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Kuroda Y, Ozaki M, Sakai Y, Uchida-Fujii E, Hanada I, Yamamoto T, Tatemoto K, Hirata Y, Sato Y, Katano H, Nagata N, Kato H, Shimada T, Suzuki T, Nakao T, Maeda K. An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant and deaths of three lions in a zoo. One Health 2024; 19:100870. [PMID: 39206254 PMCID: PMC11350503 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There have been reports of the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from humans to various mammalian species. Some infected animals show clinical signs and may even die in rare cases. Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported in zoos where susceptible animals are bred in high population densities. However, there have been few reports of omicron variant outbreaks in zoo animals. From late 2022 to 2023, an outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant occurred in one Japanese zoo. A total of 24 lions were housed in the zoo; 13 of them showed respiratory symptoms, and the three oldest lions died. Molecular and histopathological analyses revealed that the deceased lions were infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron BF.7.15. Virus-neutralization tests showed that all 21 lions were positive for antibodies against the omicron variant, but not against the delta variant. In addition, three tigers and one bear in the same or neighboring building as the lions possessed antibodies against the omicron variant. This is a very rare report on the outbreak of a SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection that resulted in the death of animals. This finding demonstrates the importance of continuous countermeasures to protect non-vaccinated animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Kuroda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Miki Ozaki
- Adventure World, 2399 Katada, Shirahama-cho, Nishimuro-gun, Wakayama 649-2201, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ikumi Hanada
- Adventure World, 2399 Katada, Shirahama-cho, Nishimuro-gun, Wakayama 649-2201, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yamamoto
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kango Tatemoto
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kato
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomoe Shimada
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tatsuko Nakao
- Adventure World, 2399 Katada, Shirahama-cho, Nishimuro-gun, Wakayama 649-2201, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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2
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Drozd M, Ritter JM, Samuelson JP, Parker M, Wang L, Sander SJ, Yoshicedo J, Wright L, Odani J, Shrader T, Lee E, Lockhart SR, Ghai RR, Terio KA. Mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 in nondomestic felids. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:609-620. [PMID: 38323378 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231225500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Between September and November 2021, 5 snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and 1 lion (Panthera leo) were naturally infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and developed progressive respiratory disease that resulted in death. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 sequencing identified the delta variant in all cases sequenced, which was the predominant human variant at that time. The time between initial clinical signs and death ranged from 3 to 45 days. Gross lesions in all 6 cats included nasal turbinate hyperemia with purulent discharge and marked pulmonary edema. Ulcerative tracheitis and bronchitis were noted in 4 cases. Histologically, there was necrotizing and ulcerative rhinotracheitis and bronchitis with fibrinocellular exudates and fibrinosuppurative to pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia. The 4 cats that survived longer than 8 days had fungal abscesses. Concurrent bacteria were noted in 4 cases, including those with more acute disease courses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was detected by in situ hybridization using probes against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid genes and by immunohistochemistry. Viral nucleic acid and protein were variably localized to mucosal and glandular epithelial cells, pneumocytes, macrophages, and fibrinocellular debris. Based on established criteria, SARS-CoV-2 was considered a contributing cause of death in all 6 cats. While mild clinical infections are more common, these findings suggest that some SARS-CoV-2 variants may cause more severe disease and that snow leopards may be more severely affected than other felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Drozd
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Leyi Wang
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Louden Wright
- Great Plain Zoo, Sioux Falls, SD
- Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN
| | - Jenee Odani
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Elizabeth Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Ria R Ghai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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3
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Abay Z, Sadikaliyeva S, Nurpeisova A, Jekebekov K, Shorayeva K, Yespembetov B, Nurabayev S, Kerimbayev A, Khairullin B, Yoo H, Kutumbetov L, Kassenov M, Zakarya K. Breaking the Barrier: SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Wild and Companion Animals and Their Implications for Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:956. [PMID: 38932248 PMCID: PMC11209598 DOI: 10.3390/v16060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to significant interest in its potential transmission between animals and humans, especially pets. This review article summarises the literature on coronavirus infections in domestic animals, emphasising epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, and public health implications. This article highlights current understandings of the relationship between infections in companion animals and humans, identifies research gaps, and suggests directions for future research. Cases of disease in cats, dogs, and other domestic animals, often occurring through close contact with infected owners, are reviewed, raising concerns about possible zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission. Precautions and recommendations for pet owners and healthcare workers are also discussed. The scientific evidence presented in the article highlights the need for a One Health approach that considers the health of people, animals, and the environment to combat future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandos Abay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Ainur Nurpeisova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuanysh Jekebekov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamshat Shorayeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Bolat Yespembetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergazy Nurabayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Aslan Kerimbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Berik Khairullin
- MVA Group Scientific-Research Production Center Ltd., Almaty 050046, Kazakhstan
| | - Hansang Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Lespek Kutumbetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
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4
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Oltjen H, Crook E, Lanier WA, Rettler H, Oakeson KF, Young EL, Torchetti M, Van Wettere AJ. SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in African lions (Panthera leo) and humans at Utah's Hogle Zoo, USA, 2021-22. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38825749 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS We conducted a One Health investigation to assess the source and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in African lions (Panthera leo) at Utah's Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City from October 2021 to February 2022. METHODS AND RESULTS Following observation of respiratory illness in the lions, zoo staff collected pooled faecal samples and individual nasal swabs from four lions. All specimens tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The resulting investigation included: lion observation; RT-PCR testing of lion faeces every 1-7 days; RT-PCR testing of lion respiratory specimens every 2-3 weeks; staff interviews and RT-PCR testing; whole-genome sequencing of viruses from lions and staff; and comparison with existing SARS-CoV-2 human community surveillance sequences. In addition to all five lions, three staff displayed respiratory symptoms. All lions recovered and no hospitalizations or deaths were reported among staff. Three staff reported close contact with the lions in the 10 days before lion illness onset, one of whom developed symptoms and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on days 3 and 4, respectively, after lion illness onset. The other two did not report symptoms or test positive. Two staff who did not have close contact with the lions were symptomatic and tested positive on days 5 and 8, respectively, after lion illness onset. We detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in lion faeces for 33 days and in lion respiratory specimens for 14 weeks after illness onset. The viruses from lions were genetically highly related to those from staff and two contemporaneous surveillance specimens from Salt Lake County; all were delta variants (AY.44). CONCLUSIONS We did not determine the sources of these infections, although human-to-lion transmission likely occurred. The observed period of respiratory shedding was longer than in previously documented SARS-CoV-2 infections in large felids, indicating the need to further assess duration and potential implications of shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Oltjen
- Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - William A Lanier
- Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Readiness and Response, Division of State and Local Readiness, Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah Rettler
- Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kelly F Oakeson
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Erin L Young
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mia Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
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5
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Islam MA, Zayed H, Ohimain EI, Lee SS, Bhattacharya P, Dhama K. Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review. J Microbiol 2024; 62:337-354. [PMID: 38777985 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we methodically demonstrate various aspects of reverse zoonosis, with a comprehensive discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV reverse zoonosis. First, different components of reverse zoonosis, such as humans, different pathogens, and numerous animals (poultry, livestock, pets, wild animals, and zoo animals), have been demonstrated. Second, it explains the present status of reverse zoonosis with different pathogens during previous occurrences of various outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Here, we present 25 examples from literature. Third, using several examples, we comprehensively illustrate the present status of the reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Here, we have provided 17 examples of SARS-CoV-2 reverse zoonosis and two examples of MPXV reverse zoonosis. Fourth, we have described two significant aspects of reverse zoonosis: understanding the fundamental aspects of spillback and awareness. These two aspects are required to prevent reverse zoonosis from the current infection with two significant viruses. Finally, the One Health approach was discussed vividly, where we urge scientists from different areas to work collaboratively to solve the issue of reverse zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, VyasaVihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
- Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, Qatar University, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elijah Ige Ohimain
