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Lee HE, Jung M, Choi K, Jang JH, Hwang SK, Chae S, Lee JH, Mun JY. L-serine restored lysosomal failure in cells derived from patients with BPAN reducing iron accumulation with eliminating lipofuscin. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 221:273-282. [PMID: 38740102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Defective mitochondria and autophagy, as well as accumulation of lipid and iron in WDR45 mutant fibroblasts, is related to beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN). In this study, we found that enlarged lysosomes in cells derived from patients with BPAN had low enzyme activity, and most of the enlarged lysosomes had an accumulation of iron and oxidized lipid. Cryo-electron tomography revealed elongated lipid accumulation, and spectrometry-based elemental analysis showed that lysosomal iron and oxygen accumulation superimposed with lipid aggregates. Lysosomal lipid aggregates superimposed with autofluorescence as free radical generator, lipofuscin. To eliminate free radical stress by iron accumulation in cells derived from patients with BPAN, we investigated the effects of the iron chelator, 2,2'-bipyridine (bipyridyl, BIP). To study whether the defects in patient-derived cells can be rescued by an iron chelator BIP, we tested whether the level of iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells and genes related to oxidative stress were rescued BIP treatment. Although BIP treatment decreased some iron accumulation in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, the accumulation of iron in the lysosomes and levels of cellular ROS were unaffected. In addition, the change of specific RNA levels related to free radical stress in patient fibroblasts was not rescued by BIP. To alleviate free radical stress, we investigated whether l-serine can regulate abnormal structures in cells derived from patients with BPAN through the regulation of free radical stress. l-serine treatment alleviated increase of enlarged lysosomes and iron accumulation and rescued impaired lysosomal activity by reducing oxidized lipid accumulation in the lysosomes of the cells. Lamellated lipids in the lysosomes of the cells were identified as lipofuscin through correlative light and electron microscopy, and l-serine treatment reduced the increase of lipofuscin. These data suggest that l-serine reduces oxidative stress-mediated lysosomal lipid oxidation and iron accumulation by rescuing lysosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Eun Lee
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea; School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Minkyo Jung
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kiju Choi
- Division of Structural Biology, Baobab AiBIO, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuck Jang
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Electron Microscopy Group for Materials Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Astrogen Inc., Techno-Building 313, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.
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Li J, Feng Y, Li Y, He P, Zhou Q, Tian Y, Yao R, Yao Y. Ferritinophagy: A novel insight into the double-edged sword in ferritinophagy-ferroptosis axis and human diseases. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13621. [PMID: 38389491 PMCID: PMC11216947 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactive 4 (NCOA4), which functions as a selective cargo receptor, is a critical regulator of the particularly autophagic degradation of ferritin, a process known as ferritinophagy. Mechanistically, NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy performs an increasingly vital role in the maintenance of intracellular iron homeostasis by promoting ferritin transport and iron release as needed. Ferritinophagy is not only involved in iron-dependent responses but also in the pathogenesis and progression of various human diseases, including metabolism-related, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and infectious diseases. Therefore, ferritinophagy is of great importance in maintaining cell viability and function and represents a potential therapeutic target. Recent studies indicated that ferritinophagy regulates the signalling pathway associated with ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death characterised by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Although accumulating evidence clearly demonstrates the importance of the interplay between dysfunction in iron metabolism and ferroptosis, a deeper understanding of the double-edged sword effect of ferritinophagy in ferroptosis has remained elusive. Details of the mechanisms underlying the ferritinophagy-ferroptosis axis in regulating relevant human diseases remain to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss the latest research findings regarding the mechanisms that regulate the biological function of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and its contribution to the pathophysiology of ferroptosis. The important role of the ferritinophagy-ferroptosis axis in human diseases will be discussed in detail, highlighting the great potential of targeting ferritinophagy in the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Yan Li
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yan‐Hua Feng
- Department of OrthopedicsHebei Provincial Chidren's HospitalShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yu‐Xuan Li
- Translational Medicine Research CenterMedical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Peng‐Yi He
- Translational Medicine Research CenterMedical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qi‐Yuan Zhou
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Ying‐Ping Tian
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Ren‐Qi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research CenterMedical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Ming Yao
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- Translational Medicine Research CenterMedical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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Marupudi N, Xiong MP. Genetic Targets and Applications of Iron Chelators for Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2024; 4:119-130. [PMID: 38911909 PMCID: PMC11191567 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases that are typically caused by a monogenetic mutation, leading to development of disordered movement symptoms such as dystonia, hyperreflexia, etc. Brain iron accumulation can be diagnosed through MRI imaging and is hypothesized to be the cause of oxidative stress, leading to the degeneration of brain tissue. There are four main types of NBIA: pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN), mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MKAN), and beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN). There are no causative therapies for these diseases, but iron chelators have been shown to have potential toward treating NBIA. Three chelators are investigated in this Review: deferoxamine (DFO), desferasirox (DFS), and deferiprone (DFP). DFO has been investigated to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD); however, dose-related toxicity in these studies, as well as in PKAN studies, have shown that the drug still requires more development before it can be applied toward NBIA cases. Iron chelation therapies other than the ones currently in clinical use have not yet reached clinical studies, but they may possess characteristics that would allow them to access the brain in ways that current chelators cannot. Intranasal formulations are an attractive dosage form to study for chelation therapy, as this method of delivery can bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the CNS. Gene therapy differs from iron chelation therapy as it is a causal treatment of the disease, whereas iron chelators only target the disease progression of NBIA. Because the pathophysiology of NBIA diseases is still unclear, future courses of action should be focused on causative treatment; however, iron chelation therapy is the current best course of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neharika Marupudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
& Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2352, United States
| | - May P. Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical
& Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2352, United States
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Zhang X, Li G, Chen H, Nie XW, Bian JS. Targeting NKAα1 to treat Parkinson's disease through inhibition of mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 218:190-204. [PMID: 38574977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) has been documented in various neurodegenerative diseases, yet the specific role of NKAα1 in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains incompletely understood. In this investigation, we utilized NKAα1 haploinsufficiency (NKAα1+/-) mice to probe the influence of NKAα1 on dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Our findings reveal that NKAα1+/- mice displayed a heightened loss of DA neurons and more pronounced motor dysfunction compared to the control group when exposed to MPTP. Intriguingly, this phenomenon coincided with the activation of ferroptosis and impaired mitophagy both in vivo and in vitro. To scrutinize the role and underlying mechanism of NKAα1 in PD, we employed DR-Ab, an antibody targeting the DR-region of the NKA α subunit. Our study demonstrates that the administration of DR-Ab effectively reinstated the membrane abundance of NKAα1, thereby mitigating MPTP-induced DA neuron loss and subsequent improvement in behavioral deficit. Mechanistically, DR-Ab heightened the formation of the surface NKAα1/SLC7A11 complex, inhibiting SLC7A11-dependent ferroptosis. Moreover, DR-Ab disrupted the cytosolic interaction between NKAα1 and Parkin, facilitating the translocation of Parkin to mitochondria and enhancing the process of mitophagy. In conclusion, this study establishes NKAα1 as a key regulator of ferroptosis and mitophagy, identifying its DR-region as a promising therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Guanghong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Shenzhen Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology; the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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Patwa J, Flora SJS. Copper: From enigma to therapeutic target for neurological disorder. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:778-791. [PMID: 38622813 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) have a negative impact on the lives of individuals. There could be two explanations for this: unclear aetiology and lack of effective therapy. However, research in the past few years has revealed the role of bio-metals dyshomeostasis in NDs. The imbalance in copper (Cu) concentration may be one of the main causative factors in NDs. In this review, we have discussed the role of Cu in NDs, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the molecular mechanisms involved in Cu-associated NDs like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. We have also summarized the recent Cu-targeting approaches and highlighted the in vitro and in vivo studies recently being reported on the subject. Based on the earlier published reports, it could be speculated that the Cu targeting strategy might be an interesting and potential therapeutic approach for NDs. Various difficulties must be overcome to develop safe and efficient Cu-targeting medications for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Patwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
- Era College of Pharmaceuticals, Era Lucknow Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pujol A, Sanchis P, Tamayo MI, Nicolau J, Grases F, Espino A, Estremera A, Rigo E, Amengual GJ, Rodríguez M, Ribes JL, Gomila I, Simó-Servat O, Masmiquel L. Oral phytate supplementation on the progression of mild cognitive impairment, brain iron deposition and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a concept paper for a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial (the PHYND trial). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1332237. [PMID: 38872972 PMCID: PMC11169791 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1332237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a worldwide prevalence of 10.5% in the adult population (20-79 years), and by 2045, the prevalence is expected to keep rising to one in eight adults living with diabetes. Mild cognitive impairment has a global prevalence of 19.7% in adults aged 50 years. Both conditions have shown a concerning increase in prevalence rates over the past 10 years, highlighting a growing public health challenge. Future forecasts indicate that the prevalence of dementia (no estimations done for individuals with mild cognitive impairment) is expected to nearly triple by 2050. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment, and such impairment increase the likelihood of poor glycemic/metabolic control. High phytate intake has been shown to be a protective factor against the development of cognitive impairment in observational studies. Diary phytate intake might reduce the micro- and macrovascular complications of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through different mechanisms. We describe the protocol of the first trial (the PHYND trial) that evaluate the effect of daily phytate supplementation over 56 weeks with a two-arm double-blind placebo-controlled study on the progression of mild cognitive impairment, cerebral iron deposition, and retinal involvement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our hypothesis proposes that phytate, by inhibiting advanced glycation end product formation and chelating transition metals, will improve cognitive function and attenuate the progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to dementia in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild cognitive impairment. Additionally, we predict that phytate will reduce iron accumulation in the central nervous system, mitigate neurodegenerative changes in both the central nervous system and retina, and induce alterations in biochemical markers associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antelm Pujol
- Vascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Group, Endocrinology Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Sanchis
- Vascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Group, Endocrinology Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University of Balearic Islands, Research Institute of Health Science (IUNICS) Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands, (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María I. Tamayo
- Vascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Group, Endocrinology Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joana Nicolau
- Vascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Group, Endocrinology Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Félix Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University of Balearic Islands, Research Institute of Health Science (IUNICS) Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands, (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana Espino
- Neurology Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana Estremera
- Neuroradiology Unit, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elena Rigo
- Neuroopthalmology Unit, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Rodríguez
- Neuroradiology Unit, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José L. Ribes
- Biochemistry Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Isabel Gomila
- Biochemistry Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Olga Simó-Servat
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Masmiquel
- Vascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Group, Endocrinology Department, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Sfera A, Imran H, Sfera DO, Anton JJ, Kozlakidis Z, Hazan S. Novel Insights into Psychosis and Antipsychotic Interventions: From Managing Symptoms to Improving Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5904. [PMID: 38892092 PMCID: PMC11173215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
For the past 70 years, the dopamine hypothesis has been the key working model in schizophrenia. This has contributed to the development of numerous inhibitors of dopaminergic signaling and antipsychotic drugs, which led to rapid symptom resolution but only marginal outcome improvement. Over the past decades, there has been limited research on the quantifiable pathological changes in schizophrenia, including premature cellular/neuronal senescence, brain volume loss, the attenuation of gamma oscillations in electroencephalograms, and the oxidation of lipids in the plasma and mitochondrial membranes. We surmise that the aberrant activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by toxins derived from gut microbes or the environment drives premature cellular and neuronal senescence, a hallmark of schizophrenia. Early brain aging promotes secondary changes, including the impairment and loss of mitochondria, gray matter depletion, decreased gamma oscillations, and a compensatory metabolic shift to lactate and lactylation. The aim of this narrative review is twofold: (1) to summarize what is known about premature cellular/neuronal senescence in schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like disorders, and (2) to discuss novel strategies for improving long-term outcomes in severe mental illness with natural senotherapeutics, membrane lipid replacement, mitochondrial transplantation, microbial phenazines, novel antioxidant phenothiazines, inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave., Patton, CA 92369, USA; (H.I.)
