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Wang Y, Wang C, Feng R, Li Y, Zhang Z, Guo S. A review of passive acid mine drainage treatment by PRB and LPB: From design, testing, to construction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118545. [PMID: 38431067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
An extensive volume of acid mine drainage (AMD) generated throughout the mining process has been widely regarded as one of the most catastrophic environmental problems. Surface water and groundwater impacted by pollution exhibit extreme low pH values and elevated sulfate and metal/metalloid concentrations, posing a serious threat to the production efficiency of enterprises, domestic water safety, and the ecological health of the basin. Over the recent years, a plethora of techniques has been developed to address the issue of AMD, encompassing nanofiltration membranes, lime neutralization, and carrier-microencapsulation. Nonetheless, these approaches often come with substantial financial implications and exhibit restricted long-term sustainability. Among the array of choices, the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) system emerges as a noteworthy passive remediation method for AMD. Distinguished by its modest construction expenses and enduring stability, this approach proves particularly well-suited for addressing the environmental challenges posed by abandoned mines. This study undertook a comprehensive evaluation of the PRB systems utilized in the remediation of AMD. Furthermore, it introduced the concept of low permeability barrier, derived from the realm of site-contaminated groundwater management. The strategies pertaining to the selection of materials, the physicochemical aspects influencing long-term efficacy, the intricacies of design and construction, as well as the challenges and prospects inherent in barrier technology, are elaborated upon in this discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Rongfei Feng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Saisai Guo
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
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2
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Vieira Dos Santos E, Souza FL, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodríguez-Gómez A, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Environmental impact assessment of the electrokinetic adsorption barriers to remove different herbicides from agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172287. [PMID: 38593877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the sustainability of the electrokinetic remediation soil flushing (EKSFs) process integrated without and with adsorption barriers (EKABs) have been evaluated for the treatment of four soils contaminated with Atrazine, Oxyfluorfen, Chlorosulfuron and 2,4-D. To this purpose, the environmental effects of both procedures (EKSFs and EKABs) have been determined through a life cycle assessment (LCA). SimaPro 9.3.0.3 was used as software tool and Ecoinvent 3.3 as data base to carry out the inventory of the equipment of each remediation setup based on experimental measurements. The environmental burden was quantified using the AWARE, USEtox, IPPC, and ReCiPe methods into 3 Endpoint impact categories (and damage to human health, ecosystem and resources) and 7 Midpoints impact categories (water footprint, global warming potential, ozone depletion, human toxicity (cancer and human non-cancer), freshwater ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity). In general terms, the energy applied to treatment (using the Spanish energy mix) was the parameter with the greatest influence on the carbon footprint, ozone layer depletion and water footprint accounting for around 70 % of the overall impact contribution. On the other hand, from the point of view of human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity of soil treatments with 32 mg kg-1 of the different pesticides, the EKSF treatment is recommended for soils with Chlorosulfuron. In this case, the carbon footprint and water footprint reached values around 0.36 kg of CO2 and 114 L of water per kg of dry soil, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed assuming different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - E Vieira Dos Santos
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - F L Souza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-carlense street 400, SP, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - A Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
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Dhandapani P, Srinivasan V, Parthipan P, AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Narenkumar J, Rajamohan R, Ezhilselvi V, Rajasekar A. Development of an environmentally sustainable technique to minimize the sludge production in the textile effluent sector through an electrokinetic (EK) coupled with electrooxidation (EO) approach. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:81. [PMID: 38367190 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an environmentally sustainable method for minimizing sludge production in the textile effluent sector through the combined application of electrokinetic (EK) and electrooxidation (EO) processes. AAS and XRF analyses reveal that utilizing acidic electrolytes in the EK method successfully eliminates heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cr) from sludge, demonstrating superior efficiency compared to alkaline conditions. In addition, the total removal efficiency of COD contents was calculated following the order of EK-3 (60%), EK-1 (51%) and EK-2 (34%). Notably, EK-3, leveraging pH gradient fluctuations induced by anolyte in the catholyte reservoir, outperforms other EK systems in removing COD from sludge. The EK process is complemented by the EO process, leading to further degradation of dye and other organic components through the electrochemical generation of hypochlorite (940 ppm). At an alkaline pH of 10.0, the color and COD removal were effectively achieved at 98 and 70% in EO treatment, compared to other mediums. In addition, GC-MS identified N-derivative residues at the end of the EO. This study demonstrates an integrated approach that effectively eliminates heavy metals and COD from textile sludge, combining EK with EO techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Dhandapani
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Venkatesan Srinivasan
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Punniyakotti Parthipan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jayaraman Narenkumar
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Rajaram Rajamohan
- Organic Materials Synthesis Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Varathan Ezhilselvi
- Indian Reference Materials (BND) Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India.