- Microbiology Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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6
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Carvajal M, Saenz C, Fuentes N, Guevara R, Muñoz E, Prado-Vivar B, Diaz E, Alfonso-Cortes F, Coloma J, Grunauer M, Rojas-Silva P, Cardenas PA, Barragan V. SARS-CoV-2 infection in brown-headed spider monkeys ( Ateles fusciceps) at a wildlife rescue center on the coast of Ecuador-South America. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0274123. [PMID: 38364080 PMCID: PMC10986564 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02741-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human populations can be affected in unpredictable ways by the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic was a reminder of how devastating these events can be if left unchecked. However, once they have spread globally, the impact of these diseases when entering non-exposed wildlife populations is unknown. The current study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps) at a wildlife rescue center in Ecuador. Four monkeys were hospitalized, and all tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) by RT-qPCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR). Fecal samples (n = 12) from monkeys at the rescue center also tested positive; three zookeepers responsible for feeding and deworming the monkeys also tested positive, suggesting human-animal transmission. Whole genome sequencing identified most samples' omicron clade 22B BA.5 lineage. These findings highlight the threat posed by an emerging zoonotic disease in wildlife species and the importance of preventing spillover and spillback events during epidemic or pandemic events.IMPORTANCEAlthough COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) has been primarily contained in humans through widespread vaccination, the impact and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and its transmission and epidemiology in wildlife may need to be addressed. In some natural environments, the proximity of animals to humans is difficult to control, creating perfect scenarios where susceptible wildlife can acquire the virus from humans. In these places, it is essential to understand how transmission can occur and to develop protocols to prevent infection. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, a red-listed monkey species, at a wildlife recovery center in Ecuador. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential for transmission between humans and wildlife primates and the importance of preventing such events in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Carvajal
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Saenz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Rommel Guevara
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Erika Muñoz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Belen Prado-Vivar
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Diaz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Michelle Grunauer
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Paul A. Cardenas
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Veronica Barragan
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
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7
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Chan T, Ginders J, Kuhlmeier E, Meli ML, Bönzli E, Meili T, Hüttl J, Hatt JM, Hindenlang Clerc K, Kipar A, Wyss F, Wenker C, Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Valenzuela Agüí C, Urban C, Beisel C, Stadler T, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Zoo-Kept Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes). Viruses 2024; 16:521. [PMID: 38675864 PMCID: PMC11054100 DOI: 10.3390/v16040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many different animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, including a few Canidae (domestic dog and raccoon dog). So far, only experimental evidence is available concerning SARS-CoV-2 infections in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). This is the first report of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in a sample from a red fox. The RT-qPCR-positive fox was zoo-kept together with another fox and two bears in the Swiss Canton of Zurich. Combined material from a conjunctival and nasal swab collected for canine distemper virus diagnostics tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA with Ct values of 36.9 (E gene assay) and 35.7 (RdRp gene assay). The sample was analysed for SARS-CoV-2 within a research project testing residual routine diagnostic samples from different animal species submitted between spring 2020 and December 2022 to improve knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 infections within different animal species and investigate their potential role in a One Health context. Within this project, 246 samples from 153 different animals from Swiss zoos and other wild animal species all tested SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR and/or serologically negative so far, except for the reported fox. The source of SARS-CoV-2 in the fox is unknown. The fox disappeared within the naturally structured enclosure, and the cadaver was not found. No further control measures were undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Chan
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Julia Ginders
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Evelyn Kuhlmeier
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Eva Bönzli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Julia Hüttl
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Fabia Wyss
- Zoologischer Garten Basel AG, Binningerstrasse 40, 4054 Basel, Switzerland; (F.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Christian Wenker
- Zoologischer Garten Basel AG, Binningerstrasse 40, 4054 Basel, Switzerland; (F.W.); (C.W.)
| | | | - Cecilia Valenzuela Agüí
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schanzenstrasse 44, Postfach, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; (C.V.A.); (C.B.); (T.S.)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Urban
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schanzenstrasse 44, Postfach, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; (C.V.A.); (C.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schanzenstrasse 44, Postfach, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; (C.V.A.); (C.B.); (T.S.)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.C.); (J.G.); (E.K.); (M.L.M.); (J.H.)
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8
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Su Z, McDonnell D, Cheshmehzangi A, Bentley BL, Šegalo S, da Veiga CP, Xiang YT. Where should "Humans" be in "One Health"? Lessons from COVID-19 for One Health. Global Health 2024; 20:24. [PMID: 38528528 PMCID: PMC10964596 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-024-01026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The culling of animals that are infected, or suspected to be infected, with COVID-19 has fuelled outcry. What might have contributed to the ongoing debates and discussions about animal rights protection amid global health crises is the lack of a unified understanding and internationally agreed-upon definition of "One Health". The term One Health is often utilised to describe the imperative to protect the health of humans, animals, and plants, along with the overarching ecosystem in an increasingly connected and globalized world. However, to date, there is a dearth of research on how to balance public health decisions that could impact all key stakeholders under the umbrella of One Health, particularly in contexts where human suffering has been immense. To shed light on the issue, this paper discusses whether One Health means "human-centred connected health" in a largely human-dominated planet, particularly amid crises like COVID-19. The insights of this study could help policymakers make more informed decisions that could effectively and efficiently protect human health while balancing the health and well-being of the rest of the inhabitants of our shared planet Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Su
- School of Public Health, Institute for Human Rights, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Dean McDonnell
- Department of Humanities, South East Technological University, Carlow, R93 V960, Ireland
| | - Ali Cheshmehzangi
- Center of Innovation for Education and Research (CIER), Qingdao City University, Qingdao, China
- Network for Education and Research On Peace and Sustainability, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan
| | - Barry L Bentley
- Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Collaboration for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sabina Šegalo
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Claudimar Pereira da Veiga
- Fundação Dom Cabral - FDC, Av. Princesa Diana, 760 Alphaville, Lagoa Dos Ingleses, Nova Lima, MG, 34018-006, Brazil.
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration; Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences; Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
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9
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Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Peak L, Wolfson W, Balasuriya UBR. Development and validation of multiplex one-step qPCR/RT-qPCR assays for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 and pathogens associated with feline respiratory disease complex. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297796. [PMID: 38517847 PMCID: PMC10959388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC) is caused by a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens. Both Influenza A virus (IAV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) also induce respiratory diseases in cats. Two one-step multiplex qPCR/RT-qPCR assays were developed and validated: FRA_1 (Feline respiratory assay 1) for the detection of four viral targets and FRA_2 for the detection of three bacteria associated with FRDC. Both multiplex assays demonstrated high specificity, efficiency (93.51%-107.8%), linearity (> 0.998), analytical sensitivity (≤ 15 genome copies/μl), repeatability (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%), and reproducibility (CV < 6%). Among the 63 clinical specimens collected from FRDC-suspected cats, 92.1% were positive for at least one pathogen and co-infection was detected in 57.1% of samples. Mycoplasma felis (61.9%) was the most found pathogen, followed by feline herpesvirus-1 (30.2%), Chlamydia felis (28.7%) and feline calicivirus (27.0%). SARS-CoV-2 was detected in two specimens. In summary, this new panel of qPCR/RT-qPCR assays constitutes a useful and reliable tool for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 and viral and bacterial pathogens associated with FRDC in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme J. Thieulent
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Laura Peak
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wolfson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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10
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Fang R, Yang X, Guo Y, Peng B, Dong R, Li S, Xu S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals: Patterns, transmission routes, and drivers. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2024; 3:45-54. [PMID: 38169914 PMCID: PMC10758742 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is more widespread in animals than previously thought, and it may be able to infect a wider range of domestic and wild species. To effectively control the spread of the virus and protect animal health, it is crucial to understand the cross-species transmission mechanisms and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2. This article collects published literature on SARS-CoV-2 in animals and examines the distribution, transmission routes, biophysical, and anthropogenic drivers of infected animals. The reported cases of infection in animals are mainly concentrated in South America, North America, and Europe, and species affected include lions, white-tailed deer, pangolins, minks, and cats. Biophysical factors influencing infection of animals with SARS-CoV-2 include environmental determinants, high-risk landscapes, air quality, and susceptibility of different animal species, while anthropogenic factors comprise human behavior, intensive livestock farming, animal markets, and land management. Due to current research gaps and surveillance capacity shortcomings, future mitigation strategies need to be designed from a One Health perspective, with research focused on key regions with significant data gaps in Asia and Africa to understand the drivers, pathways, and spatiotemporal dynamics of interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruying Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yiyang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bingjie Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruixuan Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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11