- University of California Riverside, Riverside 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hassan Imran
- Patton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave., Patton, CA 92369, USA; (H.I.)
- University of California Riverside, Riverside 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave., Patton, CA 92369, USA; (H.I.)
- University of California Riverside, Riverside 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | | | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France;
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Irfan H, Muneer SU, Maheshwari AB, Kumar N, Iftikhar S. Lixisenatide in early parkinson's disease: efficacy, safety, and future directions: a correspondence. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:232. [PMID: 38787469 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) presents as a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, resulting from dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Current treatment strategies primarily aim to alleviate symptoms through pharmacotherapy and supportive therapies. However, emerging research explores novel therapeutic avenues, including the repurposing of drugs like lixisenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist initially developed for type 2 diabetes. This correspondence summarizes a phase 2 clinical trial investigating lixisenatide's efficacy in early PD, demonstrating a potential for mitigating motor disability progression. Findings reveal a marginal improvement or stabilization in motor function among lixisenatide-treated individuals compared to placebo, emphasizing its therapeutic promise. Nonetheless, the emergence of gastrointestinal adverse events underscores the need for careful monitoring and management. Further extensive trials are warranted to delineate lixisenatide's efficacy and safety profile, fostering collaborative efforts towards precision treatments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Irfan
- Department of Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Medical and Dental College, G855 + XRM, Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex, Khayaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Block D Muslim Town, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Siraj Ul Muneer
- Department of Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Medical and Dental College, G855 + XRM, Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex, Khayaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Block D Muslim Town, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ashoney Bai Maheshwari
- Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, C7P9 + 4W6, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Nikil Kumar
- Jinnah Medical and Dental College, 22-23 Shaheed-e-Millat Rd, Bihar Muslim Society BMCHS Sharafabad, Karachi City, Sindh, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Sana Iftikhar
- Department of Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Medical and Dental College, G855 + XRM, Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex, Khayaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Block D Muslim Town, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Song C, Chu Z, Dai J, Xie D, Qin T, Xie L, Zhai Z, Huang S, Xu Y, Sun T. Water extract of moschus alleviates erastin-induced ferroptosis by regulating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in HT22 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117937. [PMID: 38423409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Moschus, first described in the Shennong's Classic of the Materia medicine, is a scarce and precious animal medicine. Modern pharmacological researches have suggested that Moschus has neuroprotective actions, and its mechanism is related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptosis effects. Ferroptosis is one of the major pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is widely implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Although previous studies have suggested that Moschus possesses neuroprotective effect, whether Moschus could mitigate neuronal damages by inhibiting the onset of ferroptosis is unknown in model cells of AD. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of study was to explore the water extract of Moschus (WEM) on ferroptosis caused by erastin and the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Erastin was used to stimulate HT22 cells to form ferroptosis model to evaluate the anti-ferroptosis effect of WEM by cell counting kit-8 and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) tests. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) kits are used for detection of MDA and GSH levels, and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and C11 BODIPY 581/591 fluorescence probe are used for evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide (LOOH) levels. And Western blot was used to test nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and ferroptosis associated proteins including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), cystine/glutamate antiporter subunit (SLC7A11), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), ferroportin1 (FPN1), transferrin receptor (TFRC). In addition, the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 was applied to verify whether WEM prevents erastin-induced ferroptosis by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. RESULTS After WEM treatment, erastin-induced HT22 cell survival was significantly elevated, the accumulation of intracellular MDA, ROS, and LOOH were significantly reduced, the level of GSH and expressions of ferroptosis inhibitors GPX4 and SLC7A11 were significantly increased, and iron metabolism-related proteins TFRC, FPN1, and FTH1 were regulated. These effects of WEM are implemented by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that WEM could perform neuroprotective effects by alleviating ferroptosis, verified that WEM treatment of AD can be mediated by the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, and provided theoretical support for the application of WEM in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyou Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhili Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jingyi Dai
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Danni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Linjiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhai
- The Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Sha Huang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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10
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Lammers-Lietz F, Borchers F, Feinkohl I, Hetzer S, Kanar C, Konietschke F, Lachmann G, Chien C, Spies C, Winterer G, Zaborszky L, Zacharias N, Paul F. An exploratory research report on brain mineralization in postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2646-2664. [PMID: 38379517 PMCID: PMC11108748 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Delirium is a severe postoperative complication associated with poor overall and especially neurocognitive prognosis. Altered brain mineralization is found in neurodegenerative disorders but has not been studied in postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive decline. We hypothesized that mineralization-related hypointensity in susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (SWI) is associated with postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. In an exploratory, hypothesis-generating study, we analysed a subsample of cognitively healthy patients ≥65 years who underwent SWI before (N = 65) and 3 months after surgery (N = 33). We measured relative SWI intensities in the basal ganglia, hippocampus and posterior basal forebrain cholinergic system (pBFCS). A post hoc analysis of two pBFCS subregions (Ch4, Ch4p) was conducted. Patients were screened for delirium until the seventh postoperative day. Cognitive testing was performed before and 3 months after surgery. Fourteen patients developed delirium. After adjustment for age, sex, preoperative cognition and region volume, only pBFCS hypointensity was associated with delirium (regression coefficient [90% CI]: B = -15.3 [-31.6; -0.8]). After adjustments for surgery duration, age, sex and region volume, perioperative change in relative SWI intensities of the pBFCS was associated with cognitive decline 3 months after surgery at a trend level (B = 6.8 [-0.9; 14.1]), which was probably driven by a stronger association in subregion Ch4p (B = 9.3 [2.3; 16.2]). Brain mineralization, particularly in the cerebral cholinergic system, could be a pathomechanism in postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. Evidence from our studies is limited because of the small sample and a SWI dataset unfit for iron quantification, and the analyses presented here should be considered exploratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lammers-Lietz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- PI Health Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Borchers
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Insa Feinkohl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health at Department of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Stefan Hetzer
- Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cicek Kanar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Konietschke
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Lachmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Academy, Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Chien
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Winterer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- PI Health Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Norman Zacharias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Gnimpieba E, Diing DM, Ailts J, Cucak A, Gakh O, Isaya G, Vitiello S, Wang S, Pierce P, Cooper A, Roux K, Rogers LK, Vitiello PF. Mapping Novel Frataxin Mitochondrial Networks Through Protein- Protein Interactions. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4259413. [PMID: 38746130 PMCID: PMC11092868 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259413/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is a neuromuscular degenerative disorder caused by trinucleotide expansions in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene, resulting in insufficient levels of functional FNX protein. Deficits in FXN involve mitochondrial disruptions including iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and impaired energetics. These studies were to identify unique protein-protein interactions with FXN to better understand its function and design therapeutics. Two complementary approaches were employed, BioID and Co-IP, to identify protein interactions with FXN at the direct binding, indirect binding, and non-proximal levels. Forty-one novel protein interactions were identified by BioID and IP techniques. The FXN protein landscape was further analyzed incorporating both interaction type and functional pathways using a maximum path of 6 proteins with a potential direct interaction between FXN and NFS1. Probing the intersection between FXN-protein landscape and biological pathways associated with FRDA, we identified 41 proteins of interest. Peroxiredoxin 3 (Prdx3) was chosen for further analysis because of its role in mitochondrial oxidative injury. Our data has demonstrated the strengths of employing complementary methods to identify a unique interactome for FXN. Our data provides new insights into FXN function and regulation, a potential direct interaction between FXN and NFS1, and pathway interactions between FXN and Prdx3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jared Ailts
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Pierce
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Alec Cooper
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
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12
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Liang T, Yang SX, Qian C, Du LD, Qian ZM, Yung WH, Ke Y. HMGB1 Mediates Inflammation-Induced DMT1 Increase and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in the Early Stage of Parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2006-2020. [PMID: 37833459 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Both neuroinflammation and iron accumulation play roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether inflammation induces iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons at an early stage of PD, at which no quantifiable dopaminergic neuron loss can be observed, is still unknown. As for the inflammation mediators, although several cytokines have been reported to increase in PD, the functions of these cytokines in the SN are double-edged and controversial. In this study, whether inflammation could induce iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons through high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in the early stage of PD is explored. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxin that primarily activates glia cells, and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the neurotoxin that firstly impacts dopaminergic neurons, were utilized to mimic PD in rats. We found a common and exceedingly early over-production of HMGB1, followed by an increase of divalent metal transporter 1 with iron responsive element (DMT1+) in the dopaminergic neurons before quantifiable neuronal loss. HMGB1 neutralizing antibody suppressed inflammation in the SN, DMT1+ elevation in dopaminergic neurons, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in both LPS and 6-OHDA administration- induced PD models. On the contrary, interleukin-1β inhibitor diacerein failed to suppress these outcomes induced by 6-OHDA. Our findings not only demonstrate that inflammation could be one of the causes of DMT1+ increase in dopaminergic neurons, but also highlight HMGB1 as a pivotal early mediator of inflammation-induced iron increase and subsequent neurodegeneration, thereby HMGB1 could serve as a potential target for early-stage PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Li-Da Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China.