- Adjunct Faculty, Department of Prothodontics, Saveetha Dental Collge and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
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Akansha J, Thakur S, Chaithanya MS, Gupta BS, Das S, Das B, Rajasekar N, Priya K. Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24293. [PMID: 38304840 PMCID: PMC10831613 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally million hectares of land annually is getting contaminated by heavy metalloids like As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with current concentrations in soil above geo-baseline or regulatory standards. The heavy metals are highly toxic, mobile, and persistent and hence require immediate and effective mitigation. There are many available remediation techniques like surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation which have been evolved to clean up heavy metal-contaminated sites. Nevertheless, all of the technologies have some applicability and limitations making the soil remediation initiative unsustainable. Among the available technologies, electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has been comparatively recognized to mitigate contaminated sites via both in-situ and ex-situ approaches due to its efficiency, suitability for use in low permeability soil, and requirement of low potential gradient. The work critically analyzes the EKR concerning techno, economic, and sustainability aspect for evaluating its application on various substrates and environmental conditions. The current soil contamination status in India is presented and the application of EKR for the heavy metal remediation from soil has been evaluated. The present work summaries a comprehensive and exhaustive review on EKR technology proving its effectiveness for a country like India where the huge amount of waste generated could not be treated due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and economic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Akansha
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Somil Thakur
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - M Sai Chaithanya
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Bhaskar Sen Gupta
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - N. Rajasekar
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - K. Priya
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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Ma H, Duan Z, Guo J, Zhu X, Shi X, Zhou W, Jiang M, Xiong J, Li T. Lead dissociation and redistribution properties of actual contaminated farmland soil after long-term EKAPR treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9507-9524. [PMID: 36515753 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation (EKAPR) is a potential technology much affected by the metal species and accessibility to plant roots. In this study, Pb-contaminated red soil was remediated with Sedum plumbizincicola to investigate the changes in soil pH, available nutrients, dissociation and redistribution of Pb under a long-term periodic reversal direct-current electric field. This approach could effectively activate soil P, K, organic matter (OM) and Pb, without significant soil acidification; the effect was positively correlated with applied voltage. Soil Pb can be continuously dissociated, migrated, and tended to accumulate in the middle region. The maximum Pb removal rate in the anodic section of the EKAPR system was 21.4%, and the aggregation rate in middle regions was 14.4%, higher than the available Pb content of the original soil. The Pb desorption in aqueous solution increased significantly with increasing voltage, irrespective of the solution pH. At a voltage of 20 V, the Pb cumulative desorption content reached 91.1 mg kg-1 (pH = 7), which was 2.7 times than that without electric field (33.2 mg kg-1). Compared to original soil (2.80 mg kg-1) and the control (14.54 mg kg-1), the available Pb in the anode section of EKAPR system (20.66 mg kg-1) increased by 637.9% and 42.1%, respectively. These results indicated that except for the indirect influence of soil pH changes, electrodynamics can directly promote the bioavailability and dissociation of Pb at the soil-water interface. This finding provides a new perspective for further studies on the mechanism of Pb speciation evolution and accumulation changes using EKAPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Duan
- Department of Geography and Tourism Management, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, 675000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuding Shi
- Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfen Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianguo Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Sharma S, Shaikh S, Mohana S, Desai C, Madamwar D. Current trends in bioremediation and bio-integrated treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-30479-8. [PMID: 37861831 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons and their derivatives constitute the leading group of environmental pollutants worldwide. In the present global scenario, petroleum and natural gas production, exploration, petroleum refining, and other anthropogenic activities produce huge amounts of hazardous petroleum wastes that accumulate in the terrestrial and marine environment. Due to their carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and mutagenic characteristics, petroleum pollutants pose severe risks to human health and exert ecotoxicological effects on the ecosystems. To mitigate petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) contamination, implementing "green technologies" for effective cleanup and restoration of an affected environment is considered as a pragmatic approach. This review provides a comprehensive outline of newly emerging bioremediation technologies, for instance; nanobioremediation, electrokinetic bioremediation, vermiremediation, multifunctional and sustainably implemented on-site applied biotechnologies such as; natural attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, phytoremediation and multi-process hybrid technologies. Additionally, the scope of the effectiveness and limitations of individual technologies in treating the petroleum hydrocarbon polluted sites are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat, 388421, India