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Nederlof RA, de la Garza MA, Bakker J. Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38393096 PMCID: PMC10893009 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. de la Garza
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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12
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Drozd M, Ritter JM, Samuelson JP, Parker M, Wang L, Sander SJ, Yoshicedo J, Wright L, Odani J, Shrader T, Lee E, Lockhart SR, Ghai RR, Terio KA. Mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 in nondomestic felids. Vet Pathol 2024. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1177/03009858231225500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Between September and November 2021, 5 snow leopards ( Panthera uncia) and 1 lion ( Panthera leo) were naturally infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and developed progressive respiratory disease that resulted in death. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 sequencing identified the delta variant in all cases sequenced, which was the predominant human variant at that time. The time between initial clinical signs and death ranged from 3 to 45 days. Gross lesions in all 6 cats included nasal turbinate hyperemia with purulent discharge and marked pulmonary edema. Ulcerative tracheitis and bronchitis were noted in 4 cases. Histologically, there was necrotizing and ulcerative rhinotracheitis and bronchitis with fibrinocellular exudates and fibrinosuppurative to pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia. The 4 cats that survived longer than 8 days had fungal abscesses. Concurrent bacteria were noted in 4 cases, including those with more acute disease courses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was detected by in situ hybridization using probes against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid genes and by immunohistochemistry. Viral nucleic acid and protein were variably localized to mucosal and glandular epithelial cells, pneumocytes, macrophages, and fibrinocellular debris. Based on established criteria, SARS-CoV-2 was considered a contributing cause of death in all 6 cats. While mild clinical infections are more common, these findings suggest that some SARS-CoV-2 variants may cause more severe disease and that snow leopards may be more severely affected than other felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Drozd
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | | | | | | | - Leyi Wang
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Louden Wright
- Great Plain Zoo, Sioux Falls, SD
- Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN
| | - Jenee Odani
- University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Elizabeth Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Ria R. Ghai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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13
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Zhuang J, Yan Z, Zhou T, Li Y, Wang H. The role of receptors in the cross-species spread of coronaviruses infecting humans and pigs. Arch Virol 2024; 169:35. [PMID: 38265497 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has proven capable of infecting over 30 animal species, highlights the critical need for understanding the mechanisms of cross-species transmission and the emergence of novel coronavirus strains. The recent discovery of CCoV-HuPn-2018, a recombinant alphacoronavirus from canines and felines that can infect humans, along with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pig cells, underscores the potential for coronaviruses to overcome species barriers. This review investigates the origins and cross-species transmission of both human and porcine coronaviruses, with a specific emphasis on the instrumental role receptors play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhuang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Huinuan Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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14
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Zhao J, Kang M, Wu H, Sun B, Baele G, He WT, Lu M, Suchard MA, Ji X, He N, Su S, Veit M. Risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 replicating and evolving in animals. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:79-92. [PMID: 37541811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The retransmissions of SARS-CoV-2 from several mammals - primarily mink and white-tailed deer - to humans have raised concerns for the emergence of a new animal-derived SARS-CoV-2 variant to worsen the pandemic. Here, we discuss animal species that are susceptible to natural or experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2 and can transmit the virus to mates or humans. We describe cutting-edge techniques to assess the impact of a mutation in the viral spike (S) protein on its receptor and on antibody binding. Our review of spike sequences of animal-derived viruses identified nine unique amino acid exchanges in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) that are not present in any variant of concern (VOC). These mutations are present in SARS-CoV-2 found in companion animals such as dogs and cats, and they exhibit a higher frequency in SARS-CoV-2 found in mink and white-tailed deer, suggesting that sustained transmissions may contribute to maintaining novel mutations. Four of these exchanges, such as Leu452Met, could undermine acquired immune protection in humans while maintaining high affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Finally, we discuss important avenues of future research into animal-derived viruses with public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan-Ting He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meng Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Na He
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Lustig G, Ganga Y, Rodel HE, Tegally H, Khairallah A, Jackson L, Cele S, Khan K, Jule Z, Reedoy K, Karim F, Bernstein M, Ndung’u T, Moosa MYS, Archary D, de Oliveira T, Lessells R, Neher RA, Abdool Karim SS, Sigal A. SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppression evolves sub-lineages which independently accumulate neutralization escape mutations. Virus Evol 2023; 10:vead075. [PMID: 38361824 PMCID: PMC10868398 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
One mechanism of variant formation may be evolution during long-term infection in immunosuppressed people. To understand the viral phenotypes evolved during such infection, we tested SARS-CoV-2 viruses evolved from an ancestral B.1 lineage infection lasting over 190 days post-diagnosis in an advanced HIV disease immunosuppressed individual. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed two evolving sub-lineages, with the second sub-lineage replacing the first sub-lineage in a seeming evolutionary sweep. Each sub-lineage independently evolved escape from neutralizing antibodies. The most evolved virus for the first sub-lineage (isolated day 34) and the second sub-lineage (isolated day 190) showed similar escape from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Delta-variant infection elicited neutralizing immunity despite having no spike mutations in common relative to the B.1 lineage. The day 190 isolate also evolved higher cell-cell fusion and faster viral replication and caused more cell death relative to virus isolated soon after diagnosis, though cell death was similar to day 34 first sub-lineage virus. These data show that SARS-CoV-2 strains in prolonged infection in a single individual can follow independent evolutionary trajectories which lead to neutralization escape and other changes in viral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Lustig
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Yashica Ganga
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hylton E Rodel
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UCL Cruciform Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Afrah Khairallah
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Laurelle Jackson
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Zesuliwe Jule
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Kajal Reedoy
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mallory Bernstein
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UCL Cruciform Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mahomed-Yunus S Moosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Richard Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Richard A Neher
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Amphipôle, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Alex Sigal
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
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16
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Morozov I, Gaudreault NN, Trujillo JD, Indran SV, Cool K, Kwon T, Meekins DA, Balaraman V, Artiaga BL, Madden DW, McDowell C, Njaa B, Retallick J, Hainer N, Millership J, Wilson WC, Tkalcevic G, Vander Horst H, Burakova Y, King V, Hutchinson K, Hardham JM, Schwahn DJ, Kumar M, Richt JA. Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of a Recombinant, Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Animal Vaccine against Virulent SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Cats. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1831. [PMID: 38140233 PMCID: PMC10747320 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a recombinant, subunit SARS-CoV-2 animal vaccine in cats against virulent SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Two groups of cats were immunized with two doses of either a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine or a placebo, administered three weeks apart. Seven weeks after the second vaccination, both groups of cats were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 via the intranasal and oral routes simultaneously. Animals were monitored for 14 days post-infection for clinical signs and viral shedding before being humanely euthanized and evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic lesions. The recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit vaccine induced strong serologic responses post-vaccination and significantly increased neutralizing antibody responses post-challenge. A significant difference in nasal and oral viral shedding, with significantly reduced virus load (detected using RT-qPCR) was observed in vaccinates compared to mock-vaccinated controls. Duration of nasal, oral, and rectal viral shedding was also significantly reduced in vaccinates compared to controls. No differences in histopathological lesion scores were noted between the two groups. Our findings support the safety and efficacy of the recombinant spike protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine which induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies and reduced nasal, oral, and rectal viral shedding, indicating that this vaccine will be efficacious as a COVID-19 vaccine for domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Bianca Libanori Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Chester McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
| | - Bradley Njaa
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (B.N.)
| | - Jamie Retallick
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (B.N.)
| | | | | | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (V.B.)