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13
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Li S, Huang P, Lai F, Zhang T, Guan J, Wan H, He Y. Mechanisms of Ferritinophagy and Ferroptosis in Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1605-1626. [PMID: 37736794 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the role of autophagy, particularly the selective form like ferritinophagy, in promoting cells to undergo ferroptosis has inspired us to investigate functional connections between diseases and cell death. Ferroptosis is a novel model of procedural cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammatory response. Based on ferroptosis, the study of ferritinophagy is particularly important. In recent years, extensive research has elucidated the role of ferroptosis and ferritinophagy in neurological diseases and anemia, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets. Besides, the global emergence and rapid transmission of COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, represents a considerable risk to public health worldwide. The potential involvement of ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of brain injury associated with COVID-19 is still unclear. This review summarizes the pathophysiological changes of ferroptosis and ferritinophagy in neurological diseases, anemia, and COVID-19, and hypothesizes that ferritinophagy may be a potential mechanism of ferroptosis. Advancements in these fields will enhance our comprehension of methods to prevent and address neurological disorders, anemia, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Feifan Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jiaqi Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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14
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Ficiarà E, Molinar C, Gazzin S, Jayanti S, Argenziano M, Nasi L, Casoli F, Albertini F, Ansari SA, Marcantoni A, Tomagra G, Carabelli V, Guiot C, D’Agata F, Cavalli R. Developing Iron Nanochelating Agents: Preliminary Investigation of Effectiveness and Safety for Central Nervous System Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:729. [PMID: 38255803 PMCID: PMC10815234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive iron levels are believed to contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders by promoting oxidative stress and harmful protein clustering. Novel chelation treatments that can effectively remove excess iron while minimizing negative effects on the nervous system are being explored. This study focuses on the creation and evaluation of innovative nanobubble (NB) formulations, shelled with various polymers such as glycol-chitosan (GC) and glycol-chitosan conjugated with deferoxamine (DFO), to enhance their ability to bind iron. Various methods were used to evaluate their physical and chemical properties, chelation capacity in diverse iron solutions and impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, the GC-DFO NBs demonstrated the ability to decrease amyloid-β protein misfolding caused by iron. To assess potential toxicity, in vitro cytotoxicity testing was conducted using organotypic brain cultures from the substantia nigra, revealing no adverse effects at appropriate concentrations. Additionally, the impact of NBs on spontaneous electrical signaling in hippocampal neurons was examined. Our findings suggest a novel nanochelation approach utilizing DFO-conjugated NBs for the removal of excess iron in cerebral regions, potentially preventing neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ficiarà
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Chiara Molinar
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (V.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Sri Jayanti
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (V.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Lucia Nasi
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM) CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.N.); (F.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesca Casoli
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM) CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.N.); (F.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Franca Albertini
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM) CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.N.); (F.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Shoeb Anwar Ansari
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.A.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (V.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (V.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (V.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.A.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Federico D’Agata
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.A.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (V.C.); (R.C.)
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15
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Sfera A, Andronescu L, Britt WG, Himsl K, Klein C, Rahman L, Kozlakidis Z. Receptor-Independent Therapies for Forensic Detainees with Schizophrenia-Dementia Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15797. [PMID: 37958780 PMCID: PMC10647468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Forensic institutions throughout the world house patients with severe psychiatric illness and history of criminal violations. Improved medical care, hygiene, psychiatric treatment, and nutrition led to an unmatched longevity in this population, which previously lived, on average, 15 to 20 years shorter than the public at large. On the other hand, longevity has contributed to increased prevalence of age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, which complicate clinical management, increasing healthcare expenditures. Forensic institutions, originally intended for the treatment of younger individuals, are ill-equipped for the growing number of older offenders. Moreover, as antipsychotic drugs became available in 1950s and 1960s, we are observing the first generation of forensic detainees who have aged on dopamine-blocking agents. Although the consequences of long-term treatment with these agents are unclear, schizophrenia-associated gray matter loss may contribute to the development of early dementia. Taken together, increased lifespan and the subsequent cognitive deficit observed in long-term forensic institutions raise questions and dilemmas unencountered by the previous generations of clinicians. These include: does the presence of neurocognitive dysfunction justify antipsychotic dose reduction or discontinuation despite a lifelong history of schizophrenia and violent behavior? Should neurolipidomic interventions become the standard of care in elderly individuals with lifelong schizophrenia and dementia? Can patients with schizophrenia and dementia meet the Dusky standard to stand trial? Should neurocognitive disorders in the elderly with lifelong schizophrenia be treated differently than age-related neurodegeneration? In this article, we hypothesize that gray matter loss is the core symptom of schizophrenia which leads to dementia. We hypothesize further that strategies to delay or stop gray matter depletion would not only improve the schizophrenia sustained recovery, but also avert the development of major neurocognitive disorders in people living with schizophrenia. Based on this hypothesis, we suggest utilization of both receptor-dependent and independent therapeutics for chronic psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA; (L.A.); (K.H.)
- School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Luminita Andronescu
- Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA; (L.A.); (K.H.)
| | - William G. Britt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Kiera Himsl
- Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA; (L.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Carolina Klein
- California Department of State Hospitals, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA;
| | - Leah Rahman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Ave, Eugene, OR 97403, USA;
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69366 Lyon Cedex, France;
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16
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Cummings JL, Osse AML, Kinney JW. Alzheimer's Disease: Novel Targets and Investigational Drugs for Disease Modification. Drugs 2023; 83:1387-1408. [PMID: 37728864 PMCID: PMC10582128 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Novel agents addressing non-amyloid, non-tau targets in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) comprise 70% of the AD drug development pipeline of agents currently in clinical trials. Most of the target processes identified in the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) are represented by novel agents in trials. Inflammation and synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection are the CADRO categories with the largest number of novel candidate therapies. Within these categories, there are few overlapping targets among the test agents. Additional categories being evaluated include apolipoprotein E [Formula: see text] 4 (APOE4) effects, lipids and lipoprotein receptors, neurogenesis, oxidative stress, bioenergetics and metabolism, vascular factors, cell death, growth factors and hormones, circadian rhythm, and epigenetic regulators. We highlight current drugs being tested within these categories and their mechanisms. Trials will be informative regarding which targets can be modulated to produce a slowing of clinical decline. Possible therapeutic combinations of agents may be suggested by trial outcomes. Biomarkers are evolving in concert with new targets and novel agents, and biomarker outcomes offer a means of supporting disease modification by the putative treatment. Identification of novel targets and development of corresponding therapeutics offer an important means of advancing new treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
- , 1380 Opal Valley Street, Henderson, Nevada, 89052, USA.
