise efficacy and adherence. Ultimately, the driving forces behind skeletal muscle mass loss are complex and may impede exercise tolerability and efficacy. Our recommendations are intended to foster the design of high-quality patient-centred research studies to determine whether exercise can counteract muscle mass loss in people with cancer and, as such, improve knowledge on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcey A Bland
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Cancer Institute, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science To Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M Zopf
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Cancer Institute, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Exercise Science Department, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, PHRC 220, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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A Systematic Review on Fitness Testing in Adult Male Basketball Players: Tests Adopted, Characteristics Reported and Recommendations for Practice. Sports Med 2022; 52:1491-1532. [PMID: 35119683 PMCID: PMC9213321 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background As basketball match-play requires players to possess a wide range of physical characteristics, many tests have been introduced in the literature to identify talent and quantify fitness in various samples of players. However, a synthesis of the literature to identify the most frequently used tests, outcome variables, and normative values for basketball-related physical characteristics in adult male basketball players is yet to be conducted. Objective The primary objectives of this systematic review are to (1) identify tests and outcome variables used to assess physical characteristics in adult male basketball players across all competition levels, (2) report a summary of anthropometric, muscular power, linear speed, change-of-direction speed, agility, strength, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic capacity in adult male basketball players based on playing position and competition level, and (3) introduce a framework outlining recommended testing approaches to quantify physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Methods A systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies. To be eligible for inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) have full-text versions available in the English language; and (4) include the primary aim of reporting tests used and/or the physical characteristics of adult (i.e., ≥ 18 years of age) male basketball players. Additionally, data from the top 10 draft picks who participated in the National Basketball Association combined from 2011–12 to 2020–21 were extracted from the official league website to highlight the physical characteristics of elite 19- to 24-year-old basketball players. Results A total of 1684 studies were identified, with 375 being duplicates. Consequently, the titles and abstracts of 1309 studies were screened and 231 studies were eligible for full-text review. The reference list of each study was searched, with a further 59 studies identified as eligible for review. After full-text screening, 137 studies identified tests, while 114 studies reported physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Conclusions Physical characteristics reported indicate a wide range of abilities are present across playing competitions. The tests and outcome variables reported in the literature highlight the multitude of tests currently being used. Because there are no accepted international standards for physical assessment of basketball players, establishing normative data is challenging. Therefore, future testing should involve repeatable protocols that are standardised and provide outcomes that can be monitored across time. Recommendations for testing batteries in adult male basketball players are provided so improved interpretation of data can occur. Clinical Trial Registration This review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and allocated registration number CRD42020187151 on 28 April, 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01626-3.
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The making of a classic: the 1974 Durnin–Womersley body composition paper. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:87-91. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Campa F, Coratella G. Athlete or Non-athlete? This Is the Question in Body Composition. Front Physiol 2022; 12:814572. [PMID: 34975550 PMCID: PMC8718693 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.814572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Boucher T, Farmer L, Moretti M, Lakhi NA. Maternal anthropometric measurements and correlation to maternal and fetal outcomes in late pregnancy. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455065221076737. [PMID: 35107042 PMCID: PMC8814965 DOI: 10.1177/17455065221076737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Body mass index does not distinguish between lean and fat body mass; therefore, its utility defining body composition is limited in pregnancy. Anthropometric measurements may better represent variation in body composition among women who are overweight or obese. We sought to examine body fat composition using maternal anthropometric measurements in late pregnancy and correlate with mode of delivery. Methods: A prospective study of pregnant patients who were overweight (body mass index: 25–29.9 kg/m2) or obese (body mass index ⩾ 30 kg/m2) with singleton pregnancies who underwent anthropometric measurements between 27 weeks, 0 days to 34 weeks, 6 days gestation. Maternal skinfold thicknesses from eight sites were used to estimate body fat mass. Correlation of skinfold thickness, anthroprometric measurements, and estimated body fat percentage on mode of delivery were analyzed with p < .05 as significant. Results: A total of 41 women with overweight (34.1%) or obese (65.9%) body habitus were included. Mean age was 29.9 years, and the majority (43.9%) were Black and 31.7% identified Hispanic/Latinx. The average gestational age at recruitment was 30 weeks, 2 days and 38 weeks, 6 days at delivery. A greater weight at recruitment (94.2 vs 81.8 kg, p = .023), waist circumference (47.1 vs 43.5 inches, p = .010), Huston–Presley body fat percentage (36.4% vs 31.8%, p = .030), triceps skinfold thickness (20.1 vs 15.7 mm, p = .030), biceps skinfold thickness (18.6 vs 15.0 mm, p = .042), and skinfold thickness, as well as sum of skinfold sites (83.3 vs 68.8 mm, p = .049) were associated with cesarean delivery compared to vaginal delivery on univariate analysis. Conclusion: Third-trimester anthropometric measurements may help predict increased risk for c-section in women with obesity. Further research may elucidate utility in nutritional counseling and delivery planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Boucher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Farmer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nisha A Lakhi
- Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, NY, USA
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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