| | - Shabnam Shaikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat, 388421, India
| | - Sarayu Mohana
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Carmel College (Autonomous), Palace Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560052, India
| | - Chirayu Desai
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Near Gujarat International Finance Tech (GIFT) - City, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat, 388421, India.
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7
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Barathi S, J G, Rathinasamy G, Sabapathi N, Aruljothi KN, Lee J, Kandasamy S. Recent trends in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution distribution and counteracting bio-remediation strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139396. [PMID: 37406936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are distributed worldwide due to long-term anthropogenic pollution sources. PAHs are recalcitrant and highly persistent in the environment due to their inherent properties, such as heterocyclic aromatic ring structures, thermostability, and hydrophobicity. They are highly toxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic to various life systems. This review focuses on the unique data of PAH sources, exposure routes, detection techniques, and harmful effects on the environment and human health. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic compilation of eco-friendly biological treatment solutions for PAH remediation, such as microbial remediation approaches utilizing microbial cultures. In situ and Ex situ bioremediation of PAH methods, including composting land farming, biopiles, bioreactors bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation processes, are discussed in detail, as is a summary of the factors affecting and limiting PAH bioremediation. This review provides an overview of emerging technologies that use multi-process combinatorial treatment approaches and answers to generating value-added by-products during PAH remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Barathi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gitanjali J
- School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 63014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gandhimathi Rathinasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nadana Sabapathi
- Centre of Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - K N Aruljothi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, 641004, India.
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Maqbool T, Jiang D. Electrokinetic remediation leads to translocation of dissolved organic matter/nutrients and oxidation of aromatics and polysaccharides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162703. [PMID: 36906032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the sediment matrix affects contaminant remediation through consumption of oxidants and binding with contaminants. Yet the change in DOM during remediation processes, particularly during electrokinetic remediation (EKR), remains under-investigated. In this work, we elucidated the fate of sediment DOM in EKR using multiple spectroscopic tools under abiotic and biotic conditions. We found that EKR led to significant electromigration of the alkaline-extractable DOM (AEOM) toward the anode, followed by transformation of the aromatics and mineralization of the polysaccharides. The AEOM remaining in the cathode (largely polysaccharides) was resistant to reductive transformation. Limited difference was noted between abiotic and biotic conditions, indicating the dominance of electrochemical processes when relatively high voltages were applied (1-2 V/cm). The water-extractable organic matter (WEOM), in contrast, showed an increase at both electrodes, which was likely attributable to pH-driven dissociations of humic substances and amino acid-type constituents at the cathode and the anode, respectively. Nitrogen migrated with the AEOM toward the anode, but phosphorus remained immobilized. Understanding the redistribution and transformation of DOM could inform studies on contaminant degradation, carbon and nutrient availability, and sediment structural changes in EKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Maqbool
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Daqian Jiang