| | - Amanda M Leisgang Osse
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jefferson W Kinney
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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17
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Balachandran C, Hirose M, Tanaka T, Zhu JJ, Yokoi K, Hisamatsu Y, Yamada Y, Aoki S. Design and Synthesis of Poly(2,2'-Bipyridyl) Ligands for Induction of Cell Death in Cancer Cells: Control of Anticancer Activity by Complexation/Decomplexation with Biorelevant Metal Cations. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14615-14631. [PMID: 37642721 PMCID: PMC10498496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Chelation therapy is a medical procedure for removing toxic metals from human organs and tissues and for the treatment of diseases by using metal-chelating agents. For example, iron chelation therapy is designed not only for the treatment of metal poisoning but also for some diseases that are induced by iron overload, cancer chemotherapy, and related diseases. However, the use of such metal chelators needs to be generally carried out very carefully, because of the side effects possibly due to the non-specific complexation with intracellular metal cations. Herein, we report on the preparation and characterization of some new poly(bpy) ligands (bpy: 2,2'-bipyridyl) that contain one-three bpy ligand moieties and their anticancer activity against Jurkat, MOLT-4, U937, HeLa S3, and A549 cell lines. The results of MTT assays revealed that the tris(bpy) and bis(bpy) ligands exhibit potent activity for inducing the cell death in cancer cells. Mechanistic studies suggest that the main pathway responsible for the cell death by these poly(bpy) ligands is apoptotic cell death. It was also found that the anticancer activity of the poly(bpy) ligands could be controlled by the complexation (anticancer activity is turned OFF) and decomplexation (anticancer activity is turned ON) with biorelevant metal cations. In this paper, these results will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Balachandran
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirose
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Jie Zhu
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Yokoi
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya
City University, 3-1
Tanabe-dori, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Research
Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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18
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Fehsel K. Why Is Iron Deficiency/Anemia Linked to Alzheimer's Disease and Its Comorbidities, and How Is It Prevented? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2421. [PMID: 37760862 PMCID: PMC10526115 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired iron metabolism has been increasingly observed in many diseases, but a deeper, mechanistic understanding of the cellular impact of altered iron metabolism is still lacking. In addition, deficits in neuronal energy metabolism due to reduced glucose import were described for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its comorbidities like obesity, depression, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to present the molecular link between both observations. Insufficient cellular glucose uptake triggers increased ferritin expression, leading to depletion of the cellular free iron pool and stabilization of the hypoxia-induced factor (HIF) 1α. This transcription factor induces the expression of the glucose transporters (Glut) 1 and 3 and shifts the cellular metabolism towards glycolysis. If this first line of defense is not adequate for sufficient glucose supply, further reduction of the intracellular iron pool affects the enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and activates the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK). This enzyme triggers the translocation of Glut4 to the plasma membrane as well as the autophagic recycling of cell components in order to mobilize energy resources. Moreover, AMPK activates the autophagic process of ferritinophagy, which provides free iron urgently needed as a cofactor for the synthesis of heme- and iron-sulfur proteins. Excessive activation of this pathway ends in ferroptosis, a special iron-dependent form of cell death, while hampered AMPK activation steadily reduces the iron pools, leading to hypoferremia with iron sequestration in the spleen and liver. Long-lasting iron depletion affects erythropoiesis and results in anemia of chronic disease, a common condition in patients with AD and its comorbidities. Instead of iron supplementation, drugs, diet, or phytochemicals that improve energy supply and cellular glucose uptake should be administered to counteract hypoferremia and anemia of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fehsel
- Neurobiochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 240629 Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Fromain A, Perez JE, Van de Walle A, Lalatonne Y, Wilhelm C. Photothermia at the nanoscale induces ferroptosis via nanoparticle degradation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4637. [PMID: 37532698 PMCID: PMC10397343 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fe(II)-induced ferroptotic cell death pathway is an asset in cancer therapy, yet it calls into question the biocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles. In the latter, Fe(II) is sequestered within the crystal structure and is released only upon nanoparticle degradation, a transition that is not well understood. Here, we dissect the chemical environment necessary for nanoparticle degradation and subsequent Fe(II) release. Importantly, temperature acts as an accelerator of the process and can be triggered remotely by laser-mediated photothermal conversion, as evidenced by the loss of the nanoparticles' magnetic fingerprint. Remarkably, the local hot-spot temperature generated at the nanoscale can be measured in operando, in the vicinity of each nanoparticle, by comparing the photothermal-induced nanoparticle degradation patterns with those of global heating. Further, remote photothermal irradiation accelerates degradation inside cancer cells in a tumor spheroid model, with efficiency correlating with the endocytosis progression state of the nanoparticles. High-throughput imaging quantification of Fe2+ release, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and cell death at the spheroid level confirm the synergistic thermo-ferroptotic therapy due to the photothermal degradation at the nanoparticle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fromain
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, PCC, CNRS UMR168, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jose Efrain Perez
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, PCC, CNRS UMR168, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Van de Walle
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, PCC, CNRS UMR168, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Lalatonne
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148, F‑ 93017, Bobigny, France
- Département de Biophysique et de Médecine Nucléaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, F‑ 93009, Bobigny, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, PCC, CNRS UMR168, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
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20
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Schreiner OD, Schreiner TG. Iron chelators as a therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease-A mini-review. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1234958. [PMID: 37602277 PMCID: PMC10433644 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1234958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), remain a great challenge regarding the finding of effective treatment, one main reason being the incomplete understanding of their etiology. With many intensely debated hypotheses, a newer approach based on the impact of iron imbalance in sustaining neurodegeneration in the central nervous system becomes increasingly popular. Altered iron homeostasis leads to increased iron accumulation in specific brain areas, explaining the clinical picture of AD patients. Moreover, growing evidence sustains the significant impact of iron metabolism in relationship to other pathological processes encountered in the AD-affected brain, such as the amyloidogenic pathway, chronic inflammation, or oxidative stress. In this context, this mini-review aims to summarize the novel data from the continuously expanding literature on this topic in a didactic manner. Thus, in the first part, the authors briefly highlight the most relevant aspects related to iron absorption, transport, regulation, and elimination at the cerebral level, focusing on the role of the blood-brain barrier and the newer concept of ferroptosis. Subsequently, currently available iron chelation therapies are discussed, including an overview of the most relevant clinical trials on this topic. In the final part, based on the latest results from in vitro and in vivo studies, new research directions are suggested to enhance the development of effective antidementia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Daniel Schreiner
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Medical Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Sarkar A, Rasheed MSU, Singh MP. Redox Modulation of Mitochondrial Proteins in the Neurotoxicant Models of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:824-852. [PMID: 36401516 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondrial proteins regulate the oxidative phosphorylation, cellular metabolism, and free radical generation. Redox modulation alters the mitochondrial proteins and instigates the damage to dopaminergic neurons. Toxicants contribute to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis in conjunction with aging and genetic factors. While oxidative modulation of a number of mitochondrial proteins is linked to xenobiotic exposure, little is known about its role in the toxicant-induced PD. Understanding the role of redox modulation of mitochondrial proteins in complex cellular events leading to neurodegeneration is highly relevant. Recent Advances: Many toxicants are shown to inhibit complex I or III and elicit free radical production that alters the redox status of mitochondrial proteins. Implication of redox modulation of the mitochondrial proteins makes them a target to comprehend the underlying mechanism of toxicant-induced PD. Critical Issues: Owing to multifactorial etiology, exploration of onset and progression and treatment outcomes needs a comprehensive approach. The article explains about a few mitochondrial proteins that undergo redox changes along with the promising strategies, which help to alleviate the toxicant-induced redox imbalance leading to neurodegeneration. Future Directions: Although mitochondrial proteins are linked to PD, their role in toxicant-induced parkinsonism is not yet completely known. Preservation of antioxidant defense machinery could alleviate the redox modulation of mitochondrial proteins. Targeted antioxidant delivery, use of metal chelators, and activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and combinational therapy that encounters multiple free radicals, could ameliorate the redox modulation of mitochondrial proteins and thereby PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alika Sarkar
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohd Sami Ur Rasheed
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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22
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Kalani K, Chaturvedi P, Chaturvedi P, Kumar Verma V, Lal N, Awasthi SK, Kalani A. Mitochondrial mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: Quest for therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103547. [PMID: 36871845 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is essential for maintaining neuronal integrity, because neurons have a high energy demand. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are exacerbated by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) attenuates neurodegenerative diseases by eradicating dysfunctional mitochondria. In neurodegenerative disorders, there is disruption of the mitophagy process. High levels of iron also interfere with the mitophagy process and the mtDNA released after mitophagy is proinflammatory and triggers the cGAS-STING pathway that aids AD pathology. In this review, we critically discuss the factors that affect mitochondrial impairment and different mitophagy processes in AD. Furthermore, we discuss the molecules used in mouse studies as well as clinical trials that could result in potential therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kalani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, TX, USA; Regulatory Scientist, Vestaron Cooperation, Durham 27703, NC, USA
| | - Poonam Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144402, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, KY, USA
| | - Vinod Kumar Verma
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nand Lal