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17
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Fernández-Bastit L, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from humans to animals: is there a risk of novel reservoirs? Curr Opin Virol 2023; 63:101365. [PMID: 37793299 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a zoonotic virus able to infect humans and multiple nonhuman animal species. Most natural infections in companion, captive zoo, livestock, and wildlife species have been related to a reverse transmission, raising concern about potential generation of animal reservoirs due to human-animal interactions. To date, American mink and white-tailed deer are the only species that led to extensive intraspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 after reverse zoonosis, leading to an efficient spread of the virus and subsequent animal-to-human transmission. Viral host adaptations increase the probability of new SARS-CoV-2 variants' emergence that could cause a major global health impact. Therefore, applying the One Health approach is crucial to prevent and overcome future threats for human, animal, and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leira Fernández-Bastit
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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18
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Gomez-Romero N, Basurto-Alcantara FJ, Velazquez-Salinas L. Assessing the Potential Role of Cats ( Felis catus) as Generators of Relevant SARS-CoV-2 Lineages during the Pandemic. Pathogens 2023; 12:1361. [PMID: 38003825 PMCID: PMC10675002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several questions regarding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly elucidated. One of these questions is the possible evolutionary impact of SARS-CoV-2 after the infection in domestic animals. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential role of cats as generators of relevant SARS-CoV-2 lineages during the pandemic. A total of 105 full-length genome viral sequences obtained from naturally infected cats during the pandemic were evaluated by distinct evolutionary algorithms. Analyses were enhanced, including a set of highly related SARS-CoV-2 sequences recovered from human populations. Our results showed the apparent high susceptibility of cats to the infection SARS-CoV-2 compared with other animal species. Evolutionary analyses indicated that the phylogenomic characteristics displayed by cat populations were influenced by the dominance of specific SARS-CoV-2 genetic groups affecting human populations. However, disparate dN/dS rates at some genes between populations recovered from cats and humans suggested that infection in these two species may suggest a different evolutionary constraint for SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, the branch selection analysis showed evidence of the potential role of natural selection in the emergence of five distinct cat lineages during the pandemic. Although these lineages were apparently irrelevant to public health during the pandemic, our results suggested that additional studies are needed to understand the role of other animal species in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninnet Gomez-Romero
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de Fiebre Aftosa y Otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales, Carretera Mexico-Toluca Km 15.5 Piso 4 Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Mexico City 05110, Mexico;
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000 Col Copilco Universidad, Mexico City 14510, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Javier Basurto-Alcantara
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000 Col Copilco Universidad, Mexico City 14510, Mexico;
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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19
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Tewari D, Miller R, Livengood J, Wang L, Killian ML, Bustamante F, Kessler C, Thirumalapura N, Terio K, Torchetti M, Lantz K, Rosenberg J. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dynamics in the Pittsburgh Zoo Wild Felids with Two Viral Variants (Delta and Alpha) during the 2021-2022 Pandemic in the United States. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3094. [PMID: 37835700 PMCID: PMC10571823 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported in multiple animal species besides humans. The goal of this study was to report clinical signs, infection progression, virus detection and antibody response in a group of wild felids housed in adjacent but neighboring areas at the Pittsburgh Zoo. Initially, five African lions (Panthera leo krugeri) housed together exhibited respiratory clinical signs with viral shedding in their feces in March of 2021 coinciding with infection of an animal keeper. During the second infection wave in December 2021, four Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and a Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis) showed clinical signs and tested positive for viral RNA in feces. In infected animals, viral shedding in feces was variable lasting up to 5 weeks and clinical signs were observed for up to 4 weeks. Despite mounting an antibody response to initial exposure, lions exhibited respiratory clinical signs during the second infection wave, but none shed the virus in their feces. The lions were positive for alpha variant (B.1.1.7 lineage) during the first wave and the tiger and lynx were positive for delta variant (AY.25.1. lineage) during the second wave. The viruses recovered from felids were closely related to variants circulating in human populations at the time of the infection. Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the park did not show either the clinical signs or the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Ryan Miller
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Julia Livengood
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Leyi Wang
- Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.T.); (K.L.)
| | - Felipe Bustamante
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Candy Kessler
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Nagaraja Thirumalapura
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA;
| | - Mia Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.T.); (K.L.)
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.T.); (K.L.)
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20
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Bartlett SL, Koeppel KN, Cushing AC, Bellon HF, Almagro V, Gyimesi ZS, Thies T, Hård T, Denitton D, Fox KZ, Vodička R, Wang L, Calle PP. GLOBAL RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME SARS COV-2 INFECTIONS IN NONDOMESTIC FELIDS: MARCH 2020-FEBRUARY 2021. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:607-616. [PMID: 37817628 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in nondomestic felids have been documented in North America, South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Between March 2020 and February 2021, at nine institutions across three continents, infection was confirmed in 16 tigers (Panthera tigris), 14 lions (Panthera leo), three snow leopards (Panthera uncia), one cougar (Puma concolor), and one Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) ranging from 2 to 21 yr old (average, 10 yr). Infection was suspected in an additional 12 tigers, 4 lions, and 9 cougars. Clinical signs (in order of most to least common) included coughing, ocular and/or nasal discharge, wheezing, sneezing, decreased appetite, lethargy, diarrhea, and vomiting. Most felids recovered uneventfully, but one geriatric tiger with comorbidities developed severe dyspnea and neurologic signs necessitating euthanasia. Clinical signs lasted 1-19 d (average, 8 d); one tiger was asymptomatic. Infection was confirmed by various methods, including antigen tests and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nasal or oral swabs, tracheal wash, and feces, or virus isolation from feces or tracheal wash. Infection status and resolution were determined by testing nasal swabs from awake animals, fecal PCR, and observation of clinical signs. Shedding of fecal viral RNA was significantly longer than duration of clinical signs. Postinfection seropositivity was confirmed by four institutions including 11 felids (5 lions, 6 tigers). In most instances, asymptomatic or presymptomatic keepers were the presumed or confirmed source of infection, although in some instances the infection source remains uncertain. Almost all infections occurred despite using cloth facemasks and disposable gloves when in proximity to the felids and during food preparation. Although transmission may have occurred during momentary lapses in personal protective equipment compliance, it seems probable that cloth masks are insufficient at preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to nondomestic felids. Surgical or higher grade masks may be warranted when working with nondomestic felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Bartlett
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA,
| | - Katja N Koeppel
- Department of Production Animal Studies and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Andrew C Cushing
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tammy Thies
- The Wildcat Sanctuary, Sandstone, MN 55072, USA
| | | | | | - Kami Z Fox
- Fort Wayne Children's Zoo, Fort Wayne, IN 46808, USA
| | - Roman Vodička
- Zoologická zahrada hl. m. Prahy, Prague Zoo, 171 00 Praha 7-Trója, Czech Republic
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Paul P Calle
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
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21
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Prévot V, Duittoz A. A role for GnRH in olfaction and cognition: Implications for veterinary medicine. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:109-124. [PMID: 37329313 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is essential for the activation and maintenance of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which controls the onset of puberty and fertility. Two provocative recent studies suggest that, in addition to control reproduction, the neurons in the brain that produce GnRH are also involved in the control postnatal brain maturation, odour discrimination and adult cognition. Long-acting GnRH antagonists and agonists are commonly used to control fertility and behaviour in veterinary medicine, primarily in males. This review puts into perspective the potential risks of these androgen deprivation therapies and immunization on olfactory and cognitive performances and well-aging in domestic animals, including pets. We will also discuss the results reporting beneficial effects of pharmacological interventions restoring physiological GnRH levels on olfactory and cognitive alterations in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease, which shares many pathophysiological and behavioural hallmarks with canine cognitive dysfunction. These novel findings raise the intriguing possibility that pulsatile GnRH therapy holds therapeutic potential for the management of this behavioural syndrome affecting older dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR_S1172, Lille, France
| | - Anne Duittoz
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA, CNRS, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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22