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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Abou-Khalil C, Kewalramani J, Zhang Z, Sarkar D, Abrams S, Boufadel MC. Effect of clay content on the mobilization efficiency of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from soils by electrokinetics and hydraulic flushing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121160. [PMID: 36716947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The need for the efficient remediation of soils impacted by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is substantially growing because of the notable upsurge in societal and regulatory awareness of this class of chemicals. To remediate PFAS-contaminated soils using mobilization approaches, the choice of appropriate techniques highly depends on the soil's composition, particularly the clay content, which significantly affects the soil's permeability. Here, we investigated the PFAS mobilization efficiency from soils with different clay contents by using two techniques: electrokinetic (EK) remediation and hydraulic flushing. Artificial kaolinite was added to a loamy sand soil to prepare four soil blends with clay contents of 5, 25, 50, and 75%, each contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfulorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOA) at 10,000 μg/kg. EK remediation was conducted by applying a low voltage (30 V) with a current of 100 mA, and hydraulic flushing was carried out by applying a hydraulic gradient (HG) with a slope of 6.7%. Results show that, with a 14-day treatment duration, the EK-mobilization efficiency was enhanced substantially with the increase of clay content (removal of PFOS increased from 20% at 5% clay to 80% at 75% clay), most likely due to the increase of electroosmotic flow due to the higher content of particles having a zeta potential (i.e., clay). For HG, increasing the clay content significantly suppressed the mobilization of PFAS (removal of PFOS decreased from 40% at 5% clay to 10% at 75% clay) due to a notable decrease in the soil's permeability. Based on the results, applying hydraulic flushing and washing techniques for mobilizing PFAS would be appropriate when treating permeable soils with a maximum clay content of about 25%; otherwise, other suitable mobilization techniques such as EKs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Abou-Khalil
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Jitendra Kewalramani
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Stewart Abrams
- Langan Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc., 300 Kimball Dr., Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA
| | - Michel C Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Zhao S, Zhang J, Feng SJ. The era of low-permeability sites remediation and corresponding technologies: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137264. [PMID: 36400189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rational utilization of soil resources and remediation of contaminated soils are imperative due to the rapidly growing demand for clean soils. Currently, many in-situ remediation technologies are less suitable at low-permeability sites due to the limitations of soil permeability. This work defines a low-permeability site as a site with hydraulic conductivity less than 10-4 cm/s, and summarizes the migration characteristics of representative contaminants at low-permeability sites, and discusses the principles and practical applications of different technologies suitable for the remediation of low-permeability sites, including electrokinetic remediation technology, polymer flushing technology, fracturing technology, and in-situ thermal remediation technology. Enhanced and combined remediation technologies are further described because one remediation technology cannot remediate all contaminants. The prospects for the application of remediation technologies to low-permeability sites are also proposed. This work highlights the necessity of low-permeability sites remediation and the urgent need for new remediation technologies, with the hope to inspire future research on low-permeability sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China; College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shi-Jin Feng
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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11
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Meshalkin VP, Shulaev NS, Kadyrov RR, Pryanichnikova VV, Kulov NN, Garabadzhiu AV. Electrochemical Remediation of Oil-Contaminated Soils Factoring in Terrain: Theoretical and Experimental Studies. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Gidudu B, Chirwa EMN. The Role of pH, Electrodes, Surfactants, and Electrolytes in Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soil. Molecules 2022; 27:7381. [PMID: 36364207 PMCID: PMC9657640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation has, in recent years, shown great potential in remediating polluted environments. The technology can efficiently remove heavy metals, chlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenols, trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and entire petroleum hydrocarbons. Electrokinetic remediation makes use of electrolysis, electroosmosis, electrophoresis, diffusion, and electromigration as the five fundamental processes in achieving decontamination of polluted environments. These five processes depend on pH swings, voltage, electrodes, and electrolytes used in the electrochemical system. To apply this technology at the field scale, it is necessary to pursue the design of effective processes with low environmental impact to meet global sustainability standards. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the roles of the fundamental processes and their interactions in achieving effective and sustainable electrokinetic remediation in order to identify cleaner alternative solutions. This paper presents an overview of different processes involved in electrokinetic remediation with a focus on the effect of pH, electrodes, surfactants, and electrolytes that are applied in the remediation of contaminated soil and how these can be combined with cleaner technologies or alternative additives to achieve sustainable electrokinetic remediation. The electrokinetic phenomenon is described, followed by an evaluation of the impact of pH, surfactants, voltage, electrodes, and electrolytes in achieving effective and sustainable remediation.