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir K Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Lee S, Martinez-Valbuena I, de Andrea CE, Villalba-Esparza M, Ilaalagan S, Couto B, Visanji NP, Lang AE, Kovacs GG. Cell-Specific Dysregulation of Iron and Oxygen Homeostasis as a Novel Pathophysiology in PSP. Ann Neurol 2023; 93:431-445. [PMID: 36309960 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a 4R-tauopathy showing heterogeneous tau cytopathology commencing in the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra (SN), regions also associated with age-related iron accumulation. Abnormal iron levels have been extensively associated with tau pathology in neurodegenerative brains, however, its role in PSP pathogenesis remains yet unknown. We perform the first cell type-specific evaluation of PSP iron homeostasis and the closely related oxygen homeostasis, in relation to tau pathology in human postmortem PSP brains. METHODS In brain regions vulnerable to PSP pathology (GP, SN, and putamen), we visualized iron deposition in tau-affected and unaffected neurons, astroglia, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, using a combination of iron staining with immunolabelling. To further explore molecular pathways underlying our observations, we examined the expression of key iron and oxygen homeostasis mRNA transcripts and proteins. RESULTS We found astrocytes as the major cell type accumulating iron in the early affected regions of PSP, highly associated with cellular tau pathology. The same regions are affected by dysregulated expression of alpha and beta hemoglobin and neuroglobin showing contrasting patterns. We discovered changes in iron and oxygen homeostasis-related gene expression associated with aging of the brain, and identified dysregulated expression of rare neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) genes associated with tau pathology to distinguish PSP from the healthy aging brain. INTERPRETATION We present novel aspects of PSP pathophysiology highlighting an overlap with NBIA pathways. Our findings reveal potential novel targets for therapy development and have implications beyond PSP for other iron-associated neurodegenerative diseases. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:431-445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojin Lee
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivan Martinez-Valbuena
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Villalba-Esparza
- Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Suganthini Ilaalagan
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blas Couto
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Program for PSP Research and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi P Visanji
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Program for PSP Research and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Program for PSP Research and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Rossy Program for PSP Research and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Abstract
The cardiovascular system requires iron to maintain its high energy demands and metabolic activity. Iron plays a critical role in oxygen transport and storage, mitochondrial function, and enzyme activity. However, excess iron is also cardiotoxic due to its ability to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species and promote oxidative damage. While mammalian cells have several redundant iron import mechanisms, they are equipped with a single iron-exporting protein, which makes the cardiovascular system particularly sensitive to iron overload. As a result, iron levels are tightly regulated at many levels to maintain homeostasis. Iron dysregulation ranges from iron deficiency to iron overload and is seen in many types of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, and Friedreich's ataxia. Recently, the use of intravenous iron therapy has been advocated in patients with heart failure and certain criteria for iron deficiency. Here, we provide an overview of systemic and cellular iron homeostasis in the context of cardiovascular physiology, iron deficiency, and iron overload in cardiovascular disease, current therapeutic strategies, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Teodor Sawicki
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Adam De Jesus
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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25
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Fouché B, Turner S, Gorham R, Stephenson EJ, Gutbier S, Elson JL, García-Beltrán O, Van Der Westhuizen FH, Pienaar IS. A Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Iron Chelator Neuroprotects Multimodally via HIF-1 Modulation Against a Mitochondrial Toxin in a Dopaminergic Cell Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:749-767. [PMID: 36357615 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins are plant-derived polyphenolic compounds belonging to the benzopyrones family, possessing wide-ranging pharmaceutical applications including cytoprotection, which may translate into therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we demonstrate the neuroprotective potential of a new polyhydroxyl coumarin, N-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)-2-(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)acetamide (CT51), against the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). MPP+'s mechanism of toxicity relates to its ability to inhibit complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC), leading to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptotic cell death, hence mimicking PD-related neuropathology. Dopaminergic differentiated human neuroblastoma cells were briefly pretreated with CT51, followed by toxin exposure. CT51 significantly restored somatic cell viability and neurite processes; hence, the drug targets cell bodies and axons thereby preserving neural function and circuitry against PD-related damage. Moreover, MPP+ emulates the iron dyshomeostasis affecting dopaminergic neurons in PD-affected brains, whilst CT51 was previously revealed as an effective iron chelator that preferentially partitions to mitochondria. We extend these findings by characterising the drug's interactive effects at the METC level. CT51 did not improve mitochondrial coupling efficiency. However, voltammetric measurements and high-resolution respirometry analysis revealed that CT51 acts as an antioxidant agent. Also, the neuronal protection afforded by CT51 associated with downregulating MPP+-induced upregulated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), a protein which regulates iron homeostasis and protects against certain forms of oxidative stress after translocating to mitochondria. Our findings support the further development of CT51 as a dual functioning iron chelator and antioxidant antiparkinsonian agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Fouché
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Turner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Rebecca Gorham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Simon Gutbier
- Unit for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doeren Kamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joanna L Elson
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,The Welcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Centro Integrativo de Biología Y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | | | - Ilse S Pienaar
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. .,Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B12 2TT, UK.
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26
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Sivagurunathan N, Gnanasekaran P, Calivarathan L. Mitochondrial Toxicant-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis in Parkinson's Disease: What We Know so Far. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:1-13. [PMID: 36726995 PMCID: PMC9885882 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s361526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neuronal cells in the region of substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain. During biological aging, neuronal cells slowly undergo degeneration, but the rate of cell death increases tremendously under some pathological conditions, leading to irreversible neurodegenerative diseases. By the time symptoms of PD usually appear, more than 50 to 60% of neuronal cells have already been destroyed. PD symptoms often start with tremors, followed by slow movement, stiffness, and postural imbalance. The etiology of PD is still unknown; however, besides genetics, several factors contribute to neurodegenerative disease, including exposure to pesticides, environmental chemicals, solvents, and heavy metals. Postmortem brain tissues of patients with PD show mitochondrial abnormalities, including dysfunction of the electron transport chain. Most chemicals present in our environment have been shown to target the mitochondria; remarkably, patients with PD show a mild deficiency in NADH dehydrogenase activity, signifying a possible link between PD and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of electron transport complexes generates free radicals that further attack the macromolecules leading to neuropathological conditions. Apart from that, oxidative stress also causes neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration due to the activation of microglial cells. However, the mechanism that causes mitochondrial dysfunction, especially the electron transport chain, in the pathogenesis of PD remains unclear. This review discusses the recent updates and explains the possible mechanisms of mitochondrial toxicant-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Priyadharshini Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India,Correspondence: Latchoumycandane Calivarathan, Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology (Sponsored by DST-FIST), School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610005, India, Tel +91-6381989116, Email
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27
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Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Magnetic Nanofluid for Enhanced Tumor MRI and Tumor multi-treatments. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ph16020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared a tumor microenvironment-responsive magnetic nanofluid (MNF) for improving tumor targeting, imaging and treatment simultaneously. For this purpose, we synthesized sulfonamide-based amphiphilic copolymers with a suitable pKa at 7.0; then, we utilized them to prepare the tumor microenvironment-responsive MNF by self-assembly of the sulfonamide-based amphiphilic copolymers and hydrophobic monodispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles at approximately 8 nm. After a series of characterizations, the MNF showed excellent application potential due to the fact of its high stability under physiological conditions and its hypersensitivity toward tumor stroma by forming aggregations within neutral or weak acidic environments. Due to the fact of its tumor microenvironment-responsiveness, the MNF showed great potential for accumulation in tumors, which could enhance MNF-mediated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia (MH) and Fenton reaction (FR) in tumor. Moreover, in vitro cell experiment did not only show high biocompatibility of tumor microenvironment-responsive MNF in physiological environment, but also exhibit high efficacy on inhibiting cell proliferation by MH-dependent chemodynamic therapy (CDT), because CDT was triggered and promoted efficiently by MH with increasing strength of alternating magnetic field. Although the current research is limited to in vitro study, these positive results still suggest the great potential of the MNF on effective targeting, diagnosis, and therapy of tumor.
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28
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Ryan SK, Zelic M, Han Y, Teeple E, Chen L, Sadeghi M, Shankara S, Guo L, Li C, Pontarelli F, Jensen EH, Comer AL, Kumar D, Zhang M, Gans J, Zhang B, Proto JD, Saleh J, Dodge JC, Savova V, Rajpal D, Ofengeim D, Hammond TR. Microglia ferroptosis is regulated by SEC24B and contributes to neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:12-26. [PMID: 36536241 PMCID: PMC9829540 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron dysregulation has been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron-loaded microglia are frequently found in affected brain regions, but how iron accumulation influences microglia physiology and contributes to neurodegeneration is poorly understood. Here we show that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia grown in a tri-culture system are highly responsive to iron and susceptible to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Furthermore, iron overload causes a marked shift in the microglial transcriptional state that overlaps with a transcriptomic signature found in PD postmortem brain microglia. Our data also show that this microglial response contributes to neurodegeneration, as removal of microglia from the tri-culture system substantially delayed iron-induced neurotoxicity. To elucidate the mechanisms regulating iron response in microglia, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen and identified novel regulators of ferroptosis, including the vesicle trafficking gene SEC24B. These data suggest a critical role for microglia iron overload and ferroptosis in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Ryan
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matija Zelic
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yingnan Han
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Teeple
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luoman Chen
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mahdiar Sadeghi
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Srinivas Shankara
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lilu Guo
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cong Li
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley L Comer
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mindy Zhang
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Gans
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - James C Dodge
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Virginia Savova
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deepak Rajpal