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Cupertino MDC, Freitas AND, Meira GSB, Silva PAMD, Pires SDS, Cosendey TDA, Fernandes TM, Mayers NAJ, Siqueira-Batista R. COVID-19 and One Health: potential role of human and animals in SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2023; 2:100017. [PMID: 39077046 PMCID: PMC10238119 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans has zoonotic tendencies, which can potentially provoke cross-species transmission, including human-to-animal and animal-to-human infection. Consequently, the objective was to analyze the scientific evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 animal infections from potential human transmission. A systematic review was executed following the PRISMA guidelines, in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and LILACS, using the descriptors combined in the following way: (("SARS-CoV-2" OR "COVID-19" OR "2019-nCoV") AND (animals OR zoonosis)). The results contemplated the viral susceptibility of about thirty animal species when induced naturally and/or experimentally. The mink & hamster species demonstrated ostensible animal-to-human transmission. Overall, there have been more reports of human contamination by other species than human retransmission from the pathogen. The natural infection of the virus was discovered in domestic dogs & cats, wild cats, deer, minks, rabbits and hamsters. Several animals, including the African green monkeys and rabbits, manifested high levels of viremia, respiratory secretions and fecal excretions of infectious virus conducive to environmental/aerosol transmission. It is still inadequately documented the intrinsic role of such processes, such as the animals' involvement in viral mutations, the emergence of new variants/lineages and the role of the animal host species. Accordingly, this research model type, natural and experimental analysis on varying animal species, corroborates the link between the two aforementioned forms of transmission. Epidemiological surveillance through extensive sequencing of the viral genomes of infected animals and humans can reveal the SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes and anticipate appropriate prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli do Carmo Cupertino
- School of Medicine, Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga (FADIP), Ponte Nova, MG, Brazil
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Nery Dias Freitas
- School of Medicine, Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga (FADIP), Ponte Nova, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sarah de Souza Pires
- School of Medicine, Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga (FADIP), Ponte Nova, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista
- School of Medicine, Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga (FADIP), Ponte Nova, MG, Brazil
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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23
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Italiya J, Bhavsar T, Černý J. Assessment and strategy development for SARS-CoV-2 screening in wildlife: A review. Vet World 2023; 16:1193-1200. [PMID: 37577208 PMCID: PMC10421538 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1193-1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (members of the Coronaviridae family) are prominent in veterinary medicine, with several known infectious agents commonly reported. In contrast, human medicine has disregarded coronaviruses for an extended period. Within the past two decades, coronaviruses have caused three major outbreaks. One such outbreak was the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Over the 3-year COVID-19 outbreak, several instances of zooanthroponosis have been documented, which pose risks for virus modifications and possible re-emergence of the virus into the human population, causing a new epidemic and possible threats for vaccination or treatment failure. Therefore, widespread screening of animals is an essential technique for mitigating future risks and repercussions. However, mass detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals might be challenging. In silico prediction modeling, experimental studies conducted on various animal species, and natural infection episodes recorded in various species might provide information on the potential threats to wildlife. They may be useful for diagnostic and mass screening purposes. In this review, the possible methods of wildlife screening, based on experimental data and environmental elements that might play a crucial role in its effective implementation, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Italiya
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague – Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Tanvi Bhavsar
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Jiří Černý
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague – Suchdol, Czechia
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24
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Happi AN, Ayinla AO, Ogunsanya OA, Sijuwola AE, Saibu FM, Akano K, George UE, Sopeju AE, Rabinowitz PM, Ojo KK, Barrett LK, Van Voorhis WC, Happi CT. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Terrestrial Animals in Southern Nigeria: Potential Cases of Reverse Zoonosis. Viruses 2023; 15:1187. [PMID: 37243273 PMCID: PMC10222409 DOI: 10.3390/v15051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 caused the COVID-19 pandemic, records have suggested the occurrence of reverse zoonosis of pets and farm animals in contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive humans in the Occident. However, there is little information on the spread of the virus among animals in contact with humans in Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in various animals in Nigeria. Overall, 791 animals from Ebonyi, Ogun, Ondo, and Oyo States, Nigeria were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-qPCR (n = 364) and IgG ELISA (n = 654). SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were 45.9% (RT-qPCR) and 1.4% (ELISA). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in almost all animal taxa and sampling locations except Oyo State. SARS-CoV-2 IgGs were detected only in goats from Ebonyi and pigs from Ogun States. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 infectivity rates were higher in 2021 than in 2022. Our study highlights the ability of the virus to infect various animals. It presents the first report of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in poultry, pigs, domestic ruminants, and lizards. The close human-animal interactions in these settings suggest ongoing reverse zoonosis, highlighting the role of behavioral factors of transmission and the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to spread among animals. These underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to detect and intervene in any eventual upsurge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise N. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Akeemat O. Ayinla
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Olusola A. Ogunsanya
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Ayotunde E. Sijuwola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Femi M. Saibu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Kazeem Akano
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Uwem E. George
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo E. Sopeju
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
| | - Peter M. Rabinowitz
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (L.K.B.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (L.K.B.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.K.O.); (L.K.B.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Christian T. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.A.O.); (A.E.S.); (F.M.S.); (K.A.); (U.E.G.); (A.E.S.); (C.T.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 23210, Osun State, Nigeria
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25
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Chothe SK, Jakka P, Boorla VS, Ramasamy S, Gontu A, Nissly RH, Brown J, Turner G, Sewall BJ, Reeder DM, Field KA, Engiles JB, Amirthalingam S, Ravichandran A, LaBella L, Nair MS, Maranas CD, Kuchipudi SV. Little Brown Bats ( Myotis lucifugus) Support the Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Are Likely Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051103. [PMID: 37243189 DOI: 10.3390/v15051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), believed to have originated from a bat species, can infect a wide range of non-human hosts. Bats are known to harbor hundreds of coronaviruses capable of spillover into human populations. Recent studies have shown a significant variation in the susceptibility among bat species to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that little brown bats (LBB) express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and the transmembrane serine protease 2, which are accessible to and support SARS-CoV-2 binding. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that LBB ACE2 formed strong electrostatic interactions with the RBD similar to human and cat ACE2 proteins. In summary, LBBs, a widely distributed North American bat species, could be at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and potentially serve as a natural reservoir. Finally, our framework, combining in vitro and in silico methods, is a useful tool to assess the SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility of bats and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada K Chothe
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ruth H Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Justin Brown
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA
| | - Gregory Turner
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA
| | - Brent J Sewall
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Kenneth A Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Saranya Amirthalingam
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abirami Ravichandran
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lindsey LaBella
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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26
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Cui X, Fan K, Liang X, Gong W, Chen W, He B, Chen X, Wang H, Wang X, Zhang P, Lu X, Chen R, Lin K, Liu J, Zhai J, Liu DX, Shan F, Li Y, Chen RA, Meng H, Li X, Mi S, Jiang J, Zhou N, Chen Z, Zou JJ, Ge D, Yang Q, He K, Chen T, Wu YJ, Lu H, Irwin DM, Shen X, Hu Y, Lu X, Ding C, Guan Y, Tu C, Shen Y. Virus diversity, wildlife-domestic animal circulation and potential zoonotic viruses of small mammals, pangolins and zoo animals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2488. [PMID: 37120646 PMCID: PMC10148632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife is reservoir of emerging viruses. Here we identified 27 families of mammalian viruses from 1981 wild animals and 194 zoo animals collected from south China between 2015 and 2022, isolated and characterized the pathogenicity of eight viruses. Bats harbor high diversity of coronaviruses, picornaviruses and astroviruses, and a potentially novel genus of Bornaviridae. In addition to the reported SARSr-CoV-2 and HKU4-CoV-like viruses, picornavirus and respiroviruses also likely circulate between bats and pangolins. Pikas harbor a new clade of Embecovirus and a new genus of arenaviruses. Further, the potential cross-species transmission of RNA viruses (paramyxovirus and astrovirus) and DNA viruses (pseudorabies virus, porcine circovirus 2, porcine circovirus 3 and parvovirus) between wildlife and domestic animals was identified, complicating wildlife protection and the prevention and control of these diseases in domestic animals. This study provides a nuanced view of the frequency of host-jumping events, as well as assessments of zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kewei Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Xianghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xingbang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rujian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kaixiong Lin
- Fujian Meihuashan Institute of South China Tiger Breeding, Longyan, 364201, China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Fen Shan
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifang Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Jianfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Niu Zhou
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zujin Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jie-Jian Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Monitoring and Rescue Center, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kai He
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Tengteng Chen
- Fujian Meihuashan Institute of South China Tiger Breeding, Longyan, 364201, China
| | - Ya-Jiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Haoran Lu
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoman Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yi Guan
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, 515041, China.