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Franchi E, Cardaci A, Pietrini I, Fusini D, Conte A, De Folly D’Auris A, Grifoni M, Pedron F, Barbafieri M, Petruzzelli G, Vocciante M. Nature-Based Solutions for Restoring an Agricultural Area Contaminated by an Oil Spill. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2250. [PMID: 36079632 PMCID: PMC9459758 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A feasibility study is presented for a bioremediation intervention to restore agricultural activity in a field hit by a diesel oil spill from an oil pipeline. The analysis of the real contaminated soil was conducted following two approaches. The first concerned the assessment of the biodegradative capacity of the indigenous microbial community through laboratory-scale experimentation with different treatments (natural attenuation, landfarming, landfarming + bioaugmentation). The second consisted of testing the effectiveness of phytoremediation with three plant species: Zea mays (corn), Lupinus albus (lupine) and Medicago sativa (alfalfa). With the first approach, after 180 days, the different treatments led to biodegradation percentages between 83 and 96% for linear hydrocarbons and between 76 and 83% for branched ones. In case of contamination by petroleum products, the main action of plants is to favor the degradation of hydrocarbons in the soil by stimulating microbial activity thanks to root exudates. The results obtained in this experiment confirm that the presence of plants favors a decrease in the hydrocarbon content, resulting in an improved degradation of up to 18% compared with non-vegetated soils. The addition of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) isolated from the contaminated soil also promoted the growth of the tested plants. In particular, an increase in biomass of over 50% was found for lupine. Finally, the metagenomic analysis of the contaminated soil allowed for evaluating the evolution of the composition of the microbial communities during the experimentation, with a focus on hydrocarbon- oxidizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Franchi
- Eni S.p.A, Research & Development, Environmental & Biological Laboratories, Via Maritano 26, 20097 S. Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Anna Cardaci
- Eni S.p.A, Research & Development, Environmental & Biological Laboratories, Via Maritano 26, 20097 S. Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pietrini
- Eni S.p.A, Research & Development, Environmental & Biological Laboratories, Via Maritano 26, 20097 S. Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Danilo Fusini
- Eni S.p.A, Research & Development, Environmental & Biological Laboratories, Via Maritano 26, 20097 S. Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conte
- Eni S.p.A, Research & Development, Environmental & Biological Laboratories, Via Maritano 26, 20097 S. Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Folly D’Auris
- Eni S.p.A, Research & Development, Environmental & Biological Laboratories, Via Maritano 26, 20097 S. Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Martina Grifoni
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pedron
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Meri Barbafieri
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianniantonio Petruzzelli
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Vocciante
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
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Henrique JMM, Isidro J, Saez C, Lopez-Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Navarro V, Dos Santos EV, Rodrigo MA. Combining Soil Vapor Extraction and Electrokinetics for the Removal of Hexachlorocyclohexanes from Soil. Chemistry 2022; 12:e202200022. [PMID: 35876395 PMCID: PMC10152886 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the evaluation of the mobility of four hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers by soil vapor extraction (SVE) coupled with direct electrokinetic (EK) treatment without adding flushing fluids. SVE was found to be very efficient and remove nearly 70 % of the four HCH in the 15-days of the tests. The application of electrokinetics produced the transport of HCH to the cathode by different electrochemical processes, which were satisfactorily modelled with a 1-D transport equation. The increase in the electric field led to an increase in the transport of pollutants, although 15 days was found to be a very short time for an efficient transportation of the pollutants to the nearness of the cathode. Loss of water content in the vicinity of the cathode warns about the necessity of using electrokinetic flushing technologies instead of simple direct electrokinetics. Thus, results point out that direct electrokinetic treatment without adding flushing fluids produced low current intensities and ohmic heating that contributes negatively to the performance of the SVE process. No relevant differences were found among the removal of the four isomers, neither in SVE nor in EK processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M M Henrique
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal/RN, Brazil.,Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Julia Isidro
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Saez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rúben Lopez-Vizcaíno
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Angel Yustres
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisama V Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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15