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Brahadeeswaran S, Lateef M, Calivarathan L. An Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Mitochondrial Toxicant-induced Neuronal Apoptosis in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:63-75. [PMID: 35125081 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220203163631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting approximately 1% of the world's population at the age of 50 and above. Majority of PD cases are sporadic and show symptoms after the age of 60 and above. At that time, most of the dopaminergic neurons in the region of substantia nigra pars compacta have been degenerated. Although in past decades, discoveries of genetic mutations linked to PD have significantly impacted our current understanding of the pathogenesis of this devastating disorder, it is likely that the environment also plays a critical role in the etiology of sporadic PD. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that exposure to environmental agents, including a number of agricultural and industrial chemicals, may contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including PD. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and several forms of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and PD. Interestingly, substantia nigra of patients with PD has been shown to have a mild deficiency in mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) activity. This review discusses the role of mitochondrial toxicants in the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons targeting the electron transport system that leads to Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Brahadeeswaran
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur - 610005, India
| | - Mohammad Lateef
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Nunar Campus, Ganderbal - 191201, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur - 610005, India
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Hirschfeld LR, Risacher SL, Nho K, Saykin AJ. Myelin repair in Alzheimer's disease: a review of biological pathways and potential therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:47. [PMID: 36284351 PMCID: PMC9598036 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review investigates the significant overlap between myelin-repair signaling pathways and pathways known to contribute to hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We discuss previously investigated therapeutic targets of amyloid, tau, and ApoE, as well as other potential therapeutic targets that have been empirically shown to contribute to both remyelination and progression of AD. Current evidence shows that there are multiple AD-relevant pathways which overlap significantly with remyelination and myelin repair through the encouragement of oligodendrocyte proliferation, maturation, and myelin production. There is a present need for a single, cohesive model of myelin homeostasis in AD. While determining a causative pathway is beyond the scope of this review, it may be possible to investigate the pathological overlap of myelin repair and AD through therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Rose Hirschfeld
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Zhao S, Zhang L, Ji W, Shi Y, Lai G, Chi H, Huang W, Cheng C. Machine learning-based characterization of cuprotosis-related biomarkers and immune infiltration in Parkinson's disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:1010361. [PMID: 36338988 PMCID: PMC9629507 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1010361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease commonly seen in the elderly. On the other hand, cuprotosis is a new copper-dependent type of cell death that can be observed in various diseases. Methods: This study aimed to identify potential novel biomarkers of Parkinson's disease by biomarker analysis and to explore immune cell infiltration during the onset of cuprotosis. Gene expression profiles were retrieved from the GEO database for the GSE8397, GSE7621, GSE20163, and GSE20186 datasets. Three machine learning algorithms: the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest, and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) were used to screen for signature genes for Parkinson's disease onset and cuprotosis-related genes (CRG). Immune cell infiltration was estimated by ssGSEA, and cuprotosis-related genes associated with immune cells and immune function were examined using spearman correlation analysis. Nomogram was created to validate the accuracy of these cuprotosis-related genes in predicting PD disease progression. Classification of Parkinson's specimens using consensus clustering methods. Result: Three PD datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were combined after eliminating batch effects. By ssGSEA, we identified three cuprotosis-related genes ATP7A, SLC31A1, and DBT associated with immune cells or immune function in PD and more accurate for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease course. Patients could benefit clinically from a characteristic line graph based on these genes. Consistent clustering analysis identified two subtypes, with the C2 subtype exhibiting higher immune cell infiltration and immune function. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study reveals that several newly identified cuprotosis-related genes intervene in the progression of Parkinson's disease through immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yachen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guichuan Lai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medicine College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Salomon-Zimri S, Pushett A, Russek-Blum N, Van Eijk RPA, Birman N, Abramovich B, Eitan E, Elgrart K, Beaulieu D, Ennist DL, Berry JD, Paganoni S, Shefner JM, Drory VE. Combination of ciprofloxacin/celecoxib as a novel therapeutic strategy for ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2022; 24:263-271. [PMID: 36106817 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2022.2119868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a fixed-dose co-formulation of ciprofloxacin and celecoxib (PrimeC) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and to examine its effects on disease progression and ALS-related biomarkers. METHODS In this proof of concept, open-label, phase IIa study of PrimeC in 15 patients with ALS, participants were administered PrimeC thrice daily for 12 months. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. Exploratory endpoints included disease progression outcomes such as forced vital capacity, revised ALS functional rating scale, and effect on algorithm-predicted survival. In addition, indications of a biological effect were assessed by selected biomarker analyses, including TDP-43 and LC3 levels in neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs), and serum neurofilaments. RESULTS Four participants experienced adverse events (AEs) related to the study drug. None of these AEs were unexpected, and most were mild or moderate (69%). Additionally, no serious AEs were related to the study drug. One participant tested positive for COVID-19 and recovered without complications, and no other abnormal laboratory investigations were found. Participants' survival compared to their predictions showed no safety concerns. Biomarker analyses demonstrated significant changes associated with PrimeC in neural-derived exosomal TDP-43 levels and levels of LC3, a key autophagy marker. INTERPRETATION This study supports the safety and tolerability of PrimeC in ALS. Biomarker analyses suggest early evidence of a biological effect. A placebo-controlled trial is required to disentangle the biomarker results from natural progression and to evaluate the efficacy of PrimeC for the treatment of ALS. Summary for social media if publishedTwitter handles: @NeurosenseT, @ShiranZimri•What is the current knowledge on the topic? ALS is a severe neurodegenerative disease, causing death within 2-5 years from diagnosis. To date there is no effective treatment to halt or significantly delay disease progression.•What question did this study address? This study assessed the safety, tolerability and exploratory efficacy of PrimeC, a fixed dose co-formulation of ciprofloxacin and celecoxib in the ALS population.•What does this study add to our knowledge? This study supports the safety and tolerability of PrimeC in ALS, and exploratory biomarker analyses suggest early insight for disease related-alteration.•How might this potentially impact the practice of neurology? These results set the stage for a larger, placebo-controlled study to examine the efficacy of PrimeC, with the potential to become a new drug candidate for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niva Russek-Blum
- NeuroSense Therapeutics, Ltd, Herzliya, Israel
- The Dead Sea Arava Science Center, Auspices of Ben Gurion University, Central Arava, Israel
| | - Ruben P. A. Van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Biostatistics and Research Support, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nurit Birman
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Beatrice Abramovich
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - James D. Berry
- Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Mass General and Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Paganoni
- Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Mass General and Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vivian E. Drory
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Xu Y, Wang Y, An J, Sedgwick AC, Li M, Xie J, Hu W, Kang J, Sen S, Steinbrueck A, Zhang B, Qiao L, Wageh S, Arambula JF, Liu L, Zhang H, Sessler JL, Kim JS. 2D-ultrathin MXene/DOXjade platform for iron chelation chemo-photothermal therapy. Bioact Mater 2022; 14:76-85. [PMID: 35310350 PMCID: PMC8892152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased demand for iron is a hallmark of cancer cells and is thought necessary to promote high cell proliferation, tumor progression and metastasis. This makes iron metabolism an attractive therapeutic target. Unfortunately, current iron-based therapeutic strategies often lack effectiveness and can elicit off-target toxicities. We report here a dual-therapeutic prodrug, DOXjade, that allows for iron chelation chemo-photothermal cancer therapy. This prodrug takes advantage of the clinically approved iron chelator deferasirox (ExJade®) and the topoisomerase 2 inhibitor, doxorubicin (DOX). Loading DOXjade onto ultrathin 2D Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets produces a construct, Ti3C2-PVP@DOXjade, that allows the iron chelation and chemotherapeutic functions of DOXjade to be photo-activated at the tumor sites, while potentiating a robust photothermal effect with photothermal conversion efficiencies of up to 40%. Antitumor mechanistic investigations reveal that upon activation, Ti3C2-PVP@DOXjade serves to promote apoptotic cell death and downregulate the iron depletion-induced iron transferrin receptor (TfR). A tumor pH-responsive iron chelation/photothermal/chemotherapy antitumor effect was achieved both in vitro and in vivo. The results of this study highlight what may constitute a promising iron chelation-based phototherapeutic approach to cancer therapy. A conceptually novel “dual-therapeutic prodrug nanomedicine” strategy was designed for synergistic cancer therapy. An innovative pH responsive dual-therapeutic conjugate DOXjade was synthesized based on deferasirox and doxorubicin. Ti3C2-PVP@DOXjade with photoirradiation showed pH-responsive iron chelation/PTT/chemotherapy antitumor effect. This study thus serves to demonstrate a promising step forward in the development of precise cancer therapies.
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Micro- and Nanosized Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071706. [PMID: 35885011 PMCID: PMC9313014 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) have become a serious health problem worldwide due to the rapid increase in the number of people that are affected and the constantly aging population. Among all NDs, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease are the most common, and many efforts have been made in the development of effective and reliable therapeutic strategies. The intranasal route of drug administration offers numerous advantages, such as bypassing the blood–brain barrier and providing a direct entrance to the brain through the olfactory and trigeminal neurons. The present review summarizes the available information on recent advances in micro- and nanoscale nose-to-brain drug-delivery systems as a novel strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Specifically, polymer- and lipid-base micro- and nanoparticles have been studied as a feasible approach to increase the brain bioavailability of certain drugs. Furthermore, nanocomposites are discussed as a suitable formulation for administration into the nasal cavity.
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Reversal of genetic brain iron accumulation by N,N'-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide, a lipophilic metal chelator, in mice. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1951-1962. [PMID: 35445828 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
N,N'-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (NBMI) is a novel lipophilic metal chelator and antioxidant used in mercury poisoning. Recent studies have suggested that NBMI may also bind to other metals such as lead and iron. Since NBMI can enter the brain, we evaluated if NBMI removes excess iron from the iron-loaded brain and ameliorates iron-induced oxidative stress. First, NBMI exhibited preferential binding to ferrous (Fe2+) iron with a negligible binding affinity to ferric (Fe3+) iron, indicating a selective chelation of labile iron. Second, NBMI protected SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from the cytotoxic effects of high iron. NBMI also decreased cellular labile iron and lessened the production of iron-induced reactive oxygen species in these cells. Deferiprone (DFP), a commonly used oral iron chelator, failed to prevent iron-induced cytotoxicity or labile iron accumulation. Next, we validated the efficacy of NBMI in Hfe H67D mutant mice, a mouse model of brain iron accumulation (BIA). Oral gavage of NBMI for 6 weeks decreased iron accumulation in the brain as well as liver, whereas DFP showed iron chelation only in the liver, but not in the brain. Notably, depletion of brain copper and anemia were observed in BIA mice treated with DFP, but not with NBMI, suggesting a superior safety profile of NBMI over DFP for long-term use. Collectively, our study demonstrates that NBMI provides a neuroprotective effect against BIA and has therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases associated with BIA.