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yongyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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27
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Klestova Z. Possible spread of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic and wild animals and body temperature role. Virus Res 2023; 327:199066. [PMID: 36754290 PMCID: PMC9911306 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was officially announced in March 2020 and is still moving around the world. Virus strains, their pathogenicity and infectivity are changing, but the ability is fast to spread and harm people's health remained, despite the seasonality seasons and other circumstances. Most likely, humanity is doomed for a long time to coexistence with this emergent pathogen, since it is already circulating not only among the human population, but and among fauna, especially among wild animals in different regions of the planet. Thus, the range the virus has expanded, the material and conditions for its evolution are more than enough. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in known infected fauna species is analyzed and possible spread and ongoing circulation of the virus in domestic and wild animals are discussed. One of the main focus of the article is the role of animal body temperature, its fluctuations and the presence of entry receptors in the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus spreading in possible new ecological niches. The possibility of long-term circulation of the pathogen among susceptible organisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida Klestova
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 6, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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28
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Santaniello A, Perruolo G, Cristiano S, Agognon AL, Cabaro S, Amato A, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Formisano P, Fioretti A, Oriente F. SARS-CoV-2 Affects Both Humans and Animals: What Is the Potential Transmission Risk? A Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020514. [PMID: 36838479 PMCID: PMC9959838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization Department declared the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic, as a consequence of its rapid spread on all continents. The COVID-19 pandemic has been not only a health emergency but also a serious general problem as fear of contagion and severe restrictions put economic and social activity on hold in many countries. Considering the close link between human and animal health, COVID-19 might infect wild and companion animals, and spawn dangerous viral mutants that could jump back and pose an ulterior threat to us. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the pandemic, with a particular focus on the clinical manifestations in humans and animals, the different diagnosis methods, the potential transmission risks, and their potential direct impact on the human-animal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cristiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Ayewa Lawoe Agognon
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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29
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Porter AF, Purcell DFJ, Howden BP, Duchene S. Evolutionary rate of SARS-CoV-2 increases during zoonotic infection of farmed mink. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead002. [PMID: 36751428 PMCID: PMC9896948 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate genetic signatures of adaptation to the mink host, we characterised the evolutionary rate heterogeneity in mink-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2). In 2020, the first detected anthropozoonotic spillover event of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in mink farms throughout Europe and North America. Both spill-back of mink-associated lineages into the human population and the spread into the surrounding wildlife were reported, highlighting the potential formation of a zoonotic reservoir. Our findings suggest that the evolutionary rate of SARS-CoV-2 underwent an episodic increase upon introduction into the mink host before returning to the normal range observed in humans. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 lineages could have circulated in the mink population for a month before detection, and during this period, evolutionary rate estimates were between 3 × 10-3 and 1.05 × 10-2 (95 per cent HPD, with a mean rate of 6.59 × 10-3) a four- to thirteen-fold increase compared to that in humans. As there is evidence for unique mutational patterns within mink-associated lineages, we explored the emergence of four mink-specific Spike protein amino acid substitutions Y453F, S1147L, F486L, and Q314K. We found that mutation Y453F emerged early in multiple mink outbreaks and that mutations F486L and Q314K may co-occur. We suggest that SARS-CoV-2 undergoes a brief, but considerable, increase in evolutionary rate in response to greater selective pressures during species jumps, which may lead to the occurrence of mink-specific mutations. These findings emphasise the necessity of ongoing surveillance of zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sebastian Duchene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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30
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Qiu X, Liu Y, Sha A. SARS-CoV-2 and natural infection in animals. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28147. [PMID: 36121159 PMCID: PMC9538246 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide. Due to the close relationship between animals and humans, confirmed transmission from humans to numerous animal species has been reported. Understanding the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the infection and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in different animals is crucial to control COVID-19 and protect animal health. In this review, the possible animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 and animal species naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection are discussed. Furthermore, this review categorizes the SARS-CoV-2 susceptible animals by families, so as to better understand the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qiu
- School of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ailong Sha
- School of Teacher EducationChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
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31
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Vandegrift KJ, Yon M, Surendran Nair M, Gontu A, Ramasamy S, Amirthalingam S, Neerukonda S, Nissly RH, Chothe SK, Jakka P, LaBella L, Levine N, Rodriguez S, Chen C, Sheersh Boorla V, Stuber T, Boulanger JR, Kotschwar N, Aucoin SG, Simon R, Toal KL, Olsen RJ, Davis JJ, Bold D, Gaudreault NN, Dinali Perera K, Kim Y, Chang KO, Maranas CD, Richt JA, Musser JM, Hudson PJ, Kapur V, Kuchipudi SV. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Infection of Wild White-Tailed Deer in New York City. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122770. [PMID: 36560774 PMCID: PMC9785669 DOI: 10.3390/v14122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence of SARS-CoV-2 spillover from humans into many domestic, companion, and wild animal species. Research indicates that humans have infected white-tailed deer, and that deer-to-deer transmission has occurred, indicating that deer could be a wildlife reservoir and a source of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. We examined the hypothesis that the Omicron variant is actively and asymptomatically infecting the free-ranging deer of New York City. Between December 2021 and February 2022, 155 deer on Staten Island, New York, were anesthetized and examined for gross abnormalities and illnesses. Paired nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies. Of 135 serum samples, 19 (14.1%) indicated SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and 11 reacted most strongly to the wild-type B.1 lineage. Of the 71 swabs, 8 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (4 Omicron and 4 Delta). Two of the animals had active infections and robust neutralizing antibodies, revealing evidence of reinfection or early seroconversion in deer. Variants of concern continue to circulate among and may reinfect US deer populations, and establish enzootic transmission cycles in the wild: this warrants a coordinated One Health response, to proactively surveil, identify, and curtail variants of concern before they can spill back into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J. Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (V.K.); (S.V.K.); Tel.: +1-814-574-9852 (K.J.V.); +1-814-865-9788 (V.K.); +1-814-863-4436 (S.V.K.)
| | - Michele Yon
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Saranya Amirthalingam
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Ruth H. Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shubhada K. Chothe
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lindsey LaBella
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nicole Levine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sophie Rodriguez
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tod Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard Simon
- City of New York Parks & Recreation, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Katrina L. Toal
- City of New York Parks & Recreation, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Randall J. Olsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James J. Davis
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Division of Data Science and Learning, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Krishani Dinali Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James M. Musser
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (V.K.); (S.V.K.); Tel.: +1-814-574-9852 (K.J.V.); +1-814-865-9788 (V.K.); +1-814-863-4436 (S.V.K.)
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (K.J.V.); (V.K.); (S.V.K.); Tel.: +1-814-574-9852 (K.J.V.); +1-814-865-9788 (V.K.); +1-814-863-4436 (S.V.K.)
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32
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Lustig G, Ganga Y, Rodel H, Tegally H, Jackson L, Cele S, Khan K, Jule Z, Reedoy K, Karim F, Bernstein M, Moosa MYS, Archary D, de Oliveira T, Lessells R, Abdool Karim SS, Sigal A. SARS-CoV-2 evolves increased infection elicited cell death and fusion in an immunosuppressed individual. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.11.23.22282673. [PMID: 36451879 PMCID: PMC9709797 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.23.22282673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The milder clinical manifestations of Omicron infection relative to pre-Omicron SARS CoV-2 raises the possibility that extensive evolution results in reduced pathogenicity. To test this hypothesis, we quantified induction of cell fusion and cell death in SARS CoV-2 evolved from ancestral virus during long-term infection. Both cell fusion and death were reduced in Omicron BA.1 infection relative to ancestral virus. Evolved virus was isolated at different times during a 6-month infection in an immunosuppressed individual with advanced HIV disease. The virus isolated 16 days post-reported symptom onset induced fusogenicity and cell death at levels similar to BA.1. However, fusogenicity was increased in virus isolated at 6 months post-symptoms to levels intermediate between BA.1 and ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, infected cell death showed a graded increase from earlier to later isolates. These results may indicate that, at least by the cellular measures used here, evolution in long-term infection does not necessarily attenuate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Lustig
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yashica Ganga
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hylton Rodel
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zesuliwe Jule
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kajal Reedoy
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Mahomed-Yunus S Moosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Richard Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Durban, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alex Sigal
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Sangkachai N, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thongdee M, Suksai P, Tangsudjai S, Wongluechai P, Suwanpakdee S, Wiriyarat W, Buddhirongawatr R, Prasittichai L, Skulpong A, Okada PA, Puthavathana P, Paungpin W. Serological and Molecular Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Captive Tigers ( Panthera tigris), Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233350. [PMID: 36496872 PMCID: PMC9736889 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Given the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, continuous surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in animals is important. To monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in wildlife in Thailand, we collected 62 blood samples and nine nasal- and rectal-swab samples from captive tigers (Panthera tigris) in Ratchaburi province in Thailand during 2020-2021. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was employed to detect SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. A real-time RT-PCR assay was performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our findings demonstrated that four captive tigers (6.5%, 4/62) had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan Hu-1 and the Delta variant, while no SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome could be detected in all swab samples. Moreover, a low-level titer of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 subvariant could be found in only one seropositive tiger. The source of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these tigers most likely came from close contact with the infected animals' caretakers who engaged in activities such as tiger petting and feeding. In summary, we described the first case of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in captive tigers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand and provided seroepidemiological-based evidence of human-to-animal transmission. Our findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance of COVID-19 among the captive tiger population and emphasize the need to adopt a One Health approach for preventing and controlling outbreaks of COVID-19 zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareerat Sangkachai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parut Suksai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Tangsudjai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Peerawat Wongluechai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ruangrat Buddhirongawatr
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | | | - Anurux Skulpong
- Wildlife Rescue Center III (Khao Prathap Chang), Ratchaburi 70110, Thailand
| | | | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-896-701-400
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Agusi ER, Allendorf V, Eze EA, Asala O, Shittu I, Dietze K, Busch F, Globig A, Meseko CA. SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface: Implication for Global Public Health from an African Perspective. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112473. [PMID: 36366571 PMCID: PMC9696393 DOI: 10.3390/v14112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become the most far-reaching public health crisis of modern times. Several efforts are underway to unravel its root cause as well as to proffer adequate preventive or inhibitive measures. Zoonotic spillover of the causative virus from an animal reservoir to the human population is being studied as the most likely event leading to the pandemic. Consequently, it is important to consider viral evolution and the process of spread within zoonotic anthropogenic transmission cycles as a global public health impact. The diverse routes of interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 offer great potential for a future reservoir of pandemic viruses evolving from the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic circulation. To mitigate possible future infectious disease outbreaks in Africa and elsewhere, there is an urgent need for adequate global surveillance, prevention, and control measures that must include a focus on known and novel emerging zoonotic pathogens through a one health approach. Human immunization efforts should be approached equally through the transfer of cutting-edge technology for vaccine manufacturing throughout the world to ensure global public health and one health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebere Roseann Agusi
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu 410001, Nigeria
| | - Valerie Allendorf
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (V.A.)