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Screening of Plants and Indigenous Bacteria to Improve Arsenic Phytoextraction. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is one of the most common inorganic pollutants; unfortunately, it is also one of the most toxic and is therefore a cause of great concern for the health risks that could result from it. Removing arsenic from the soil using phytoremediation approaches is an effective strategy, and several studies demonstrate the ability of Cannabis sativa (TSN 19109, hemp) to tolerate this harmful contaminant. The aim of this work was to identify the best experimental conditions for a phytoremediation plan to be applied in a disused area located in Sicily (Italy) and contaminated by As, comparing Cannabis sativa with Brassica juncea (TSN 23059) and Zea mays (TSN 42269, corn). To assist the process, several chelating agents were tested to improve arsenic mobility, and two different sets of arsenic-tolerant bacteria were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of indigenous herbaceous species and used to promote plant growth, leading to a significant improvement in terms of biomass produced and phytoextraction. After the combined treatment, the arsenic content in the aerial part of the plants increased by more than two orders of magnitude (e.g., from 0.05 to 6.57 mg kg−1, from 0.04 to 6.69 mg kg−1, and from 0.03 to 5.57 mg kg−1 for brassica, corn, and hemp, respectively), confirming the marked increase in the total absorption of As by plants.
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16
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Norén A, Lointier C, Modin O, Strömvall AM, Rauch S, Andersson-Sköld Y, Karlfeldt Fedje K. Removal of organotin compounds and metals from Swedish marine sediment using Fenton's reagent and electrochemical treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27988-28004. [PMID: 34985631 PMCID: PMC8993779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal and tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediments are problematic for sediment managers and the environment. This study is the first to compare Fenton's reagent and electrochemical treatment as remediation methods for the removal of TBT and metals using laboratory-scale experiments on contaminated dredged sediment. The costs and the applicability of the developed methods were also compared and discussed. Both methods removed > 98% TBT from TBT-spiked sediment samples, while Fenton's reagent removed 64% of the TBT and electrolysis 58% of the TBT from non-spiked samples. TBT in water phase was effectively degraded in both experiments on spiked water and in leachates during the treatment of the sediment. Positive correlations were observed between TBT removal and the added amount of hydrogen peroxide and current density. Both methods removed metals from the sediment, but Fenton's reagent was identified as the most potent option for effective removal of both metals and TBT, especially from highly metal-contaminated sediment. However, due to risks associated with the required chemicals and low pH level in the sediment residue following the Fenton treatment, electrochemical treatment could be a more sustainable option for treating larger quantities of contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Norén
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Célia Lointier
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastien Rauch
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Andersson-Sköld
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Box 8072, 402 78, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Geology and Geotechnics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Karlfeldt Fedje
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Recycling and Waste Management, Renova AB, Box 156, 401 22, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Svensson N, Norén A, Modin O, Karlfeldt Fedje K, Rauch S, Strömvall AM, Andersson-Sköld Y. Integrated cost and environmental impact assessment of management options for dredged sediment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:30-40. [PMID: 34847467 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of sediment must be dredged regularly to enable marine transport and trade. The sediments are often polluted, with e.g. metals, which limits the management options. The aim of this study has been to assess costs and environmental impacts (impact on climate, marine organisms, etc.) of different management options for polluted dredged sediment, by combining life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the climate impact, scoring of other environmental aspects and a cost evaluation. This approach has been used to study both traditional and new management alternatives for a real port case. The studied options include landfilling, deep-sea disposal, construction of a port area using a stabilization and solidification (S/S) method, and a combination of the aforementioned methods with the innovative option of metal recovery through sediment electrolysis. The LCA showed that deep-sea disposal had the lowest climate impact. The assessment of the other environmental impacts showed that the result varied depending on the pollution level and the time perspective used (short or long-term). Using sediment for construction had the highest climate impact, although other environmental impacts were comparably low. Electrolysis was found to be suitable for highly polluted sediments, as it left the sediment cleaner and enabled recovery of precious metals, however the costs were high. The results highlight the complexity of comparing different environmental impacts and the benefits of using integrated assessments to provide clarity, and to evaluate both the synergetic and counteracting effects associated with the investigated scenarios and may aid early-stage decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Svensson
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Malvinas väg 6, Stockholm SE-114 28, Sweden.