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Rajabzadeh H, Abbasi M, Tohoidian M. Computational analyses of Fe-Chelation by thiofavipiravir. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Existence of iron (Fe) is important for cells of living systems; however, its level of magnitude for those patients infected by novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is still a challenging issue. Therefore, such mechanism of function was investigated in this work by assistance of thiofavipiravir (TFav) compounds generated by the well-known favipiravir (Fav) drug used for medication of COVID-19 patents. To this aim, sulfur-substitutions of oxygen atoms of Fav were done and the obtained parent structures were prepared for participating in Fe-chelation function. The results indicated that the modes were suitable for running such Fe-chelation processes, in which favorability and strength the models were ranged in this order: 1O2S-Fe > 1S2S-Fe > 1O2O-Fe > 1S2O-Fe. As a consequence, such idea of sulfur-substitution of Fav drug for more appropriate favorability of participating in Fe-chelation process was sensed by results of this work proposing 1O2S compound as the most favorable one for doing the function. Hence, information about capability of TFav compounds for participating in Fe-chelation processes were provided in this work regarding the challenging issue of Fe-chelation in medication of COVID-19 patients. All results of this work were obtained by performing computations using the density functional theory (DFT) approach
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimeh Rajabzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Tohoidian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Therapeutic potential of induced iron depletion using iron chelators in Covid-19. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1947-1956. [PMID: 34924800 PMCID: PMC8666385 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, which includes twenty-four light and heavy chains in varying proportions in different tissues, is primarily responsible for maintaining the body's iron metabolism. Its normal value is between 10 and 200 ngmL-1 in men and between 30 and 300 ngmL-1 in women. Iron is delivered to the tissue via them, and they act as immunomodulators, signaling molecules, and inflammatory markers. When ferritin level exceeds 1000 µgL-1, the patient is categorized as having hyperferritinemia. Iron chelators such as deferiprone, deferirox, and deferoxamine are currently FDA approved to treat iron overload. The inflammation cascade and poor prognosis of COVID-19 may be attributed to high ferritin levels. Critically ill patients can benefit from deferasirox, an iron chelator administered orally at 20-40 mgkg-1 once daily, as well as intravenous deferoxamine at 1000 mg initially followed by 500 mg every 4 to 12 h. It can be combined with monoclonal antibodies, antioxidants, corticosteroids, and lactoferrin to make iron chelation therapy effective for COVID-19 victims. In this article, we analyze the antiviral and antifibrotic activity of iron chelators, thereby promoting iron depletion therapy as a potentially innovative treatment strategy for COVID-19.
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Rosenblum SL, Kosman DJ. Aberrant Cerebral Iron Trafficking Co-morbid With Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Intervention. Front Neurol 2022; 13:855751. [PMID: 35370907 PMCID: PMC8964494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.855751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox properties that make iron an essential nutrient also make iron an efficient pro-oxidant. Given this nascent cytotoxicity, iron homeostasis relies on a combination of iron transporters, chaperones, and redox buffers to manage the non-physiologic aqueous chemistry of this first-row transition metal. Although a mechanistic understanding of the link between brain iron accumulation (BIA) and neurodegenerative diseases is lacking, BIA is co-morbid with the majority of cognitive and motor function disorders. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), often present with increased deposition of iron into the brain. In addition, ataxias that are linked to mutations in mitochondrial-localized proteins (Friedreich's Ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxias) result in mitochondrial iron accumulation and degradation of proton-coupled ATP production leading to neuronal degeneration. A comorbidity common in the elderly is a chronic systemic inflammation mediated by primary cytokines released by macrophages, and acute phase proteins (APPs) released subsequently from the liver. Abluminal inflammation in the brain is found downstream as a result of activation of astrocytes and microglia. Reasonably, the iron that accumulates in the brain comes from the cerebral vasculature via the microvascular capillary endothelial cells whose tight junctions represent the blood-brain barrier. A premise amenable to experimental interrogation is that inflammatory stress alters both the trans- and para-cellular flux of iron at this barrier resulting in a net accumulation of abluminal iron over time. This review will summarize the evidence that lends support to this premise; indicate the mechanisms that merit delineation; and highlight possible therapeutic interventions based on this model.
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Effects of Deferasirox in Alzheimer’s Disease and Tauopathy Animal Models. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030365. [PMID: 35327557 PMCID: PMC8945800 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of iron may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies. The iron chelator desferrioxamine slows disease progression in AD patients. However, desferrioxamine requires injection, which is inconvenient and may hinder compliance. We therefore tested an oral iron chelator, desferasirox (Exjade), in transgenic animal models. Tg2576 mice overexpress the mutant human APP protein and produce the Aβ peptide. JNPL3 mice (Tau/Tau) overexpress the mutant human tau protein. Crossing these produced APP/Tau mice, overexpressing both APP and tau. Treating the three models with 1.6 mg deferasirox thrice weekly from age 8 to 14 months did not affect memory as measured by contextual fear conditioning or motor function as measured by rotarod, but tended to decrease hyperphosphorylated tau as measured by AT8 immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Deferasirox might act by decreasing iron, which aggregates tau, or directly binding tau to inhibit aggregation.
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Karthika C, Appu AP, Akter R, Rahman MH, Tagde P, Ashraf GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Hassan SSU, Abid A, Bungau S. Potential innovation against Alzheimer's disorder: a tricomponent combination of natural antioxidants (vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil) and the development of its intranasal delivery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10950-10965. [PMID: 35000160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disorder (AD) is very difficult to manage and treat. The complexity of the brain, the blood-brain barrier influencing a multitude of parameters/biomarkers, as well as numerous other factors involved often contribute to the decline in the chances of treatment success. Development of the new drug moiety also takes time, being necessary to consider both its toxicity and related issues. As a strategic plan, a combined strategy is being developed and considered to address AD pathology using several approaches. A combination of vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil in a nano-based formulation is designed to be administered nasally. The antioxidant present in these natural-based products helps to treat and alleviate AD if a synergistic approach is considered. The three active substances mentioned above are well known for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The nanoformulation helps the co-delivery of the drug moiety to the brain through the intranasal route. In this review, a correlation and use of vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil in a nano-based formulation is described as an effective way to treat AD. The intranasal administration of drugs is a promising approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative and mental disorders, as this route is non-invasive, enhances the bioavailability, allows a drug dose reduction, bypasses the blood-brain barrier, and reduces the systemic undesired effect. The use of natural products is generally considered to be just as safe; therefore, by using this combined approach, the level of toxicity can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmala Karthika
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju, 26426, South Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju, 26426, South Korea.
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Syed Shams Ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Areha Abid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028, Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087, Oradea, Romania
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Majerníková N, den Dunnen WFA, Dolga AM. The Potential of Ferroptosis-Targeting Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease: From Mechanism to Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:745046. [PMID: 34987375 PMCID: PMC8721139 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.745046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, currently affects 40–50 million people worldwide. Despite the extensive research into amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation (p-tau), an effective treatment to stop or slow down the progression of neurodegeneration is missing. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent and lipid peroxidation-driven type of programmed cell death, contributes to neurodegeneration in AD. Therefore, how to intervene against ferroptosis in the context of AD has become one of the questions addressed by studies aiming to develop novel therapeutic strategies. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in AD, when ferroptosis occurs in the disease course, and which ferroptosis-related genes are differentially expressed in AD remains to be established. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cell mechanisms involved in ferroptosis, we discuss how these processes relate to AD, and we analyze which ferroptosis-related genes are differentially expressed in AD brain dependant on cell type, disease progression and gender. In addition, we point out the existing targets for therapeutic options to prevent ferroptosis in AD. Future studies should focus on developing new tools able to demonstrate where and when cells undergo ferroptosis in AD brain and build more translatable AD models for identifying anti-ferroptotic agents able to slow down neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nad'a Majerníková
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Research Institute Brain and Cognition, Molecular Neuroscience and Aging Research (MOLAR), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Brown G, Du G, Farace E, Lewis MM, Eslinger PJ, McInerney J, Kong L, Li R, Huang X, De Jesus S. Subcortical Iron Accumulation Pattern May Predict Neuropsychological Outcomes After Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:851-863. [PMID: 34974437 PMCID: PMC9181238 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neuropsychological outcomes after deep brain stimulation (DBS) are variable and may arise from the heterogeneous neuropathological processes in Parkinson’s disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: To explore if brain iron accumulation patterns and its region-specific alterations relate to neuropsychological outcomes post-DBS. METHODS: Thirty-two PD subjects were identified from our database with susceptibility MRI prior to bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS between 2011–2016. Demographic (age, sex, education), clinical information (disease duration, neuropsychological scores), and R2* (susceptibility MRI measure reflecting iron) in 11 subcortical regions of interest were obtained. Neuropsychological outcomes were defined as changes in psychomotor speed, executive function, attention, memory, and depression by subtracting pre- and post-DBS scores. A penalized logistic analysis was used to identify the best pre-DBS clinical and R2* predictors for each neuropsychological domain. Pearson’s partial correlations explored R2* associations with neuropsychological outcomes. RESULTS: Combined clinical and MRI metrics were associated better with neuropsychological outcomes (R2≥0.373, p-value≤0.008) than either alone. Adding R2* metrics increased prediction of executive function (R2=0.455, p=0.008) and attention (R2=0.182, p=0.018) outcomes over clinical metrics alone. Specifically, R2* in the substantia nigra, caudate, STN, and hippocampus improved prediction of executive function, and in the putamen for attention. Interestingly, higher caudate R2* correlated with better executive function (p=0.043), whereas higher putamen R2* associated with worsening attention (p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Brain iron accumulation patterns, captured by susceptibility MRI, may add value to clinical evaluation in predicting neuropsychological outcomes post-DBS in PD. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and understand the region-specific relationships between iron and DBS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Brown
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elana Farace
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Eslinger
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James McInerney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Runze Li
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sol De Jesus
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Hruby M, Martínez IIS, Stephan H, Pouckova P, Benes J, Stepanek P. Chelators for Treatment of Iron and Copper Overload: Shift from Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds to Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3969. [PMID: 34833268 PMCID: PMC8618197 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper are essential micronutrients needed for the proper function of every cell. However, in excessive amounts, these elements are toxic, as they may cause oxidative stress, resulting in damage to the liver and other organs. This may happen due to poisoning, as a side effect of thalassemia infusion therapy or due to hereditary diseases hemochromatosis or Wilson's disease. The current golden standard of therapy of iron and copper overload is the use of low-molecular-weight chelators of these elements. However, these agents suffer from severe side effects, are often expensive and possess unfavorable pharmacokinetics, thus limiting the usability of such therapy. The emerging concepts are polymer-supported iron- and copper-chelating therapeutics, either for parenteral or oral use, which shows vivid potential to keep the therapeutic efficacy of low-molecular-weight agents, while avoiding their drawbacks, especially their side effects. Critical evaluation of this new perspective polymer approach is the purpose of this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského Náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Irma Ivette Santana Martínez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (I.I.S.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (I.I.S.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Pavla Pouckova
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovska 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Jiri Benes
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovska 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Petr Stepanek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovského Náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Wang X, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Ferroptosis Mechanisms Involved in Hippocampal-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189902. [PMID: 34576065 PMCID: PMC8472822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly recognized type of cell death that is different from traditional forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. It is caused by the accumulation of intracellular iron, promoting lipid peroxidation and leading to cell death. Iron is essential as a redox metal in several physiological functions. The brain is one of the organs known to be affected by iron homeostatic balance disruption. An increased concentration of iron in the central nervous system has been associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation of proteins, and cell death. The hippocampus is an important brain region for learning, memory, and emotional responses, and is also a sensitive part of the brain to the dysfunctional homeostasis of transition metals. Damage of hippocampal structure and function are intimately involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, ferroptosis is playing an increasingly important role in treatment areas of central nervous system diseases. Thus, we provide an overview of ferroptosis regulatory mechanisms, such as lipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and iron metabolism in this review. We also highlight the role of ferroptosis in hippocampal-related diseases and investigate a theoretical basis for further research on the role of ferroptosis in nervous system disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaoxing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62733778; Fax: +86-10-62733199
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Living with the enemy: from protein-misfolding pathologies we know, to those we want to know. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101391. [PMID: 34119687 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conformational diseases are caused by the aggregation of misfolded proteins. The risk for such pathologies develops years before clinical symptoms appear, and is higher in people with alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) polymorphisms. Thousands of people with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) are underdiagnosed. Enemy-aggregating proteins may reside in these underdiagnosed AATD patients for many years before a pathology for AATD fully develops. In this perspective review, we hypothesize that the AAT protein could exert a new and previously unconsidered biological effect as an endogenous metal ion chelator that plays a significant role in essential metal ion homeostasis. In this respect, AAT polymorphism may cause an imbalance of metal ions, which could be correlated with the aggregation of amylin, tau, amyloid beta, and alpha synuclein proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively.