| | | | - Olayinka Asala
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Frank Busch
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (V.A.)
| | - Clement Adebajo Meseko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930001, Nigeria
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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35
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Pappas G, Vokou D, Sainis I, Halley JM. SARS-CoV-2 as a Zooanthroponotic Infection: Spillbacks, Secondary Spillovers, and Their Importance. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2166. [PMID: 36363758 PMCID: PMC9696655 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the midst of a persistent pandemic of a probable zoonotic origin, one needs to constantly evaluate the interplay of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2) with animal populations. Animals can get infected from humans, and certain species, including mink and white-tailed deer, exhibit considerable animal-to-animal transmission resulting in potential endemicity, mutation pressure, and possible secondary spillover to humans. We attempt a comprehensive review of the available data on animal species infected by SARS-CoV-2, as presented in the scientific literature and official reports of relevant organizations. We further evaluate the lessons humans should learn from mink outbreaks, white-tailed deer endemicity, zoo outbreaks, the threat for certain species conservation, the possible implication of rodents in the evolution of novel variants such as Omicron, and the potential role of pets as animal reservoirs of the virus. Finally, we outline the need for a broader approach to the pandemic and epidemics, in general, incorporating the principles of One Health and Planetary Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pappas
- Institute of Continuing Medical Education of Ioannina, 45333 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Despoina Vokou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Sainis
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - John M. Halley
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Neerukonda SN, Wang R, Vassell R, Baha H, Lusvarghi S, Liu S, Wang T, Weiss CD, Wang W. Characterization of Entry Pathways, Species-Specific Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Residues Determining Entry, and Antibody Neutralization Evasion of Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Variants. J Virol 2022; 96:e0114022. [PMID: 36000843 PMCID: PMC9472608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants were first detected in November 2021, and several Omicron lineages (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5) have since rapidly emerged. Studies characterizing the mechanisms of Omicron variant infection and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies induced upon vaccination are ongoing by several groups. In the present study, we used pseudoviruses to show that the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) enhances infection of BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Omicron variants to a lesser extent than ancestral D614G. We further show that Omicron variants have higher sensitivity to inhibition by soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the endosomal inhibitor chloroquine compared to D614G. The Omicron variants also more efficiently used ACE2 receptors from 9 out of 10 animal species tested, and unlike the D614G variant, used mouse ACE2 due to the Q493R and Q498R spike substitutions. Finally, neutralization of the Omicron variants by antibodies induced by three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was 7- to 8-fold less potent than the D614G. These results provide insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread. IMPORTANCE The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants with an extensive number of spike mutations poses a significant public health and zoonotic concern due to enhanced transmission fitness and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We studied three Omicron lineage variants (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3) and found that transmembrane serine protease 2 has less influence on Omicron entry into cells than on D614G, and Omicron exhibits greater sensitivity to endosomal entry inhibition compared to D614G. In addition, Omicron displays more efficient usage of diverse animal species ACE2 receptors than D614G. Furthermore, due to Q493R/Q498R substitutions in spike, Omicron, but not D614G, can use the mouse ACE2 receptor. Finally, three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination elicit high neutralization titers against Omicron variants, although the neutralization titers are still 7- to 8-fold lower those that against D614G. These results may give insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Vassell
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shufeng Liu
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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37
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Tegally H, Moir M, Everatt J, Giovanetti M, Scheepers C, Wilkinson E, Subramoney K, Makatini Z, Moyo S, Amoako DG, Baxter C, Althaus CL, Anyaneji UJ, Kekana D, Viana R, Giandhari J, Lessells RJ, Maponga T, Maruapula D, Choga W, Matshaba M, Mbulawa MB, Msomi N, Naidoo Y, Pillay S, Sanko TJ, San JE, Scott L, Singh L, Magini NA, Smith-Lawrence P, Stevens W, Dor G, Tshiabuila D, Wolter N, Preiser W, Treurnicht FK, Venter M, Chiloane G, McIntyre C, O'Toole A, Ruis C, Peacock TP, Roemer C, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Williamson C, Pybus OG, Bhiman JN, Glass A, Martin DP, Jackson B, Rambaut A, Laguda-Akingba O, Gaseitsiwe S, von Gottberg A, de Oliveira T. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in South Africa. Nat Med 2022; 28:1785-1790. [PMID: 35760080 PMCID: PMC9499863 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three lineages (BA.1, BA.2 and BA.3) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant of concern predominantly drove South Africa's fourth Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) wave. We have now identified two new lineages, BA.4 and BA.5, responsible for a fifth wave of infections. The spike proteins of BA.4 and BA.5 are identical, and similar to BA.2 except for the addition of 69-70 deletion (present in the Alpha variant and the BA.1 lineage), L452R (present in the Delta variant), F486V and the wild-type amino acid at Q493. The two lineages differ only outside of the spike region. The 69-70 deletion in spike allows these lineages to be identified by the proxy marker of S-gene target failure, on the background of variants not possessing this feature. BA.4 and BA.5 have rapidly replaced BA.2, reaching more than 50% of sequenced cases in South Africa by the first week of April 2022. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, we estimated growth advantages for BA.4 and BA.5 of 0.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08-0.09) and 0.10 (95% CI: 0.09-0.11) per day, respectively, over BA.2 in South Africa. The continued discovery of genetically diverse Omicron lineages points to the hypothesis that a discrete reservoir, such as human chronic infections and/or animal hosts, is potentially contributing to further evolution and dispersal of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houriiyah Tegally
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Monika Moir
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Josie Everatt
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratorio de Flavivirus, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University of Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cathrine Scheepers
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Subramoney
- Department of Virology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zinhle Makatini
- Department of Virology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Botswana Presidential COVID-19 Taskforce, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christian L Althaus
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ugochukwu J Anyaneji
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Dikeledi Kekana
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Richard J Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tongai Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorcas Maruapula
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Wonderful Choga
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Mpaphi B Mbulawa
- National Health Laboratory, Health Services Management, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Nokukhanya Msomi
- Discipline of Virology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yeshnee Naidoo
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sureshnee Pillay
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tomasz Janusz Sanko
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James E San
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lesley Scott
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lavanya Singh
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko A Magini
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Wendy Stevens
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Priority Program of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Graeme Dor
- National Priority Program of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derek Tshiabuila
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Florette K Treurnicht
- Department of Virology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Georginah Chiloane
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Caitlyn McIntyre
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Aine O'Toole
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sergei L Kosakovsky Pond
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Virology, NHLS Groote Schuur Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jinal N Bhiman
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Allison Glass
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Jackson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oluwakemi Laguda-Akingba
- NHLS Port Elizabeth Laboratory, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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38
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Near-Full-Length Genome Sequences Representing an Event of Zooanthroponotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.189 in Mexico during 2020. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0049722. [PMID: 35852315 PMCID: PMC9387280 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00497-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report three near-full-length genome sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) obtained in Mexico City, Mexico, during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in 2020, representing a zooanthroponotic transmission event between humans and a dog. All three genomes belong to the B.1.189 lineage based on the pangolin classification.