| | - Anna Norén
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Karin Karlfeldt Fedje
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden; Recycling and Waste Management, Renova AB, Box 156, Gothenburg SE-401 22, Sweden
| | - Sebastien Rauch
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Andersson-Sköld
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Malvinas väg 6, Stockholm SE-114 28, Sweden; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Geology and geotechnics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
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18
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Soil Remediation: Towards a Resilient and Adaptive Approach to Deal with the Ever-Changing Environmental Challenges. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pollution from numerous contaminants due to many anthropogenic activities affects soils quality. Industrialized countries have many contaminated sites; their remediation is a priority in environmental legislation. The aim of this overview is to consider the evolution of soil remediation from consolidated invasive technologies to environmentally friendly green strategies. The selection of technology is no longer exclusively based on eliminating the source of pollution but aims at remediation, which includes the recovery of soil quality. “Green remediation” appears to be the key to addressing the issue of remediation of contaminated sites as it focuses on environmental quality, including the preservation of the environment. Further developments in green remediation reflect the aim of promoting clean-up strategies that also address the effects of climate change. Sustainable and resilient remediation faces the environmental challenge of achieving targets while reducing the environmental damage caused by clean-up interventions and must involve an awareness that social systems and environmental systems are closely connected.
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19
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The Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Mitigating Plant’s Environmental Stresses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and sustainable technology used to clean up pollutants from soils and waters through the use of plant species. Indeed, plants are naturally capable of absorbing metals and degrading organic molecules. However, in several cases, the presence of contaminants causes plant suffering and limited growth. In such situations, thanks to the production of specific root exudates, plants can engage the most suitable bacteria able to support their growth according to the particular environmental stress. These plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may facilitate plant growth and development with several beneficial effects, even more evident when plants are grown in critical environmental conditions, such as the presence of toxic contaminants. For instance, PGPR may alleviate metal phytotoxicity by altering metal bioavailability in soil and increasing metal translocation within the plant. Since many of the PGPR are also hydrocarbon oxidizers, they are also able to support and enhance plant biodegradation activity. Besides, PGPR in agriculture can be an excellent support to counter the devastating effects of abiotic stress, such as excessive salinity and drought, replacing expensive inorganic fertilizers that hurt the environment. A better and in-depth understanding of the function and interactions of plants and associated microorganisms directly in the matrix of interest, especially in the presence of persistent contamination, could provide new opportunities for phytoremediation.