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Bailey DK, Clark W, Kosman DJ. The iron chelator, PBT434, modulates transcellular iron trafficking in brain microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254794. [PMID: 34310628 PMCID: PMC8312958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and other transition metals, such as copper and manganese, are essential for supporting brain function, yet over-accumulation is cytotoxic. This over-accumulation of metals, particularly iron, is common to several neurological disorders; these include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Friedrich’s ataxia and other disorders presenting with neurodegeneration and associated brain iron accumulation. The management of iron flux by the blood-brain barrier provides the first line of defense against the over-accumulation of iron in normal physiology and in these pathological conditions. In this study, we determined that the iron chelator PBT434, which is currently being developed for treatment of Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy, modulates the uptake of iron by human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVEC) by chelation of extracellular Fe2+. Treatment of hBMVEC with PBT434 results in an increase in the abundance of the transcripts for transferrin receptor (TfR) and ceruloplasmin (Cp). Western blot and ELISA analyses reveal a corresponding increase in the proteins as well. Within the cell, PBT434 increases the detectable level of chelatable, labile Fe2+; data indicate that this Fe2+ is released from ferritin. In addition, PBT434 potentiates iron efflux likely due to the increase in cytosolic ferrous iron, the substrate for the iron exporter, ferroportin. PBT434 equilibrates rapidly and bi-directionally across an hBMVEC blood-brain barrier. These results indicate that the PBT434-iron complex is not substrate for hBMVEC uptake and thus support a model in which PBT434 would chelate interstitial iron and inhibit re-uptake of iron by endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, as well as inhibit its uptake by the other cells of the neurovascular unit. Overall, this presents a novel and promising mechanism for therapeutic iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K. Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Whitney Clark
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Redox-Active Metal Ions and Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147697. [PMID: 34299316 PMCID: PMC8307724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active metal ions, Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), are essential biological molecules for the normal functioning of the brain, including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and generation of neurotransmitters. Dyshomeostasis of these redox-active metal ions in the brain could cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, regulating the levels of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) is necessary for normal brain function. To control the amounts of metal ions in the brain and understand the involvement of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) in the pathogenesis of AD, many chemical agents have been developed. In addition, since toxic aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) have been proposed as one of the major causes of the disease, the mechanism of clearing Aβ is also required to be investigated to reveal the etiology of AD clearly. Multiple metalloenzymes (e.g., neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and ADAM10) have been reported to have an important role in the degradation of Aβ in the brain. These amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE) could interact with redox-active metal ions and affect the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we introduce and summarize the roles, distributions, and transportations of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), along with previously invented chelators, and the structures and functions of ADE in the brain, as well as their interrelationships.
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Maguire G, Rahman L, Afzaal J, Cummings M, Maldonado JC. COVID-19, ferrosenescence and neurodegeneration, a mini-review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110230. [PMID: 33373681 PMCID: PMC7832711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbation of cognitive, motor and nonmotor symptoms have been described in critically ill COVID-19 patients, indicating that, like prior pandemics, neurodegenerative sequelae may mark the aftermath of this viral infection. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, was associated with hyperferritinemia and unfavorable prognosis in older individuals, suggesting virus-induced ferrosenescence. We have previously defined ferrosenescence as an iron-associated disruption of both the human genome and its repair mechanisms, leading to premature cellular senescence and neurodegeneration. As viruses replicate more efficiently in iron-rich senescent cells, they may have developed the ability to induce this phenotype in host tissues, predisposing to both immune dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders. In this mini-review, we summarize what is known about the SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular senescence and iron dysmetabolism. We also take a closer look at immunotherapy with natural killer cells, angiotensin II receptor blockers ("sartans"), iron chelators and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors ("gliptins") as adjunct treatments for both COVID-19 and its neurodegenerative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America.
| | | | - Gerald Maguire
- University of California, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Leah Rahman
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
| | - Jafri Afzaal
- Patton State Hospital, California, United States of America
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Abbasi U, Abbina S, Gill A, Takuechi LE, Kizhakkedathu JN. Role of Iron in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Diseases and Therapeutic Opportunities. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:945-972. [PMID: 34102834 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential mineral that serves as a prosthetic group for a variety of proteins involved in vital cellular processes. The iron economy within humans is highly conserved in that there is no proper iron excretion pathway. Therefore, iron homeostasis is highly evolved to coordinate iron acquisition, storage, transport, and recycling efficiently. A disturbance in this state can result in excess iron burden in which an ensuing iron-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species imparts widespread oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. On the contrary, problems in iron deficiency either due to genetic or nutritional causes can lead to a number of iron deficiency disorders. Iron chelation strategies have been in the works since the early 1900s, and they still remain the most viable therapeutic approach to mitigate the toxic side effects of excess iron. Intense investigations on improving the efficacy of chelation strategies while being well tolerated and accepted by patients have been a particular focus for many researchers over the past 30 years. Moreover, recent advances in our understanding on the role of iron in the pathogenesis of different diseases (both in iron overload and iron deficiency conditions) motivate the need to develop new therapeutics. We summarized recent investigations into the role of iron in health and disease conditions, iron chelation, and iron delivery strategies. Information regarding small molecule as well as macromolecular approaches and how they are employed within different disease pathogenesis such as primary and secondary iron overload diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and in iron deficiency is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Abbasi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Srinivas Abbina
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Arshdeep Gill
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Lily E. Takuechi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
- The School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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50
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Hawula ZJ, Davis RA, Wallace DF, Rishi G, Subramaniam VN. In vitro identification and characterisation of iron chelating catechol-containing natural products and derivatives. Biometals 2021; 34:855-866. [PMID: 33913062 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential component for multiple biological processes. Its regulation within the body is thus tightly controlled. Dysregulation of iron levels within the body can result in several disorders associated with either excess iron accumulation, including haemochromatosis and thalassaemia, or iron deficiency. In cases of excess body iron, therapy involves depleting body iron levels either by venesection, typically for haemochromatosis, or using iron chelators for thalassemia. However, the current chelation options for people with iron overload are limited, with only three iron chelators approved for clinical use. This presents an opportunity for improved therapeutics to be identified and developed. The aim of this study was to examine multiple compounds from within the Davis open access natural product-based library (512 compounds) for their ability to chelate iron. In silico analysis of this library initially identified nine catechol-containing compounds and two closely related compounds. These compounds were subsequently screened using an in vitro DNA breakage assay and their ability to chelate biological iron was also examined in an iron-loaded hepatocyte cellular assay. Toxicity was assessed in hepatocyte and breast cancer cell lines. One compound, RAD362 [N-(3-aminopropyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzamide] was able to protect against DNA damage, likely through the prevention of free radicals generated via the Fenton reaction; RAD362 treatment resulted in decreased ferritin protein levels in iron-loaded hepatocytes. Lastly, RAD362 resulted in significantly less cell death than the commonly used iron chelator deferoxamine. This is the first study to identify compound RAD362 as an iron chelator and potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Hawula
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel F Wallace
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Gautam Rishi
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
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