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Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Mink Related to Host-, Virus- and Farm-Associated Factors, The Netherlands 2020. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081754. [PMID: 36016375 PMCID: PMC9414453 DOI: 10.3390/v14081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on 69 Dutch mink farms in 2020 were studied to identify risk factors for virus introduction and transmission and to improve surveillance and containment measures. Clinical signs, laboratory test results, and epidemiological aspects were investigated, such as the date and reason of suspicion, housing, farm size and distances, human contact structure, biosecurity measures, and presence of wildlife, pets, pests, and manure management. On seven farms, extensive random sampling was performed, and age, coat color, sex, and clinical signs were recorded. Mild to severe respiratory signs and general diseases such as apathy, reduced feed intake, and increased mortality were detected on 62/69 farms. Throat swabs were more likely to result in virus detection than rectal swabs. Clinical signs differed between virus clusters and were more severe for dark-colored mink, males, and animals infected later during the year. Geographical clustering was found for one virus cluster. Shared personnel could explain some cases, but other transmission routes explaining farm-to-farm spread were not elucidated. An early warning surveillance system, strict biosecurity measures, and a (temporary) ban on mink farming and vaccinating animals and humans can contribute to reducing the risks of the virus spreading and acquisition of potential mutations relevant to human and animal health.
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Nerpel A, Yang L, Sorger J, Käsbohrer A, Walzer C, Desvars-Larrive A. SARS-ANI: a global open access dataset of reported SARS-CoV-2 events in animals. Sci Data 2022; 9:438. [PMID: 35871228 PMCID: PMC9308035 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is not yet fully resolved. Although natural infections in animals are reported in a wide range of species, large knowledge and data gaps remain regarding SARS-CoV-2 in animal hosts. We used two major health databases to extract unstructured data and generated a global dataset of SARS-CoV-2 events in animals. The dataset presents harmonized host names, integrates relevant epidemiological and clinical data on each event, and is readily usable for analytical purposes. We also share the code for technical and visual validation of the data and created a user-friendly dashboard for data exploration. Data on SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in animals is critical to adapting monitoring strategies, preventing the formation of animal reservoirs, and tailoring future human and animal vaccination programs. The FAIRness and analytical flexibility of the data will support research efforts on SARS-CoV-2 at the human-animal-environment interface. We intend to update this dataset weekly for at least one year and, through collaborations, to develop it further and expand its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afra Nerpel
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liuhuaying Yang
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Sorger
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria.
- VetFarm, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Kremesberg 13, 2563, Pottenstein, Austria.
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An Updated Review on SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Animals. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071527. [PMID: 35891507 PMCID: PMC9323600 DOI: 10.3390/v14071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has lasted for two years and caused millions of infections and deaths in humans. Although the origin of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans remains unknown, infection in animals has been frequently reported in varieties of animals all over the world. Both experimental and natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 in different animal species provide useful information on viral host range and pathogenicity. As the pandemic continues to evolve, SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals will be expanding. In this review, we summarized SARS-CoV-2 testing and infection in animals as well as SARS-CoV-2 strains and transmission in animals. Current data showed that at least 18 different animal species tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. These 18 animal species belong to pet, captive, farmed, and wild animals. Fifteen of the eighteen animal species were known to be positive for the Delta variant and ten animal species were infected with two different types of variants. Human-to-animal, animal-to-animal, and animal-to-human transmission events were suggested in different outbreaks involved in animal infection with SARS-CoV-2. Continued testing, immunization, and surveillance are warranted.
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on human health, economic well-being, and societal function. It is essential that we use this generational experience to better understand the processes that underpin the emergence of COVID-19 and other zoonotic diseases. Herein, I review the mechanisms that determine why and how viruses emerge in new hosts, as well as the barriers to this process. I show that traditional studies of virus emergence have an inherent anthropocentric bias, with disease in humans considered the inevitable outcome of virus emergence, when in reality viruses are integral components of a global ecosystem characterized by continual host jumping with humans also transmitting their viruses to other animals. I illustrate these points using coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, as a case study. I also outline the potential steps that can be followed to help mitigate and prevent future pandemics, with combating climate change a central component. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
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43
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Vandegrift KJ, Yon M, Surendran-Nair M, Gontu A, Amirthalingam S, Nissly RH, Levine N, Stuber T, DeNicola AJ, Boulanger JR, Kotschwar N, Aucoin SG, Simon R, Toal K, Olsen RJ, Davis JJ, Bold D, Gaudreault NN, Richt JA, Musser JM, Hudson PJ, Kapur V, Kuchipudi SV. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) infection of white-tailed deer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.04.479189. [PMID: 35169802 PMCID: PMC8845426 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.479189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) are highly susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, with multiple reports of widespread spillover of virus from humans to free-living deer. While the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of concern (VoC) has been shown to be notably more transmissible amongst humans, its ability to cause infection and spillover to non-human animals remains a challenge of concern. We found that 19 of the 131 (14.5%; 95% CI: 0.10-0.22) white-tailed deer opportunistically sampled on Staten Island, New York, between December 12, 2021, and January 31, 2022, were positive for SARS-CoV-2 specific serum antibodies using a surrogate virus neutralization assay, indicating prior exposure. The results also revealed strong evidence of age-dependence in antibody prevalence. A significantly (χ 2 , p < 0.001) greater proportion of yearling deer possessed neutralizing antibodies as compared with fawns (OR=12.7; 95% CI 4-37.5). Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was detected in nasal swabs from seven of 68 (10.29%; 95% CI: 0.0-0.20) of the sampled deer, and whole-genome sequencing identified the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VoC (B.1.1.529) is circulating amongst the white-tailed deer on Staten Island. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the deer Omicron sequences clustered closely with other, recently reported Omicron sequences recovered from infected humans in New York City and elsewhere, consistent with human to deer spillover. Interestingly, one individual deer was positive for viral RNA and had a high level of neutralizing antibodies, suggesting either rapid serological conversion during an ongoing infection or a "breakthrough" infection in a previously exposed animal. Together, our findings show that the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron VoC can infect white-tailed deer and highlights an urgent need for comprehensive surveillance of susceptible animal species to identify ecological transmission networks and better assess the potential risks of spillback to humans. KEY FINDINGS These studies provide strong evidence of infection of free-living white-tailed deer with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of concern on Staten Island, New York, and highlight an urgent need for investigations on human-to-animal-to-human spillovers/spillbacks as well as on better defining the expanding host-range of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J. Vandegrift
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michele Yon
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA,16802, USA
| | - Meera Surendran-Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA,16802, USA
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA,16802, USA
| | - Saranya Amirthalingam
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA,16802, USA
| | - Ruth H. Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA,16802, USA
| | - Nicole Levine
- Department of Animal Science and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tod Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Grimké Aucoin
- City of New York Parks & Recreation, 1234 5 Avenue, 5 Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Richard Simon
- City of New York Parks & Recreation, 1234 5 Avenue, 5 Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Katrina Toal
- City of New York Parks & Recreation, 1234 5 Avenue, 5 Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Randall J. Olsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021, USA
| | - James J. Davis
- University of Chicago Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago and Division of Data Science and Learning, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - James M. Musser
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021, USA
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA,16802, USA
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Maganga G, Ngoubangoye B, Koumba J, Lekana-Douki S, Moussadji Kinga I, Tsoumbou T, Beyeme AM, Ndong Mebaley T, Lekana-Douki JB. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets, captive non-human primates and farm animals in Central Africa. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.345947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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