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20
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Zhao B, Sun Z, Liu Y. An overview of in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:149981. [PMID: 34517309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Faced with the increasing nitrate pollution in groundwater, in-situ remediation has been widely studied and applied on field-scale as an efficient, economical and less disturbing remediation technology. In this review, we discussed various in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater and elaborate on biostimulation, phytoremediation, electrokinetic remediation, permeable reactive barrier and combined remediation. This review described principles of each in-situ remediation, application, the latest progress, problems and challenges on field-scale. Factors affecting the efficiency of in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater are also summarized. Finally, this review presented the prospect of in-situ remediation for nitrate pollution in groundwater. The objective of this review is to examine the state of knowledge on in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater and critically evaluate factors which affect the up-scaling of laboratory and bench-scale research to field-scale application. This helps to better understand the control mechanisms of various in-situ remediation for nitrate pollution in groundwater and the design options available for application to the field-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhao
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhanxue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Yajie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
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21
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Souza FL, Millán M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Can the green energies improve the sustainability of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149991. [PMID: 34482137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The green powering of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes had been strongly discouraged. Low remediation efficiencies have been reported as a consequence of the reversibility of the transport processes when no power is applied to the electrodes, due to the intermittent powering of renewable sources. However, it has been missed a deeper evaluation from the environmental point of view. This work goes further and seeks to quantify, using life cycle assessment tools, the environmental impacts related to the electro-kinetic treatments powered by different sources: grid (Spanish energy mix), photovoltaic and wind sources. The global warming potential and the ozone depletion showed higher environmental impacts in case of using green energies, associated with the manufacturing of the energy production devices. In contrast to that, results pointed out the lowest water consumption for the treatment powered with solar panels. The huge water requirements to produce energy, considering a Spanish energy mix, drop the sustainability of this powering strategy in terms of water footprint. Regarding toxicities, the pollutant toxicity was highly got rid of after 15 days of treatment, regardless the powering source used. Nevertheless, the manufacturing of energy and green energy production devices has a huge impact into the toxicity of the remediation treatments, increasing massively the total toxicity of the process, being this effect less prominent by the electro-kinetic treatment solar powered. In view of the overall environmental impact assessed, according to mid and endpoint impact categories, it can be claimed that, despite the high energy requirements and affectation to the global warming potential, the use of solar power is a more sustainable alternative to remediate polluted soils by electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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22
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Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most common metal pollutants in soil, and phytoextraction is a sustainable and cost-effective way to remove it. The purpose of this work was to develop a phytoextraction strategy able to efficiently remove Pb from the soil of a decommissioned fuel depot located in Italy by the combined use of EDTA and endophytic bacteria isolated from indigenous plants. A total of 12 endophytic strains from three native species (Lotus cornicolatus, Sonchus tenerrimus, Bromus sterilis) were isolated and selected to prepare a microbial consortium used to inoculate microcosms of Brassica juncea and Helianthus annuus. As for B. juncea, experimental data showed that treatment with microbial inoculum alone was the most effective in improving Pb phytoextraction in shoots (up to 25 times more than the control). In H. annuus, on the other hand, the most effective treatment was the combined treatment (EDTA and inoculum) with up to three times more Pb uptake values. These results, also validated by the metagenomic analysis, confirm that plant-microbe interaction is a crucial key point in phytoremediation.
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23
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New Light on Phytoremediation: The Use of Luminescent Solar Concentrators. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The latest developments in photovoltaic studies focus on the best use of the solar spectrum through Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC). Due to their structural characteristics, LSC panels allow considerable energy savings. This significant saving can also be of great interest in the remediation of contaminated sites, which nowadays requires green interventions characterized by high environmental sustainability. This study reported the evaluation of LSC panels in phytoremediation feasibility tests. Three plant species were used at a microcosm scale on soil contaminated by arsenic and lead. The experiments were conducted by comparing plants grown under LSC panels doped with Lumogen Red F305 (BASF) with plants grown under polycarbonate panels used for greenhouse construction. The results showed a higher production of biomass by the plants grown under the LSC panels. The uptake of the two contaminants by plants was the same in both the growing conditions, thus resulting in an increased total accumulation (defined as metal concentration times produced biomass) in plants grown under LSC panels, indicating an overall higher phytoextraction efficiency. This seems to confirm the potential that LSCs have to be building-integrated on greenhouse roofs, canopies, and shelters to produce electricity while increasing plants productivity, thus reducing environmental pollution, and increasing sustainability.
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